Filogeografia E Sistemática Molecular De Répteis De Alguns Arquipélagos Africanos Do Atlântico Oriental

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Filogeografia E Sistemática Molecular De Répteis De Alguns Arquipélagos Africanos Do Atlântico Oriental Departamento de Biologia FILOGEOGRAFIA E SISTEMÁTICA MOLECULAR DE RÉPTEIS DE ALGUNS ARQUIPÉLAGOS AFRICANOS DO ATLÂNTICO ORIENTAL José Manuel Abreu de Jesus 2005 ii FILOGEOGRAFIA E SISTEMÁTICA MOLECULAR DE RÉPTEIS DE ALGUNS ARQUIPÉLAGOS AFRICANOS DO ATLÂNTICO ORIENTAL por José Manuel Abreu de Jesus Tese submetida de acordo com o regulamento em vigor na Universidade da Madeira para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas, especialidade de Sistemática e Ecologia Universidade da Madeira 2005 iii iv FILOGEOGRAFIA E SISTEMÁTICA MOLECULAR DE ALGUNS RÉPTEIS DE ALGUNS ARQUIPÉLAGOS AFRICANOS DO ATLÂNTICO ORIENTAL JOSÉ MANUEL ABREU DE JESUS Supervisor Científico: Professor Associado Agregado António Brehm Departamento de Biologia, Universidade da Madeira Co-supervisor Científico: Doutor James Harris Investigador do CIBIO, Universidade do Porto Universidade da Madeira v vi A meu pais que partiram José Manuel e Maria Teresa Um obrigado pela vida que me deram vii viii ÍNDICE Agradecimentos............................................................................................................................................................................. ….xiii Abreviaturas.........................................................................................................................................................................................xiv Resumo ..................................................................................................................................................................................................xv Abstract.................................................................................................................................................................................................xix Prefácio .................................................................................................................................................................................................xxi 1. Da dificuldade da caracterização do ecossistema insular num contexto biogeográfico ....................................................... 1 1.1. A colonização das ilhas oceânicas......................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Sobre a variabilidade das populações em meio insular ..................................................................................................... 8 1.3. Dados moleculares versus dados morfológicos e enzimáticos........................................................................................13 1.4. Especiação e radiação adaptativa ........................................................................................................................................15 1.5. Dispersão e fluxo genético...................................................................................................................................................26 1.6. Ilhas e a conservação das espécies......................................................................................................................................28 2. Sistemática molecular: os marcadores utilizados........................................................................................................................33 2.1. O DNA mitocondrial ...........................................................................................................................................................34 2.1.1. “Numts” ou o DNA mitocondrial nuclear..............................................................................................................41 2.1.2. Os pontos fracos da molécula do DNA mitocondrial na análise filogenética..................................................42 2.1.3. Citocromo b ..................................................................................................................................................................43 2.1.4. 12S rRNA e 16S rRNA ...............................................................................................................................................46 2.1.5. D-loop ............................................................................................................................................................................49 2.2. Marcadores nucleares..........................................................................................................................................................50 2.2.1. C-mos ...............................................................................................................................................................................51 2.2.2. Enolase...........................................................................................................................................................................52 2.3. Variação das taxas de mutação............................................................................................................................................53 2.4. Aplicação dos marcadores genéticos na biogeografia histórica....................................................................................54 2.5. Sistemática Filogenética........................................................................................................................................................62 2.6. Aplicação dos marcadores moleculares na conservação da Natureza .........................................................................65 2.7. O modelo das Ilhas Canárias...............................................................................................................................................66 3. Os Taxa envolvidos no presente trabalho ..................................................................................................................................71 3.1. Os répteis terrestres dos arquipélagos................................................................................................................................71 3.1.1. Arquipélago da Madeira ..............................................................................................................................................72 3.1.2. Arquipélago das Selvagens..........................................................................................................................................73 3.1.3. Arquipélago de Cabo Verde .......................................................................................................................................74 3.1.4. São Tomé e Príncipe e Annobon ..............................................................................................................................75 3.2. Breve caracterização e história filogenética dos taxa.......................................................................................................76 3.2.1. Família Gekkonidae .....................................................................................................................................................76 3.2.1.1. Género Tarentola GRAY 1825........................................................................................................................78 ix 3.2.1.1.1. Tarentola darwinii JOGER 1984 ...........................................................................................................84 3.2.1.1.2. Tarentola caboverdiana SCHLEICH 1984 ............................................................................................85 3.2.1.1.3. Tarentola rudis BOULENGER 1906 ..................................................................................................86 3.2.1.1.4. Tarentola gigas (BOCAGE 1896) .........................................................................................................86 3.2.1.2. Género Hemidactylus OKEN 1817.................................................................................................................87 3.2.1.2.1. Hemidactylus brooki GRAY 1845..........................................................................................................88 3.2.1.2.2. Hemidactylus bouvieri (BOCOURT 1870)............................................................................................88 3.2.1.2.3. Hemidactylus greefii BOCAGE 1886.....................................................................................................89 3.2.1.2.4. Hemidactylus mabouia (MOREAU DE JONNÉS 1818)..................................................................89 3.2.1.2.5. Hemidactylus newtonii (FERREIRA 1897)...........................................................................................91 3.2.2. Família Scincidae ..........................................................................................................................................................91 3.2.2.1. Género Mabuya FITZINGER 1826..............................................................................................................93 3.2.2.1.1. Mabuya salensis ANGEL 1935 ...........................................................................................................102 3.2.2.1.2. Mabuya vaillanti BOULENGER 1887 .............................................................................................102 3.2.2.1.3. Mabuya delalandii (DUMERIL & BIBRON 1839).........................................................................102 3.2.2.1.4. Mabuya fogoensis O´SHAUGHNESSY 1874...................................................................................103
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