DOCSLIB.ORG

Implications for Global Health

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Implications for Global Health public health/medicine Cochi and Dowdle Disease Eradication in the Disease Eradication in the 21st Century 21st Century Implications for Global Health “What are the distinct benefits of disease eradication programs? Implications for Global Health An investment of this generation benefits all future generations, EDITORS providing ultimate benefi t/cost ratios. Disease eradication programs, EDITED BY at their best, explore and promote cutting-edge science and tech- Stephen L. Cochi and nology, improve delivery approaches, and develop innovative global political liaisons. They bring out the best in global health work. The Walter R. Dowdle implications, considerations, progress, and possibilities are pre- sented in this Strüngmann Forum Report.” William Foege Epidemiologist and author of House on Fire: The Fight to Disease Eradication in the Stephen L. Cochi is Senior Advisor to the Director, Global EDITED BY Disease eradication represents the ultimate in global equity Eradicate Smallpox Immunization Division, at the Centers for Disease Control and Stephen L. Cochi and and the defi nitive outcome of good public health practice. Thirty Prevention. Walter R. Dowdle is Director of the Polio Antivirals years ago, the elimination of smallpox defi ned disease eradica- “This excellent and detailed study on the applicability of eradication Initiative at the Task Force for Global Health in Decatur, Georgia. Walter R. Dowdle tion as a monumental global achievement with lasting benefi ts of disease in the global health fi eld comes at a time when the world for society. Today, the global commitment to eradicate polio and is about to eradicate polio. This in-depth look at the effects on global guinea worm and heightened interest in the potential eradication health is timely, and the Strüngmann Forum is to be congratulated in of other infectious diseases, including measles/rubella, lymphatic underwriting such an event. These fi ndings will be of great interest fi lariasis, onchocerciasis, and malaria, dominate public health to many involved in global health in all its facets, not solely disease concerns. But what does it take to eradicate a disease? This book eradication.” takes a fresh look at the evolving concepts of disease eradication, Kalyan Banerjee infl uenced by scientifi c advances, fi eld experience, societal issues, 2011–2012 President, Rotary International and economic realities. A diverse group of experts from around the world, representing a range of disciplines, examines the “This distinguished panel of authors from many disciplines and 21 professions and with worldwide experience has given us a robust biological, social, political, and economic complexities of eradicat- st Century and holistic view of what it really takes to eliminate and eradicate ing a disease. infectious and parasitic diseases at the regional and global levels, respectively, and it makes a sound and compelling case for investing The book details lessons learned from the initiatives against in these efforts, which are critically important to improve global polio, measles/rubella, and onchocerciasis. Further chapters health and bring an end to unnecessary suffering, disabilities, examine ethical issues, the investment case, governance mod- and death.” els, organizational and institutional arrangements, political and social factors, feasibility of eradication goals, priority setting, and Mirta Roses Periago Director, Pan American Health Organization the integration of disease eradication programs with existing health systems. 978-0-262-01673-5 STRÜNGMANN FORUM REPORTS THE MIT PRESS MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02142 HTTP://MITPRESS.MIT.EDU STRÜNGMANN FORUM REPORTS Disease Eradication in the 21st Century Implications for Global Health Strüngmann Forum Reports Julia Lupp, series editor The Ernst Strüngmann Forum is made possible through the generous support of the Ernst Strüngmann Foundation, inaugurated by Dr. Andreas and Dr. Thomas Strüngmann. This Forum was supported by funds from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Science Foundation) Disease Eradication in the 21st Century Implications for Global Health Edited by Stephen L. Cochi and Walter R. Dowdle Program Advisory Committee: R. Bruce Alyward, Stephen L. Cochi, John O. Gyapong, David Molyneux, Eric A. Ottesen, and Regina Rabinovich The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England © 2011 Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies Series Editor: J. Lupp Assistant Editor: M. Turner Photographs: U. Dettmar Design and realization: BerlinScienceWorks All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. MIT Press books may be purchased at special quantity discounts for business or sales promotional use. For information, please email [email protected] or write to Special Sales Department, The MIT Press, 55 Hayward Street, Cambridge, MA 02142. The book was set in TimesNewRoman and Arial. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Disease eradication in the 21st century : implications for global health / edited by Stephen L. Cochi and Walter R. Dowdle. p. ; cm. — (Strüngmann Forum reports) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-01673-5 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Communicable diseases—Prevention. 2. World health. I. Cochi, Stephen L. II. Dowdle, Walter R. III. Series: Strüngmann Forum reports. [DNLM: 1. Communicable Disease Control. 2. Immunization Programs. 3. Socioeconomic Factors. 4. World Health. WA 110] RA643.D575 2011 362.196'9—dc23 2011014567 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents The Ernst Strüngmann Forum vii List of Contributors ix 1 The Eradication of Infectious Diseases: 1 Understanding the Lessons and Advancing Experience Stephen L. Cochi and Walter R. Dowdle Lessons Learned from Current Elimination and Eradication Initiatives 2 Lessons from the Late Stages of the Global 13 Polio Eradication Initiative R. Bruce Aylward 3 Measles and Rubella Eradication in the Americas: 25 Seasoned Strategies for Sustained Success Jon Kim Andrus, Ciro A. de Quadros, Carlos Castillo-Solórzano, Mirta Roses Periago, and Donald A. Henderson 4 Onchocerciasis: From Control to Possible Eradication 35 Adrian Hopkins Critical Issues in Determining Feasibility of Eradication 5 Political and Social Determinants of Disease Eradication 47 Robert G. Hall 6 The Role of Research 63 Julie Jacobson 7 Group Report: Assessing the Feasibility 89 of an Eradication Initiative Peter Strebel, Eric A. Ottesen, Ciro A. de Quadros, Sherine Guirguis, Robert G. Hall, Linda Muller, Jai Prakash Narain, and Ole Wichmann Issues in the Development of an Eradication Investment Case 8 The Moral Case for Eradication 103 Claudia I. Emerson 9 Economic Evaluation of the Benefi ts and Costs of 115 Disease Elimination and Eradication Initiatives Kimberly M. Thompson and Radboud J. Duintjer Tebbens 10 Group Report: Developing an Eradication Investment Case 133 Kimberly M. Thompson, Regina Rabinovich, Lesong Conteh, Claudia I. Emerson, B. Fenton Hall, Peter A. Singer, Maya Vijayaraghavan, and Damian G. Walker 11 Guidelines for Preparing an Eradication Investment Case 149 Damian G. Walker and Regina Rabinovich vi Contents Governance 12 Governance Models for Eradication Initiatives 159 Kari Stoever 13 Managing Neglected Tropical Disease Partnerships 175 Andy Wright 14 Group Report: Elements of Good Governance 191 in Disease Eradication Initiatives Kari Stoever, Chris Maher, R. Bruce Aylward, Julie Jacobson, Ali Jaffer Mohamed, T. Jacob John, Robert S. Scott, and Andy Wright Disease Eradication and Health Systems 15 Integration of Eradication Initiatives and Health Systems 203 Alan R. Hinman 16 How Can Elimination and Eradication Initiatives Best 217 Contribute to Health Systems Strengthening? Stewart Tyson and Robin Biellik 17 The Impacts of Measles Elimination Activities on 235 Immunization Services and Health Systems in Six Countries Piya Hanvoravongchai, Sandra Mounier-Jack, Valeria Oliveira Cruz, Dina Balabanova, Robin Biellik, Yayehyirad Kitaw, Tracey Koehlmoos, Sebastião Loureiro, Mitike Molla, Ha Trong Nguyen, Pierre Ongolo-Zogo, Umeda Sadykova, Harbandhu Sarma, Maria Gloria Teixeira, Jasim Uddin, Alya Dabbagh, and Ulla Kou Griffi ths 18 Disease Eradication as a Springboard for 255 Broader Public Health Communication Jeffrey Bates, Sherine Guirguis, Thomas Moran, and Lieven Desomer 19 Group Report: Designing Elimination or Eradication 273 Initiatives that Interface Effectively with Health Systems Muhammad Ali Pate, John O. Gyapong, Walter R. Dowdle, Adrian Hopkins, Dairiku Hozumi, Mwelecele Malecela, and Stewart Tyson List of Acronyms 287 Bibliography 291 Subject Index 313 The Ernst Strüngmann Forum Founded on the tenets of scientifi c independence and the inquisitive nature of the human mind, the Ernst Strüngmann Forum is dedicated to the continual expansion of knowledge. Through its innovative communication process, the Ernst Strüngmann Forum provides a creative environment within which ex- perts scrutinize high-priority issues from multiple vantage points. This process begins with the identifi cation of themes. By nature, a theme constitutes a problem area that transcends classic disciplinary boundaries. It is of high-priority interest, requiring concentrated, multidisciplinary input to ad- dress the issues involved.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Emerging Global Epidemiology of Measles and Public Health Response to Confirmed Case in Rhode Island
    PUBLIC HEALTH Emerging Global Epidemiology of Measles and Public Health Response to Confirmed Case in Rhode Island ANANDA SANKAR BANDYOPADHYAY, MBBS, MPH; UTPALA BANDY, MD ABSTRACT Organization (WHO) geographical Region of the Americas Measles is a highly contagious viral disease and rapid achieved measles elimination by interrupting transmission identification and control of cases/outbreaks are import- of the endemic strain of measles virus.3 However, importa- ant global health priorities. Measles was declared elimi- tions from endemic countries continued throughout the last nated from the United States in March 2000. However, decade and a median of 56 cases of measles were reported in importations from endemic countries continued through the United States during the 2001-2008 period.4 A major re- out the last decade and in 2011, the United States report- surgence of measles occurred in the WHO European Region ed its highest number of cases in 15 years. With a global in 2011, with more than 13,000 laboratory-confirmed cases, snapshot of current measles epidemiology and the per- nearly three times higher than the total number of laborato- sistent risk of transnational spread based on population ry-confirmed cases reported in 2010.5 Ninety percent of the movement as the backdrop, this article describes the measles cases reported from the WHO European Region in rare event of a measles case identification in the state 2011 had not been vaccinated or had no documentation of of Rhode Island and the corresponding public health prior vaccination.6 Two-hundred and sixteen laboratory-con- response. As the global effort for measles elimination firmed cases were reported in the United States in 2011, the continues to make significant progress, sensitive public highest number of cases since 1996.7 Rhode Island reported health surveillance systems and strong routine immuni- its first case of measles since 1996 in April 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Vaccinator Training Module
    SUPPLEMENTARY IMMUNIZATION ACTIVITIES Vaccinator Training Module Revised March 2005 Operations and Interpersonal Communication Prepared by National Polio Surveillance Project-India (A Government of India & World health Organization collaboration) 1 Ensure that you have covered all of the following issues in your training session 1. Introduced all the vaccinators and supervisors. 2. Reviewed the current status of polio eradication and complimented vaccinators on their achievements. 3. The pre-booth preparations including identification and interaction with local influencers. 4. Booth day preparations 5. VVM, open vial policy and Cold Chain management. 6. House to house activities including a. How to enter the home and initiate a dialogue with the family members b. Ensuring cordiality c. Key questions to be asked in each house d. Responding to queries from parents (with help of frequently asked questions and role plays) e. Procedure for immunizing the child f. Finger marking of the child g. House and tally sheet marking 2 BEFORE STARTING THE TRAINING SESSION Before conducting the training, make sure you have: Scheduled the training session in consultation with the Block Medical Officer. The date and time for the training and the venue has to be clearly conveyed to the vaccinators and supervisors. You will need the following materials: • Micro plan for the A team activities in the block/urban area to be covered with the names of the vaccinators and local influencers. • Vaccine carrier and ice packs to demonstrate proper use • OPV vials to demonstrate the VVM and proper administration of the vaccine • Marker pen to demonstrate finger marking • Chalk or geru to demonstrate house marking • Tally sheets to demonstrate how they should be filled in SESSION I KNOWING EACH OTHER REGISTRATION Before starting the session ensure that all participants are registered.
    [Show full text]
  • Measles: Chapter 7.1 Chapter 7: Measles Paul A
    VPD Surveillance Manual 7 Measles: Chapter 7.1 Chapter 7: Measles Paul A. Gastanaduy, MD, MPH; Susan B. Redd; Nakia S. Clemmons, MPH; Adria D. Lee, MSPH; Carole J. Hickman, PhD; Paul A. Rota, PhD; Manisha Patel, MD, MS I. Disease Description Measles is an acute viral illness caused by a virus in the family paramyxovirus, genus Morbillivirus. Measles is characterized by a prodrome of fever (as high as 105°F) and malaise, cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis, followed by a maculopapular rash.1 The rash spreads from head to trunk to lower extremities. Measles is usually a mild or moderately severe illness. However, measles can result in complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis, and death. Approximately one case of encephalitis2 and two to three deaths may occur for every 1,000 reported measles cases.3 One rare long-term sequelae of measles virus infection is subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a fatal disease of the central nervous system that generally develops 7–10 years after infection. Among persons who contracted measles during the resurgence in the United States (U.S.) in 1989–1991, the risk of SSPE was estimated to be 7–11 cases/100,000 cases of measles.4 The risk of developing SSPE may be higher when measles occurs prior to the second year of life.4 The average incubation period for measles is 11–12 days,5 and the average interval between exposure and rash onset is 14 days, with a range of 7–21 days.1, 6 Persons with measles are usually considered infectious from four days before until four days after onset of rash with the rash onset being considered as day zero.
    [Show full text]
  • [KD 1574] APRIL 2001 Sub. Code: 3207 DIPLOMA in HEALTH
    [KD 1574] APRIL 2001 Sub. Code: 3207 DIPLOMA IN HEALTH PROMOTION AND EDUCATION EXAMINATION PAPER I – COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL AND NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMMES Q.P. Code : 363207 Time: Three Hours Maximum: 60 marks Answer ALL questions All questions carry equal marks 1. Discuss the application of the principles of anatomy and physiology in adolescent sex education. 2. Discuss the various channels of disease transmission with suitable examples. 3. Define “immunity”. Discuss the different types of immunity against poliomyelitis with their relevance to the eradication of the disease. 4. How will you organize a scabies eradication programme in a village? 5. Discuss the difference between and uses of “incidence” and “prevalence”. 6. Write briefly about: a) Tetanus. b) Occupational Hazards. ******* [KH 1574] SEPTEMBER 2002 Sub. Code: 3207 DIPLOMA IN HEALTH PROMOTION AND EDUCATION EXAMINATION PAPER I – COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL AND NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMMES Q.P. Code : 363207 Time: Three Hours Maximum: 60 marks Answer ALL questions All questions carry equal marks 1. Discuss the importance of immunity and its application in public health. 2. Discuss the mechanism of disease transmission by arthropods and discuss the role of a health educator in the prevention of arthropod bone diseases. 3. Discuss the role of a health educator in leprosy control/eradication programme. 4. Write briefly about: a) Levels of prevention. b) Structure and functions of the skin. 5. Role of a health educator in the blindness control programme. 6. Discuss the common types of cancers prevalent in India and discuss the epidemiology and prevention of any one of them. ******* [KI 1574] APRIL 2003 Sub.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of the Universal Immunization Programme and Introduction
    Vaccine 32S (2014) A151–A161 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Vaccine j ournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/vaccine Analysis of the Universal Immunization Programme and introduction of a rotavirus vaccine in India with IndiaSim a a,b a c Itamar Megiddo , Abigail R. Colson , Arindam Nandi , Susmita Chatterjee , d e a,b,c,∗ Shankar Prinja , Ajay Khera , Ramanan Laxminarayan a Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, Washington, DC, USA b Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA c Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India d School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India e Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India a b s t r a c t Background and objectives: India has the highest under-five death toll globally, approximately 20% of which is attributed to vaccine-preventable diseases. India’s Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) is working both to increase immunization coverage and to introduce new vaccines. Here, we analyze the disease and financial burden alleviated across India’s population (by wealth quintile, rural or urban area, and state) through increasing vaccination rates and introducing a rotavirus vaccine. Methods: We use IndiaSim, a simulated agent-based model (ABM) of the Indian population (including socio-economic characteristics and immunization status) and the health system to model three interventions. In the first intervention, a rotavirus vaccine is introduced at the current DPT3 immunization coverage level in India. In the second intervention, coverage of three doses of rotavirus and DPT and one dose of the measles vaccine are increased to 90% randomly across the population.
    [Show full text]
  • Module on Best Practices for Measles Surveillance
    WHO/V&B/01.43 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH DISTR.: GENERAL Module on best practices for measles surveillance Written by Dalya Guris, MD, MPH National Immunization Program Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA DEPARTMENT OF VACCINES AND BIOLOGICALS World Health Organization Geneva 2001 The Department of Vaccines and Biologicals thanks the donors whose unspecified financial support has made the production of this document possible. This document was produced by the Vaccine Assessment and Monitoring team of the Department of Vaccines and Biologicals Ordering code: WHO/V&B/01.43 Printed: March 2002 This document is available on the Internet at: www.who.int/vaccines-documents/ Copies may be requested from: World Health Organization Department of Vaccines and Biologicals CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland • Fax: + 41 22 791 4227 • Email: [email protected] • © World Health Organization 2001 This document is not a formal publication of the World Health Organization (WHO), and all rights are reserved by the Organization. The document may, however, be freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced and translated, in part or in whole, but not for sale nor for use in conjunction with commercial purposes. The views expressed in documents by named authors are solely the responsibility of those authors. ii Contents Glossary ............................................................................................................................. v Introduction ....................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report(2006-07)
    ANNUAL REPORT - 2006-2007 The Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity (DAVP) is the nodal multi-media advertising agency of the Central Government. It caters to the communication needs of all Central Ministries/Departments and around 200 Public Sector Undertakings and Autonomous Bodies and provides them a single window cost effective service. It informs and educates the people, both rural and urban, about the Government's policies and programmes and motivates them to participate in development activities. DAVP reaches the people through different means of communication such as press advertisements, print material, audio-visual programmes, outdoor publicity and exhibitions. The thrust areas of DAVP's advertising and publicity are national integration and communal harmony, rural development programmes, health and family welfare, AIDS awareness, empowerment of women, upliftment of girl child, small savings, consumer affairs, literacy, employment, income tax, defence, environment, road safety, energy conservation, handicrafts etc. The set-up of DAVP at the headquarters consists of several wings like Administration, Budget & Accounts, Campaign, Advertising, Outdoor Publicity, Printed Publicity, Exhibition, Electronic Data Processing Centre, Mass Mailing, Audio-Visual Cell and a Design Studio with DTP facility. It has two Regional Offices at Bangalore and Guwahati to coordinate the Directorate’s activities in these regions. There are two Regional Distribution Centres at Kolkata and Chennai to look after the distribution of publicity material in eastern and southern regions respectively. DAVP has a network of 35 Field Exhibition Units spread all over the country. The Field Exhibition Units of DAVP act as a vital communication link between the Government and the people. The field functionaries hold exhibitions on social and developmental themes to far-flung areas of the country to disseminate information about the policies and programmes of the Central Government.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Knowledge and Attitude Towards Pulse Polio Immunization in Semi Urban Areas of South India
    Australasian Medical Journal AMJ 2011, 4, 2, 81-86. A study of the knowledge and attitude towards pulse polio immunization in semi urban areas of South India Joseph N1, Subba SH 2, Nelliyanil M3, Kotian SM4, Haridath AC 5, Kishor N5, Attavar S5, Poornima P 5, Rane DV 5, Chaithali H 5, Husain J5 1 Assistant Professor, 2 Associate Professor, 4 Selection Grade Lecturer, 5 M.B.B.S students, Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Light house hill road, Mangalore, India 3 Post graduate student, Department of Community Medicine, Bangalore Medical College, Bangalore, India RESEARCH transmission of polio. More than one quarter of the study population were under the misconception that polio is a curable disease. The primary source of information about Please cite this paper as: Joseph N, Subba SH, Nelliyanil M, PPI in majority of participants was the television (n = 192; Kotian SM, Haridath AC, Kishor N, Attavar S, Poornima P, 60%). Two-hundred and eighty eight (90%) participants Rane DV, Chaithali H, Husain J. A study of the knowledge knew that the purpose of PPI was to eradicate polio. Only and attitude about pulse polio immunization in semi urban 128 (40%) participants knew that polio drops can be given areas of South India. AMJ 2011, 4, 2, 81-86 Doi: to children with mild illnesses and an identical number of http://dx.doi.org/10.4066/AMJ.2011.532 participants knew that hot food stuff should not be given for at least half an hour following vaccination Corresponding Author: administration. Misconceptions such as PPI causing vaccine Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Polio and Measles
    POLIO AND MEASLES Appeal no. 05AA089 Appeal target: CHF 3,502,6741 The International Federation's mission is to improve the lives of vulnerable people by mobilizing the power of humanity. The Federation is the world's largest humanitarian organization, and its millions of volunteers are active in over 180 countries. All international assistance to support vulnerable communities seeks to adhere to the Code of Conduct and the Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response, according to the SPHERE Project. For further information please contact the Federation Secretariat, Health and Care Department: • Jean Roy, Senior Public Health Advisor, Health & Care; phone: +41 22 730 4419; email: [email protected] • Bernard Moriniere; MD, MPH, Sr. Medical Epidemiologist; phone +41.22.730.4222; email: [email protected] For information on programmes in other countries and regions please access the Federation website at http://www.ifrc.org Click on figures below to go to the detailed budget Programme title 2005 Health and care 3,502,674 Total 3,502,674 Regional Context This appeal aims to support increased participation of national societies in community mobilization for immunization services, and a gradual transition from accelerated disease control initiatives in selected countries (measles mortality reduction and polio eradication) towards supporting sustainable routine immunization programmes, through the participation of national societies and the Federation as partners in the work of the Global Alliance on Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI). According to the World Health Organization African Regional Office (WHO-AFRO), approximately 370,000 children died of measles in 2002, and measles remains the primary cause of vaccine-preventable deaths among children under 5 years of age in Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Measles and Rubella Surveillance Manual Report
    Republic of Iraq Ministry of Health Measles & Rubella Surveillance Field Manual For Communicable Diseases Surveillance Staff WHO-MOH IRAQ 2009 1 Measles & Rubella Surveillance Field Manual Acknowledgment It is a great honor for WHO and the Iraqi MoH to present the measles elimination field guide. The guide deals with measles as a matter of public health importance and maps out set goals and strategies for outbreak response and prevention and control. It also highlights the use of MCV (measles-containing vaccine) to mitigate the risks of a large-scale outbreak. The WHO guidance on measles outbreak response published in 1999 emphasized that most outbreaks were either detected too late or had spread too rapidly to allow for an effective immunization response. This guide reviews the validity of this recommendation along with recent evidence concerning the impact of early outbreak response and the positive impact of rapid intervention and nationwide MCV campaigns in averting large-scale outbreaks. The monitoring of routine MCV coverage accompanied by a well established case-based surveillance system for all fever & rash cases and prompt laboratory investigations for suspected cases will be sensitive enough to detect early outbreaks and to coordinate early outbreak response. We acknowledge that although routine immunization plays an integral part in building herd immunity, with the current low measles vaccine coverage, we will continue to face infrequent outbreaks due to accumulation of susceptible. Nonetheless, concurrent follow up nationwide campaigns every 34- years and the RED (reaching every district) strategy will help to booster the immunity level and minimize the risk of a ‘wild’ measles virus circualtion.
    [Show full text]
  • WHO African Regional Measles and Rubella Surveillance Guidelines
    AFRICAN REGIONAL GUIDELINES FOR MEASLES AND RUBELLA SURVEILLANCE WHO Regional Office for Africa Revised April 2015 African Regional guidelines for measles and rubella surveillance- Draft version April 2015. 1 Contents ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................. 4 I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 5 II. MEASLES DISEASE ........................................................................................................................... 5 i. Epidemiology of measles ............................................................................................................ 5 ii. Clinical features of measles ........................................................................................................ 6 iii. Complications of Measles ........................................................................................................... 7 iv. Measles Immunity ....................................................................................................................... 8 III. RUBELLA DISEASE ........................................................................................................................ 9 i. Epidemiology and clinical features: ............................................................................................ 9 ii. Congenital Rubella Syndrome ....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Eliminating Measles and Rubella
    Eliminating measles and rubella Framework for the verification process in the WHO European Region Eliminating measles and rubella Framework for the verification process in the WHO European Region 2014 ABSTRACT This document describes the steps to be taken to document and verify that elimination of measles and rubella has been achieved in the WHO European Region. The process has been informed by mechanisms put in place for the certification of the global eradication of smallpox and poliomyelitis. Detailed information about measles and rubella epidemiology, virologic surveillance supported by molecular epidemiology, analyses of vaccinated population cohorts, quality surveillance and the sustainability of the national immunization programme comprise the key components of a standardized assessment to verify the interruption of endemic measles and rubella virus transmission in a country. The different parts of the assessment are interrelated; the verification of one component depends on the status of the others. It is necessary to integrate and link the evidence on the components and to verify their validity, completeness, representativeness and consistency among the different sources of information. National verification committees for measles and rubella elimination should be created in all Member States to compile and submit the data annually. Review and evaluation of annual national reports will continue in each Member State for at least three years after the Regional Verification Commission for Measles and Rubella Elimination confirms
    [Show full text]