PHONOLOGIES OF VARIOUS LANGUAGES Maqsood Hasni COTENTS 01- Preface 02- No language remains in one state 03- The common compound souds of languages 04- The identitical sounds used in Urdu 05- Some compound sounds in Urdu 06- Compound sounds in Urdu (2) 07- The Idiomatic association of Urdu and English 08- The exchange of sounds in some vernacular languages 9- The effects of Persian on Modern Sindhi 10- The similar rules of making plurals in indigious and foreign languages 11- The common compounds of indigious and foreign languages 12- The trend of droping or adding sounds 13- The languages are in fact the result of sounds 14- Urdu and Japanese sound’s similirties 15- Other languages have a natural link with Japanese’s sounds SUPLIMENTS 1- Present research is attached with the achievement of degree 2- Need changes in educational systems of the delovping countries 3- Man does not live in his own land 4- A person is related to the whole universe 5- Where ever a person 6- Linguistic set up is provided by poetry 7- How to resolve problems of native and second language 8- A student must be instigated to do something himself 9- Languages never die tillits two speakers 10- A language and society don’t delovp in days 11- Poet can not keep himself aloof from the universe Preface Money, woman and land have made man selfish and materialist. Man has been divided socially by social chiefs, religiously by the cacique of religions, politically by the political pundits, linguistically by the so called language researchers, and with respect to land by the landlords, and this process is not new but centuries old. Man has been being divided for centuries. In spite of having the same nature, needs and necessities, he is not close to other human beings. This situation exists in the present advanced age with the old intensity. With respect to the above mentioned facts, he is not hesitant in shedding blood of other men. We can not deny the scientific and industrial progress made in the present era. This progress proved helpful in the welfare and success of man. Despite all this progress, if man is not brought close to other human beings, every proclamation of progress will be meaningless. Development every kind stands worthless and purposeless. The need of time is that man should be brought near to other man. They may understand one and others sorrows and lend a helping hand in their hard time; they may enjoy themselves with the happiness of others. It is my assertion, and I have also tested it on the anvil of experiment, that languages and dialects are close to one and other with respect to sounds and many other characteristics. Men can be brought closer to one another by searching out the similarities found in languages. The research data presented in the next pages has been published in prominent periodicals and digests of Urdu in Pakistan. It can also be sought out from different forums on internet in Roman script. Professor Niamat Ali has translated it into English with his best interest, love and ability that can be viewed on different forums of internet ie jalt, antimoon.com, thinkers. Talk, open2.net etc. This work has not only been tested on experiment but a lot of books have also been consulted before bringing it on the media. Today the work is being presented before you with a deep sense of mirth. I am also sure that the linguistic researchers will play their role in propagating this work for the best interest of unity of human being. I would like to mention here Dr. Nassar Qurashi, Dr. Najeeb Jamal, Dr. Hameed Yazdani, Dr. Sabir Aafaqi, Dr. Mohammad Amin, Dr. Ghulam Shabir Rana, Prof Amjid Ali Shakar, Prof Zahoor Ahamad Prof. Arshad Shahid and Dr. Mohammad Abdulla Qazi who always appreciate and encourage me for my efforts. Dr. Syed Moen-ur-Rehman (late), Dr. Wafa Rashadi (late) and Dr. Baidil Hiderri (late) can also be never forgotton by me. They had expressed their love appreciation and kindness for me throughout their life. May Allah bless them every moment. Prof. Niamat Ali helped me in translation. Prof. Younis Hasan lent me a heand in searching out research material and my dearest Shahida Khanam edited “Lughat-e-Ghalib”. On a personal level, my son, Dr. Syed Kanwar Abbas, inspite of his severe shortage of time stood by me at every step. My lovely daughter Irha Maqsood prayed heart and soul for my success. Last but not the least, my sweat heart, Razia Maqsood Hasni provided me congenial and pleasant atmosphere throughout my research. She also helped me type the material. It is not possible for me to thank my family who made sacrifices while I was on my table. NO LANGUAGE REMAIN IN ONE STATE It is commonly said that the language has no many structural dimensions. The determination of alphabet with respect to writing (Composing) is not correct. The writing that is taught abides by fixed and limited lines or rules. But sometimes, it becomes impossible to follow the lines or rules as a whole. For example, a soldier is passed through the full training of military rules verbally and practically with the With respect to the construction and formation of alphabet, it is expectation that using these rules he would fight against enemy and save himself. But there is nothing as foolish as this thing is. No doubt, all the rules learnt in the training would help in fighting strategy but they cannot guarantee success. In the battlefield a soldier has to do his task according to chance and condition of the battle field. The case of languages is not different from it. The learnt linguistic system and the way of writing are cooperative in writing and speaking. While speaking, the proposed linguistic system and the way of writing become worthless and meaningless. Here only the regular idiom is used and along with it, the present need is kept under consideration. I very keenly tested and studied a lot of hand writings written with hand, checked them according to the suggested and fixed lines. But the letters did not remain limited to any rule. A,c,d,e,f,g,h,I,j,k,m,n,o,p,q,r,t,y followed no system of lines. The same condition can be seen with the languages of Sub-continent. Arabic and Persian are also not exceptions. In English, some letters didn’t give the same sound e.g., but, put, university, umbrella, is, seen etc. In many other languages the condition is the same. In different passions and conditions, the sound of letters change. Or they become quite different from each other. In these passions and conditions, the instruments of sound and the helping instruments of sound e.g. throat, palate, checks, nose, tongue, mouth, bronchitis, lungs don’t remain in their exact position because they ever possess the capacity of shirking and stretching. In order to clear the matter, it seems necessary to offer a few situations and conditions: A 1- In rage the sound become heavy 2- In grief the sound becomes feeble and weak 3- In anxiety the sound becomes deranged and unbalanced 4- In illness the sound breaks 5- When there is some matter with the mind, tone and pronunciation are changed because some passion is related with each matter B 1- Usual and good mood, the sound remains balanced 2- While laying in usual and good mood, the sound expends. While taking a turn, the sound shrinks. Such changes can be guessed with an extreme consideration. 3- Some people are habitual of speaking while sleeping. Their talks are usually not understood. Its reason is that the position of instruments of speaking is changed. Secondly, in the absence of conscious effort, the arrangement of words, the stressing and non-stressing of syllabi don’t remain under the accepted system of grammar. C 1- While walking, sound makes a circle and the addition of “N” is made to the words/sounds 2- While running the sound disperses 3- In running, leaping with rage the sound not only depresses but also divided into odorless pieces 4- In running and leaping with joy, the function of nostrils increases D 1- Distance and opposite direction make the sound unclear 2- The change of direction disturbs the balance of the sound and many forms of dispersion are created 4- In anger or in joy the tone and pronunciation are changed 5- Tone and pronunciation are also changed by speaking briskly E 1- the system of sounds is affected because of some disability in the organs and helping organs of sound 2- The diseases of organs of sound or their helpers (Asthma,Bronchitis, the berating problem, Tuberculosis, Phenomena, goiter, nose bone’s abnormal etc) effect the system of sounds. In other words, new letters are created 3- The absence of all or at least the front 2 teeth changes the sounds F The organs of speech or their helpers develop and adjust themselves according to the physical condition or a region, its climate, etc. In this way, languages are deprived of many sounds of foreign languages. Therefore, while speaking foreign languages, their original tone and pronunciation are not maintained. Generally the difference of gender is also not sustained. In short, there are a lot of things and matters that don’t let a system remain in its formal or general or learnt discipline. There is a distance of heaven and earth between theory and practical. In any big culture, thousands of mini-cultures are thriving in their circles with full independence.