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Communicative Socialism/Digital Socialism tripleC 18(1): 1-31, 2020 http://www.triple-c.at Communicative Socialism/Digital Socialism Christian Fuchs University of Westminster, London, [email protected], http://fuchs.uti.at Abstract: This introduction provides a preface to the contributions gathered in tripleC’s special issue “Communicative Socialism/Digital Socialism”. It outlines how Marx conceived of social- ism (Sections 2, 3, 4, 5), introduces a model of a socialist society that consists of three dimen- sions (Section 6), and shows how, based on Marx, we can conceptualise communicative and digital socialism (Section 7). Section 8 introduces ten principles of communicative/digital so- cialist politics. Keywords: socialism, communication, digital, Karl Marx, communicative socialism, digital so- cialism, fully-automated luxury communism Image source: Shutterstock (enhanced licence) 1. Introduction tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique’s special issue “Communicative Social- ism/Digital Socialism” asks: What is digital/communicative socialism? The special is- sue presents besides this general introduction 14 contributions that explore perspec- tives on digital and communicative socialism in respect to theory, dialectics, history, internationalism, praxis, and class struggles. Date of Acceptance: 03 December 2019 Date of Publication: 13 January 2020 CC-BY-NC-ND: Creative Commons License, 2020. 2 Christian Fuchs Christopher C. Barnes analyses how socialists use social media. He presents results from an analysis of interviews conducted with members of the Democratic Socialists of America. The DSA has supported Bernie Sanders’ presidential campaigns. Socialist senator Alexandria Orcasio-Cortez is a member of this political organisation. Barnes shows how socialists use social media to advance political stories, humour as politics, and media criticism, but also that they find aspects of social media use frustrating and alienating. Dimitris Boucas analyses the theory, reality, and possibilities of digital and commu- nicative socialism. He gives special attention to the theorisation of post-industrial so- cialism and the scientific and technological revolution in the works of André Gorz and Radovan Richta. The paper reports empirical results of research on how Internet alter- natives could look like and discusses these results in the context of digital socialism. Christopher M. Cox engages with the concept of fully automated communism/so- cialism that has become popular in recent times. The author stresses the importance of autonomy in the context of automation and reminds us that one needs to talk about both autonomous technology and autonomous humans. Emiliana De Blasio and Michele Sorice analyse the role of digital technologies in the policies of contemporary socialist parties and movements. The analysis focuses on France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and the USA. They show that work remains to be done in the establishment of a framework of practices that go beyond digital capitalism. Donatella Della Ratta analyses the status of the social in and beyond communicative capitalism. She argues that user-generated spectacles, free labour, and capitalist re- alism on the Internet have brought about new forms of alienation and exploitation. She criticises the understandings of digital socialism advanced by Kevin Kelly, Daniel Sa- ros, and Evgeny Morozov as ideological and suggests basing digital socialism on the ethics of care. Nick Dyer-Witheford analyses left-wing responses to platform capitalism and in this context utilises Chantalle Mouffe’s notion of left populism. He focuses specifically on left populism with respect to five topics: Internet speech and surveillance; the concen- tration of ownership of digital platforms; the regulation of working conditions in the gig economy; alternative models for the ownership of digital resources and platforms; and digital postcapitalism. Sai Englert, Jamie Woodcock, and Callum Cant discuss aspects of what they call a digital Workerism. Inspired by Marx’s and Italian Autonomist Marxism’s method of the workers’ inquiry, they ask how we can practice a similar method that fuses critical research and social struggles in the age of digital technologies . Christian Fuchs discusses computing, communication, and communist utopias in the context of digital socialism in utopian literature, namely in William Morris’ News From Nowhere, Peter Kroptokin’s The Conquest of Bread, Ursula K. Le Guin’s The Dispossessed, and P.M.’s bolo’bolo and Kartoffeln und Computer (Potatoes and Com- puters). The paper contributes to discussions about hi-tech communism and how to create a utopian, socialist Internet. Hardy Hanappi argues that we live in the age of alienation. He outlines the devel- opment and consequences of the capitalist algorithm and how this algorithm has deep- ened the gap between the working class in and of itself to the point of the emergence of new forms of fascism and a Third World War. In this context, the contribution dis- cusses the role of organic intellectuals for the development of socialist counterpower. CC-BY-NC-ND: Creative Commons License, 2020. tripleC 18(1): 1-31, 2020 3 Dmitry Kuznetsov and Milan Ismangil analyse the socialist YouTube-based video com- munity Breadtube and discuss its political potentials for challenging right-wing ideology and capitalism. The analysis is focused on four major left-wing YouTube content crea- tors – Contrapoints, Philosophy Tube, Shaun, and Hbomberguy. Eleonora de Magalhães Carvalho, Afonso de Albuquerque, and Marcelo Alves dos Santos Jr analyse Brazil’s socialist blogosphere in the dark times of Bolsonaro. Blog- osfera Progressista (Progressive Blogosphere, hereafter BP) is a leftist political com- munication initiative. It aims at bringing together an institutional form of organisation with networked forms of politics, doing so at the time of, and opposed to, the far-right Bolsonaro regime. Joan Pedro-Carañana analyses mediation in the works of the three Ibero-American critical theorists Jesús Martín-Barbero, Manuel Martín-Serrano, and Luis Martín-San- tos in terms of contributions to the critique of digital capitalism and foundations of digital socialism. Jamie Ranger discusses how we can slow down/decelerate social media as a con- stitutive aspect of digital socialism. He draws on and extends Hartmut Rosa’s theory of speed and the notions of deceleration, acceleration, and hypermodulation, as well as critical theories of digital capitalism. S. Harikrishnan analyses how the experience of the communist governance of the Indian state of Kerala has inspired and enabled the communication of communism. The focus is on the analysis of spaces (such as public spaces, libraries, reading rooms, tea-shops, cultural associations, forums, etc.) in the communication of communism, a development that the author analyses based on Lefebvre’s critical theory of space. Marx and Engels saw socialism as the movement for a society that is based on the principles of equality, justice, and solidarity. They also term such a society a socialist society and the movement struggling for it socialism. They distinguish different types of socialism, of which communism is one, while reactionary socialism, bourgeois so- cialism, and critical-utopian socialism are others. Marx and Engels argue that socialism is grounded in the antagonistic class structure of capitalism that pits workers against capitalists. In the 19th century, the socialist movement experienced a split between reformist revisionists and revolutionary socialists. After the First World War, the Com- munist International and the Labour and Socialist International were created. After the collapse of the Second International, there was an institutional distinction between So- cialists and Communists. Whereas reformism dominated the Socialist International, Stalinism became dominant in the Communist International. The notion of ‘socialism’ became associated with social democratic parties and the notion of ‘communism’ with communist parties. From a historical point of view, both Stalinism and revisionist social democracy have failed. With the rise of neoliberalism, social democracy turned towards the right and in- creasingly adopted neoliberal policies. When Tony Blair became British Prime Minster in 1997, his neoliberal version of social democracy influenced social democracy around the world. The crisis of capitalism and the emergence of new versions of so- cialist politics (Bernie Sanders, Jeremy Corbyn, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Podemos, Syriza, etc.) has reinvigorated the debate about socialism today. Whereas the notion of communism is today still very often associated with Stalinism – though by the former term Marx did not mean terror and dictatorship, but the struggle for democracy (Marx and Engels 1848, 504) – there has been a new opening of and interest in the notion of socialism. CC-BY-NC-ND: Creative Commons License, 2020. 4 Christian Fuchs tripleC’s special issue explores perspectives on the digital and communicative dimen- sions of socialism today. It presents contributions that address one or more of the fol- lowing questions: Theory: What is socialism today? What are the communicative and digital dimensions of socialism today? What is communicative/digital socialism? What theoretical ap- proaches and concepts are best suited for understanding digital/communicative so- cialism today? Does it or does it not make sense to distinguish between digital/com- municative socialism and digital/communicative communism? Why or why not? Dialectic: What
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