Ceramic Analysis and Culture History 159

eliminate redundant categories (Abel-Vidor et a1. assemblages with dated volcanic stratigraphy has 1987); (2) documenting regional variation and uti- allowed the construction of a ceramic chronology lizing ethnohistoric documents [Abel-Vidor 1980, for the Northwestern Cordillera [Hoopes 1984a), 1981, 1988) to define cultural and geographical a culture area that includes the Arenal basin 10 subdivisions [e.g., northern and southern sectors) the Cordillera de Tilaran, and the Cordillera de of Greater ; 13)using compositional analy- Guanacaste. Ceramic Analysis and sis to investigate processes of pottery manufac- The Northwestern Cordillera ceramic sequence tureand distribution (Day 1984; Bishop et a1.1988; has important affinities with both the Greater Ni- Culture History in Healy 1988); and (4) strengthening chronological coya and the Atlantic Watershed sequences. It is correlations (Abel-Vidor et a1. 1987). also distinct in many ways. Its principal char- the Arenal Region Although the basic outline of the Greater Ni- acteristics are (1) an Early to Middle Formative JOHN W. HOOPES coya sequence was available in the early 1960s, Phase whose ceramics bear strong similarities to and an initial ceramic typology for the Atlantic Snarskis' (1978, 1984a) Chaparron and La Mon- Watershed was suggested in the latter part of that tana complexes as well as to other early Cen- decade (Kennedy 1968), the working ceramic se- tral American complexes; 12)an extensive Zoned quence for the Atlantic Watershed of Bichrome occupation sharing pottery types and did not appear in its current form until the late a number of stylistic parallels with Greater Ni- 1970s {Snarskis 1976, 1978). A great deal of re- coya; 13la late Zoned Bichrome/Early Polychrome search has focused on the Central Highlands and transition with ties to both Greater Nicoya and INTRODUCTION Atlantic Watershed regions of Costa Rica [see sum- the Atlantic Watershed regions; (4) Middle Poly- maries by Snarskis 1981a, 1984a; Fonseca 1981), chrome assemblages dominated by local types The first attempt to formulate an archaeological and many of the data are relevant to the Arenal and decorative modes, supplemented with im- chronology based on ceramics for the Greater Ni- area. Unfortunately, much less on ceramic classi- ported polychromes from Greater Nicoya; and 15)a late occupation characterized by an absence coya subarea was made by Coe and Baudez (1961, fication has been published for this region than is of Nicoya-style polychromes and an emphasis on Baudez and Coe 1962). They suggested a succes- available for Greater Nicoya. applique decoration, suggesting the existence of sion of four major periods: the Zoned Bichrome, The archaeology of the volcanic highlands and strong cultural ties with peoples to the east and the Early Polychrome, the Middle polychrome, the Guatuso and plains in the north- south. and the Late Polychrome. Baudez (1967) presented central portion of Costa Rica is less well known. Research conducted by Snarskis in central San The sequence for the Northwestern Cordillera the first detailed description of Greater Nicoya region will benefit from future refinement and fur- ; i Carlos (1978), by Aguilar in the Arenal area (1984), ceramic types. Lange l1971) made use of Baudez ther correlations with chronometric dates; how- and Coe's periodization and Baudez' type descrip- and by Norr in the Naranjo River Valley (1982- 1983) suggests that these zones were occupied ever, the data presented here should provide a tions in his research in the Sapos River Valley. foundation for future research. While the present These also formed the basis for Healy's (1974, from as early as the Middle Formative Period up to the time of European contact. Evidence from study may be interpreted as primarily cultural- 1980) analysis of material from the Rivas region historical, the construction and refinement of a of , and Sweeney's (1975) analysis of ce- the latter part of the sequence indicates that there were important contacts between these north- working time-space framework is fundamental to ramics from the Santa Elena Peninsula. It should further understanding of Costa Rican prehistory. be noted that, of these researchers, Healy made central regions of Costa Rica and both Greater Ni- coya and the Atlantic Watershed; however, the the greatest attempt to adhere to a well-defined nature of these contacts remains poorly defined. type: variety methodology. He made explicit use Material collected during reconnaissance and CERAMIC CHRONOLOGY IN THE of a classification that included taxonomic di- excavation of sites in the Arenal region demon- ARENAL REGION visions by ware, group, and variety (as opposed strates that the Cordillera region was occupied to Baudez, whose categories often crosscut these While a number of formal and decorative modes as early as Paleo-Indian times (Chaps. 1 and 11). divisions]. are specifically characteristic of pottery from the Lithics and ceramics suggest a continuous oc- Parallels in cultural sequences and recognizable Northwestern Cordillera, the ceramics of the Are- cupation of the region from the Archaic Period continuities in ceramic horizons from Rivas to nal area are sufficiently similar to documented through the fifteenth century cal AD. I Ceramic the Gulf of Nicoya (Creamer 1983) have been im- assemblages from Greater Nicoya and the At· analysis and stratigraphic excavations have re- portant characteristics of the Greater Nicoya sub- [antic Watershed that cross-dating with published vealed the existence of an Early Formative (ca. area (Lange 1984b). Ceramic sequences have played sequences [e.g., Baudez 1967; Snarskis 1978; 2000 cal Be), pre-Zoned Bichrome complex asso- a key role in the interpretation of the region's pre- Lange et at. 1984; Abel-Vidor et al. 1987; Chap. I, ciated with the remains of a small village-the history, and their revision and fine-tuning have re- Fig. 1-8) is possible. Six phases have been defined: earliest known settlement in Costa Rica to date. ceived a great deal of attention in recent years Pottery from all subsequent periods was recov- (Lange et al. 1984; Abel-Vidor et a1. 1987). Princi- 'Tilaran (cal AD 1300-1S00)-Late Prehistoric ered in both surface-collected and excavated lots Period pal concerns have been (1J "streamlining" lists of from a variety of sites. The association of ceramic ceramic types and type descriptions in order to i I J Ceramic Analysis and Culture History 161 John W. Hoopes 160 [Hoopes 1984a, 1985). It is similar to other early searcher in Greater Nicoya to use "wares" and The 1985 season provided the most important Silencio (cal AD 600_1300j_Early/Middle Poly- Costa Rican ceramic complexes, particularly Cha- "groups" in a systematic fashion. In other refer- information on the and Arenal phases. parron, from the north-central San Carlos plains, chrome Period ences, the principal unit of classification is the Tronadora Vieja jG-163) and Sitio Bolivar (G-I64) Late Arenallcal AD 0-600)-Late Zoned gtchrome each had primarily single-component surface as- and La Montana, from near Tumalba (Fig. 10-1) Period "type" rather than the "group." [Snarskis 1978, 1984a). Norr's (1982~1983l Na- In lieu of detailed compositional information, I semblages [Tronadora and Arenal phases, respec- Early Arenal (500 cal Be-cal AD D)-Early Zoned ranjo Phase ceramics from the Naranjo River and have been hesitant to postulate distinct "wares." tively). Excavations at the two sites were ex- Bichrome Period pottery from the site of La Pochora near Canas Late Tronadora (1000-500 cal Bel-Middle Forma- The level of "group" is useful in the classification tremely fruitful. Tronadora Vieja provided more than seven hundred diagnostic sherds, over 60% [Odio 1989) are the most closely related, followed tive Period of ceramics that have identifiable characteristics by Haberland's (1966) Dinarte ceramics from Ome- Early Tronadora 12000-1000 cal Bel-Early Forma- of them dating to the Tronadora Phase. Sitio Bo- of surface finish but do not carry sufficient in- tepe Island in Nicaragua. Important affinities are tive Period formation to allow identification at the level of livar yielded an assemblage of almost six thou- sand diagnostic sherds in deposits pertaining al- also evident between Tronadora ceramics and pot- "type." In general, most ceramics are well pre- most exclusively to the latter half of the Arenal tery from Curre (Corrales 1985, 19891, in the Te- METHODOLOGY served and can be classified at the level of type. In Phase. Domestic and mortuary features were iden- rraba-Coto Brus region. There are important sim- our assemblages, the most useful "group" desig- We have based the ceramic sequence on the analy- tified at both sites, and the ceramic classes pres- ilarities between Tronadora ceramics and those of nation is one that would subsume Los Hermanos sis of 12,629 sherds from 43 sites. Almost 75% of ent indicated a wide variety of activities. Greater Nicoya, especially types Schettel Incised Beige and the varieties of Mojica Impressed, all of these come from stratigraphic excavations, with The ceramic assemblages represent a variety of and Bocana Incised Bichrome of the Lorna B Phase which share modes of form and surface finish. Be- the remainder from surface collections. We ex- cultural and depositional contexts as well as time (Lange 1980a); however, direct comparisons show cause group designations have not been formu- amined ceramics from each of 431 excavation periods. Given the location of the study area-on that Tronadora and Lorna B are not identical. The lated as a taxonomic level in the classification of and survey lots individually and recorded infor- and near the Continental Divide and between the later dates for Lorna B assemblages and the pres- all of our ceramics, however, definitions at the mation on sherd size, vessel part (rim, body, and the Cordillera de ence of Bocana Incised Bicrome in Arenal Phase group level are not included in the ceramic de- handle, support, etc.], ceramic type, and modes Tilaran-c-we expected a blending of culture traits. assemblages suggest that Lorna B may have devel- scriptions here. The most recent classification of of decoration, manufacture, and vessel form. We The ability to make extensive use of crossdating oped out of Tronadora Complex traditions (Hoopes Greater Nicoya ceramics (Lange and Bishop n.d.] 1987]. In this respect, ceramics and associated C-14 entered data from index cards in the field on an assisted our interpretations of sequences in the does not utilize the group category, and the meth- electronic spreadsheet (Lotus 1-2-3) using a por- Northwestern Cordillera and facilitated an in- dates from Tronadora Vieia provide the first evi- odology we use here is designed to be compatible dence of stylistic traditions predating the Zoned table computer. Subsequent analysis was per- dependent check on established sequences from , ,; gichrome Period in northwestern Costa Rica. Tro- I formed on an IBM-compatible personal computer. with the available comparative data. neighboring regions. Ceramic analysis also pro- , ' nadora ceramics also share a number of important The spreadsheet contains tabulations of ceramic A taxonomic level that has proved useful is vided important insights into interregional cul- ! \ that of "variety." Certain combinations of modes modes with early ceramics from Guatemala, Ni- types, varieties, and modal combinations from tural change and interaction. each lot. When possible, each lot was assigned a fell under existing type descriptions, but varia- caragua, , and Colombia. number corresponding to its location in the vari- tion within these types was believed to be geo- The type site of the Tronadora Complex is Tro- ous soil and tephra units of the Silencio strati- graphically or chronologically significant. In some THE TRONADORA PHASE nadora Vieja (G-163; Hoopes 1987:43-97; Chap. graphic sequence (e.g., lO, 20, 30, 50; Mueller cases, we have defined varieties to distinguish be- 41, located during a reconnaissance of the south- ern perimeter of Lake Arenal in March 1984 (Brad- 1984b; Chap. 21. tween these subcategories. The Early 12000-1000 cal Bel and Late 11000-500 ley et al. 1984). Excavations at the site in 1985 Using data base and statistical functions, we cal Bel facets of the Tronadora Phase represent the demonstrated that, although some material from sorted and combined lots by site, operation, stra- earliest dated ceramic-producing culture in Costa THE CERAMIC SAMPLE the later Arenal and Ttlaran phases was present, tum, phase designation, and assemblage. Once Rica. They are characterized by the Tronadora the principal occupation of the site occurred dur- data were tabulated, it was possible to manipulate The principal sites excavated during the 1984 sea- Complex, an assemblage of compositional, for- ing the Tronadora Phase. large volumes of data quickly and easily. The son date to the Silencio and Tilaran phases. The mal, and stylistic modes (Hoopes 1985, 1987). The computer allowed for the interpretation of thou- Silencio cemetery (G-IS0J, Las Piedras (G-152J, Ne- most common vessel forms are massive "oila- sands of potsherds by electronic rather than physi- blina (G-ISl), Dos Armadillos (G-154J, and other tecomates" {tecomate-like vessels with exteriorly TRONADORA PHASE DIAGNOSTIC cal manipulation. This methodology was particu- sites yielded burial and domestic assemblages that bolstered rims); tecomates with comma-shaped MODES AND TYPES larly useful in the field laboratory, where it was helped correlate cultural occupations with the rims; flat-bottomed vessels with cylindrical and Ceramic types as analytical units provide a con- possible to evaluate ceramic frequencies during stratigraphic sequence from Arenal . Be- "hyperboloid" profiles; and squat, necked jars. venient way of expressing frequently recurring the course of fieldwork.' cause Arenal's tephras were preserved as visible The pottery from this phase shares important sets of modes or attributes for purposes of interre- The classification can be understood as a horizons, it was possible to use C-14 dates and modes with other early complexes from Costa gional as well as intrasite comparisons. So far, "modified type: variety" system. We adopted this stratified assemblages from individual sites to de- Rica and Nicaragua as well as with those from with the exception of broad type classes such as syst~m in the interests of compatibility with fine an idealized regional stratigraphic sequence Mesoamerica and northwestern South America. It the Atlantic Red-Filled Black Group or the Chapa- published descriptions of ceramics from Greater (Hoopes 1984a; Chap. 2). At EI Silencio, whole is also distinctive, however, indicating that strong rron Zoned Red on Brown Type [Snarskis 1978)- Nicoya [Baudez 1967; Lange 1971; Sweeney 1975; vessels from burial offerings and sherds from regional traditions of ceramic production were the latter of which might better be understood at Healy 1980; Lange et a1. 1984; Abel-Vidor et al. burial and architectural fill provided information present in the Intermediate Area at least as early the group level as well-Middle Formative Costa 1987). The method differs from the type: variety on Silencio Phase ceramics and interregional ex- as the second millennium cal Be. Rican ceramics have been analyzed and quanti- sy~tem com~only used in Mesoamerica (Smith, change. At Dos Armadillos a horizontal deposit The Tronadora Complex stands out as a unified fied only at the level of modes. To assist with Willey, a~d Gifford 1960; Sabloff and Smith 1969) overlain by a well-preserved' tephra layer provided stylistic assemblage that is readily separated from the definition and identification of Tronadora ce- because It uses an abbreviated taxonomic hierar- a sealed and dated domestic assemblage from the assemblages of other phases in the Arenal region chy. To date, Healy (1980) has been the only re- Tilaran Phase. Ceramic Analysis and Culture History 163 162 John w. Hoopes

2. Large, incurving-nm bowls or tecamates. in size, identified as a possible basalt temper {ibid.: -"- Comma-shaped rims are thicker than vessel walls. 71). According to Snarskis, "virtually every Middle These often have round-bottomed grooving along Formative sherd ... whether from Turrialba the the lip and rim exterior (R6). Linea Vieja, the Central Valley or San Carlos; has 3. Squat, restricted-neck jars with exteriorly possessed this grey-speckled paste" [ibid.]. thickened rims. Decoration is usually found on This is not true for our collection. Most Tro- the exterior neck, immediately beneath the rim. nadora Phase sherds are in fact "grey-speckled"; 4. Tall, hyperboloid or cylindrical vessels with however, the gray-to-white specks are a weath- ered pumice rather than a basalt. There are a num- • Ton]lb. flat bases. In the former, the walls gradually curve inward, and the base is always the widest part of ber of sherds in clear Tronadora style that do not • have the characteristic Chaparron and La Mon- • c~.p.",;n the vessel [Snarskis 1978: fig. 25a). , tana paste. Variations include a fine-textured or- '0 ange paste with few inclusions; a light brown >. Decoration paste with white inclusions, which are probably "'~ 5".'0 L.

01020304050) unknown. Tonjibe Beige

PACifiC OCEAN 4. Wavy shell-edge stamping (DI8). This mode has two forms. The first is as a series of verti- This is the most common in Tronadora Phase as- semblages (Figs. 1O-2A-D, 10-3; Hoopes 1987: cal impressions in a circumferential band around fig. 6.1). It is characterized by large ol1a-tecoma- the vessel exterior, outlined with groove incising. res with thickly expanded rims (Rll). The late The second is as a fine [sometimes barely visible) Enrique Herra found sherds of this type at Pa- stamping or rocker stamping on an unslipped sur- lenque Tonjibe in San Rafael de Cuatuso (Snar- face, used to fill large zones when the paste was Figure 16-1. ramics, I shall first discuss ceramic modes diag- skis, personal communication, 1985). It is also Map of Costa Ric~showing sites where Early and Middle n~stic of this phase; however, there are also cer- soft and smooth. known from Chaparron and La Montana assem- Formative ceramics (Tronadora Chapamm La Ma t ' 5. Sharp-edged, multiple incisions, sometimes B d _ ' . nana, tam sets of modes that may be labeled as specific blages {Snarskis 1978). Toniibe Beige vessels were alva, an Curre) have been reported. Map by fohn infilled with red ocher pigment. This mode re- Hoopes. ceramic types. often massive, and their poorly fired thick rims calls incision on Middle Formative ceramics from frequently fracture into several small pieces. Rims Mesoamerica and is closely related to Snarskis' are usually painted with a hard, glossy red paint Atlantic Red-Filled Black Group [ibid.: 76). One Diagnostic Modes of the Tronadota Phase on the lip. Well-preserved examples show a sur- example from Tronadora Vieja has a curvilinear face finish that is whitish-gray in color. Pastes M,ost modes of the Tronadora Complex'> are shared design, and the only rims known with this mode contain a high proportion of gray-to-white par- With those of Snarskis' (1978) Chaparron and La are direct and unthickened, probably from cylin- Montana complexes, as already noted (Hoopes ticles, possibly pumice. The unusually large size, drical bowls. weight, and volume of these vessels (rim diame· 1984a). Excavations in 1985 yielded a collection 6. Plastic decorations including punctate, but- ters range from 30 em to 50 em) suggest that they of almost four hundred Tronadora sherds and pro- tonlike applique or pastillage [Ibid.: fig. lOiil, cord may have been used for brewing alcoholic bever- vided stratigraphic data and C-14 dates to support marking (ibid.: fig. 24xl, and circular reed stamp- ages, such as chicha. Wide, thickened rims may their early placement. The chief diagnostic modes ing [ibid. .fig. 24ddl. of the Tronadora Complex are as follows lalpha- have served as grips for lifting and moving these numeric designations refer to modes described in heavy vessels. Snarski' [1978J1. Paste There appears to be a much greater variety of Tronadora Incised pastes in Tronadora materials than in either Cha- Form This type is the second most common in Tro- parron or La Montana. Snarskis describes La Mon- nadora Phase assemblages (Figs. 1O-2E-K, 10-4; 1. Large, incurving-rim neckless jars {olla- tana paste, the most outstanding characteristic of Hoopes 1987:fig. 6.2, pl. 6.1:A-G). Similar ceram- teeamates I·'With exteriorly thickened, maSSIve. which is the presence of gray particles, up to 1 mm rounded or angular rims (RIll.

, 165 164 John W. Hoopes Ceramic Analysis and Culture History

A B c o E

J

C o

M L N K

E G

p 1L-_..:5:.;C:;,:M:.-_J

Figure 10-3. Tcmiibe Beige rim profiles. All are from Tronadorfl vteia (G-163). Proveniences (by operation and lot): A (K4), B (I5), C (MI), D (V52j, E (H23), F (P3j, G (VB), H (H21j, I IM6/1), 11M2), K (L2), L (T4), M (M2), N (L13), 0 (WI'), P (P3), Q (R2), R (H4). Figures by fohn Hoopes. H J K

Figure 10-2. Tnmadcm Phase: Toniibe Beige rim sherds, A-D; i~o:adoraIncised rim sherds,E~K.sberd widths: A, F 5 ~m; B, 9.2 em; C, 5.6 em; D, 4.5 em; E. 6.6 em; K 6 em; G, 7.3 em; H, 3.9 em; I, 4 em; I, 5.5 ern; . em. Photographs by Iohn Hoopes.

II Ceramic Analysis and Culture History 167 166 John W. Hoopes ics from La Montana and Chaparr6n (d. Snarskis temala (Coe 1961). Other decorative modes in- 1978: fig. 12f-i; fig. 22a-f; fig. 23w) are identified clude horizontal and vertical groove incising. This as La Montana Fugitive Red-on-Cream and Chao usually appears around the neck and base, demar- parron Red-on-Brown. Tronadora Incised is char- cating longitudinal zones. Applique pellets are oc- acterized by tecomates and incurving-rim bowls casionally present, as are deeper shell-edge stamp- expanded on the interior lip (R6), round-bottomed ing and punctation. grooving (especially on the vessel lip), and red- Snarskis notes, "The thick-walled basal angle painted bands delineated with grooving (DlO). and flat bottom are especially diagnostic, not ap- Surface finish is smooth and often white. Red pearing in any other period in the [Atlantic] re- paint, while frequently eroded, is bright and pol- gional sequence" (ibid.:70). Snarskis believes these ished on well-preserved examples. Tronadora In- vessels may have been pottery drums because of A cised has analogues in Oc6s (Coe 1961) and early their elongated shape; however, their closed bases Zoned Bichrome assemblages (d. Schettel In- and the lack of any perforation would have in- cised; Healy 1980:fig. 103), where grooved rims hibited resonance, making this function unlikely. without the addition of red-painted zones appear. Some of our examples have blackened interiors, suggesting they were used for cooking. The dis- tinctive shape indicates a different function from Tigra Grooved-Punctate the round bowls or tecomates in use at the same This type is characterized by a combination of time. These may have been drinking vessels. round or oblique punctations, delineated by hori- zontal lines of groove incision (Figs. 10-5, 10-6; Tajo Gouge-Incised Hoopes 1987:fig. 6.3, pl. 6.1:P-Z). Punctation is confined to the vessel neck or areas immediately This type (Fig. 10-9; Hoopes 1987:pl. 6.1:H-Ol is beneath the rim on vessel exteriors. Vessel rims defined by the use of red-painted strip applique are painted red. Unlike the aforementioned types, the shape and texture of which are emphasized by Tigra Grooved-Punctate is not characterized by a a wide gouge incising, done when the paste was single vessel form. Punctate decoration appears soft and pliable. There are two main classes of on both tecomates [Snarskis 1978: fig. 23s-u) and execution: (1) the use of simple red-painted appli- squat, necked jars. Sherds of this type appear in que strips in horizontal bands; and (2) the creation Chaparr6n assemblages, but not in La Montana. of unusual curvilinear patterns using gouge inci- General similarities in incised and punctate deco- sion to emphasize contours and shapes. Pastes are ration suggest that Tigra Grooved-Punctate may usually a fine cream or white, sometimes with a be an ancestor of the Catalina Phase-type Huila reduced core, and the use of bright red paint on the raised applique design gives this ceramic a Zoned-Punctate (Baudez 1967), which belongs to the Greater Nicoya ceramic sphere. striking appearance. Unfortunately, we could not identify a single rim sherd with the distinctive decoration. For Zetillal Shell-Stamped this reason, vessel form is largely unknown. Most sherds indicate a globular shape, and the smooth- The type vessel for Zetillal Shell-Stamped (Figs. ness of their interior surfaces suggests bowls rather 10-7, 10-8; Hoopes 1987:fig, 6.4, pI. 6,3:K, M-SI than closed jars. Tajo Gouge-Incised and Zetillal was found at the site of Zetillal de Ipis near San Shell-Stamped are the only Tronadora Phase ce- Jose [Snarskis 1978: 69-70, fig. 25a). A second ex- ramics decorated extensively on the vessel body ample-the only other complete vessel known- rather than simply on the neck or rim, and there was excavated from the lakeshore at Tronadora is little doubt that they both had specialized Vieja. This type is characterized by the use of light shell-edge stamping on tall, hyperboloid ves- functions. To date, this type is known only from the sels with outflaring, flat bases. These two modes Arenal area. The curvilinear decoration on Tajo almost always appear together. The distinctive Gouge-Incised may be distantly related to carved stamping technique consists of a gentle marking designs on Olmec ceramics such as those from of the soft clay surface, sometimes with a slight the San Lorenzo Phase (Coe and Diehl 1980), rocking motion. It is not found on any other ves- but a clear relationship cannot be established at sel form. It is closely related to rocker stamping on Oc6s sherds from the Pacific Coast of Gua- present.

Figure 10-4. Tronadora Incised sherds and profiles. All are from SCM Tronadora vieia with the exception 0/ ,(an isolated I find). Proveniences: A (H25), B (N4), C (H26), D (122). E (VB), F (P3), G (15), H (H9), I (V30), r (IF 3B), K (Q3), ~ ((G4), M (G4), N (V5), a (H4), P (121), Q (W32), R (U), H6). Figures by fohn HOODes. John W. Hoopes Ceramic Analysis and Culture History 169 168

B o B F C A c E

H I

L

p

Figure 10-5. • Tronadora Phase: Tigra Grooved-Punctate. A-D: rim Discussion sherds, E-P: body sherds. Sherd widths: A, 5.3 em, B, 4.3 , ! em; C, 4.2 em; D, 4.1 em; E, 4.1 em; F. 4.3 em; G, 4.7 em; As noted earlier, the predominant vessel form of H, 5.1 em; I, 3.2 em; f. 3.4 em; K. 3.5 em; L, 3.5 em; M, 3 the Tronadora Complex is the bolstered-rim 0110- em; N. 2.8 em; 0,2.8 em; P, 2.7 em. Photographs by fohn tecomate. Tapering and comma-shaped rim pro- L Hoopes. files are also present. Tecomates arc widespread throughout the Americas during the Formative Period, and the broad distribution of this form has stimulated much research on the early diffu- sion of culture and ideas in the Americas (J. Ford 1969; Myers 1978). Tecomates in the Tronador.a assemblage suggest the participation of Costa RI- ~~:.~~~;~~1L.._..:5::;C:;.:M::..-_1 can cultures in Formative patterns that appear throughout Nuclear America between 4000 and o 1500 cal Be. None of the sherds from Tronadora vteia are as Figure 10-6. d . pr essed iar "primitive" or poor in quality as either Pox (BTU.sh Tigra Grooved-Punctate (A-G, i-os. tee ;/m It 1965) or Purron (MacNeish et al. 1970) cerarnrce (H); squat, groove-incised jar (I). All sh~ (~;)e C (';;;'8) D Tronadora vieia. proveniences: A (L2), . (12) K from , or the majority of Monagrillo ceram- (WI8), E (UO), F (H3). G (P3), H (W3). 1(Wl~), f s b' ics from Panama {Willey and McGimsey 1954). (123), L (W16), M (W34). N (W18), a (LI4). FJgure Y fohn Hoopes.

,I ;;"', Ceramic Analysis and Culture History 17l fohn W. Hoopes 170

B

A

'll'.~,;;,." -- ';; ~~,~,~,,-.,-,,;, j . '- .- ...•.., ;...,.;., :,.y.;"'; .. ,;:.- • '·,;'!;~.\;.~\·<'.';~~,;(ltft.:.'.,.,~:iti:;,. ";".:::.:-', .... ':-:":":'-::':::>~ ,'",',',",.' "','".",;.,:-;:-;,1!l. .. E E c C o • F

F G

I I ' 1 I H II L I I II I i

K L

o p Q

Figure 10-S. SCM I Figure 10-7. Atlantic Red-Filled Black {A-B, F-I}; cylindrical vessels I TronadorQ Phase: Zelma] Shell-Stamped. A-B: rim Ie-E); shell stamping (f-M); and Zelilla] Shell-St~mped sherds; C-I: body sherds. K-L: base sherds. Sherd profiles IN-Q). All sherds are from Tronadora VIe/a. widths: A, 4.6 em; B, 4.4 em; C, 3.0 em; D, 3.3 em; Proveniences: A (V24). B (M3), C (HlO). D (15). E (M2), E, 4.2 em; F, 3.1 em; G, 3.6 em; H, 4.9 em; I, 4.5 em; F (L14). G (III). H (W7), I (VB).l (VB), K (WIB), L (W2B). J, cyli.ndrical vessel fragment; K, 4.9 em; L. 5.2 em. M (W3). N (H5). 0 (Q3). P (120). Q (W3). Figures by lohn HeIght of J, 21.5 em. Photographs by fohn Hoopes. Hoopes.

i

I '.;" Ceramic Analysis and Culture History 173 172 fohn W. Hoopes The assemblage gives the impression of a mature and bichroming similar to Bocana Incised Bi- execution of the potter's craft rather than a weakly chrome. It is likely that Tronadora modes similar developed and incipient technology. Pastes are to "Olmec" or other Middle Formative ceramics, well fired and vessel forms demonstrate a high such as the unusual Tajo Gouge-Incised decora- level of sophistication. tion and sherds infilled with ocher [Snarskis' "At- Important modes that Tronadora Phase ceram- lantic Red-Filled Black" category), also date to the ics share with other Early and Middle Fonnative Late Tronadora Phase (1000-500 cal BC). assemblages include the use of round-bottomed The two facets also assume a continuity be- grooving, heavy punctation, shell stamping (some- tween the Tronadora and the Arenal phases. Given a 1,500-year hiatus in the C-14 chronology, how- A c times rocker stamping), and red zoning (Figs. 10- 10, 10-11). In Panama, these appear on Monagrillo ever, there is a strong possibility that Tronadora and Sarigua Phase ceramics [ibid.]. In Mesoamer- Vieja was not continuously occupied between the ica, they are diagnostic of Barra and Oc6s ceram- Tronadora and the Arenal phases. The persistence ics from the Pacific Coast of Guatemala and Chia- of round-bottomed grooving and punctation into pas (Green and Lowe 1967; Lowe 1975; Coe 1961), the Arenal Phase blurs the transition between the Aialpan ceramics from the Tehuecan Valley (Mac- Tronadora and the Arenal phases. Given an early Neish et a1. 1970), and other Early Formative as- date for Lorna B ceramics, it is possible that the semblages (d. Lowe 1978). Side-by-side compari- Arenal-type Bocana Incised Bichrome overlaps the sons of Tronadora ceramics and type collections Late Tronadora Phase. However, characteristics of of Panamanian and Guatemalan pottery indicate Early Arenal ceramics that are not found in Tro- E F G •H nadora include vessels with supports; a predomi- D that the Costa Rican sherds are far more similar to Oc6s ceramics than are any of the Panamanian nance of vertical, rather than horizontal, groove examples. While some Oc6s pottery, most no- incision; red-painted zones and decoration that tably the thin-walled, sharply-incurving "pump- are not sharply zoned with incision; and multiple, kin" tecomates, has no parallels in the Tronadora "combed" incisions. assemblage, others are virtually identical. Among these are sherds with rocker-stamped and shell- DATING THE TRONADORA PHASE stamped decoration, punctation, and groove inci- Eight C-14 dates are available from the Tronadora sion, especially on vessel rims. Open bowls with Vieja site, four of which pertain to the preceramic bright red rims from both assemblages are close , Fortuna Phase, and three of which are from ce- in form, color, and paste, although specular he- ramic-bearing contexts. (The correct association matite-found on the Ocos ceramics-has not J K of the eighth date is unclear.] Two of the dates for L been identified on Tronadora pottery. Tronadora Phase ceramics are earlier by 1,000 The small sample and apparent mixing in rele- years than any other dates for Costa Rican ceram- vant stratigraphic deposits make it difficult to say ice, however, they are similar to dates that have with certainty which modes or types are charac- been obtained for comparable Early Formative ce- teristic of the Early versus the Late Tronadora ramic complexes from Ecuador, Panama, Colom- Phase. At present, there is no stratigraphic evi- bia, and Guatemala. dence available to support the division of the The earliest ceramic-producing inhabitants of Tronadora Phase modes into early and later fac- Tronadora Vieja occupied the same living surface II N ets. Their separation is based on broader compari- o as preceding Archaic cultures. This was probably M sons with assemblages from other parts of Nu- • p a thin, tropical-forest soil on top of Aguacate For- clear America (Hoopes 1987). Modes of form and mation clays. Tronadora Phase occupation con- decoration that are shared by Tronadora, Barra, Figure 10-9. tinued through the initial eruptions of Arenal Vol- Tsonadnm Phase: Taio Gouge-Incised. A-Q: body and Oc6s (as well as by early South American cano, which deposited large Quantities of tephra complexes such as Tesca, Canapote, Barlovento, sherds. Sherd widths: A, 7.5 em; B, 7 em: C, 6.2 em; D, in the Arenal area and contributed to the forma- 4.4 em; E, 3.8 em; P, 3.5 em; G, 3.2 em; H. 2.0 em; I, 1.8 and MachalillaJ (Bischof 1972; Meggers et a1.1965) ;; em; T, 7.0 em; K, 5.0 em; L, 5.2 em; M, 3.1 em; N, 2.1 em; tion of fertile soils. u are characteristic of the Early Tronadora Phase The earliest C-14 dates at Tronadora Vieja are .. 0,3.2 em; P, 4.7 em; Q, 4.3 em. Photographs by John (2000-1000 cal BC). Toniibe Beige, Tronadora In- " Hoopes. associated with lithic artifacts and debitage em- n cised, and Zetillal Shell-Stamped probably first bedded in the top of the Aguacate Formation. The appear during this period. The Late Tronador.a jl dates range from 3609-3450 cal BC (Tx-52751 to , Phase is characterized by modes that are transr- 3014-2590 cal BC ± 310 (Tx-52741 and date the tional into Loma BZoned Bichrome (EarlyArenal] latter portion of the Fortuna Phase (the Archaic, , types. These include combinations of grooving Ii" Ii Jj Ceramic AnalYS1S and Culture History 175 fohn W. Hoopes 174

c D B A A B c

H F G G E E F D • )

K L J • H

p M ••N ~.Q D

Figure 16-10. Tronadora Phase: Unnamed Shell-Stamped. A-D: rim shuds. E-Q: body sherds. Sherd widths: A, 4.6 em; B, 4.5 em: C, 4.3 em; D, 2.9 em; E. 3.7 em: P, 3.8 em; G,4.6 em: H, 3.6 em: I, 3.5 em; I, 2.8 em; K, 4.3 em: L, 4.2 em! M, 2.1 em; N, 2.7 em; 0, 3.0 em; P, 2.3 em; Q, 3 em. Photographs by fohn Hoopes.

Figure 16-11. N Tronadora Phase: Miscellaneous sherds. A-C: red- painted tecomate rims; D-L: grooved black ceramics With traces of red ocher (D and E are rims of cylindrical vessels); M-P: squat, necked jar fragments with Teed impressions. Sherd widths: A, 5.0 em; B, 9.5 em: G,3.3 em; D, 4.0 ern; E, 2.5 em; P, a.Oem; G, 2.7 em; H. 3.7 em: I, a.2cm; I, 2.5 em; K, 2.0 em; L, 2.0 em; M. 5.3 cauN, 9.3 em; 0, 3.2 em; P, 3.2 em. photographs by John Hoopes. ! 1 , I Ceramic AnalYSIS and Culture History 177 fohn W. Hoopes I 176

I cal to Tronadora sherds, however, they do bear would be older than this. At Tronadora Vieia, ber of sherds of Tajo Gouge-Incised appeared in preceramic occupation].' The two dates for the important similarities. It now seems likely that Units 60 and below yielded almost pure deposits Operation W, both this type and Zetillal Shell- beginning of the Tronadora Phase occupation of the early dates from Mendez and Vidor are not ab- of Tronadora ceramics. Stamped occurred in similar quantities in Opera- the site come from stratigraphic units immedi- errant and that they in fact date Early and Middle The terminal date of the Tronadora Phase is tions H, L and V. The proportions of other types ately above the Aguacate. These are 2460-1890 Formative horizons. based on conservative estimates for the deposi- and modal categories do not vary significantly cal BC (Tx-52771and 1970-1694 cal BC [Tx-52791· tion of Unit 55 and for the beginning of the Early over the site. The dendro-corrected 95% confidence interval of Haberland (1978:412) has suggested a date as Arenal Phase at around 500 cal Be. Neither of the first date completely overlaps that of the sec- early as 1200 BC (uncorrected) for Dinarte Phase these events is well understood or well docu- ond, suggesting a date for the transition between ceramics from Island, Nicaragua. This mented, and our absence of dates for the latter THE ARENAL PHASE the Fortuna Phase and the Tronadora Phase at date is based on comparisons with material from the Guatemalan coast and the assertion that the portion of the Tronadora Phase does not improve about 2000 cal Be. the situation. The two earliest dates associated The Arenal Phase bears many similarities to the As noted earlier, Tronadora pottery is closely succeeding Angeles Phase dates as early as 500 BC with Arenal Phase material are 1950 cal ne-e-cal Greater Nicoya Zoned Bichrome horizon (Lange related to Snarskis' (1978, 1984a) Chaparron and (uncorrected). The Dinarte ceramics are poorly il- , I AD 660 (Tx-5280) and 830 cal Bc-cal AD 1 ITx- 1980a); however, it also has significant local char- , La Montana complexes. Of the two, it is most lustrated (Haberland 1966); however, one of his ex- ! i 5271). The first has an excessive standard devia- acteristics." Bocana Zoned Bichrome appears fre- (! similar to Chaparr6n. Unfortunately, no dates are amples appears to be a cylindrical vessel similar to tion. The second is associated with Late Arenal quently in Arenal Phase surface assemblages; how- available for Chaparron pottery. Snarskis (1978) Zetillal Shell-Stamped, and Haberland (personal ceramics and has a large standard deviation. It is ever, Rosales Zoned-Engraved, Tola Trichrome, did obtain a total of five dates for deposits with communication, 1985) believes that Tronadora clear that the Tronadoral Arenal transition merits and other marker types of Zoned Bichrome as- early ceramics at La Montana, a site near Tu- and Dinarte ceramics are likely one and the same. further investigation. As noted earlier, it is pos- semblages to the west are rare or absent. rrialba in the Atlantic Watershed region: 2271- There is a close relationship between incised and sible that there is an overlap of the Bocana Incised The Arenal Phase is characterized more by the 1430 cal Be IUCLA-2113A; 3465 BP ± 1601,800- zoned-incised decoration on Angeles Phase ce- Bichrome type with Late Tronadora assemblages. use of linear painting and stamped decoration 596 cal BC (UCLA-2113D,UCLA-2113N; 2500 BP ramics, and the type Bocana Incised Bichrome-a Early Zoned Bichrome ceramics may well have than by zoned decoration. Las Palmas Red-on- ± 60), 800 cal nc-cal AD 52 (UCLA-2113B: 2275 marker for the Lorna B Phase-and Angeles may evolved out of those of the Tronadora Phase, sug- Beige and Charco Black-on-Red are the two types BP ± 160), and 400-122 cal BC (UCLA-2113M: correspond to the Early Arenal Phase. The strati- gesting an important continuity of population in most representative of the former; the different 2230 BP ± 60). The last two are thought to have graphic position of Angeles and Dinarte levels the region. varieties of Mojica Impressed and the type Congo been charcoal from a later period cemetery super- also parallels the relationships between Trona- Impressed best represent the latter tradition. imposed on the level containing La Montana rna- dora and Early Arenal pottery. The use of zoning (areas of color outlined with terial. The earliest date was initially rejected as The principal culture-bearing strata at Trona- INTRASlTE DISTRIBUTION OF either incision or painting) is uncommon in Are- being too early [ibid.: 107); however, the Trona- dora Vieja are Units 50 and below. One-fourth, or TRONADORA PHASE CERAMICS nal Phase assemblages, except for Bocana Incised dora Vieia dates suggest it may not be. 26%, of the entire assemblage of diagnostic Trona- Bichrome. While zoned punctarion and shell- At the Mendez site on the Naranjo River, north- dora Phase ceramics, was found together with Are- We found Tronadora Phase ceramics in the lower stamping are common in the Tronadora Phase, east of the Arenal area but still in the Northwest- nal Phase pottery in levels below Unit 50 and above levels of all operations at Tronadora Vieia. The these diminish in popularity. The only type with ern Cordillera, Norr (1982-1983) included ce- Unit 60. Of these, two in the upper 50's strati- most interesting association of Tronadora ceram- zoned punctation to appear during the Arenal ramics similar to those from Chaparr6n in her graphic units were Tronadora types, a result of ics and occupational features was in Operation W, Phase is Huila Zoned Punctate (d. Baudez 1967: Naranjo Phase. It is defined as temporally equiva- heavy mixing (probably due to a combination of where they were associated with the floor of an 591. This type is not very common in Tempisque lent to Lange's Lorna B Phase at the Vidor site, and bioturbation and cultural disturbance); however, Valley and Pacific Coast assemblages, and it is early house (Chap. 4). Norr dates it to 800-300 BC (uncorrected). Two the greatest concentration of Tronadora Phase In the nine excavation lots from Unit 60 and also rare in the Northwestern Cordillera. dates are reported from Naranjo Phase deposits. sherds appeared in Units 60, 61, and 64. These below in Operation W, 95% of the seventy-three The first, 2028-1645 cal BC IUCLA-2167A 3500 correspond to £1 Tajo Units 9 and 10, and are de- diagnostic sherds recovered belong to the Trona- BP ± 60), comes from sterile subsoil at the base of rived from the earliest eruptive activity of the ARENAL PHASE SITES dora Phase. The most common type is Tonjibe a large funerary structure. The second, 410-132 (Chap. 2). A small sample of Tro- Beige, followed by Tigra Grooved-Punctate and cal BC lUCLA-2163: 2250 BP ± 601, comes from nadora sherds was embedded in the surface of Of forty-three sites for which ceramics were ana- Tajo Gouge-Incised. Small amounts of Tronadora ceramic-bearing deposits in the same feature. The Aguacate (Unit 65), and may predate the deposi- lyzed during the 1984 and 1985 field seasons, Incised, Zetillal Shell-Stamped, and Atlantic Red- earliest date was thought to be much too early for twenty demonstrated a higher percentage of Are- tion of Arenal tephras. Two C-14 samples from Filled Black were also present. Mode-groups in- the ceramic occupation. The dating of the Lorna B nal Phase ceramics than of any other phase. In ad- hearths in a well-developed soil layer on top of u clude general groove incising, shell stamping, and context at Vidor has also been controversial (Lange dition to Tronadora Phase ceramics, we found a Tajo Unit 8 at El Tajo (which appears to corre- reed stamping. Some reed-stamped jar fragments 1980a:35). There, in deep levels, sherds similar to strong Arenal Phase component at Tronadora Vieia spond to Silencio Sequence Units 55 and 55A) had a thick, black substance adhering to the ex- those from Mendez and Tronadora Vieja were as- (G-163; Hoopes 1987:43-97; Chap. 4). At Sitio yielded dates of 390-50 cal Be (SI-3459) and 86 terior, decorated neck. Although this appeared to sociated with a date of 1291-830 cal BC (UCLA- Bolivar (G-164j Hoopes 1987:98-161; Chap. 5) cal eo-cal AD 390 (1-10804: 1830 BP ± 80) be charcoal, it did not burn when held over a 2177A 2830 BP ± 801. and Viboriana (G-175; Bradley et al. 1984:88-92) (Aguilar 1984: 74). According to Melson (1984), flame. Its nature and purpose are unknown. Inspection of a sample of Norr's ceramics re- virtually all ceramics belonged to the Arenal the amount of time needed for the formation of The assemblage of ceramics associated with vealed that several of the sherds from the lowest Phase; however, the Arenal components at Trona- the soil from which the date was obtained sug- the habitation features includes both decorated levels at Sirio Mendez were identical to Trona- gests that the deposition of the Taio Unit 8 tephra dora vieia, Viboriana, and La Isla lG-166; Hoopes and undecorated vessels, with Tonjibe Beige pres- 1987:323) were earlier than components at Sitio dora Complex sherds. The early date from this occurred several hundred years earlier, perhaps as ent as well as both Tajo Gouge-Incised and Ze- site (UCLA-2167A) is very similar to dates from Bolivar. early as 700 cal Be. All levels below Unit 55 at tillal Shell-Stamped. Although the greatest num- Tronadora Vieja. Lorna B ceramics are not identi- Tronadora Vieja (that is, Units 60, 61, and 64) Ceramic AWJlysi\ (JIJi! Culture 1!LI(()J\· 179 178 fohn W. Hoopes

sherds are also important types in the Sitio Boli- Tronadora vicia (C-163) var assemblage. A number of early modes appear We recovered 177 Arenal Phase sherds from ex- in this assemblage, most notably Usulutan-type cavations at this site, of which 120 168%) were resist decoration and medial-flange bowls (both located in 50's strata. Among the types repre- on Guinea Incised); however, all together the sented [in the order of their Importance I are Los ceramics represent a dear assemblage of Linear ,Ifn~;~:\\ J Hermanns Beige; Los Hermanos Beige: Espinoza Decorated types [ct. Baudez 1967). A few sherds of Variety; Mojica Impressed: Laguna Variety; 80- Carillo Polychrome confirm the dating of the as- ·r .: .'7:";;'"I. , cana Incised Bichromc, Las Palmus Red-on-Beige, semblage to a time corresponding to the transi- I Charco Black-on-Red. and Huila Zoned-Punctate. tion between late Zoned Bichrorne and Early Poly- ..,,~",/ A All of these appear in Zoned Bichrome assem- chrome periods in Greater Nicoya. blages throughout much of Greater Nicoya) and rheir presence suggests that the Arenal Phase was viboriana (C-I7S) and La Isla (C-166) a time of strung cultural affinities between the Arenal area and regions to the west. One interest- Surface collections from these sites provided the mg difference between this assemblage and those best diagnostic assemblages for the Early facet ...,"~~.IT,- " of the Tempisquc Valley is the presence in the of the Arenal Phase. Charco Black-on-Red and ~'.. ~ ,.I.: ,T ."" f' ', Arena] region of Espinoza Red-Banded, a type de- Guinea Incised, found in large numbers at Sitio r i )- J / fined by Healy jI980! in the Rivas region of Nica- Bolivar, arc rare or absent while Bocana Incised • J '//, , i ./ ragua [and defined for the Arenal region as Los Bichrome and Las Palmas Red-on-Beige arc pres- Hermanns Beige: Espinoza Variety; Hoopes 1987: ent. Excavations at Viboriana confirmed the strati- 415-420). This type suggests tics with the north graphic position of Early Arcnal sherds in the , E as well, perhaps as part of a horizon extend- lower 50's strata; however, the excavated sample ing along the volcanic cordillera, although its was not large enough for any stylistic changes red decoration also has important parallels with over time to be determined. EI Bosque pottery from the Atlantic Watershed [Snarskis 197RI. Charco Black-on-Red sherds at Tronadora Vieia ARENAL PHASE CERAMIC TYPES suggest that the Arenal Phase occupation ex- c,*", ... tended through both Early and Late facets at this I site; however, this sample of Charco differs from Bocana Incised Bichrome );,;;;;,rlJiMl'1>J I•• " ttlllfJ,:. / those of more typical Late Arenal assemblages. This type (Figs. 10-12A-E, 1O-13J-K; Hoopes / The black-painted decoration was executed in 1987: fig. 7.1:J-K, pl. 7.l:A-DI was first defined broad strokes rather than the narrow lines noted by Baudez (1967) for the Tempisque River. It was at Sino Bolivar. This may be a characteristic of recorded by Sweeney i1975j and Lange (19761 at early examples of this type, but the sample was sites on the Pacific Coast of Ouanacaste. Healy '\ r / not large enough to clarify this point. (1980) noted five sherds of Bocana Incised Bi- r chrome in the Rivas region of Nicaragua. Bo- ...... / cana is the marker type for Early Arenal Phase as- " H Sitio Bolivar (G-164) semblages in the Arenal area (Hoopes 1987:346- What it lacked Il1 longevity, the Arenal Phase 3561. It is frequently associated with Las palmas occupation at Sitio Bolivar made up for in inten- Red-on-Beige and Los Hcrmanos Beige: Espinoza sity. We recovered almost six thousand diagnostic Variety. shcrds from relatively small excavations, provid- Bocuna incised Bichrome in the Arenal area is ~.:,:-,.-~~,-~ ing us with a large assemblage that appears to characterized by grooved, vertical incisions. 111 l"'~;"N ••.• , r r s » ".,.•••••..1;-,~,." have been restricted in time to the last 200 years combination with zoned red slipping on a beige. :. t ..• .." ..·.'.~t,~

impressions are deliberately placed and clearly ibid., pI. 18F), while Baudez' category includes a defined. There is sometimes a slight "drag-and- range of different decorations. jab" effect, but all marks are crisp and distinct. Interestingly, this type of decoration was noted on Discussion a few sherds of Las Palmas Red-on-Beige. Baudez illustrates examples of pottery correspond- ing to all five varieties of Mojica Impressed, how- Mojica Impressed: Laguna Variety ever, he does not make any varietal distinctions This variety (Hoopes 1984:6.g. 2:A-D; 1987:pl. or note temporal differences in the use of the dif- 7.1 :M-QJ is distinguished by single or double rows ferent patterns. Data from the Arenal area indi- B cate that Mojica Impressed decoration changed of impressions, usually made with instruments A other than a shell. Fingernail and bar impressions through time. Mojica Impressed: Mojica Variety fall into this category. Some sherds included in and Mojica Impressed: Laguna Variety occur most this variety appeared to have "pinched" or cord- frequently in survey lots with Bocana Incised Bi- marked decoration, reported by Snarskis (1978: chrome and Las Palmas Red-an-Beige, both diag- 123} for Chaparron pottery. The similarity be- nostic of the Early Arenal Phase. Las Palmas Red- tween Mojica Impressed: Laguna Variety and cer- an-Beige vessels will sometimes have impressions tain Chaparr6n ceramics and the former's ap- identical to those of Mojica Impressed: Mojica pearance in earlier assemblages leads us to place Variety. On the other hand, Mojica Impressed: this variety in the Early facet of the Arenal Corrida Variety and Mojica Impressed: Arrastrada Phase. This variety may correspond to some ex- Variety appear in the large assemblage of Late amples classified as "Congo Punctate" by Baudez Arena! ceramics from Sitio Bolivar, while Mojica 11967:611· and Laguna varieties were absent. In general, there F was a tendency for the decoration on Mojica Im- pressed pottery to become hastier and less well Mojica Impressed: Cottida Variety executed over time. Mojica Impressed: Congo Va- I The Corrida Variety (Hoopes 1987:pl. 7.1:R-S) riety was found in its most significant quantities bears the same type of mark found on Mojica Im- at Sitio Bolivar, and it may belong in the Late Pue- pressed: Mojica Variety, but it has been drawn or nal Phase, however, the close similarity between jabbed more rapidly and less carefully, giving it a some examples of this and the Laguna Variety coarser appearance. The individual marks are still suggest that the Congo Variety is not as clearly evident, but they run together. In general, the diagnostic as the other varieties. paste and surface finish of this variety appear to be coarser than that of the Mojica Variety. Guinea Incised H Mojica Impressed: Arrastrada Variety This type, also defined by Baudez (1967: 73), was best represented in assemblages from Sitio Boli-

This fifth variety (Hoopes 1987:pI7.1:T-V) is dis- var {Fig. 1O-15A-Dj Hoopes 1987, pls. 7.2:A-F, tinguished by decoration that is scraped rather 7.3}.It is characteristic of the Late Arenal Phase than impressed. The pattern was made with the (Hoopes 1987:391-402). In our assemblages, the same multiple-point instrument used for Mojica surface finish of Guinea vessels is predominantly Variety decorations (most likely the edge of a red and orange. Brown, beige, and tan examples shell). Horizontal scraping has obliterated indi- are rare or absent. Virtually all Guinea Incised vidual vertical marks, however, and the effect is vessels are open, tripod bowls with large, hollow that of a set of rough, contiguous horizontal chan- supports. Vessel profiles vary widely, with a pre- nels [cf. Baudez 1967: pI. 16L). dominance of basal angles and carinations- We noted some basal or medial flanges, often deco- Mojica Impressed: Congo Variety rated with incision. We excavated a few examples of Guinea Incised vessels with Usulutin-like re- M This variety of Mojica derives its name from sist decoration at Sitio Bolivar. Resist areas in- K "Congo Punctate" (ibid.: 61); however, the variety clude parts of the incised panel on the vessel ~- a~d the type do not completely overlap. Congo va- Figure 16-14. terior and curvilinear designs on the int~or Early and Late Arenal Phase: Mojica Impressed. Laguna 5 nety vessels are decorated with horizontal rows surface of bowls. Both the use of resist decorauon Variety (A-E); Moiica Variety (F-I); Gorrida Variety (f, o, . of triangular punctations on their shoulders (d. and the carinated, tripod bowl recall examples of K); Arrastrada Variety (L-N). (Note scole-l Photographs em by fohn Hoopes.

,

I II Ceramic Analysis and Culture History 185 184 John W. Hoopes Usulutdn from western El Salvador (Sharer authors suggest that these black-on-red types ap- 1978: 39); however, the relationship is not close. peared in the late Zoned Bichrome and dimin- Guinea Incised and analogous types are absent ished in frequency in the Early Polychrome Pe- from contemporaneous assemblages in the Rivas riod. Charco is not typical of the Late Arenal region of Nicaragua (Healy 1980: 313). Phase; however, a single vessel of this type was There is also a strong resemblance between found beneath construction fill at the El Silen- some examples of Guinea Incised from the Cor- cio cemetery, a site with an almost pure Silencio dilleran region and vessels of Snarskis' Zoila Red Phase ceramic component. Group l1978:201-202) from the Atlantic Water- shed region. Hollow, bulbous, rattle support forms Los Hermanos Beige (d. Snarskis' modes S18 and S23i ibid.iflgs 91-92) are common to both, as are the red surface color Los HermanosBeige (Fig. 10-l6A-N; Hoopes 1987: A and geometric incision. Incision and engraving on fig. 7.2, pl. 7.2:G-O) is the most common type open tripod bowls were common to both Greater designation in Arenal Phase assemblages (Hoopes Nicoya and the Atlantic Watershed regions of 1987 :403-420); however, it also serves as a more- Costa Rica at around cal AD sao. These vessels or-less catch-all term for red-rimmed beige jar and appear to have been more important at inland bowl fragments with characteristic profiles. Two sites than at coastal ones in Guanacaste. partially reconstructed vessels and several large sherds indicate that rims designated as Los Her- manos Beige may have come from vessels of Mo- Charco Block-on-Red jica Impressed, Espinoza Red-Banded, Las Palmas The definition of this rypell-loopes 1987:pl. 7.4:C- Red-on-Beige, and even Bocana Incised Bichrome. G) used here combines Baudez' Charco and Co- Baudez (1967) places Los Hermanos Beige in the bane Black-an-Red types (1967: 83-87}. Charco is Ciruelas Phase (AD 300-500) of the Tempisque the most common decorated type in assemblages Valley. Red-rimmed beige vessels are also typical of his earlier Zoned Bichrome type, Monte Cristo from Sitio Bolivar. It is a rare type at Early Arenal Phase sites, however, and its representation is Beige. It is not possible to distinguish Monte Cristo from Los Hermanos in our assemblages. small when all Arenal Phase sites in our sample Because of the wide application of this designa- are considered (Hoopes 1987:421-4261· tion, we used "Los Hermanos" for vessels pro- Charco is characterized by black line decora- duced as early as the Late Tronadora Phase. Los tion on a red slip. The use of an overall red slip Hermanos Beige is also the most abundant ce- does not appear on Cordilleran ceramics until the ramic type at Sitio Bolivar, a Late Arenal site. The Late Arenal Phase. Charco also signals the first long duration of this type suggests a strong conti- use of fired black decoration on pottery in the re- nuity in Northwestern Cordillera populations, and gion. On the great majority of Charco vessels from the tradition of red-rimmed storage vessels con- Sitio Bolivar, both slip and black paint tend to be tinues into the Silencio Phase. soft and friable, in distinct contrast to the hard, Vessel forms range from Incurving, direct-rim often glossy finish typical of Early and Middle bowls to large, necked storage jars. In Late Arenal Polychrome vessels in Greater Nicoya. Decorative assemblages, the principal vessel forms are large, motifs on Charco echo those found on Las Palmas outcurving, exteriorly thickened rim jars; outflar- Red-an-Beige. These include multiple-brush wavy ing-rim jars; and open, thickened-rim bowls, usu- lines, triangular elements, and vertical and hori- ally with small solid conical supports (Baudez zontal narrow lines. While most Las Palmas ves- ! 1967: vessel groups I, 11,and ill). sels are open bowls, Charco is represented more frequently by restricted-neck jars. I The temporal position of Charco Black-an-Red Los Hermanos Beige: Espinoza Variety is not clear, either in the Tempisque Valley or the This variety was not recognized by Baudez in the Northwestern Cordillera region. Baudez (1967: 85) Tempisque Valley, nor has it been noted in assem- I notes that Charco was common to both the Cata- blages from coastal Guanacaste (Fig. 10-17 A-C!. lina and the Ciruelas phases, but found it more It was first defined by Norweb (1964:559) and common in the latter, which corresponds to his later by Healy (19801, from ceramics excavated in Figure 16-15. anoS "Linear Decorated" period (AD 300-500). Healy , the Rivas region of Nicaragua. The principal deco- Late Arenal Phase: Guinea Incised. A-D; Los Rerrn (1980:2041 identifies Puerto Black-an-Red, from Beige: Cervantes Variety, E-1. Sherd widths: A, 12.0cm: rative modes are "Red painted and polished verti- B, 9.5 em; C, 11.5 em; D, 11.5 em; E, 12.0 em: F, 11.0 em! Rivas, as belonging to the San Jorge Phase. Both G, 4.0 em: H, 5.5 em: I. 6.0 em. Photographs by John Hoopes. Ceramic Analysis and Culture History 187 186 Tohn W. Hoopes

G

H K

s T u

w Figure 10-17. Figure 10-16. Above: Late Arenal Phase: Los Hermanos Beige: Left: Los Hermanos Beige rim profiles. A-N: iar and Espinoza Variety: A-C; RUllo. Zoned-Punctate: D-E; bowl profiles from Tronadora Viejo; 0- V: tar profiles unnamed incised, punctate, nmed-bichrome: P; Zelaya from Sitio Bolivar; H'-I'; short-necked jars; I'-K': direct- Bichrome: G-H: Carillo Polychrome: I-I. Sherd widths: rim bowls. Figures by fohn Hoopes. A. 4.0cD1; B. 3.2 ern; C, 6.4 em; D. 11.0 em; E. 7.0 ern; F, 4.8 em; G. 11.5 em: H, 10.2 em; I, 5.5 em; T,8.0 em. Photographs by lohn Hoopes.

---","dO,j Ceramic Analysis and Culture History 189 188 John W. Hoopes

cal bands ... on a natural, buff colored base ... Arenal contexts. These include sherds of Huila on various-sized jars" (ibid.: 115). Unlike on the Zoned Punctate (Fig. 1O-17D-EI, Zelaya Painted: Nicaraguan examples, we did not note the use of Bichrome Variety (Fig. 1O-17G-H; Hoopes 1987 :p1. 7AB), Zelaya Painted: Trichrome Variety (ibid. :p1. applique on this type. Espinoza Variety modes of vessel size and form 7AA), and Carillo Polychrome (Fig. 10-I7I-f). As are the same as Los Hermanos Beige (see forego- noted earlier, they suggest that the Arenal region should be interpreted as an eastern extension of ing). Decoration consists of red-painted rims and D the use of broad strokes of red paint on vessel Greater Nicoya at this time. shoulders and sides. Strokes are usually vertical, A number of sherds from Sitio Bolivar are appearing in sets of three or four linear elements; not typical of contemporaneous assemblages in however, some examples show a rough, horizon- Greater Nicoya and suggest communication be- tall/wiping" of red paint on vessel walls. The lat- tween the Arenal region and other parts of Costa ter are the most common at Sitio Bolivar. The Rica (Fig. 1O~18J. Among these are rim sherds decoration on examples of Espinoza Variety sherds from wide-mouthed tripod bowls, unslipped on and vessels from the Arenal area is usually rough, the exterior but coated with a thick maroon slip and vessel forms indicate that its principal func- on the interior. These are tentatively identified as tion was probably for storage. belonging to the Anita Fine Purple Group of the According to Healy [ibid.: 116), Espinoza Red- Selva Phase in the Atlantic Watershed and appear Banded dates primarily to the Zoned Bichrome to have the same "powder-fine" paste noted at Li- period; however, the type continues through the nea Vieja sites [Snarskis 1978:208-209). Both Early and even into the Middle Polychrome pe- the paste and the purple slip found on these few riods (though clearly reduced in importance). sherds are different from those of local Arenal- Healy also suggests that Espinoza is homologous area pottery. Snarskis traces Anita Fine Purple to to Baudez' Matazana Red-on-Brown from the Tem- southeastern Costa Rica and cites this as a trade pisque Valley; however, I see Matazana as equiva- ware in the Atlantic region. If this is correct, their lent to Las Palmas Red-on-Beige and Espinoza as presence at Arenal area sites indicates wide-rang- something different. Los Hermanos Beige: Espi- ing interregional interaction. noza Variety is characteristic of both Early and Other ceramics from Sitio Bolivar indicate con- Late Arenal phases, with a marked deterioration tact with the Atlantic Watershed region. These in the quality of decoration over time. include long, hollow conical supports with an- thropomorphic adornos (d. ibid.: fig. 90, S1S1;zoo- morphic applique figures on vessel rims (ibid.:fig. Los Hermanos Beige: Cervantes Variety 111, D23), and short vertical handles with appli- Defined by Baudez (1967: 109) as the "Cervan- que [ibid.iflg. 100, H121. All of these are diagnos- tes Incised-Punctate" type but assigned varietal tic of late El Bosque and La Selva assemblages status by consensus of the Greater Nicoya Ce- from the Atlantic Watershed region. These modes ramic Conference (Lange et a1. 1984), this variety were found in far lower quantities than those of is characterized by the use of heavy incision, the local Arenal Phase ceramic types. They may punctation, and (less frequently) applique to deco- mark trade vessels from regions to the east of the rate the broad interior surfaces of open bowl rims Cordillera rather than local imitations of Atlantic {Fig. 1O-15E-I, Hoopes 1987:pl. 7.2:G-OJ. While Watershed ceramics. Atlantic-style sherds are far some punctation, especially triangular impres- more common in the Arenal area than at contem- sions, is reminiscent of Mojica Impressed, the in- poraneous sites to the west and their presence \ cisions in Los Hermanos Beige: Cervantes Variety suggests a significant level of trade or exchange ~,:Ii are usually coarse, made when the clay was wet between the Cordilleran and Atlantic Watershed l! and soft. Baudez places his type in both his Cata- regions around cal AD 500. 'Ii lina and Ciruelas phases [ibid.]. It is a principal diagnostic of our Late Arenal Phase. DATING THE ARENAL PHASE Figure 10-18. Other Important Arenal Phase Lange {1980aJ divides the Zoned Bichrome Peri~ Late AI/mal Phase: Miscellaneous sherds with modes Types and Modes in Greater Nicoya into three phases on the basts suggestive of Atlantic Watershed jnfluence. Adomos: A, of data from the Vidor site: Loma B (800-300 Bel, E, G, K; applique: B-D, H; decorated support fragments: F, 1, I. hollow supports: L, M. Sherd lengths: A, 4.0 em; B, In addition to Charco Black-on-Red, other deco- Orso (300 BC~AD 300), and Mata de Uva (AD300.- 5.2 em; C, 4.8 em; D, 3.6 em; E, 4.7 em; I, 12.0 em; I, 9.5 rated types that were first defined in Tempisque 500). The Lorna B, or "Zoned Incised," Phase IS em; K, 14.5 em; L, 10.5 em; M, 11.5 em. Sherd widths: Valley assemblages (Baudez 19671 appear in Late marked by Bocana Incised Bichrome, 'Ioya zoned F, 4.5 em; G, 5.2 em; H, 7.7 em. Photographs by John Hoopes. Ceramic Analysis and Culture History 191 190 John W. Hoopes

Incised, and ceramics common to Lothrop's "Pal- gua, Dinarte ceramics were found beneath levels Level 6 at Ortega [Baudez 1967: 205), which yielded facets; however, patterns in assemblages from sur- mar Ware" classification. The Orso Phase is char- containing early Zoned Bichrome /I Angeles Phase" an assemblage similar to that from the Upper 50's face collections and excavations clearly indicate acterized by the appearance of fine incised or pottery (Haberland 1966). These Angeles Phase strata at Tronadora Vieja. Dates of 754-60 cal that some types were common early and others engraved zoning as found on the marker type Ro- ceramics were found below levels with Rosales BC (GsY-100: 2195 BP ± 130-average of two late. For this reason, the Arenal Phase has been sales Zoned Engraved. According to Lange [ibid.: Zoned Engraved and Schettel Incised, and they dates] and cal AD 132-533 IY-850: 1700 BP ± 701 provisionally divided into two roughly equal fac- 40), Orso is contemporaneous with Catalina and "seem to be connected with the Bocana Zoned In- were associated with types Bocana, Charco, Las ets. The first of these, designated "Early Arenal," dates from approximately 500 cal BCto the begin- Chombo in the Tempisque Valley and Santa Elena cised and Toya Zoned Incised of Baudez" [ibid.: Palmas, and Mojica. Coeval levels at Matapalo ning of the Common Era. The second, "Late Are- Peninsula, respectively, and corresponds to the 401). At Sitio Mendez, Norr (1982-1983) reports yielded a date of 390 cal so-cal AD 598 (Y-81O: nal," dates from cal AD 1 to 600. It is important to Zoned Bichrome Period as initially defined by Coe a mixture of Lorna B- and Catalina-type cer- 1870 BP ± 200). This suggests that the Arenal note that there is not a clear division between and Baudez (l961). The Mata de UV3, or "Zoned amics from the lowest levels of a burial mound. Phase occupation at Tronadora Vieja dates to the The 410-132 cal BC (UCLA-2163) date from Men- few centuries before and after the beginning of the these facets. Rather, the period from cal 300 BC Painted, JI Phase corresponds to the "Linear Deco- to cal AD 300 {what might be termed "Middle rated" Period [Baudez 1967: 194) and is signaled dez corresponds well with other Zoned Bichrome Common Era. Arenel"] is probably marked by characteristics of by the appearance of Tola Trichrome at coastal dates, as well as with the Early facet of the Arenal With regard to the latest part of the Arenal both, with a gradual transition from earlier to sites. Mata de Uva, and the ceramic traits associ- Phase. As noted earlier, the Mendez ceramics also Phase, it is significant that fragments of sherds later characteristics. ated with it, has been variously considered as the include a number of Tronadora Complex sherds. that may be transitional into the Early Poly- The Early Arenal subphase is represented al- beginning of the Early Polychrome or the end of It seems likely that Angeles ceramics correspond chrome tradition appear in deposits at Sitio Bo- most exclusively by surface collections, although the Zoned Bichrome Period. I agree with the latter to Early Arenal and Lange's Lorna B phases, Di- livar. Four sherds from surface collections are we recovered a small amount of material in strati- interpretation and see the "Zoned Painted" Phase narte ceramics (as noted earlier] are equivalent to tentatively identified as Lopez Polychrome-the graphic context at the sites of Tronadora Vieja as "a continuation, or termination, of Zoned Bi- Tronadora, and that the lowermost levels at the earliest of "Nicoya Polychrome" types-and four (G·I631 and Viboriana lG-175). The two principal chrome patterns" (Lange 1980a:41). Mendez site contain a mixture of Tronadora and sherds in the large assemblage in Operation Bare Early Arenal surface assemblages come from Vi- The Arenal Phase is contemporaneous with all Early Arenal types. identified as an early variety of Carillo Poly- Our earliest C-14 dates for Arenal ceramics chrome. The presence of these types suggests an boriana and La Isla {G-166}. Late Arenal types are three of Lange's coastal phases, beginning with rare or absent at these sites. The most important i the appearance of Bocana Incised Bichrome and come from a trench tomb at Tronadora Vieja and occupation dating to the latter part of the Arenal , types of the Early Arenal subphase are Bocana in- the lowest excavation levels at Sitio Bolivar. The Phase and two C-14 dates from the site support ending with linear painted and trichrome decora- cised Bichrome, Las Palmas Red-on-Beige, and Mo- first, 1950 cal ac-e-cal AD 660 {Tx-5280) was as- this. The first, cal AD 450-775 (Tx-S270), is clos- tion. It therefore covers the "Zoned Bichrome Pe- jica Impressed: Laguna Variety. Of these, how- j sociated with Mojica Impressed: Mojica Variety est to estimates from crossdating ceramics. The riod" in its broadest conception. The beginning of ever, the latter two probably continue through the the Arenal Phase land the end of the Tronadora pottery. The second, 830 cal ac-e-cal AD 1 [Tx- second, cal AD 780-1010 (Tx-5269J, was obtained early centuries cal AD. 5271) underlay a large Late Arenal component. from a hearth partly exposed by wave action on Phase} is placed at 500 cal BC on the basis of We recovered the principal Late Arenal assem- the available dates for La Montana ceramics and Unfortunately, both of these dates are of limited the lakeshore. It is later than expected, and may have been contaminated by more recent organic blage at Sitio Bolivar (G-IMl. Definition of this conservative estimates for the beginning of the value because of large standard deviations. subphase is complicated by the fact that the ce- Rosales Zoned Engraved, the principal type of material. Early Zoned Bichrome types such as Bo- Zoned Bichrome Period. It should be noted, how- ramics from this site are almost exclusively from ever, that the period from 1000 to 500 cal BC- Lange's Orso Phase, is absent in our assemblages; cana Incised Bichrome, Las Palmas Red-on-Beige, and certain varieties of Mojica Impressed (see fore- the latter part of the subphase (cal AD 300-6001· during which time Early Arenal traits probably however, other types diagnostic of Catalina and At Sitio Bolivar, the Late Arenal subphase is developed-c-is poorly defined in the Arenal area Chombo assemblages dating to the 300 cal BC- going) are rare or absent at this site, as are Trona- dora ceramics. Tola Trichrome, the marker type marked by a combination of Charco Black-on- sequence. cal AD 300 range are present and imply an occu- Red, Guinea Incised, Los Hermanos Beige: Cer- The dates for the Arenal Phase are based as pation of the Arenal area at this time. The C-14 for Lange's Mata de Uva Phase, is rare. A large number of other types of the "Zoned Painted" vantes Variety, Zelaya Bichrome, and the Corrida much on crossdating as on chronometric dates dates from this time range come from three differ- and Arrastrada varieties of Mojica Impressed. It is from project excavations. The early facet is marked ent sites. The earliest, 810 cal Bc-cal AD 630 horizon are present, however, including Charco Black-on-Red, Guinea Incised, Cervantes Incised- important to note, however, that some of these by Bocana Incised Bichrome. Large, tapering hol- (Tx-5081) is from Tronadora Yieja. The very large types by themselves are not reliable chronological Punctate, and Zelaya Bichrome. Baudez (19671 low supports with rectangular apertures deco- confidence interval limits its utility, but the early markers for the Late Arenal subphase. For ex- dates his "Linear Decorated" period from AD 300- rated with red paint zoned by deep incision are limits of its range are consistent with the dating ample, Guinea Incised, Mojica Impressed, and 500, and the Early Polychrome period is currently reportedly identical to a support associated with of associated Tronadora Phase ceramics. The next, Charco Black-an-Red all appear sometime during placed at roughly AD 500-800, Sitio Bolivar's ce- a date of 1291-830 cal BC (UCLA-2177AJ from a cal AD 110-410 (Tx-5272j, was recovered from ramic assemblage is most closely related to the the Early Arenal subphase. large "oven" feature at the Vidor site (Lange 1980a: shoreline deposits at Sitio Bolivar containing Late As with the early and late facets of the Trona- former, although the presence of a small number 35; Snarskis, personal communication, 1985). An Arenal pottery. The third date came from the hill- dora Phase, it is important to realize that this di- of later sherds suggests that it may have been example of one of these supports was excavated at top cemetery at El Silencio (G-1501. It is identical vision of the Arenal Phase is provisional. The re- transitional between the two. Viboriana {G-17S), where it was associated with to the second at cal AD 110-410 (Tx-S078), but covery of more complete stratigraphic data and Like the "Zoned grchrome" period defined by sherds of Mojica Impressed and Las Palmas Red- was not directly associated with Arenal Phase ce- additional radiocarbon dates, especially from sites Lange's three phases, the Arenal Phase has a du- an-Beige. ramics (coming instead from a Silencio Phase con- with both Early and Late Arenal components, will ration of over 1,000 years. Given the nature of the At Tronadora Vieia, levels with a predominance text). Arenal ceramics from other contexts at this go a long way toward refining and improving our Arenal assemblages and the absence of Rosales of Tronadora ceramics were overlain by those with latter site suggest that it was in use at this time, understanding of Arenal Phase chronology. Zoned-Engraved, one of Lange's marker types for Arenal types. This stratigraphic relationship has but the date suggests that early deposits may have the period from 300 Be to AD 300, I am reluctant parallels at only two other sites in Greater Ni- been disturbed by later activities. to subdivide the Arenal phase into more than two coya. At Los Angeles on Ometepe Island, Nicara- The best C-14 dates for crossdating come from Ceramic Analysis and Culture History 193 192 fohn w. Hoopes

cipal pottery types of this period, but farther to THE SILENCIO PHASE the west- and Galo Polychromes-are practically absent in our samples. Decorative ele- The Silencio Phase is marked by the appearance of polychrome ceramics and has been defined pri- ments of both Carillo and Galo Polychrome are marily on the basis of comparisons between the present in a local type-Jimenez Polychrome- Arenal basin ceramics and the well-documented "identified at £1 Silencio. sequences of western Greater Nicoya. It is esti- At a general level, the ceramic assemblage A from £1 Silencio is similar to Middle Polychrome mated to date from cal AD 600-1300. As with the Arenal Phase, there are a significant number of (AD 800-1200) assemblages from La Guinea [Bau- dez 1967 Hoopes 1980), Vidor (Accola 1978), and similarities between Cordilleran assemblages and j those from sites farther west at this time. Al- La Ceiba (Blanco et al. 1986j Guerrero and Blanco though vessels from the Atlantic Watershed re- 1987). Distinctive Middle Polychrome types such gion appear in Late Arenal contexts, however, as Mora, Papagayo, Altiplano, Cabuyal Binnania, D trade vessels from Silencio contexts are exclu- and Santa Marta (Fig. 10-19) are present in signifi- • sively from the west. Greater Nicoya techniques cant quantities, and both polychrome and incised such as polychrome decoration and fine incision decoration on local types indicate Widespread sty- become dominant, and the presence of polychrome listic trends at this time. vessels from Greater Nicoya in burials suggests Typical Greater Nicoya polychromes may not that there was a high level of contact between the have been manufactured in the Cordilleran region, two areas in the Silencio Phase. however. Fancy Greater Nicoya polychromes ap- In spite of contacts with the west, however, the pear only at the Silencio cemetery, in either buri- Silencio Phase appears to have been a time of re- als (one of which contained five miniature Cabu- gional consolidation. There is an increase in the yal polychrome vessels) or construction fill (Fig. number of local ceramic types over those shared 10-20). Moreover, the typical Greater Nicoya do- with Greater Nicoya. Stone cist burials, unknown mestic types from Middle Polychrome assem- in Greater Nicoya, appear in special cemeteries. blages such as Piches Red and Danta Beige are Locally produced vessels show modes of both found only in small quantities. The dominant form and decoration that may be derived from monochrome type is instead Tres Esquinas Beige, Central Highland and Atlantic Watershed tradi- and the abundance of distinctive local polychrome tions, rather than from those of Greater Nicoya. vessels, which are not known from sites in west- The blend of ceramic traits noted in Cordilleran ern Greater Nicoya, implies that the high-quality assemblages during the Silencio Phase may reflect polychromes may have arrived through trade or the area's geographical location between two areas other special contacts. that were experiencing unprecedented growth in As elsewhere in Greater Nicoya at this time, population and social complexity at this time. the Cordilleran region experienced an explosion The ceramic sample for the Silencio Phase of polychrome types during the Silencio Phase. comes primarily from excavations at the Silencio With the exception of the local Jimenez Poly- cemetery (G-IS0), an essentially single-compo- chrome, all of the polychrome types at £1 Silencio nent site. Relatively few sites from the lakeshore are also found in Middle Polychrome assemblages I' reconnaissance showed an abundance of Silencio in the Tempisque Valley (Baudez 1967) and the i Phase material (Chap. 3). At £1 Silencio, Silencio Pacific Coast of Guanacaste (Lange 1976). Many i Phase pottery was distributed vertically through appear as trade items at sites in the Atlantic Units 30 and 50, which were separated by layers Watershed [Snarskis 1978:289-290) and Meseta , of tephra (Units 40 and 41). Unfortunately, the Central (Snarskis and Blanco 1978). '; small size of the ceramic sample and the heavily A preliminary examination of the pastes of disturbed nature of the site (with many deep buri- sherds of Mora and Papagavo polychromes from EI H als, evidence of significant earth moving, and Silencio suggests that they were not locally manu- heavy looting) do not permit subdivisions of the factured. The Mora examples have a compact, Silencio Phase. fine-textured paste devoid of the white flecks of Figure 18-19. tephra found in locally manufactured pottery. Pa- Silencio Phase: Fancy polychromes. Birmania Ceramics diagnostic of the Early Polychrome Polychrome: A; Papagayo Polychrome: B, C, E-G; Santa Period (AD 500-800), as it is known in Greater pagayo sherds have a fine, orange-colored paste Marta Polychrome: D; Mora polychrome (interior or ring- Nicoya, are extremely rare in the Arenal area. similar to that found in western Guanacaste and base bowl): H. Sherd widths: A, 4.2 em; B, 8.5 em. C, 5.0 With the exception of a few sherds of Carillo Poly- Rivas, Nicaragua. The relatively small numbers of em; D. 3.5 ems E. 4.5 em, F, 5.5 em; G, 4.5 em. Diameter chrome from Sitio Bolivar \G-164), the two prin- these types in Silencio Phase assemblages sug- of H, 35 em. Photographs by John Hoopes. Ceramic Analysis and Culture History 195 194 John W. Hoopes

gests that these fine-paste decorated wares were Jimenez Polychrome is placed earlier in the se- imported to the Cordilleran region from manu- quence than the AD 800 date assigned to the facturing centers in western or northern Greater beginning of the Middle Polychrome Period in Nicoya. Greater Nicoya because of its affinities with both Galo Polychrome and Carillo Polychrome. Strati- graphically, Jimenez Polychrome was present in SILENCIO PHASE CERAMIC TYPES both Units 30 and 50; however, we found more Several decorative and formal modes have been than twice as many sherds in the upper than in noted that are distinctive to the Silencio Phase, the lower stratum. and they have assisted in the definition of two lo- cal types and one local variety. Belen Incised Jimenez Polychrome and Belen Incised (Hoopes Timenez Polychrome 1984a:fig. 5) are the most important decorated Si- Jimenez Polychrome is the principal diagnostic lencio Phase types. Incised vessels are as common type of the Silencio Phase (Figs. 1O-20C, 10-21; as polychromes in Silencio Phase lots (313 Belen sherds and 325 Jimenez), and virtually all of the A Hoopes 1984a:fig. 4). It combines decorative B modes of the Early and Middle Polychrome pe- incised pottery falls into the newly defined Belen riods of Greater Nicoya with formal modes that Incised: Ayotes Variety. may have Atlantic origins. It is characterized by large, open bowls and restricted-neck jars with Belen Incised: Ayotes Variety flattened or everted rims, and is decorated with painting in red and black on a cream or buff sur- Incised decoration is the same as that defined for face. Painting is also found on the upper, flattened Belen Incised in the Tempisque Valley (Baudez surface of rims with a Tcshaped cross section 1967: 129). Principal motifs are cross-hatchured (Hoopes 1984a: fig. 4Fl. The lower half of the ves- triangles and rectangles in a frieze on the upper sel is always slipped red, but the upper half bears vessel exterior. The Belen Incised: Ayotes Variety a horizontal frieze of geometric motifs executed (Fig. 10-22) is characterized by a distinct T-shaped in broad strokes in combination with sets of hori- rim profile, which is shared with Jimenez Poly- zontal wavy lines in red or black. Multiple brush- chrome and Tres Esquinas Beige. Just as Jimenez ing is also found on the broad lip surface of flat- Polychrome frequently bears decoration on the tened-rim bowls. Vessel supports include small, surface of flattened rims, Belen Incised: Ayotes solid conical feet and large, hollow mammiform Variety occasionally has incisions on the broad upper surface of the vessel lip. The most common rattle forms. The use of broad-stroke geometric motifs in Ji- vessel type is the open bowl, slightly incurving at the rim. Surfaces are slipped brown or left un- menez Polychrome is similar in execution to mo- slipped and burnished. Vessels are black to reddish tifs on Galo Polychrome (d. Baudez 1967:pl. 38B; brown in color. Infilling of incisions with white Lange 1976:fig. 7a), but the characteristic surface pigment is common. Pastes are fine but poorly luster and both pear-shaped and cylindrical vessel oxidized and contain inclusions of tephra and fer- forms of Galo are absent. Jimenez polychrome is related to Cabuyal Polychrome in a fashion analo- ric spherules. Chronologically, Belen Incised enjoyed a later gous to that between Galo and Carillo. That is, popularity than Jimenez Polychrome. We found many decorative motifs are shared, but sufficient more than three times as many Belen Incised differences in the way they are combined-to- sherds in Unit 30 than in Unit 50, whereas gether with variables of paste, surface finish, and we found more than twice as many Jimenez form-distinguish one from the other. Jimenez Polychrome sherds in Unit 50 than appeared in Polychrome shares the use of multiple brushing Figure 10-20. in red on a cream or white background with Cabu- Unit 30. Silencio Phase: Whole vessels from EI Silencio cemetery. val, and small sherds of the two are often difficult Cabuyal Polychrome: A. B; Jimenez polychrome: C. Diameters: A, 6.0 em; B, 6.5 em; C, 26.0 em. to distinguish. The modal repertoire of form and Tres Esquinas Beige decoration for Cabuyal is substantially smaller Photographs by John Hoopes. Another new type, Tres Esquinas Beige (Fig. 10- than that for Jimenez Polychrome, and the former 23; Hoopes 1984a:fig. 6:K-T], is the dominant do- could in fact be classified as a variety of the latter mestic ceramic in Silencio Phase assemblages, al- {i.e., Jimenez Polychrome: Cabuyal Variety). Ceramic Analysis and Culture History 197 I 196 John W. Hoopes I I J I

D • !

I E ! I I 1 -.. ' . ·1 •.:», -; :.

:'. ". :",' - -.... ~.,

B

I F I I I .. -... '; . '. ", . i -I I I G c SCM SCM Figure 16-22- Belen Incised: Ayotes Variety. A-C: T-shaped bowl rims. Proveniences: A (G-150-B2), B (G-150-12). C (G-150·G2). Figure 10-21. Figures by totm Hoopes. Jimenez Polychrome. A-C: T-shaped bow1rims; D-F: open bowls; G: jar shoulder. Proveniences: A (G-150- Bl1), B (G-176-Al), C (G-150·G2j, D (G-169-B4). E (G- lSD-C2), F (G-150-C2). G (G-150-C2). Figures by John Hoopes. Ceramic Analysis and Culture History 199 198 fohn w. Hoopes

the Silencio phases. Domestic pottery is usually a DATING THE SILENCIO PHASE more reliable indicator of ethnic identity than are The upper date for the Silencio Phase is based on decorated types, which are frequently imitated or a date of cal AD 1216-1295 (Tx-5077) for charcoal traded. The relative scarcity in Arenal-area as- from a burial associated with a large assemblage semblages of the monochrome culinary wares that of diagnostic ceramics at El Silencio. Previously, dominate Middle Polychrome assemblages in the a terminal date of AD 1000 was suggested in the Tempisque Valley suggests that the populations absence of C-14 assays (Hoopes 1984a). This sug- of the Arenal region had household traditions that gestion was based primarily on the absence of a were markedly distinct from those to the west. number of ceramic traits that distinguish the The use of rock-lined tombs in the Silencio Phase B Middle Polychrome/Late Polychrome transition is a major divergence from Greater Nicoya pat- in Greater Nicoya. The small sample of Papagayo terns and indicates cultural affinities with the ~olyc~rome consists entirely of early varieties, Central Highlands region. In ceramics, there is including a bowl fragment with a painted jaguar more evidence of stylistic regionalization in the on the interior. The great majority of Mora Poly- Silencio Phase than in the preceding Arenal chrome sherds are from varieties that Accola Phase. Ceramic patterns suggest that the local (1978) places in the Panama Phase (AD 800-1000) population had regular interchange with peoples of the Bay of Culebra. Asientillo Polychrome, a of lowland Ouanacaste, somewhat lesser interac- late Middle Polychrome type common in the Tern- tion with the Atlantic region, and maintained dis- pisque Valley, is another type that is not present. tinct local traditions. Late Polychrome white-slipped ceramics such as Vallejo, , Pataky, and Madeira Poly- chrome are also completely absent from Cordille- THE TILARAN PHASE ran assemblages. Decorative modes of Jimenez Polychrome, the There is evidence for a marked divergence in cul- J dominant marker for the Silencio Phase, also sug- tural patterns between the cultures of Greater Nicoya and those of the Cordilleran region in gest that the phase as defined may be weighted to- ward the earlier half of the Middle Polychrome the Tilaran Phase (cal AD 1300-1S00J. There is F H some evidence for interaction with peoples of the Period. The principal decorative motif of both Gulf of Nicoya, but local ceramic assemblages Jimenez Polychrome and Cabuyal Polychrome bear little resemblance to Late Polychrome as- is wavy, multiple-brushed horizontal lines. Al- semblages from the Pacific Coast and the Tern- though this motif is not mentioned in the original 5CM pisque Valley. None of the late painted types of type descriptions of either Carillo or Gala Poly- Greater Nicoya, with the exception of Jicote Poly- Figure 10-23. chrome {Baudez 1967: 119,132), an examination though sherds of Piches Red, Malekos Red, and chrome, are present in Tilaran Phase assemblages. Des Esquinas Beige rim profiles. A-E: everted jar rims; of whole vessels from the collections of the Mu- F-G: T-shaped bowl rims; H-/: horizontally everted [ar Danta Beige are also present in small quantities. Two sherds of Tempisque Incised hint at direct seo Nacional de Costa Rica and the Institute Na- rims. Proveniences: A-C, E, F, H-T (G-150·C2J; D, G (G- Tres Esquinas Beige is closely related to the Her- contacts between peoples of the Cordillera and donal de Seguros reveals that it occurs frequently 176-Al). Figures by John Hoopes. ~anos Beige of the Arenal Phase, being character- the Gulf of Nicoya. In general, the phase is char- on both. Multiple brushing is diagnostic of the ized by red-slipped rims on buff-paste jars and acterized by large, coarse ceramics with applique- Arenal Phase Las Palmas Red-on-Beige type, and bowls. As in the earlier type, the red slip extends decorated handles that are very similar to late pre- it is also found on examples of Charco Black-on- historic ceramics from the Gulf of Nicoya. to the interiors of jar rims and open bowls. The Red from Sitio Bolivar. Its use on Silencio Phase Silencio Applique, Malekos Red, and San Luis two types are distinguished on the basis of rim pottery indicates a strong continuity in local ce- Coarse have been placed in the Tilaran Phase on profiles. While Los Hermanos Beige jar rims are ramic traditions; however, multiple-brush deco- the basis of clear stratigraphic associations. They rounded and externally thickened, Tres Esquinas ration declines in usage sometime toward the were present in a large assemblage found imme- Beige rims are direct and unthickened. The early middle of the Middle polychrome Period across diately beneath a layer of coarse gray lapilli {Unit jars tend to have gently curving necks, while later Greater Nicoya. This may also be true in the types are more angular. In Tres Esquinas Beige, 20) at Dos Armadillos (G-154; Chap. 7J. They also Northwestern Cordillera. the rim/neck juncture is sometimes emphasized show a much stronger correlation with Unit 30 with a shallow groove. The most common Tree than with Unit SO, as does a small sample of [i- Esquinas bowl rim has the incurving, T-shaped DISCUSSION cote Polychrome-a Late Polychrome type com- mon in the Tempisque Valley. profile, whereas Los Hermanos rims have a broad, The dominance of red-rimmed ceramics and grad- outturned lip. In sum, although paste and decora- In addition to the types described below, modes ual transitions in ceramic styles over a space of and modal combinations found in association with tive modes are virtually the same for some Arenal more than 3,000 years argues strongly for a con- Tilaran Phase assemblages include unslipped zoo- ~d Silencio Phase ceramics, rim forms are suffi- tinuity in populations from the Tronadora through ciently different to allow for temporal distinctions. Ceramic Analysis and Culture History 201 200 fohn W. Hoopes

morphic supports (coati heads are common); ap- plique strips on vessel rims and body angles with triangular impressions (possibly related to Cream- er's Gulf Incised and Princesa Incised rim modes [1983: 313-317J); and carinated, outflanng-rim bowls. Snarskis (personal communication, 1984) feels that Atlantic Watershed influence on the Arenal area increased during the Tilaran Phase, but it is difficult to identify specific ceramic types that the two regions have in common. At the level of modes, appliqued strap handles, the use of appli- que on vessel shoulders and rims, and zoomorphic unslipped supports have a number of analogies in both the Stone Cist Period of the Atlantic Water- shed (Snarskis 1978) and the late prehistoric pe- riod in the Gulf of Nicoya (Creamer 1983l. The closest relationships appear to be with the latter. Dating of the Tilaran Phase is based on stratigra- phy, tentative correlations with Snarskis' Stone Cist Period, Creamer's assemblages, and absolute C-14 chronology.

T1LAAAN PHASE CERAMIC TYPES

Silrncio Applique Silencio Applique is the principal decorated type c of the Tilaran Phase (Figs. 10-24, 10-25; Hoopes o 1984a:fig. 7). It is a dark brown to reddish paste utilitarian ware with an often coarse, unslipped finish. Vessels are vertical-necked jars with direct or slightly everted rims. Applique appears on ves- sel necks, rims, and shoulders. One diagnostic mode is a decorated strap handle with a stylized face of applique buttons or modeled features. These handles are usually fairly crude. They are typically narrow in the middle and expanded at either end {Fig. lOon Silencio Applique is very similar to Taro Appli- que, a type from sites near the mouth of the SCM Tempisque River (Baudez 1967: 168) and on is- lands in the Gulf of Nicoya (Creamer 1983:299- 304, fig. 71), and may prove to be the same ce- ramic type. The representation of zoomorphic .,~ motifs (which Creamer identifies as bats and rep- ; Figure 10-25. tiles] on the two types is similar. As with Silencio . \ Figure 10-24. Silencio Applique jar handles. Note differing degrees of Applique, Taro Applique has been identified only Tilaren Phase: Silencio Applique handles. Sneed widths: stylized design from A to C. Proveniences: A (C·166-Al), from vessel handles. A.II.Oem; B, II.Oem; C. 6.0 em; D, 7.0 em; E, 12.0cm. B (G-154-A2). C (G-161-Al). Figures by lohn Hoopes. Photographs by John Hoopes.

I I .~I Ceramic Analysis and Culture History 203 202 fohn W. Hoopes

buried by a pyroclastic flow from Arenal Volcano. MalekosRed These suggest a date of approximately cal AD The most common culinary type is Malekos Red, 1450 for Unit 20. The late dates for this phase are which shares outflaring-rirn jar forms with Tres in agreement with estimates for the age of the ce- Esquinas Beige hut differs in having a red finish. ramics from the Gulf of Nicoya mentioned ear- The distinctive color is achieved in two ways, lier. No Tilaran Phase materials were identified in either by the use of a thick red slip or by com- contexts that clearly postdated the deposition of plete oxidation of the vessel exterior. Malekos Unit 20. Red bears many similarities to the Fiches Red type of the Tempisque Valley, especially in wide- CERAMIC PHASE rimmed bowl forms and shoe-shaped vessels. C Handles are usually round in cross section. Ves- DISTRIBUTION sels of this type are often surprisingly large. REGIONAL PATTERNS San Luis Coarse OF CERAMIC PHASES A third utilitarian type of this phase has been Table 10-1 illustrates the distribution of ceramics termed San Luis Coarse (Fig. 10-26). It is distin- from each of the four phases for the forty-three guished principally by its crude execution. Ves- sites sampled during the 1984 and 1985 seasons. sels are principally thick-walled, vertical-necked We identified Tronadora Phase pottery at 20 sites, jars that are unslipped and dark red, brown, or and Arenal Phase ceramics were present at all but black. Both Malekos Red and San Luis Coarse six. Only two sites, G-162 and G-163, yielded a share a number of characteristics with Gulf Plain, predominance of sherds from the Tronadora Phase; a type from islands in the Gulf of Nicoya (Creamer however, a total of twenty sites proved to have a I' 1983 :311-314), suggesting further affinities be- majority of ceramics from the Arenal Phase, with , I tween late monochrome types of the Arenal area seven more having at least 25% of the ceramic as- and Gulf of Nicoya regions. semblage in this phase. There were only three sites j! with strong Silencio Phase components, and five I I Tempisque Incised with predominantly Tilaran Phase components. Of the forty-three sites sampled, few were F Two sherds from the site of Dos Armadillos strictly single-component sites. Almost all sites (G-154) have been identified as Tempisque Incised were occupied during two or more ceramic phases, (Fig. 10-27 A and B], a type identified by Baudez and eleven had evidence of occupation during all from collections on Taro Island (1967: 170) and four. This suggests that there was a strong conti- by Creamer at sites on islands in the Gulf of nuity of site use throughout the study region, in Nicoya (1983:286-291). These are highly pol- some cases lasting as long as 3,000 years. ished and decorated with narrow rim bands of zig- zag incisions and dots (d. Baudez 1967:pL 47E; Creamer 1983:fig. 68). They may represent ves- STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIPS sels brought or traded into the highlands by OF CERAMIC PHASES I peoples from the Gulf. , One of the principal aims of the ceramics analysis was to correlate the ceramic sequence with tephra DATING THE layers from Arenal Volcano (Chap. 1, Fig. 1-B}. In TILARAN PHASE so doing, we were able to combine interpretations of volcanic and cultural stratigraphic units. ~ol- A single C-14 date, cal AD 1298-1420 (Tx-5079l, canic activity was responsible for the destructl.on was associated with a Tilaran Phase assemblage of crops and habitations during violent eruptiVe at the site of Dos Armadillos. This sample came intervals as well as for the creation of fertile, from the upper portion of Unit 30 in a deposit G tephra-enriched soils. A recognizable sequence of SCM buried under a thick layer of Unit 20 tephra. Cur- Figure 10-26. d k d volcanic strata was traceable throughout the stu~y San LUIS Coarse rim profiles from undecorate .nec e rent estimates for the date of deposition of Unit area. Although not all individual strata were VIS- jars. A: iar rim and shoulder with strap handle; B: 20 are based on the foregoing date and two others ible at all sites, this sequence provided a unique everted-nm iar, C-F: vertical iar necks and rim2 ~-t cal AD 1416-1471151-576) and cal AD 1435-1619 exterlOrly thickened jar nms. Proveniences: A (- - opportunity for the calibration of stratigraphiC de- (51-577), derived from samples of charred bark GI), B (G-I61-D3), C (G-175-AI), D (G-154·A2). E (G- posits from a number of widely separated sites. 154-A1), F (G-161-A3), G (G-166-A2), H (G·154-A2). I (G- 154-A2). Rim diameters: A (1I em). B (14 cm). C (18tT)' D (38 em), E (34 cm), F (12 em), G (16 em), H (22 cm , (17 em). Figures by fohn Hoopes.

;1 Ceramic Analysis and Culture History 205 204 fohn W. Hoopes

TABLE 10-1 CERAMIC PHASE REPRESENTATION FOR SITESRECORDED BYTHE PROYECTOPREHISTORICO ARENAL

Tronadora Arenal SiJencio Tslaran Unknown Site Sample No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

Tronadora Phase Predominant G-162 24 16 66.7 3 12.5 5 20.8 G-163 836 474 56.7 210 25.1 0.1 16 1.9 135 16.1

Arenal Phase Predominant c-isr 6 5 83.3 I 16.7 G-lS5 18 14 77.8 5.6 3 16.7 G-158 6 16.7 4 66.7 1 16.7 G-159 19 10 52.6 5 26.3 4 2Ll G-l64 6,711 6 0.1 5,769 86.0 27 0.4 13 0.2 896 13.4 G-165 110 26 23.6 55 50.0 6 5.5 2 1.8 21 19.1 G-166 224 7 3.1 92 41.1 11 4.9 78 34.8 36 16.1 G-168 57 5 8.8 41 71.9 1 1.8 3 5.3 7 12.3 G-110 85 3 3.5 55 64.7 7 8.2 20 23.5 G-ill 43 1 2.3 34 79.1 8 18.6 c-trz 68 2 2.9 54 79,4 12 17.6 C-IlS 241 2 0.8 153 63.5 15 6.2 13 5.4 58 24.1 8.7 G-176 69 1 1.4 47 68.1 15 21.7 6 15.9 G-I?? 227 6 2.6 166 73.1 I7 7.5 2 0.9 36 11 30.6 G-t82 36 24 66.7 1 2.8 10 37.0 G-IB3 27 I7 63.0 16 34.8 G-184 46 29 63.0 2.2 4 4.5 I7 19.1 C-IS? 89 5 5.6 63 70.8 G-191 16 16 100.0 2 16.7 2 16.7 G-192 12 8 66.7

Silencio Phase Predominant 68.5 62 3.6 383 22.0 G-150 1,744 104 6.0 1,195 82.6 4 17.4 G-152 23 19 94.2 0.8 2 1.7 G·153 121 4 3.3 114

Tilaran Phase Predominant 15 9.6 81 51.6 61 38.9 G-154 157 35.3 9 52.9 2 11.8 G-160 17 6 7.8 208 70.7 43 14.6 G-l61 2.7 12 4.1 23 294 8 9 100.0 G-18S 9 17 77.3 3 13.6 G-IBS 22 2 9.1

Mixed Component Sites or Sites of Unknown Phase 35.0 22 10.0 51 23.2 G-156 220 47 21.4 23 10.5 77 2 10.0 6 30.0 G-157 20 4 20.0 2 10.0 6 30.0 2 5.3 12 31.6 G-167 38 3 7.9 14 36.8 7 18.4 237 37.3 165 25.9 G.169 636 2 0.3 2 0.3 230 36.2 ; I 13.3 6 40.0 3 20.0 sn G.173 15 4 26.7 2 , 5 10.0 16 32.0 , G.I74 50 13 26.0 16 32.0 , 20 66.7 G.178 30 3.3 6 20.0 3 10.0 9.1 12 54.5 G.179 22 8 36.4 2 32.1 14 10.4 48 35.8 G-180 134 29 21.6 43 5 18.s 19 70.4 G-181 27 3 11.1 I 2.6 30 78.9 11 G.186 38 7 18.4 t! 9 27.3 7 21.2 17 51.5 G·189 33 2 22.2 3 33.3 Ii G.190 9 4 44.4 'I 2,205 17.5 Ii Total 12,629 620 4.9 7,106 56.3 1,879 14.9 819 6.5 Figure 18-27. Tiianm Phase: Other decorated types. Tempisque ~ 1 I h licable] Include sherds from both surface collections and excavations. 'I Incised: A, B; tripod vessel with impression and Note: rota counts were appuca applique: C. Sherd widths: A, 9.5 em; B, 9.5 em. II Maximum width of C, 11.6 em. Photographs by fohn II Hoopes. ii eJ ~ ,.~I Ceramic Analysis and Culture History 207 206 fohn W. Hoopes SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS There was not a strong correlation between mostly disturbed through cultural activities such spite of some similarities between Tronadora and Ocos, however, there are significant differences. volcanic activity and cultural change in the AIe- as burials. In most places this disturbance had nal region. No tephra horizons marked clear tran- penetrated down into the Aguacate clay (Unit 65). Archaeological research in the Arenal area has The bolstered rim (Tonjibe Beige) and tall, cylin- produced one of the longest cultural sequences in drical vessel {Zetillal Shell-Stamped) are absent sitions from one cultural phase to another. Sealed While we found many artifacts in Unit 54, it lower Central America. It is especially notewor- in Early Formative complexes outside of Costa deposits were rare with the exception of the Ti- appears that cultural activity at Sitio Bolivar oc- thy because of the early dates for the appearance Rica. Figurines, ubiquitous in Ocos and other early laran Phase assemblage at Dos Armadillos, how- curred on top of this unit and not during its for- of pottery. Arenal-area ceramics demonstrate a Mesoamerican assemblages, are completely ab- ever, it was possible to associate the ceramic se- mation. The 390-50 cal BC (51-3459) and 86 cal mixture of both Greater Nicoya and Atlantic sent in Tronadora. Furthermore, the earliest dates quence with regional volcanic stratigraphy. ac-e-cal AD 390 (I-I0804) dates at El Tajo (Aguilar Watershed characteristics; however, the region is for Barra and Ocos (Lowe 1975J, are younger than We combined artifact lots of known strati- 1984: 751 were reportedly obtained from a soil not easily classified as belonging to either of these those for Tronadora. If there is a linear relation- graphic affiliation for a regional sample of almost that had developed on top of Unit 8 (possibly culture areas. Shifting affinities and strong local ship between the Costa Rican and the Meso- 9,000 diagnostic sherds with known stratigraphic Silencio Sequence Unit 55). These dates, which traditions indicate that the region had an impor- american complexes, the influence is from south provenience. We recovered close to 1,000 sherds overlap from 86 to 50 cal BC, correspond well with tant character of its own. to north, not the reverse. from Unit 30, most of these from El Silencio and estimated dates for the early facet of the Arenal In Costa Rica, the inland valleys of the North- Dos Armadillos. We collected over 7,500 diag- Phase, and their stratigraphic position suggests a western Cordillera, the Central Highlands, and nostic sherds from 50s strata sampled at EI Silen- location in Unit 54. Given a period of about 500 THE TRONADORA PHASE the northern plains may have had a head start cio, Sitio Bolivar, Tronadora Vieja, Viboriana, and years and the soil development that would have The earliest pottery in the Arenal sequence is over coastal regions with regard to the appearance other sites. We excavated over 350 diagnostic occurred during this time, an association of the mixed with or superimposed on artifacts from the of sedentism and ceramic technology (Fig. 10-1). sherds from 60s horizons, virtually all from Tro- cultural materials from Sitio Bolivar with Unit 53 preceramic Fortuna Phase. This suggests that the Sherds related to Chaparron and La Montana have nadora Vieja. We recovered smaller numbers from seems more likely. There was a high degree of preceramic/ ceramic transition around 2000 cal BC been reported from "Cuacimo, Linea Vieja, Cua- Units 20 and 40/41, tephra horizons whose cul- compression of strata beneath Unit 50 and above was not accompanied by major changes in settle- yabo de Turrialba, Tatisco, near Cartage, Paves, tural contents were probably mixed from other the cultural features, which made identification ment pattern. Because Tronadora pottery does not Barrial de Heredia, and four other sites within 30 strata. of stratigraphy difficult, but Arenal Phase materi- appear to represent an incipient technology, it is kilometers of Chaparron in San Carlos" (Snarskis The earliest Tronadora Phase occupation ap- als appear to have been deposited sometime prior unclear whether sites like Tronadora Vieja were 1984a:206). With the exception of a few sherds pears to have occurred just prior to the initial to the formation of Unit 50. reused or continuously occupied through the pre- from Lorna B levels at the Vidor site (Lange, per- eruptive activity of Arenal Volcano, shortly after While the Upper 50s represent Arenal Phase ceramic/ceramic transition. The appearance of a sonal communication, 1985), no Early Formative 2000 cal BC. This occupation continued through- deposits, Unit 50 dates to the first half of the Si- sophisticated ceramic complex in the area as ceramic complex has been defined clearly in west- out the deposition of the first tephras in the re- lencio Phase. We found a large number of Silencio early as 2000 cal Be suggests either an expansion ern Guanacaste. In a pattern markedly different gion. We identified some 74% of diagnostic ce- Phase sherds in Unit 50 at Bl Silencio, where of pottery-using populations into a region pre- from that in other pans of the "Intermediate ramics recovered from Units 64, 61, and 60 as Units 40 and 41 sealed primary deposits in this viously inhabited by preceramic societies or ex- Area," shellfishing and other coastal adaptations belonging to the Tronadora Phase, the remainder horizon. Only a small Arenal Phase component isting preceramic population's adoption of a de- are not apparent until the Early Polychrome Pe- being either Arenal Phase or unclassified sherds. was present. It should be noted that we found no veloped ceramic technology. Our limited data on riod (Lange 1978). This suggests that the first sed- At Tronadora Vieja, we also found Tronadora Silencio Phase sherds at either Tronadora Vieja or preceramic sites throws little light on either hy- entary communities in Costa Rica may have had Phase ceramics in the lower 50s horizons, al- Sitio Bolivar and that we found no excavated sites pothesis. The Tronadora pottery is clearly related inland-oriented economies. though in small proportions relative to Arenal to have a significant amount of material from to both Chaparron and La Montana, but the avail- The stratigraphic relation of Tronadora ce- Phase ceramics. The frequency of Tronadora Phase both the Silencio and the Arenal phases. able information is inadequate for determining ramics to the local tephra sequence is revealing ceramics is significantly greater in strata below Just as the 50s complex appears to have been which of the three has greatest antiquity. At pres- in terms of cultural development. An initial hy- Unit 55 than above it, but it is not clear whether deposited and formed during both the Arenal an~ ent, the best explanation is that they represent a pothesis was that ceramics were brought into the this tephra horizon provided a "cap" to Tronadora the Silencio phases, Unit 30 is almost equally di- regional, Costa Rican development from a still region by incipient village agriculturalists who Phase cultural deposits. It seems safe to say, how- vided between Silencio and Tilaran Phase mate- poorly understood Formative substrate. moved into the area to take advantage of fertile ever, that the 60s strata were formed during the rials. There was no dramatic change in the ce- Although roughly contemporaneous, Trona- soils weathered from volcanic tephra. Pottery ap- Tronadora Phase. ramic assemblage at El Silencio before and after I dora is similar to the Panamanian complexes of peared beneath the first tephra layers in some ex- Ceramic associations of 50s complex strati- the deposition of Units 40 and 41. The only type I Monagrillo and Sarigua only at the level of general cavation units, however, and sherds were embed- r graphic horizons above Unit 55 and below Units with any significant difference in frequency be- modes Ired rims, groove incision, shell stamping]. ded in the surface of the Aguacate Formation. The I 40 and 41 are not as clear. Arenal Phase ceramics tween the two strata is Belen Incised: Ayotes Va- , Tronadora ceramics also have a general relation- Arenal area was therefore occupied by ceramic- were plainly situated in 50s strata at both Trona- riety, which is much more common in Unit 30 using cultures before significant eruptions around " ship with early ceramic complexes of northern Co- " dora Vieja and Sitio Bolivar. At Tronadora Vieja, 2000 cal BC and before the appearance of deep, fer- than in Unit 50. lombia, especially Barlovento (Reichel-Dolmatoff the sample size from individual units within the The association of Tilaran Phase materials with 19851, with regard to an emphasis on plastic deco- tile soils. The fact that Tronadora pottery is found 50s complex was not great enough to indicate ce- in the greatest quantities in Units 60 and 61 indi- the upper portion of Unit 30 was documented at ration, especially round-bottomed groove inci- ramic change or the correlation of units with cates that site use intensified with the deposition Dos Armadillos, where we found a 100% Tilararr sion, shell stamping, rocker stamping, and heavy Early or Late Arenal assemblages. of fine tephras during explosive eruptions of Are- Phase assemblage in a deposit directly beneath punctation on large, incurving-rim bowls. At the Late Arenal site of Sitio Bolivar, the the coarse lapilli of Unit 20. A single C-14 date of Like Chaparron [Snarskis 1984al, Tronadora's nal Volcano. stratigraphic association of the ceramic assem- cal AD 1298-1420 (Tx-5079) for charcoal from an closest affinities are to ceramics from southern blage was somewhat clearer. Unit 50 was visible associated habitation feature is supported by a Mesoamerica, especially in terms of rim .forms, as a separate stratum in profiles. The majority of previous assay indicating Unit 20 was deposited the use of red paint, and plastic decoration. In artifacts were situated in Unit 54. Unit 60 was prior to cal AD 1520 (Melson this volume).

. I, , I'

Ceramic Analysis and Culture History 209 John Hoopes I 208 w. I THE TILARAN PHASE CONCLUSION THE ARENAL PHASE THE SILENCIO PHASE .i The ceramic evidence from 2000 cal Be through Silencio Phase ceramics appear in surface collec- The final occupation of the Arenal area was char- A clear relationship between the Arenal area and cal AD 1500 indicates that the Arenal area had a tions at only a small number of sites in the Arenal acterized by a dispersal of local populations. Tila- Greater Nicoya is apparent with the appearance dynamic and complex prehistory, characterized by area. Except where cultural disturbance has oc- ran Phase sites are more numerous than those of of Arenal Phase types, and the Arenal area should fluctuating populations with changing regional curred, they do not appear stratigraphically below the Silencio Phase; however, they are also smaller probably be considered as the easternmost exten- affiliations yet noteworthy for its long-term sta- Unit 50. The existence of special-use localities and less specialized. There is a dramatic change sion of Greater Nicoya at this time. There is a in ceramic styles between these phases. Poly- bility. The region provides a good example of such as the Silencio cemetery suggests that re- dramatic increase in the number and size of sites chrome pottery, which reached new heights in how cultural boundaries and population densities gional integration and status differentiation, first in the Early Arenal Phase, indicating population style and execution in western Guanacaste and can change through time. While the Arenal area apparent in the Late Arenal Phase, intensified growth. This may spur expansion westward into Rivas at this time, is completely absent from Ti- may be understood as a transition zone between with the Silencio Phase. Gold artifacts and care- the Tempisque Valley and Pacific Coast regions. laran Phase sites. Local painting and incising tra- Greater Nicoya and the Atlantic Watershed re- fully constructed stone tombs suggest the pres- Specialized use of distinct landforms for ceme- ditions disappear, to be replaced by an emphasis gions, it is hardly "marginal" or "peripheral" to ence of high-status individuals. The appearance of teries like La Isla lG-166) may signal the emer- on the use of modeling, applique, and adornos to cultural development in the two regions during fancy trade ceramics from Greater Nicoya indi- gence of differential social status. Ceramic hori- decorate vessel handles and supports in a style the early part of the sequence. The Northwestern cates active interregional exchange. zons linking the Arenal area with areas to the similar to that found on islands in the Gulf of Ni- Cordillera played a significant role in the devel- It is possible that the rarity of Silencio Phase west suggest a certain amount of interaction coya (Creamer 1983: 299-304). The rough, mono- opment of Formative economies in Costa Rica sites and the lack of continuity in occupation throughout Guanacaste. However, significant re- chrome pottery of the Tilaran Phase is totally un- during the Tronadora and Arenal phases, and con- from the Late Arenal to the Silencio phases do gional differences in the appearance of types like like the pottery of preceding phases. tinued to support significant activity during the Schettel Incised and Rosales Zoned-Engraved and not reflect a population decrease, but a more nu- The sharing of some ceramic characteristics Silencio and Tilaran phases. in the use of jade and elaborate carved metates cleated settlement pattern with an emphasis on between the Arenal area and the Gulf of Nicoya It has been suggested that the reason cultures suggest that the cultures of highland and lowland defensible site locations. Populations may have during the Tilaran Phase, together with the pres- in this part of Nuclear America never attained the Guanacaste were far from uniform. been consolidated in larger villages with greater ence of possible pottery imports, indicates that sociopolitical complexity evident in Mesoamer- While it is not clear that violent eruptions of capacity for ceremonial and defensive activities, contacts between highland and lowland Guana- ica and the central Andes is that advanced sys- Arenal Volcano disrupted the occupation of indi- as evidenced by the large tombs and stone walls caste continued during the centuries immediately tems of resource exchange and interregional re- vidual sites, the fact that few sites have both Early at £1 Silencio. This pattern would have been ac- prior to the arrival of the Spanish-and after- source exploitation were unneccesary. According and Late Arenal components suggests that new companied by the emergence of high-status com- wards. The pattern recalls a statement by Casta- to Willey (1984:376), "Redundancy of resources, sites may have been established in the early cen- munity leaders and warriors and may have been neda, an early explorer who wrote of the mainland from niche to niche, tends to stultify trade and turies cal AD. Although the number of sites ap- a response to threats posed by expanding popu- side of the Gulf of Nicoya that lithe rest of the trading control and, thereby, complex organiza- pears to decrease in the Late Arenal Phase, evi- lations from the Central Highlands or western chiefs who live on the plain have few Indians, tional development." The evidence from the Are- nal area suggests that it was essentially self- dence from Sitio Bolivar (G-164) indicates that the Greater Nicoya. these people live by trade with those of the moun- sufficient and relatively independent from domi- sites that were occupied were large and heavily There is evidence that major volcanic erup- tains, to whom they take ... what those who live nation or exploitation by outside groups. Until utilized. An increased level of status differentia- tions affected both western Guanacaste (Accola in the hills do not have" (cited and translated by the Tilaran Phase, there is no evidence for a sig- tion in Late Arenal society is suggested by the 1978J and the Arenal area during the Middle Poly- author, from Peralta 1883: 54). nificant amount of population movement into or effort expended in the construction of stone fu- chrome Period. In neither area, however, is there Contact between the Gulf of Nicoya or the out of the region. Sociopolitical change, even if nerary structures, the presence of greenstone pen- evidence that geological events had noticeable ef- Tempisque Valley and the Arenal area during the part of a region-Wide pattern, appears to have been dants, and the destruction of large quantities of fects on nearby populations. Silencio Phase pat- Tilaran Phase is indicated by sherds of Tempisque largely autochthonous. ceramic vessels in cemeteries. terns continued more-or-Iess undisturbed through Incised (Baudez 1967: 170; Creamer 1983:286- The Arenal area was one of a range of diverse The Late Arenal Phase saw the continued use the deposition of Units 41 and 40, which blan- 291) from the occupational floor at Dos Armadi- ecological settings in Costa Rica whose cultures of ceramic types common to Greater Nicoya. The keted the Arenal area with thick layers of fine vol- llos and occasional sherds of Filadelfia Polychrome contributed jointly to prehistoric development appearance of types and modes characteristic of canic tephra. The only changes in ceramic styles from surface collections on the shore of Lake Are- J in lower Central America. Its changing cultural ,: the Atlantic Watershed, however, suggests that were from predominantly polychrome to predomi- nal. Similarities in applique decoration between , manifestations are evidence for the complex ties , the region became a true "transition zone" around nantly incised decoration. Tilaran Phase ceramics and those from islands in that existed between cultures of prehistoric Costa 300 cal Be. Central Highland contacts may have There is little sign of the Mesoamerican influ- the Gulf of Nicoya (d. Creamer 1983:299-304) Rica. It is necessary to understand the nature and been an important influence at this time. Early ence noted by Healy (1980) for the Middle and further suggest regular contact and possible eth- chronology of culture change in order to address Polychrome types, which dominate Greater Ni- Late Polychrome periods of Rivas. Maya jades and nic continuity between the two regions. more complex issues pertaining to the adapta- coya assemblages from AD 500 to 800, are virtu- incised slate disks have been found at La Fortuna As on the islands in the Gulf, the fancy poly- tions of specific cultural systems. The present ally absent from Arenal assemblages, with the ex- (Stone and Balser 1965; Stone 1977), east of Ar~- chrome ceramics that typify assemblages in west- work emphasizes the importance of understand- ception of a small number of polychrome sherds en ern Greater Nicoya at this time are virtually un- nal Volcano, but no evidence of any Mesoam - ing regional cul ture history as a prelude to the for- from S~tio B~Hvar, probably acquired through can artifacts was found in our excavations. Meso- known during the Tilaran Phase. These appear mulation of models for culture change. It is hoped trade. SItes With both Arenal and Silencio Phase o american motifs were absent from all silenci primarily in cemeteries, however, and no funer- that this preliminary work will contribute to the ,) c.omp~nents are rare, suggesting possible popula- Phase ceramics, with the possible exception of ary sites have yet been identified from this time establishment of a foundation for future research non displacement or consolidation. Mora and Papagayo polychromes, which were period. on the origins and configurations of lower Central I ste I probably imported from western Guanaca . American societies.

,I tobn W. Hoopes 210

NOTES Be-cal AD 405-a time span about 30% longer in real L All other dates in this volume are based on cali- time. Still, we cannot say whether this calibrated span ac- brated radiocarbon years-dates in real calendar time. curately represents Baudez's interpretation. Although we These are used to indicate the actual duration of cultural can calibrate the individual radiocarbon assays he took activities in time and to allow for direct comparisons with into consideration, a direct cahbration of his proposed calendar-based chronologies, such as are being constructed chronology would be methodologically flawed. In order to for literate Mesoamerica. In this chapter, however, both evaluate new radiocarbon assays in the Hght of uncah- calibrated and uncalibrated dates are provided in order to brated chronologies, it is therefore important to consider facilitate comparisons with published sequences. Cali- brated dates are reported with the prefix "cal" {for ex- both uncalibrated and calibrated values. 2. A more detailed discussion of this methodology can ample, "1000 cal Bc"l, while uncalihrated dates do not be found in Hoopes 1987. have this prefix. 3. A more detailed discussion of these modes can be It is difficult to make direct comparisons between chro- nologies based on uncalibrated radiocarbon dates and those found in ibid.: 246-250. 4. See ibid. for additional information on Tronadora based on dates calibrated to real calendar years. For ex- ample, Baudez (1967:W5) suggests a time span of 300 BC- Phase ceramic types. S. For the sake of accuracy, all radiocarbon dates in this AD 300 for the Catalina Phase in the Tempisque Valley, chapter are presented with their calibrated, two-sigma con- based in part on a highly problematic (see Hoopes 1987: fidence intervals (see Table 1-11. Dates not listed in Table 328-330) interpretation of radiocarbon assays. His dates 1-1 are accompanied in parentheses by laboratory refer- are not radiocarbon assays themselves, however, but esti- ence numbers and uncahbrated BP dates with one-sigma mates based on a wide range of comparative data from Central and South America, of which radiocarbon assays confidence intervals (see Table I-I). 6. For a more detailed description of these characteris- are just a part. If we could convert his suggested phase dates to calendar years, they would be closer to 374 cal tics, see Hoopes 1987:320-433. Archaeology, Volcanism, I and Remote ':~i ~j Sensing in the ','u1 PAYSON D. SHEETS '.';,,- BRIAN R. MCKEE Arenal Region, 'i'ill 'i EDITORS .o; '· Costa Rica ,'~ .'>~,,,"? ' t"'.c'

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS PRESS, AUSTIN Copyright ~ 1994 by the University of Texas Press For Fran All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First edition, 1994

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Archaeology, volcanism, and remote sensing in the Arenal Re- gion, Costa Rica I Payson D. Sheets and Brian R. McKee, editors. - 1st ed. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBNo-292-77667-5Ialk. paperl I. Indians of Central America-Costa Rica-Arenal, Lake, Region-Antiquities. 2. Arenal, Lake, Region leosta Rical-Antiquities. 3. Archaeology-Remote sensing. 4. Volcanism-Costa Rica. I. Sheets, Payson D. II. McKee, Brian R.IBrian RossI, date. F1545.I.A7A73 1994 972.860I-dc20 93·15655

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WILLEY, G., AND C. R. MCGIMSEY WAGNER, PHILIP L. 1985 Nicoya, a Cultural Geography. University of Cal- 1954 The Monagrillo Culture of Panama. Peabody ifornia Publications in Geography 12: 193-250. Museum Papers, vol. 54. Cambridge: Harvard WALLACE, HENRY, AND RICHARD M. ACCOLA University. 1980 Investigaciones arqueo16gicas preliminares de Ne- WILLEY, G., AND J. SABLOFF cascolo, Bahia Culebra, Costa Rica. Vinculos 6 1971 A History of American Archaeology. San Fran- 11-21'51-67. cisco: Freeman. Notes on Contributors WEILAND, DORIS WINTER, MARCUS c. 1984 Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Santa Ma- 1976 The Archaeological Household Cluster in the Val- ria Drainage of Central Panama: A Preliminary ley of Oaxaca. In The Early Mesoamerican va. Analysis. In Recent Developments in Isthmian loge. Edited by Kent V. Flannery, pp. 25-31. New Archaeology: Advances in the Prehistory of Lower YOlk: Academic Press. Central America. Edited by F. W. Lange, pp. 31-53. WU, S., AND S. SADER Proceedings of the 44th Congress of Americanists. 1987 Multipolarization SAR Data for Surface Feature B.A.R. Series 212, Manchester. Delineation and Forest Vegetation Characteriza- tion. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Re- WEST, 11.., AND', AUGELLI 1966 Middle America: Its Lands and Peoples. Engle- mote Sensing, vol. GE-25, no. 1. New York: insti- wood Cliffs, N.f.: Prentice-Hall. tute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. WILLEY, G. YOUNG, R. A., AND C. K. MUTCHER 1971 An Introduction to American Archaeology, Vol- 1969 Soil Movement on Irregular Slopes. Water Re- ume 2: South America. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: sources Research 5: 1084-1089. Prentice-Hall. ZEITLIN, R. 1984 A Summary of the Archaeology of Lower Central 1984 A Summary Report on Three Seasons of Field in- AIDA BLANCO VARGAS is an archaeologist working in America. In The Archaeology of Lower Central vestigations into the Archaic Period Prehistory Costa Rica. of Lowland Belize. American Anthropologist 86: America. Edited by F.Lange and D. Stone, pp. 341- JOHN E. BRADLEY is a Southwestern archaeologist. 378. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico 359-369. Press. ZEVALLOS MENENDEZ, CARLOS, W. C. GALINAT, D. W. LATH- MARK. L. CHENAULT is receiving his Pb.D. at the Uni- WILLEY, G., W. BULLARD, J. GLASS, AND J. GIFFORD RAP, E. R. UNG, J. G. MARCOS, AND K. M. KLUMPP versity of Colorado and is an archaeologist with SWCA. 1965 Prehistoric Maya Settlements in the Belize Val- 1977 The San Pablo Com Kernel and Its Friends. Sci- Inc., Environmental Consultants, in Tucson, Arizona. ley. Peabody Museum Papers, voL 54. Cambridge: ence 196(4288):385-389. KAREN H. CLARY is a botanist at the University of Texas, Harvard University. Austin. JOHN W. HOOPE.S is an associate professor of anthropol- ogy at the University of Kansas. BRIAN R. MCKEE. is enrolled in the Ph.D. program in an- thropology at the University of Arizona. NANcY MAHANEY is an assistant curator in anthropol- ogy at the Arizona State Museum inTucson and does con- tract archaeology in the U.S. Southwest. MEREDITH H. MATIliEWS is a contract archaeologist working inthe U.S. Southwest. WILUAM G. MELSON is a volcanologist at the Museum of National History, Smithsonian Institution. MARILYNN MUELLER is a contract archaeologist work- ing inHawaii. DOLORES PIPERNO is a pbytolith analyst with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama. TIlOMAS L. SEVER is a sector research scientist at the Earth Resources Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, NASA. PAYSON D. SHEETS is a professor of anthropology at the Univenity of Colorado.

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