Fernando Zan Vieira the CHANGING ROLE of NAZI CHARACTERS IN

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Fernando Zan Vieira the CHANGING ROLE of NAZI CHARACTERS IN Fernando Zan Vieira THE CHANGING ROLE OF NAZI CHARACTERS IN SCHINDLER’S LIST, VALKYRIE AND THE READER Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós–Graduação em Inglês: Estudos Linguísticos e Literários da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Inglês: Estudos Literários. Orientadora: Dra Anelise Reich Corseuil Coorientadora: Dra Renata Ruth Wasserman Florianópolis 2016 Fernando Zan Vieira THE CHANGING ROLE OF NAZI CHARACTERS IN SCHINDLER’S LIST, VALKYRIE AND THE READER Esta tese foi julgada adequada para obtenção do título de Doutor e aprovada em sua forma final pelo Programa de Pós–Graduação em Inglês: Estudos Lingüísticos e Literários. Florianópolis, 19 de dezembro de 2016. _________________________________ Prof. Dra. Anelise Reich Corseuil Banca Examinadora: ____________________________________ Prof. Dra. Anelise Reich Corseuil Orientadora e Presidente Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina _________________________________ Prof. Dra. Renata Ruth Wasserman Coorientadora Wayne State University _________________________________ Prof. Dra. Alessandra Soares Brandão Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina _________________________________ Prof. Dr. Antônio João Teixeira Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa _________________________________ Prof. Dra. Maria Lúcia Milléo Martins Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina _________________________________ Prof. Dr. José Roberto Basto O’Shea Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina _________________________________ Prof. Dra. Ramayana Lira de Sousa Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people to whom I owe a debt of gratitude regarding the production of this academic work. I would like to express my profound gratitude to my advisor, prof. Anelise Reich Corseuil, for her gigantic support and her hard work in the guidance and production of this research. Likewise, my absolute recognition to prof. Renata Ruth Wasserman, who kindly agreed to be my co–advisor, and gave so much of her time. Also, I would like to extend my profound appreciation to the professors and collegues at Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. I give thanks to my family, for the unconditional support. To my wife, Gláucia, who has sacrificed so much in order to give me the conditions to go through this research. To my sister–in–law Renata, and to my brothers–in–law Clodoaldo and Lisandro, for their gigantic support during my days in the United States. To my daughter Maria Clara, to whom I dedicate this work, hoping to set a good example of hard work. ABSTRACT Cinematographic representations of Nazi Germany are, in general, focused on the crimes and atrocities committed by its followers, being the major ones those associated to the Holocaust. Recently, new cinematographic productions have also portraryed German characters during the Nazi period as saviors, resisters and even heroes. This problem is the starting point from this thesis: Schindler’s List (1993) portrays a German industrialist who saved about 1,200 Jewish people from death; Valkyrie (2008) shows a German Army officer who conspired to kill Hitler; and The Reader (2008) has as its protagonist a Nazi agent whose participation in a Holocaust crime is somehow neutralized by a more human portrayal. These different portrayals of Nazi characters can be identified by an analysis of (1) the overall narratives of the films; and (2) by the constitutive elements of filmic image (such as editing, photography, lighting, sound, among other). These films will be compared to films in which Nazi characters are shown as the antagonists whose role as murderers and criminals is well known: Sophie’s Choice (1982), Escape From Sobibor (1987) and Saving Private Ryan (1998). Postmodern theory is proper to contextualize and to explain these new representations, as its skepticism towards master narratives gives room for historical revisionism. Furthermore, such representations arise from a certain temporal distancing between the historical fact and the filmic production which portrays it. Microhistory, which recovers events related to specific characters who protagonize these historical events, such as the main characters of the films in analysis, also helps to contextualize the films’production. The dissertation also presents an analysis of the films’ use of representation, stereotypes, melodrama, and the casting of stars in the roles of Nazi characters. The analysis of the films suggests the ethical limits of postmodern theory vis–à–vis the problems proposed by such representations. Key–Words: Nazism. Postmodernism. Film. Holocaust. RESUMO As representações cinematográficas da Alemanha Nazista são, em geral, fundamentadas com base em crimes e atrocidades cometidos por seus seguidores, sendo os principais referentes ao Holocausto. No entanto, recentemente têm sido verificadas novas produções cinematográficas nas quais alguns personagens alemães durante o período Nazista são retratados como salvadores, resistentes e até mesmo heróis; há inclusive filmes nos quais perpetradores de crimes são retratados de forma diferente da usual. Esse problema é o ponto de partida desta tese: em Schindler’s List (1993), há o personagem de um industrial alemão que salvou da morte cerca de 1,200 judeus; em Valkyrie (2008), há a história de um oficial do Exército que conspirou para matar Hitler; e em The Reader (2008), tem–se a personagem de uma agente nazista que participou de um crime relacionado ao Holocausto, mas que é retratada de forma muito diferente e humana, em relação à outros filmes mais antigos sobre o mesmo tema. Para demonstração dessas diferenças, sequências específicas dos três filmes acima são apresentadas com base nos elementos constitutivos da imagem fílmica (tais como montagem, fotografia, iluminação, som, dentre outros) e comparadas com sequências de outros três filmes anteriores, onde os personagens da Alemanha Nazista são mostrados da forma mais comum (como assassinos e criminosos): Sophie’s Choice (1982), Escape From Sobibor (1987) e Saving Private Ryan (1998). A teoria Pós–Moderna é adequada para contextualizar e explicar as novas representações dos filmes mais recentes, visto que seu ceticismo em relação às grandes narrativas abre espaço para o revisionismo. Ademais, tais representações surgem a partir de um certo distanciamento temporal entre o fato histórico e a produção cinematográfica que o retrata. Outro fator, além do Pós–Modernismo e do distanciamento, é a microhistória, que busca resgatar eventos relacionados a personagens específicos que protagonizam esses acontecimentos históricos, tais como os personagens centrais dos filmes em análise. Ainda, são discutidos conceitos importantes para a linguagem cinematográfica, tais como representação, a construção de estereótipos, o melodrama e a presença de grandes estrelas nesses filmes, dentre outros. Discutem–se, ainda, os limites éticos da teoria Pós–Moderna e como eles estão relacionados com o problema proposto por tais representações. Palavras–Chave: Nazismo. Pós–Modernismo. Filme. Holocausto. LIST OF FIGURES Figs. 1 to 3: Sophie is forced by a Nazi official to choose one of her children................................................................. 100 Fig. 4: Moses in the Gas Chambers....................................... 107 Fig. 5: Rows of naked prisoners............................................ 107 Fig. 6: Naomi pleads to Wagner............................................ 108 Fig. 7: Wagner prepares to shoot........................................... 108 Figs. 8 and 9: Sergeant Gustav Wagner commands an execution of prisoners............................................................ 110 Figs. 10 and 11: German soldier “Steamboat Willie” pleading for his life................................................................ 122 Figs. 12 and 13: Mellish’s death at the hands of a SS soldier.................................................................................... 124 Fig. 14: Steamboat Willie in action....................................... 125 Fig. 15: Upham prepares to shoot......................................... 125 Fig. 16: Krakow Ghetto Liquidation..................................... 133 Fig. 17: the “little girl in red dress”....................................... 133 Fig. 18–20.............................................................................. 135 Figs. 21 and 22: Schindler asks Goeth for his workers......... 137 Figs. 23 and 24: Schindler saves his female workers in Auschwitz.............................................................................. 138 Figs. 25 and 26: Stauffenberg writes down his disapproval of Hitler’s regime .................................................................. 147 Figs. 27 and 28: Stauffenberg and Tresckow drafting the Valkyrie plan......................................................................... 149 Fig. 29: General Friedrich Fromm......................................... 151 Fig. 30: Stauffenberg’s salute................................................ 151 Figs. 31 to 33: The sequence that depicts the attempt against Hitler.......................................................................... 153 Figs. 34 to 36: Hanna and Michael’s reading session........... 171 Figs. 37 to 39: Hanna’s sorrow while she is put on trial....... 173 Figs. 40 and 41: Michael and Ilana........................................ 175 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION........................................................................ 17 FILM’S CORPUS................................................................
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