Resolving Deep Nodes in an Ancient Radiation of Neotropical Fishes in The

Home , Apteronotus, Apteronotus rostratus, Compsaraia, Distocyclus conirostris, Platyurosternarchus, Porotergus

Resolving Deep Nodes in an Ancient Radiation of Neotropical Fishes in the

Presence of Conflicting Signals from Incomplete Lineage Sorting

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

Table S1. Concordance factors and their 95% CI for the most frequent bipartitios in the concordance tree inferred from the Bayesian concordance analysis in BUCKy with values of α=1, 5, 10 and ∞. Bipartition α=1 α=5 α=10 α=∞ Gymnotiformes|… 0.961 (0.954-0.970) 0.961 (0.951-0.970) 0.96 (0.951-0.967) 0.848 (0.826-0.872) Apteronotidae|… 0.981 (0.973-0.989) 0.979 (0.970-0.986) 0.981 (0.973-0.989) 0.937 (0.918-0.954) Sternopygidae|… 0.558 (0.527-0.601) 0.565 (0.541-0.590) 0.571 (0.541-0.598) 0.347 (0.315-0.380) Pulseoidea|… 0.386 (0.353-0.435) 0.402 (0.372-0.438) 0.398 (0.353-0.440) 0.34 (0.304-0.375) Gymnotidae|… 0.29 (0.242-0.342) 0.277 (0.245-0.312) 0.285 (0.236-0.326) 0.157 (0.128-0.188) Rhamphichthyoidea|… 0.908 (0.886-0.924) 0.903 (0.872-0.924) 0.908 (0.886-0.924) 0.719 (0.690-0.747) Pulseoidea|… 0.386 (0.353-0.435) 0.402 (0.372-0.438) 0.398 (0.353-0.440) 0.34 (0.304-0.375)

Table S2. Bootstrap support values recovered for the major nodes of the Gymnotiformes species tree inferred in ASTRAL-II for each one of the filtered and non-filtered datasets. Asterisks (*) indicates incongruence among datasets. Node Dataset A B C D E %RF ∆%RF Full taxon set Non -Filtered All loci 60 100 52 100 100 86.10% 0.00% 75% complete 1st + 2nd quartiles Parsimony Informative 70 100 65 100 100 82.76% 3.34% Molecular Clock * 100 40 100 100 87.34% -1.23%

A Gymnotus Phylogenetic Informativeness 64 100 61 100 100 82.87% 3.23% D Electrophorus QIRP 62 100 73 100 100 83.36% 2.74% B Hypopomidae E st Rhamphichthyidae 1 quartile Parsimony Informative 56 100 79 100 100 80.43% 5.67% C Sternopygidae Molecular Clock * 100 69 100 100 88.06% -1.96% Apteronotidae Phylogenetic Informativeness 58 100 66 100 100 80.72% 5.38% Outgroup QIRP 61 100 88 100 100 80.70% 5.40% Reduced taxon set Non -Filtered All loci 55 100 58 100 100 74.15% 0.00% 75% complete 1st + 2nd quartiles Parsimony Informative 43 100 73 100 100 67.91% 6.23% Molecular Clock * 100 88 100 100 77.59% -3.45% Phylogenetic Informativeness 45 100 64 100 100 68.43% 5.72% QIRP 47 100 49 100 100 67.62% 6.53% st 1 quartile Parsimony Informative 48 100 28 100 100 61.96% 12.18% Molecular Clock 56 100 59 97 100 79.52% -5.37% Phylogenetic Informativeness 68 100 55 100 100 63.12% 11.03% QIRP 41 100 63 100 100 61.65% 12.49% Reduced taxon set Non-Filtered All loci 75 100 69 100 100 55.78% 0.00% 100% complete 1st + 2nd quartiles Parsimony Informative 71 100 73 100 100 51.39% 4.39% Molecular Clock * 100 59 99 100 58.15% -2.37% Phylogenetic Informativeness 53 100 69 100 100 51.16% 4.61% QIRP 67 100 72 100 100 50.12% 5.66% st 1 quartile Parsimony Informative * 100 70 100 100 50.91% 4.87% Molecular Clock * 100 61 80 100 63.21% -7.43% Phylogenetic Informativeness 59 100 83 100 100 50.63% 5.15% QIRP 70 100 57 100 100 50.29% 5.49%

Table S3. Base frequencies and percentage of GC (%GC) content in each major lineage and family across all filtered and unfiltered data sets of the full taxon set. Chi-Square homogeneity tests P-values in bold indicate significance at P<0.05. Base Taxon A C G T GC No. sites χ2 d.f. P Non-Filtered All 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.48 300099.79 1851.36 138 0.000 Ingroup 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.48 302792.26 770.71 123 0.000 Apteronotidae 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.48 313552.13 49.31 42 0.204 Gymnotidae 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.48 300842.38 55.11 21 0.000 Gymnotus 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.47 287067.67 40.85 15 0.000 Hypopomidae 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.48 304828.00 5.56 9 0.783 Rhamphichthyidae 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.48 289855.33 164.02 6 0.000 Rhamphichthyoidea 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.48 298411.14 184.93 18 0.000 Sternopygidae 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.48 293198.00 164.78 33 0.000 Parsimony Informative 1st + 2nd quartiles All 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 183659.15 1313.43 138 0.000 Ingroup 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.47 185336.93 634.22 123 0.000 Apteronotidae 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 191692.67 36.32 42 0.718 Gymnotidae 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 183499.75 26.11 21 0.202 Gymnotus 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 174743.17 18.63 15 0.231 Hypopomidae 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.47 185717.75 9.50 9 0.393 Rhamphichthyidae 0.26 0.24 0.23 0.27 0.47 175875.67 135.53 6 0.000 Rhamphichthyoidea 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.47 181499.71 158.92 18 0.000 Sternopygidae 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.47 180855.42 110.56 33 0.000 Molecular Clock 1st + 2nd quartiles All 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 183659.15 1313.43 138 0.000 Ingroup 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.47 185336.93 634.22 123 0.000 Apteronotidae 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 191692.67 36.32 42 0.718 Gymnotidae 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 183499.75 26.11 21 0.202 Gymnotus 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 174743.17 18.63 15 0.231 Hypopomidae 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.47 185717.75 9.50 9 0.393 Rhamphichthyidae 0.26 0.24 0.23 0.27 0.47 175875.67 135.53 6 0.000 Rhamphichthyoidea 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.47 181499.71 158.92 18 0.000 Sternopygidae 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.47 180855.42 110.56 33 0.000 Phylogenetic Informativeness 1st + 2nd quartiles All 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 183222.21 1304.63 138 0.000 Ingroup 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.47 185048.64 636.42 123 0.000 Apteronotidae 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 191334.93 41.81 42 0.479 Gymnotidae 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 183600.88 25.98 21 0.207 Gymnotus 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 175443.17 16.49 15 0.350 Hypopomidae 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.47 185589.75 8.14 9 0.520 Rhamphichthyidae 0.26 0.24 0.23 0.27 0.47 175619.67 142.11 6 0.000 Rhamphichthoidea 0.26 0.24 0.23 0.26 0.47 181316.86 161.22 18 0.000 Sternopygidae 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.47 180332.83 128.67 33 0.000 Continues on the next page

Table S3. Continued. Base frequencies and percentage of GC (%GC) content in each major lineage and family across all filtered and unfiltered data sets of the full taxon set. Chi-Square homogeneity tests p-values in bold indicate significance at P<0.05. Base Taxon A C G T GC No. sites χ2 d.f. P QIRP 1st + 2nd quartiles All 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 188475.55 1067.11 138 0.000 Ingroup 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 190500.79 485.87 123 0.000 Apteronotidae 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.45 196278.47 34.36 42 0.793 Gymnotidae 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 189788.12 29.18 21 0.110 Gymnotus 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 181506.17 24.24 15 0.061 Hypopomidae 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 191061.00 11.61 9 0.236 Rhamphichthyidae 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 180189.33 96.74 6 0.000 Rhamphichthyoidea 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 186401.71 123.90 18 0.000 Sternopygidae 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 186144.92 83.58 33 0.000 Parsimony Informative 1st quartile All 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 103557.38 886.66 138 0.000 Ingroup 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 104598.48 458.48 123 0.000 Apteronotidae 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 107707.60 38.81 42 0.612 Gymnotidae 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 104047.00 26.02 21 0.206 Gymnotus 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 99781.83 24.24 15 0.061 Hypopomidae 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.47 106003.50 6.47 9 0.693 Rhamphichthyidae 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 97185.00 126.36 6 0.000 Rhamphichthyoidea 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.47 102224.14 140.36 18 0.000 Sternopygidae 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 102464.75 92.80 33 0.000 Molecular Clock 1st quartile All 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.48 93656.49 1190.38 138 0.000 Ingroup 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.48 94360.24 391.10 123 0.000 Apteronotidae 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.48 97340.33 51.54 42 0.148 Gymnotidae 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.48 94987.38 15.21 21 0.812 Gymnotus 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.48 91276.83 10.62 15 0.779 Hypopomidae 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.49 94919.75 5.17 9 0.819 Rhamphichthyidae 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.48 90789.00 60.85 6 0.000 Rhamphichthyoidea 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.48 93149.43 72.75 18 0.000 Sternopygidae 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.48 90923.33 94.67 33 0.000 Phylogenetic Informativeness 1st quartile All 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 101813.57 915.28 138 0.000 Ingroup 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 102906.74 484.39 123 0.000 Apteronotidae 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 106130.20 39.28 42 0.591 Gymnotidae 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 102184.00 28.57 21 0.125 Gymnotus 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 98127.33 27.25 15 0.027 Hypopomidae 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.47 104272.50 10.02 9 0.349 Rhamphichthyidae 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 96100.00 128.22 6 0.000 Rhamphichthyoidea 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.47 100770.00 146.29 18 0.000 Sternopygidae 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.46 100605.67 97.51 33 0.000 Continues on the next page

Table S4. Results from the Linear Mixed Effects Models used to test for significant differences in GC composition among filtered and non- filtered data sets. Fixed effects Estimate Std. Error d.f. t value P Initial linear mixed effects model (BIC = -3501.53) Molecular Clock 1st quartile 5.15E-03 4.81E-04 354 10.70 <2E-16 Molecular Clock 1st + 2nd quartiles 3.81E-03 4.81E-04 354 7.92 2.22E-15 Parsimony Informative 1st quartile -1.73E-02 4.59E-04 354 -37.73 <2E-16 Parsimony Informative 1st + 2nd quartiles -1.18E-02 4.59E-04 354 -25.76 <2E-16 Phylogenetic Informativeness 1st quartile -1.82E-02 4.59E-04 354 -39.65 <2E-16 Phylogenetic Informativeness 1st + 2nd quartile -1.12E-02 4.59E-04 354 -24.41 <2E-16 QIRP 1st quartiles -3.00E-02 4.59E-04 354 -65.45 <2E-16 QIRP 1st and 2nd quartile -1.99E-02 4.59E-04 354 -43.48 <2E-16

Post -hoc comparisons: Tukey Contrasts Estimate Std. Error z value P st Molecular Clock 1 quartile - Non Filtered 5.15E-03 4.81E-04 10.70 <0.001 Molecular Clock 1st + 2nd quartiles - Non Filtered 3.81E-03 4.81E-04 7.92 <0.001 Parsimony Informative 1st quartile - Non Filtered -1.73E-02 4.59E-04 -37.73 <0.001 Parsimony Informative 1st + 2nd quartiles - Non Filtered -1.18E-02 4.59E-04 -25.76 <0.001 Phylogenetic Informativeness 1st quartile - Non Filtered -1.82E-02 4.59E-04 -39.65 <0.001 Phylogenetic Informativeness 1st + 2nd quartiles - Non Filtered -1.12E-02 4.59E-04 -24.41 <0.001 QIRP 1st quartile - Non Filtered -3.00E-02 4.59E-04 -65.45 <0.001 QIRP 1st + 2nd quartiles - Non Filtered -1.99E-02 4.59E-04 -43.48 <0.001 Molecular Clock 1st quartile - Molecular Clock 1st + 2nd quartiles -1.33E-03 4.59E-04 -2.91 0.086 Parsimony Informative 1st quartile - Parsimony Informative 1st + 2nd quartiles 5.49E-03 4.59E-04 11.98 <0.001 Phylogenetic Inf. 1st quartile - Phylogenetic Inf. 1st + 2nd quartiles - Non Filtered 6.99E-03 4.59E-04 15.24 <0.001 QIRP 1st quartile - QIRP 1st + 2nd quartiles 1.01E-02 4.59E-04 21.97 <0.001

Suppl. Fig. S1. Summary of previously recovered hypotheses of Gymnotiformes relationships. Hypotheses that recovered monophyletic Sinusoidea or Pulseoidea are indicated with symbols of electric organ discharges in purple and gold, respectively. Asterisks indicate families that are not accepted in the current taxonomy. Fish line drawings by Maxwell J. Bernt.

Sternopygidae Hypopomidae MORPHOLOGY Triques (1993) Rhamphichthyidae Gayet et al. (1994) Gymnotidae Electrophoridae* Apteronotidae

Gymnotidae Electrophoridae* MOLECULES Alves-Gomes et al. (1995) Hypopomidae Rhamphichthyidae Apteronotidae Eigenmanniidae* Sternopygidae

MORPHOLOGY Hypopomidae Albert and Campos-da-Paz (1998) Rhamphichthyidae MORPHOLOGY + MOLECULES Sternopygidae Albert (2001) Apteronotidae Albert and Crampton (2005) Tagliacollo et al. (2016) Gymnotidae

Gymnotidae MOLECULES Hypopomidae Janzen (2016) Rhamphichthyidae Sternopygidae Apteronotidae Electrophorus REFERENCES Albert J.S. 2001. Species diversity and phylogenetic systematics of American knifefishes (Gymnotiformes, Teleostei). Misc. Publ. Museum Zool. Univ. Michigan. 190:1–127. Albert J.S., Campos-da-Paz R. 1998. Phylogenetic systematics of Gymnotiformes with diagnoses of 58 clades: a review of available data. In: Malabarba L.R., Reis R.E., Vari R.P., Lucena Z.M.S., Lucena C.A.S., editors. Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. p. 419–446. Albert J.S., Crampton W.G.R. 2005. Diversity and phylogeny of Neotropical electric fishes (Gymnotiformes). In: Bullock T.H., Hopkins C.D., Poppper A.N., Fay R.R., editors. Electroreception. New York: Springer New York. p. 360–409. Alves-Gomes J.A., Ortí G., Haygood M., Heiligenberg W., Meyer A. 1995. Phylogenetic analysis of the South-American electric fishes (order Gymnotiformes) and the evolution of their electrogenic system—a synthesis based on morphology, electrophysiology, and mitochondrial sequence data. Mol. Biol. Evol. 12:298–318. Gayet M., Meunier F., Kirschbaum F. 1994. Ellisella kirschbaumi Gayet & Meunier, 1991, gymnotiforme fossile de Bolivie et ses relations phylogénétiques au seins des forms actuelles. Cybium. 18:273–306. Janzen F.H. 2016. Molecular phylogeny of the Neotropical knifefishes of the order Gymnotiformes (Actinopterygii). MSc Thesis. Toronto: University of Toronto. Tagliacollo V.A., Bernt M.J., Craig J.M., Oliveira C., Albert J.S. 2016. Model-based total evidence phylogeny of Neotropical electric knifefishes (Teleostei, Gymnotiformes). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 95:20–33. Triques M. 1993. Filogenia dos gêneros de Gymnotiformes (Actinopterygii, Ostariophysi), com base em caracteres esqueléticos. Comun. do Mus. Ciências da PUCRS, Série Zool. 6:85– 130.

Suppl. Fig. S2. Maximum Likelihood tree for reduced taxon sets with 25% missing data (a) and no missing data (b).

Brachyhypopomus brevirostris a) 100/1.00 Steatogenys elegans 100/1.00 Gymnotus pantanal 9 5/1.00 7 8/1.00 Electrophorus electricus

Eigenmannia vicentespelaea 100/1.00 100/1.00 Sternopygus dariensis

Apteronotus albifrons 100/1.00 Orthosternarchus tamandua

Ictalurus punctatus 9 7/1.00 Astyanax mexicanus

Danio rerio 0.06

Brachyhypopomus brevirostris b) 100/1.00

6 1/1.00 Steatogenys elegans

100/1.00 Electrophorus electricus

Gymnotus pantanal 9 3/1.00

Eigenmannia vicentespelaea 100/1.00 100/1.00 Sternopygus dariensis

Apteronotus albifrons 7 2/1.00 100/1.00 Orthosternarchus tamandua

Ictalurus punctatus

Astyanax mexicanus

Danio rerio 0.07

Suppl. Fig. S3. ASTRAL-II species tree for reduced taxon sets with 25% missing data (a) and no missing data (b). Gymnotus pantanal a) 74.63 Electrophorus electricus 100 Steatogenys elegans 100 Brachyhypopomus brevirostris 100 Sternopygus dariensis 100 Eigenmannia vicentespelaea 68.66 Apteronotus albifrons 100 Orthosternarchus tamandua

Astyanax mexicanus 80.6 Ictalurus punctatus

Danio rerio Gymnotus pantanal b) 55.26 Electrophorus electricus 100 Steatogenys elegans 100 Brachyhypopomus brevirostris 100 Eigenmannia vicentespelaea 100 Sternopygus dariensis 57.89 34.21 Apteronotus albifrons 100 Orthosternarchus tamandua

Ictalurus punctatus

Astyanax mexicanus

Danio rerio

Suppl. Fig. S4. Primary concordance and population trees inferred from Bayesian concordance analysis in BUCKy for the non-filtered and filtered data sets. Concordance values are indicated in the trees inferred for the non-filtered data sets using α=∞. Gymnotus pantanal Gymnotus pantanal 0.16

Electrophorus electricus Electrophorus electricus 0.34

Brachyhypopomus brevirostris Brachyhypopomus brevirostris 0.72

0.18 Steatogenys elegans Steatogenys elegans

Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Eigenmannia vicentespelaea 0.35 0.85 Sternopygus dariensis Sternopygus dariensis

Apteronotus albifrons Apteronotus albifrons 0.94

Orthosternarchus tamandua Orthosternarchus tamandua

Astyanax mexicanu s Astyanax mexicanus

Ictalurus punctatus Ictalurus punctatus

Danio rerio Danio rerio Primary Concordance Tree Population Tree Primary Concordance Tree Reduced taxon set ALL α Reduced taxon set α=1, 5, 10 Parsimony Inf. 1st+2nd Q Parsimony Inf. 1st+2nd Q Parsimony Inf. 1st Q Molecular Clock 1st Q Molecular Clock 1st+2nd Q Phylogenetic Inf. 1st Q st nd Phylogenetic Inf. 1 +2 Q Gymnotus pantanal Gymnotus pantanal Phylogenetic Inf. 25 st nd QIRP 1 +2 Q 0.47 QIRP 1st Q Electrophorus electricus Electrophorus electricus 0.34 Brachyhypopomus brevirostris Brachyhypopomus brevirostris 0.81

Steatogenys elegans Steatogenys elegans

Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Eigenmannia vicentespelaea 0.51

Sternopygus dariensis Sternopygus dariensis 0.92 0.35 Apteronotus albifrons Apteronotus albifrons 0.97

Orthosternarchus tamandua Orthosternarchus tamandua

Astyanax mexicanu s Astyanax mexicanu s

Ictalurus punctatus Ictalurus punctatus

Danio rerio Danio rerio Population Tree Population Tree Phylogenetic Inf. 1st+2nd Q Reduced taxon set α=∞ QIRP 1st+2nd Q Parsimony Informative 1st+2nd Q QIRP 1st Q Molecular Clock 1st+2nd Q Molecular Clock 1st Q

Suppl. Fig. S5. Histograms showing the distribution of gene trees expected simulated under thecoalescent model for the inferred species trees (light colors), and of the observed gene trees (dark colors) in each of the analyzed data sets for the full taxon set. Values for the Student’s t-test and their associated P-values are shown in for each plot.

Suppl. Fig. S6. Results plot from the Gene Genealogy Interrogation (GGI) analysis testing 105 alternative hypotheses for the relationships among families of Gymnotiformes (a), and 106 hypotheses (i.e., 105 hypotheses + the null hypothesis of a polytomy at the base of the tree) (b). The x axis represents the cumulative number of loci supporting each hypothesis. The green line indicates the topology supported by the concatenated phylogenomic analyses, the orange line represents the topology of the species tree obtained in the coalescent analyses, and the blue line is the null hypothesis. The y axis represents associated P-values from the approximately unbiased test (AU) for each topology. Only values above the dashed line are hypotheses significantly better than the alternatives.

1.0 Concatenated Tree Species Tree Other Hypotheses 0.9 alue v 0.8 0.7 U test p − A 0.6 0.5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Number of Constrained Gene Trees

1.0 Null Hypothesis Concatenated Tree Species Tree 0.9 Other Hypotheses alue v 0.8 0.7 U test p − A 0.6 0.5

0 100 200 300 400

Number of Constrained Gene Trees

Suppl. Fig. S7. Summary of phylogenetic hypotheses recovered across all analyses and data sets.

Gymnotus Gymnotus Gymnotus Gymnotus

Electrophorus Electrophorus Electrophorus Electrophorus

Hypopomidae Hypopomidae Hypopomidae Hypopomidae

Rhamphichthyidae Rhamphichthyidae Rhamphichthyidae Rhamphichthyidae

Sternopygidae Sternopygidae Sternopygidae Sternopygidae

Apteronotidae Apteronotidae Apteronotidae Apteronotidae H1 H2 H3 H4

100% COMPLETE 75% COMPLETE REDUCED FULL REDUCED TAXON SET TAXON SET TAXON SET

H1 H2 H3 H4 H1 H2 H3 H4 H1 H2 H3 H4 CONCATENATION RAxML NON-FILTERED LOCI Parsimony Inf. 1st+2nd Q Molecular Clock 1st+2nd Q Phylogenetic Inf. 1st+2nd Q QIRP 1st+2nd Q Parsimony Inf. 1st Q Molecular Clock 1st Q Phylogenetic Inf. 1st Q QIRP 1st Q

ExaBayes NON-FILTERED LOCI Parsimony Inf. 1st+2nd Q Molecular Clock 1st+2nd Q Phylogenetic Inf.1st+2nd Q QIRP 1st+2nd Q Parsimony Inf. 1st Q Molecular Clock 1st Q Phylogenetic Inf. 1st Q QIRP 1st Q

COALESCENT ASTRAL-II NON-FILTERED LOCI Parsimony Inf. 1st+2nd Q Molecular Clock 1st+2nd Q Phylogenetic Inf. 1st+2nd Q QIRP 1st+2nd Q Parsimony Inf. 1st Q Molecular Clock 1st Q Phylogenetic Inf. 1st Q QIRP 1st Q

*BEAST NON-FILTERED LOCI 4x 50 random loci Parsimony Inf. 1st+2nd Q Molecular Clock 1st+2nd Q Phylogenetic Inf. 1st+2nd Q QIRP 1st+2nd Q Parsimony Inf. 1st Q Molecular Clock 1st Q Phylogenetic Inf. 1st Q QIRP 1st Q

GGI NON-FILTERED LOCI Best ft trees NON-FILTERED LOCI Signifcantly better trees

BUCKy NON-FILTERED LOCI Pop. trees α=∞ Parsimony Inf. 1st+2nd Q Molecular Clock 1st+2nd Q Phylogenetic Inf. 1st+2nd Q QIRP 1st+2nd Q Parsimony Inf. 1st Q Molecular Clock 1st Q Phylogenetic Inf. 1st Q st QIRP 1 Q

Suppl. Fig. S8. ASTRAL-II species trees inferred for the full taxon set data using the 1st and 2nd quartiles of loci filtered according to the number of parsimony informative sites (a), clock- likeness (b), phylogenetic informativeness (c), and QIRP (d).

Gymnotus sylvius 100 Gymnotus sylvius Gymnotus pantanal 100 100 100 Gymnotus pantanal a) 100 Gymnotus cylindricus b) 100 Gymnotus cylindricus 100 Gymnotus tigre 9 2 Gymnotus tigre 100 Gymnotus jonasi 100 Gymnotus jonasi 70.27 Gymnotus pantherinus Gymnotus pantherinus 100 Electrophorus electricus Electrophorus electricus Brachyhypopomus occidentalis 100 Brachyhypopomus occidentalis 100 100 100 Brachyhypopomus brevirostris Brachyhypopomus brevirostris 4 8 100 Microsternarchus bilineatus Microsternarchus bilineatus 100 Gymnorhamphichthys britskii 100 100 Rhamphichthys apurensis Rhamphichthys apurensis 100 100 100 Gymnorhamphichthys britskii Steatogenys elegans Steatogenys elegans Eigenmannia cf. trilineata Eigenmannia cf. trilineata 100 100 100 Eigenmannia vicentespelaea 100 Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Eigenmannia cf. trilineata Eigenmannia cf. trilineata 100 100 Eigenmannia humboldtii Eigenmannia humboldtii 100 100 5 0 Eigenmannia nigra 100 62.67 Eigenmannia nigra 100 100 Distocyclus conirostris 100 Distocyclus conirostris 100 Archolaemus janeae 100 Archolaemus janeae Rhabdolichops cf. stewarti Rhabdolichops cf. stewarti 100 100 Sternopygus macrurus Sternopygus macrurus 100 100 Sternopygus xingu 100 Sternopygus macrurus 100 Sternopygus xingu Sternopygus dariensis 100 Sternopygus dariensis Apteronotus bonapartii 100 Apteronotus bonaparti 100 100 Porotergus gimbeli 89.33 Porotergus gimbeli Porotergus duende Porotergus duende 98.65 Compsaraia samueli 97.33 Compsaraia samueli 67.57 45.33 64.86 100 Pariosternarchus amazonensis 4 0 Pariosternarchus amazonensis 100 100 Sternarchogiton nattereri 100 Sternarchogiton nattereri 100 Sternarchella calhamazon Sternarchella raptor 100 100 100 Sternarchella raptor Sternarchella calhamazon 100 Sternarchorhynchus roseni 100 Sternarchorhynchus roseni Apteronotus rostratus Platyurosternarchus macrostomus 100 100 100 90.67 Platyurosternarchus macrostomus Apteronotus rostratus 100 Apteronotus albifrons 100 Apteronotus albifrons 100 Adontosternarchus devenanzii 100 Adontosternarchus devenanzii Orthosternarchus tamandua Orthosternarchus tamandua 100 100 Sternarchorhamphus muelleri Sternarchorhamphus muelleri Hoplosternum littorale Pterygoplichthys sp. 100 100 Pterygoplichthys sp. Hoplosternum littorale 100 100 Ictalurus punctatus Ictalurus punctatus 85.33 81.08 Astyanax mexicanus Astyanax mexicanus Danio rerio Danio rerio

Gymnotus sylvius Gymnotus sylvius 100 100 100 Gymnotus pantanal 100 Gymnotus pantanal c) 100 Gymnotus cylindricus d) 100 Gymnotus cylindricus 100 Gymnotus tigre 98.65 Gymnotus tigre 100 Gymnotus jonasi 100 Gymnotus jonasi 63.51 Gymnotus pantherinus 62.16 Gymnotus pantherinus Electrophorus electricus Electrophorus electricus Brachyhypopomus occidentalis Brachyhypopomus occidentalis 100 100 100 100 100 Brachyhypopomus brevirostris 100 Brachyhypopomus brevirostris Microsternarchus bilineatus Microsternarchus bilineatus 100 Gymnorhamphichthys britskii 100 Gymnorhamphichthys britskii 100 100 100 Rhamphichthys apurensis 100 Rhamphichthys apurensis Steatogenys elegans Steatogenys elegans Eigenmannia cf. trilineata Eigenmannia cf. trilineata 100 100 100 Eigenmannia vicentespelaea 100 Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Eigenmannia cf. trilineata Eigenmannia cf. trilineata 100 100 Eigenmannia humboldtii Eigenmannia humboldtii 100 100 36.49 Eigenmannia nigra 56.76 Eigenmannia nigra 100 100 Distocyclus conirostris 100 100 Distocyclus conirostris 100 Archolaemus janeae 100 Archolaemus janeae Rhabdolichops cf. stewarti Rhabdolichops cf. stewarti 100 Sternopygus macrurus 100 Sternopygus macrurus 100 100 100 Sternopygus xingu 100 Sternopygus xingu Sternopygus dariensis Sternopygus dariensis Apteronotus bonapartii Apteronotus bonapartii 100 100 100 Porotergus gimbeli 100 Porotergus gimbeli Porotergus duende Porotergus duende 100 Compsaraia samueli 97.3 Compsaraia samueli 66.22 52.7 60.81 100 Pariosternarchus amazonensis 72.97 100 Pariosternarchus amazonensis 100 Sternarchogiton nattereri 100 Sternarchogiton nattereri Sternarchella calhamazon Sternarchella calhamazon 100 100 100 100 Sternarchella raptor Sternarchella raptor 100 Sternarchorhynchus roseni 100 Sternarchorhynchus roseni Apteronotus rostratus Apteronotus rostratus 100 100 100 100 Platyurosternarchus macrostomus Platyurosternarchus macrostomus 100 Apteronotus albifrons 100 Apteronotus albifrons 100 Adontosternarchus devenanzii 100 Adontosternarchus devenanzii Orthosternarchus tamandua Orthosternarchus tamandua 100 100 Sternarchorhamphus muelleri Sternarchorhamphus muelleri Pterygoplichthys sp. Pterygoplichthys sp. 100 100 100 Hoplosternum littorale 100 Hoplosternum littorale 81.08 Ictalurus punctatus 91.89 Ictalurus punctatus Astyanax mexicanus Astyanax mexicanus Danio rerio Danio rerio

Suppl. Fig. S9. ASTRAL-II species trees inferred for the full taxon set data using the 1st quartile of loci filtered according to the number of parsimony informative sites (a), clock-likeness (b), phylogenetic informativeness (c), and QIRP (d).

Gymnotus sylvius Gymnotus sylvius 9 6 100 Gymnotus pantanal 100 Gymnotus pantanal 100 100 Gymnotus cylindricus 100 Gymnotus cylindricus 6 0 Gymnotus tigre 98.59 Gymnotus tigre a) b) 100 Gymnotus jonasi 100 Gymnotus jonasi Gymnotus pantherinus 56.34 Gymnotus pantherinus Electrophorus electricus 100 Electrophorus electricus Brachyhypopomus occidentalis Brachyhypopomus occidentalis 100 100 100 3 6 Brachyhypopomus brevirostris 100 Brachyhypopomus brevirostris 100 Microsternarchus bilineatus Microsternarchus bilineatus 100 Gymnorhamphichthys britskii 100 Rhamphichthys apurensis 100 100 100 Rhamphichthys apurensis 100 Gymnorhamphichthys britskii Steatogenys elegans Steatogenys elegans Eigenmannia macrops Apteronotus bonaparti 100 100 Porotergus gimbeli 100 Eigenmannia vicentespelaea 70.67 Eigenmannia macrops Porotergus duende 100 90.67 Compsaraia samueli Eigenmannia humboldtii 22.67 63.38 100 Eigenmannia nigra 97.33 Pariosternarchus amazonensis 100 100 100 100 Distocyclus conirostris Sternarchogiton nattereri 100 Magosternarchus raptor Archolaemus janeae 100 100 Rhabdolichops cf. stewarti Sternarchella calhamazon 100 Sternopygus macrurus 100 Sternarchorhynchus roseni 100 Apteronotus rostratus Sternopygus xingu 100 8 0 100 Platyurosternarchus macrostomus Sternopygus dariensis 100 Apteronotus bonapartii Apteronotus albifrons 100 Adontosternarchus devenanzii Porotergus gimbeli 100 98.59 Sternarchorhamphus muelleri Porotergus duende 100 Orthosternarchus muelleri 98.59 Compsaraia samueli 87.32 Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Pariosternarchus amazonensis 100 78.87 100 Eigenmannia macrops 100 Sternarchogiton nattereri 100 Eigenmannia macrops Sternarchella calhamazon 69.33 100 100 100 Eigenmannia nigra 100 Sternarchella raptor 38.67 Eigenmannia humboldtii 100 Sternarchorhynchus roseni 100 Distocyclus conirostris Apteronotus rostratus 100 98.59 100 Archolaemus janeae Platyurosternarchus macrostomus Rhabdolichops cf. stewarti 100 Apteronotus albifrons 100 Sternopygus macrurus 100 100 Adontosternarchus devenanzii 100 Sternopygus macrurus Orthosternarchus tamandua 100 100 Sternopygus xingu Sternarchorhamphus muelleri Sternopygus dariensis Pterygoplichthys sp. 100 Hoplosternum littorale Hoplosternum littorale 100 100 100 Pterygoplichthys sp. 77.46 Ictalurus punctatus 86.67 Ictalurus punctatus Astyanax mexicanus Astyanax mexicanus Danio rerio Danio rerio Gymnotus sylvius 100 Gymnotus sylvius 100 Gymnotus pantanal 100 100 Gymnotus pantanal 100 Gymnotus cylindricus 100 Gymnotus cylindricus 100 Gymnotus tigre 94.37 Gymnotus tigre c) 100 Gymnotus jonasi d) 100 Gymnotus jonasi 57.75 Gymnotus pantherinus 60.56 Gymnotus pantherinus Electrophorus electricus Electrophorus electricus Brachyhypopomus occidentalis 100 100 Brachyhypopomus occidentalis Brachyhypopomus brevirostris 100 100 100 Brachyhypopomus brevirostris Microsternarchus bilineatus 100 100 Microsternarchus bilineatus Gymnorhamphichthys britskii 100 100 Gymnorhamphichthys britskii Rhamphichthys apurensis 100 100 Rhamphichthys apurensis Steatogenys elegans 100 Steatogenys elegans Eigenmannia macrops 100 Eigenmannia macrops Eigenmannia vicentespelaea 100 100 Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Eigenmannia macrops 100 100 Eigenmannia macrops Eigenmannia humboldtii 100 100 Eigenmannia humboldtii 69.01 100 Eigenmannia nigra 57.75 Eigenmannia nigra 100 100 Distocyclus conirostris 100 100 Distocyclus conirostris 100 Archolaemus janeae 100 Archolaemus janae Rhabdolichops cf. stewarti 100 Rhabdolichops cf. stewarti Sternopygus macrurus 100 100 Sternopygus macrurus 100 100 Sternopygus xingu 100 Sternopygus xingu Sternopygus dariensis Sternopygus dariensis Apteronotus bonapartii 100 Apteronotus bonapartii Porotergus gimbeli 100 97.18 97.18 Porotergus gimbeli Porotergus duende Porotergus duende 100 Compsaraia samueli 97.18 Compsaraia samueli 85.92 57.75 66.2 100 Pariosternarchus amazonensis Pariosternarchus amazonensis 100 88.73 100 Sternarchogiton nattereri 100 Sternarchogiton nattereri 100 Sternarchella calhamazon Sternarchella calhamazon 100 100 100 Sternarchella raptor Sternarchella raptor 100 Sternarchorhynchus roseni 100 Sternarchorhynchus roseni Apteronotus rostratus Apteronotus rostratus 100 97.18 100 100 Platyurosternarchus macrostomus Platyurosternarchus macrostomus 100 Apteronotus albifrons 100 Apteronotus albifrons 100 Adontosternarchus devenanzii 100 Adontosternarchus devenanzii Orthosternarchus tamandua Orthosternarchus tamandua 100 100 Sternarchorhamphus muelleri Sternarchorhamphus muelleri Pterygoplichthys sp. Pterygoplichthys sp. 100 100 100 Hoplosternum littorale 100 Hoplosternum littorale 76.06 Ictalurus punctatus 78.87 Ictalurus punctatus Astyanax mexicanus Astyanax mexicanus Danio rerio Danio rerio

Suppl. Fig. S10. ASTRAL-II species trees inferred for the reduced taxon set with 25% of missing data using the 1st and 2nd quartiles of loci filtered according to the number of parsimony informative sites (a), clock-likeness (b), phylogenetic informativeness (c), and QIRP (d).

Gymnotus pantanal Gymnotus pantanal a) 71 b) 100 Electrophorus electricus Electrophorus electricus 100 42 Brachyhypopomus brevirostris Steatogenys elegans 100 100 Brachyhypopomus brevirostris Steatogenys elegans 100 100 Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Sternopygus dariensis 100 100 Sternopygus dariensis Eigenmannia vicentespelaea 73 88 Orthosternarchus tamandua Orthosternarchus tamandua 100 100 Apteronotus albifrons Apteronotus albifrons

Astyanax mexicanus Astyanax mexicanus 79 100 Ictalurus punctatus Ictalurus punctatus

Danio rerio Danio rerio Gymnotus pantanal Gymnotus pantanal c) 53.52 d) 67.61 Electrophorus electricus Electrophorus electricus 100 100 Brachyhypopomus brevirostris Brachyhypopomus brevirostris 100 100 Steatogenys elegans Steatogenys elegans 100 100 Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Eigenmannia vicentespelaea 100 100 Sternopygus dariensis Sternopygus dariensis 69.01 71.83 Orthosternarchus tamandua Orthosternarchus tamandua 100 100 Apteronotus albifrons Apteronotus albifrons

Astyanax mexicanus Astyanax mexicanus 70.42 78.87 Ictalurus punctatus Ictalurus punctatus

Danio rerio Danio rerio

Suppl. Fig. S11. ASTRAL-II species trees inferred for the reduced taxon set with 25% of missing data using the 1st quartile of loci filtered according to the number of parsimony informative sites (a), clock-likeness (b), phylogenetic informativeness (c), and QIRP (d). Gymnotus pantanal Gymnotus pantanal

a) b) 5 2 100 Electrophorus electricus Electrophorus electricus 97.33 47.37 Brachyhypopomus brevirostris Brachyhypopomus brevirostris 100 100 Steatogenys elegans Steatogenys elegans 100 100 Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Eigenmannia vicentespelaea 100 100 Sternopygus dariensis Sternopygus dariensis 69.74 54.67 59.21 Orthosternarchus tamandua Orthosternarchus tamandua 100 100 Apteronotus albifrons Apteronotus albifrons

Ictalurus punctatus Ictalurus punctatus 86.67 Astyanax mexicanus Astyanax mexicanus

Danio rerio Danio rerio Gymnotus pantanal Gymnotus pantanal 59.21 69.74 Electrophorus electricus Electrophorus electricus c) 100 d) 100 Brachyhypopomus brevirostris Brachyhypopomus brevirostris 100 100 Steatogenys elegans Steatogenys elegans 100 100 Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Eigenmannia vicentespelaea 100 100 Sternopygus dariensis Sternopygus dariensis 82.89 56.58 Orthosternarchus tamandua Orthosternarchus tamandua 100 100 Apteronotus albifrons Apteronotus albifrons

Astyanax mexicanus Astyanax mexicanus

Ictalurus punctatus Ictalurus punctatus

Danio rerio Danio rerio

Suppl. Fig. S12. ASTRAL-II species trees inferred for the reduced taxon set and no missing data using the 1st and 2nd quartiles of loci filtered according to the number of parsimony informative sites (a), clock-likeness (b), phylogenetic informativeness (c), and QIRP (d). Gymnotus pantanal Gymnotus pantanal a) 42.67 b) Electrophorus electricus 98.67 Electrophorus electricus 100 4 8 Brachyhypopomus brevirostris Steatogenys elegans 100 100 Steatogenys elegans Brachyhypopomus brevirostris 100 100 Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Sternopygus dariensis 100 100 Sternopygus dariensis Eigenmannia vicentespelaea 73.33 58.67 46.67 Apteronotus albifrons Apteronotus albifrons 100 100 Orthosternarchus tamandua Orthosternarchus tamandua

Ictalurus punctatus Ictalurus punctatus

Astyanax mexicanus Astyanax mexicanus

Danio rerio Danio rerio Gymnotus pantanal Gymnotus pantanal c) 45.33 d) 46.67 Electrophorus electricus Electrophorus electricus 100 100 Steatogenys elegans Brachyhypopomus brevirostris 100 100 Brachyhypopomus brevirostris Steatogenys elegans 100 100 Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Eigenmannia vicentespelaea 100 100 Sternopygus dariensis Sternopygus dariensis 6 4 49.33 Apteronotus albifrons Apteronotus albifrons 100 100 Orthosternarchus tamandua Orthosternarchus tamandua

Astyanax mexicanus Astyanax mexicanus

Ictalurus punctatus Ictalurus punctatus

Danio rerio Danio rerio

Suppl. Fig. S13. ASTRAL-II species trees inferred for the reduced taxon set and no missing data using the 1st quartile of loci filtered according to the number of parsimony informative sites (a), clock-likeness (b), phylogenetic informativeness (c), and QIRP (d). Gymnotus pantanal Gymnotus pantanal

a) 4 8 b) 8 0 Electrophorus electricus Electrophorus electricus 100 33.33 Brachyhypopomus brevirostris Brachyhypopomus brevirostris 100 100 Steatogenys elegans Steatogenys elegans 100 100 Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Eigenmannia vicentespelaea 100 100 Sternopygus dariensis Sternopygus dariensis 2 8 61.33 Apteronotus albifrons Apteronotus albifrons 100 100 Orthosternarchus tamandua Orthosternarchus tamandua

Astyanax mexicanus Astyanax mexicanus 6 4 Ictalurus punctatus Ictalurus punctatus

Danio rerio Danio rerio Gymnotus pantanal Gymnotus pantanal c) 6 8 d) 41.33 Electrophorus electricus Electrophorus electricus 100 100 Brachyhypopomus brevirostris Brachyhypopomus brevirostris 100 100 54.67 Steatogenys elegans Steatogenys elegans 100 Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Eigenmannia vicentespelaea 100 100 100 Sternopygus dariensis Sternopygus dariensis 62.67 Apteronotus albifrons Apteronotus albifrons 100 100 Orthosternarchus tamandua Orthosternarchus tamandua

Astyanax mexicanus Astyanax mexicanus

Ictalurus punctatus Ictalurus punctatus

Danio rerio Danio rerio

Suppl. Fig. S14. Scatterplots showing the relationship between locus length and each of the criteria utilized to filter the complete taxon set. Values of Pearson’s r correlations and associated P-values are indicated for each plot. Regression lines are shown in orange.

Molecular clocklikeness (LRT) Parsimony informative sites

5000 r(964) = -0.11

P = 8.4E-4 300 3000 200 1000 100 r(964) = 0.78 0 P < 2.2E-16

200 400 600 800 200 400 600 800 Phylogenetic informativeness QIRP 30 0.7 0.6 20 0.5 10

r(964) = 0.74 0.4 r(964) = 0.88 P < 2.2E-16 P < 2.2E-16 0.3 200 400 600 800 200 400 600 800 Locus length (bp)

Suppl. Fig. S15. Graphical representation of the reduction in GC content (%GC) for each family of Gymnotiformes following locus filtering of the complete taxon set.

All Taxa

0.48 0.47 0.46 0.45

Gymnotiformes Apteronotidae

0.48 0.47 0.46 0.45

Gymnotidae Hypopomidae %GC 0.48 0.47 0.46 0.45

Rhamphichthyidae Sternopygidae

0.48 0.47 0.46 0.45 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

st st st st st st st st ing ing nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd r r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 st st st st st st st st 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 QIRP QIRP No f lte No f lte ars. Inf. ars. Inf. P P Phylo. Inf. Phylo. Inf. QIRP QIRP Mol. Clock Mol. Clock ars. Inf. ars. Inf. P P Phylo. Inf. Phylo. Inf. Mol. Clock Mol. Clock

Suppl. Fig. S16. GGI species trees estimated in ASTRAL-II for the best fit trees (a), and for only the best trees that are significantly better than the second-ranked tree (b).

Gymnotus pantanal 1 Gymnotus pantanal a) Gymnotus sylvius b) 0.98 1 1 Gymnotus sylvius 1 Gymnotus cylindricus 1 Gymnotus cylindricus 1 Gymnotus tigre 0.91 Gymnotus tigre 1 Gymnotus jonasi 1 Gymnotus jonasi 0.85 Gymnotus pantherinus Gymnotus pantherinus Electrophorus electricus 0.55 Brachyhypopomus occidentalis 1 1 Brachyhypopomus occidentalis 1 Brachyhypopomus brevirostris 1 Microsternarchus bilineatus Brachyhypopomus brevirostris 1 1 1 Rhamphichthys apurensis Microsternarchus bilineatus 0.99 1 Gymnorhamphichthys britskii 1 Rhamphichthys apurensis 1 Steatogenys elegans 1 Gymnorhamphichthys britskii Steatogenys elegans Electrophorus electricus Eigenmannia macrops 1 Eigenmannia vicentespelaea 0.99 Eigenmannia vicentespelaea 1 1 0.99 Eigenmannia macrops Eigenmannia macrops 1 1 Eigenmannia macrops Eigenmannia nigra Eigenmannia nigra 0.44 1 1 Eigenmannia humboldtii 0.63 Eigenmannia humboldtii 1 Distocyclus conirostris 1 Distocyclus conirostris 1 1 Archolaemus janae 1 Archolaemus janae Rhabdolichops cf. stewarti Rhabdolichops cf. stewarti 1 1 Sternopygus macrurus Sternopygus macrurus 1 1 1 Sternopygus xingu 1 Sternopygus xingu Sternopygus dariensis Sternopygus dariensis Compsaraia samueli 1 0.74 Compsaraia samueli Pariosternarchus amazonensis 0.96 1 0.97 Pariosternarchus amazonensis Sternarchogiton nattereri Sternarchogiton nattereri 1 Porotergus gimbeli 0.38 1 Porotergus gimbeli 0.96 1 1 Apteronotus bonaparti 0.79 Apteronotus bonaparti 1 Porotergus duende 1 Porotergus duende 1 Sternarchella calhamazon Sternarchella calhamazon 1 1 Sternarchella raptor 1 Sternarchella raptor 1 Sternarchorhynchus roseni 0.99 Sternarchorhynchus roseni Apteronotus rostratus Apteronotus rostratus 1 1 0.52 Platyurosternarchus macrostomus 1 Platyurosternarchus macrostomus 1 Apteronotus albifrons 1 Apteronotus albifrons 1 Adontosternarchus devenanzii 1 Adontosternarchus devenanzii Orthosternarchus tamandua Orthosternarchus tamandua 1 1 Sternarchorhamphus muelleri Sternarchorhamphus muelleri Pterygoplichthys sp. Pterygoplichthys sp. 1 Apteronotus bonaparti 1 1 1 Apteronotus bonaparti 0.94 Ictalurus punctatus 1 Ictalurus punctatus Astyanax mexicanus Astyanax mexicanus Danio rerio Danio rerio