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Militarized Youths in Western Côte D'ivoire

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Militarized youths in Western Côte d’Ivoire - Local processes of mobilization, demobilization, and related humanitarian interventions (2002-2007) Magali Chelpi-den Hamer To cite this version: Magali Chelpi-den Hamer. Militarized youths in Western Côte d’Ivoire - Local processes of mobiliza- tion, demobilization, and related humanitarian interventions (2002-2007). African Studies Centre, 36, 2011, African Studies Collection. hal-01649241 HAL Id: hal-01649241 https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01649241 Submitted on 27 Nov 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. African Studies Centre African Studies Collection, Vol. 36 Militarized youths in Western Côte d’Ivoire Local processes of mobilization, demobilization, and related humanitarian interventions (2002-2007) Magali Chelpi-den Hamer Published by: African Studies Centre P.O. Box 9555 2300 RB Leiden The Netherlands [email protected] www.ascleiden.nl Cover design: Heike Slingerland Cover photo: ‘Market scene, Man’ (December 2007) Photographs: Magali Chelpi-den Hamer Printed by Ipskamp Drukkers, Enschede ISSN: 1876-018X ISBN: 978-90-5448-107-2 © Magali Chelpi-den Hamer, 2011 This book is dedicated to Roelof, Anna & Tess Contents List of maps, tables, figures and boxes ix List of photographs x Abbreviations xi Foreword xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 INTRODUCING THE STUDY 1 Research approach 3 Defining militarized youths 6 Structure of the book 8 2 METHODOLOGY 11 Methodological choices 12 Ethical considerations 19 3 SOME THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 27 The paradox of post-conflict interventions 28 Some theoretical reflections on war and mobilization processes 37 Concluding remarks 49 4 A CONDUCIVE HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL TERRAIN TO THE MILITARIZATION OF CIVILIANS 51 From cosmopolitan politics to a politics of ethnic polarization 52 From the Coup to the war 62 2000-2010: a decade of FPI rule 67 The place of humanitarianism in Côte d’Ivoire 73 Concluding remarks 84 5 THE IMMEDIATE CONTEXT 87 The general atmosphere: Chronology of violent events in the west (2002-2007) 88 Multi-ethnic agrarian societies 107 The fieldwork locations and the western humanitarian context 113 Concluding remarks 125 vii 6 ARMED FACTIONS OPERATING IN THE WEST 127 Counter-insurgent movements 128 Insurgent movements 136 Concluding remarks 141 7 MILITARIZED CIVILIANS: DIVERSITY OF TRAJECTORIES, DIVERSITY OF MOTIVES FOR ENLISTMENT 143 Who ‘took up’ arms in the west? 145 The specificities of the youngest recruits 151 What drove young civilians to military life? 152 Concluding remarks 161 8 BLURRED SPACES: MILITARIZED YOUTHS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH THEIR IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT 165 Part-time recruits 166 Social relationships within the armed groups 168 The military-civilian nexus 176 The humanitarian-military nexus 182 Concluding remarks 185 9 RETURN TO CIVILIAN LIFE FOR MILITARIZED POPULATIONS: TWO STANDARD HUMANITARIAN INSTRUMENTS UNDER THE LENS 187 The global approach to reinsertion and reintegration 188 DDR in Côte d’Ivoire 194 Reinsertion under the lens: how were cash allowances spent? 198 Assessment of a pilot initiative fostering economic reinsertion 208 The specificities of the youngest recruits 220 Concluding remarks 223 10 CONCLUSIONS 225 The main empirical and conceptual findings 226 The step forward 235 Appendix 1: Chronology of violent events in the west (2002-2007) 237 Appendix 2: Checklist of individual interview guidelines 253 References 255 English summary 267 Samenvatting (Dutch summary) 275 viii List of maps 4.1 Areas of intervention of humanitarian agencies 75 5.1 Types of violent events in western C.d’I (19 Sept.-31 Dec. 2002) 92 5.2 Types of violent events in western C.d’I (1 Jan.-23 May 2003) 93 5.3 Types of violent events in western C.d’I (May 2003-Dec. 2005) 94 5.4 Types of violent events in western C.d’I (2006) 95 5.5 Geographical origin of the main ethnic groups in Côte d’Ivoire 108 List of tables 5.1 Chronology indicative of the atmosphere of violence in western CI 89-91 5.2 Series of events showing the increased implication of the impartial forces in local mechanisms of conflict resolution 125 6.1 Claimed affiliation of the militias listed by the PNDDR 129 6.2 First faction integrated by respondents 135 6.3 Cities of origin of militia recruits listed by the PNDDR 137 6.4 Respondents’ ethnic group 138 7.1 Last year of schooling before dropping out 146 7.2 First reason given for joining an armed movement 160 9.1 Distribution of recruits by reinsertion streams – Guiglo 211 9.2 Distribution of recruits by reinsertion streams – Man 211 9.3 Nature and costs of individual kits in the small business track 214 List of figures 4.1 The planned Ivoirian process 83 9.1 Which reinsertion activities have respondents engaged in? 213 9.2 Were respondents familiar with this activity before the war? 213 9.3 Profiling sheet 218 List of boxes 5.1 The three Zou wars 105 6.1 Testimony of a MILOCI recruit 133 7.1 A selection of educational accounts 147 7.2 A typical ‘hypermobile’ youth 149 9.1 Three examples of the use of financial incentives 199 ix List of photographs 1 Patchwork of pro-governmental militia elements 10 2 Female recruits, Guiglo 10 3 Market scene, Man 86 4 Rebel taxation on small businesses, Man 86 5 Pork farm sponsored by the GTZ-IS project, Guiglo 126 6 Apprentices fixing a motorbike, Man (incl. ex-child recruit) 126 7 On the way to Dompleu, 5km of Man 142 8 Market scene, Guiglo 142 9 Ex-combatant taking part in production of charcoal, Guiglo 164 10 Soccer team, Man, including one ex-combatant 164 11 Apprentices, including former militarized recruits, in a tailoring workshop, Guiglo 236 12 Informal training in electricity, Man (GTZ-IS was paying there tuition for three elements of the Forces Nouvelles 236 13 Small business sponsored by the GTZ-IS project, Guiglo 252 14 Poultry farm sponsored by the GTZ-IS project, Man 252 15 Owner and apprentices in a wielding workshop, Man 274 16 Tailoring workshop hosting former child recruits, Man 274 x Abbreviations APO Accord Politique de Ouagadougou ANADER Agence Nationale d’Appui au Développement Rural AP-Wê Alliance Patriotique Wê CAR Central African Republic CCI Centre de Commandement Intégré CI Côte d’Ivoire CNDDR National Commission for DDR CTO Centre de Transition and d’Orientation DDR Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration DRC Democratic Republic of Congo ERNWACA Educational Research Network for West and Central Africa ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EM Etat Major FAFN Armed Forces of the Forces Nouvelles FANCI National Armed Forces of the Côte d’Ivoire FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FDS Forces de Défenses et de Sécurité FLGO Forces de Libération du Grand Ouest FPI Front Populaire Ivoirien FRGO Forces de Résistance du Grand Ouest FS-Lima Forces Supplétives Lima GTZ-IS GTZ-International Service HI Handicap International IAHCC UN Inter-Agency Humanitarian Coordination Meeting ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross IDA International Development Association INGO International Non-Governmental Organization IOM International Organization for Migration IRC International Rescue Committee MARP Méthode Active de Recherche et de Planification Participative MDM Médecins du Monde MILOCI Mouvement Ivoirien pour la Libération de l’Ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire MINUCI United Nations Mission in Côte d’Ivoire MJP Mouvement pour la Justice et la Paix MPCI Mouvement Patriotique pour la Côte d’Ivoire MPIGO Mouvement Populaire Ivoirien du Grand Ouest MSA Mouvement Socialiste Africain MSF Médecins Sans Frontières xi NGO Non-Governmental Organization NRC Norwegian Refugee Council ONUCI Opération des Nations Unies en Côte d’Ivoire PCO Plan Conjoint des Operations PDCI Parti Démocratique de Côte d’Ivoire PDR Prevention, Demobilization and Reinsertion programme PDR Prevention, Demobilization and Reintegration programme PIT Parti Ivoirien des Travailleurs PNDDR National Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Plan PNDDR-RC Programme National de Désarmement, de Démobilisation, de Réinsertion et de Réhabilitation Communautaire PNRRC Programme National de Réinsertion et de Réhabilitation Communautaire PSI Parti Socialiste Ivoirien RDR Rassemblement des Républicains RUF Revolutionary Unitary Front SAA Syndicat Africole Africain SC Save the Children UDPCI Union pour la Démocratie et la Paix en Côte d’Ivoire UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNOCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance UPRGO Union des Patriotes pour la Résistance du Grand Ouest WFP World Food Programme xii Foreword I slept twice with my shoes on, a small bag packed at the foot of my bed, ready to literally run away as fast as I could if armed men were to enter my home. The first time was in Bétou, Republic of Congo (RoC), a small and very isolated town on the Ubangui River, hidden within the deep forest that borders the Central African Republic (CAR) and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). That was in March 2003, right after a Coup had ousted the Patassé regime from the neighbouring Central African Republic. Mercenaries from the other Congo (DRC) had lent a hand in supporting the counter-insurgency, but they had been defeated and were therefore on their way home, looting everything they could as they passed through. When they showed up on the outskirts of Bétou carrying fridges and radios on their heads (Bétou was their first Congolese stop after their rout in Central Africa), there was tangible tension in town.
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    Urban-bias and the Roots of Political Instablity: The case for the strategic importance of the rural periphery in sub-Saharan Africa By Beth Sharon Rabinowitz A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in Charge: Professor Steven K. Vogel, Chair Professor Michael Watts Professor Robert Price Professor Catherine Boone Fall 2013 COPYRIGHT Abstract Urban-bias and the Roots of Political Instablity: The case for the strategic importance of the rural periphery in sub-Saharan Africa By Beth Sharon Rabinowitz Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science University of California, Berkeley Professor Steven K. Vogel, Chair Urban-bias and the Roots of Political Instability: the case for the strategic importance of the rural periphery in sub-Saharan Africa seeks to unravel a conundrum in African politics. Since the 1980s, we have witnessed two contradictory trends: on the one hand, coups, which have become rare events world-wide, have continued to proliferate in the region; concurrently, several African countries – such as Ghana, Uganda, Burkina Faso and Benin – have managed to escape from seemingly insurmountable coup-traps. What explains this divergence? To address these contradictory trends, I focus initially on Ghana and Cote d‟Ivoire, neighboring states, with comparable populations, topographies, and economies that have experienced contrasting trajectories. While Ghana suffered five consecutive coups from the 1966 to 1981, Cote d‟Ivoire was an oasis of stability and prosperity. However, by the end of the 20th century, Ghana had emerged as one of the few stable two-party democracies on the continent, as Cote d‟Ivoire slid into civil war.
  • From Avoidance to Mitigation: Engaged Communication to Identify and Mitigate

    From Avoidance to Mitigation: Engaged Communication to Identify and Mitigate

    From Avoidance to Mitigation: Engaged Communication to Identify and Mitigate Mining Impacts on Communities by Jodi Hackett © A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in INTERNATIONAL AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION We accept the thesis as conforming to the required standard ________________________________________July 8th, 2013 Lite Nartey, Thesis Supervisor Assistant Professor, School Director Darla Moore School of Business University of South Carolina _________________________________________July 9th, 2013 Jennifer Walinga, Internal Committee Member Associate Professor School of Communication & Culture Royal Roads University ________________________________________July 10th, 2013 Wendy Quarry, External Committee Member Associate Faculty School of Communication & Culture Royal Roads University _________________________________________July 9th, 2013 Phillip Vannini, Thesis Coordinator Professor and Canada Research Chair School of Communication & Culture Royal Roads University ii FROM AVOIDANCE TO MITIGATION Copyright 2013 © Jodi Hackett This document is copyrighted material. Under copyright law, no parts of this document may be reproduced without the expressed permission of the author iii FROM AVOIDANCE TO MITIGATION Acknowledgement First and foremost, I would like to thank Martin Jones for introducing me to my amazing advisor, Lite Nartey. The opportunity to work under the guidance of Lite has been an honor and a saving grace. Thank you Lite for your patience, guidance, understanding, laughter, and your approachability. It goes without saying I would not be in the position I am today had I not had the honor of working with you. I would also like to thank my committee members, Jennifer Walinga and Wendy Quarry for their expertise and contribution to this thesis. Many thanks go to Sama Nickel for graciously opening their doors and taking excellent care of me in Côte d’Ivoire.
  • 2005Msfreport-Ivorycoaststi

    2005Msfreport-Ivorycoaststi

    STI Crisis in the West: Fuelling AIDS In Côte d’Ivoire Médecins Sans Frontières – Holland Ivory Coast April 8, 2005 MSF April 2005 1 I. INTRODUCTION A patient arrives semi-conscious at the Danané Hospital in northwestern Côte d’Ivoire. She has abdominal pain, rebound tenderness and no blood pressure can be detected. The concerned midwife finds that the patient’s vaginal walls are encrusted with a thick solid discharge. This is one of the worst cases of sexually transmitted infection that the midwife has seen in her 20 years of experience. Despite immediate treatment by the hospital staff, the patient goes into cardiac arrest and dies of septic shock. She was 13 years old. The civil war and subsequent collapse of the healthcare system have provoked a medical crisis in parts of Côte d’Ivoire. Responding over the past two years to high levels of malaria, malnutrition and other diseases, Medecins Sans Frontieres (“MSF”) teams in the West of the country have encountered an alarmingly high number of sexually transmitted infections (“STIs”). These STIs lead to horrific complications in reproductive health and carry disease to younger and younger segments of the population. While drastic in its own right, the high level of STIs is also a clear indicator that HIV is spreading, making prevention and treatment efforts all the more urgent. The STI crisis is not a side effect of personal behaviour, but rather a symptom of conditions fuelled by war, displacement and economic desperation. Since the outbreak of conflict in Côte d’Ivoire, MSF has reported on the devastating effects that the conflict has had on the country’s health structures.