The Digestive and Excretory Systems 521 You Are What You 5 Identify ACTIVE 522 Nutrients

LESSON in thehumanbody. systemstotheirroles excretory ofthedigestiveand parts should beabletorelatethe By theendofthislesson,you systems work? and excretory body’s digestive How doyour ESSENTIAL and The by hereditary factors andinfectiousagents. factors by hereditary HE.6.C.1.5 othertomaintain homeostasis. witheach interact musculoskeletal) anddescribeways thesesystems and excretory, immune,nervous, reproductive, Systems 520 nt7 Human Body Systems Unit 7 Explain how body systems are impacted Explainhowbody systems are 4 (digestive, respiratory, circulatory, thehumanbody systems of themajor functionsof the general SC.6.L.14.5 Digestive Excretory QUESTION Identifyandinvestigate

Your digestive system works to get all of the nutrients out of the food you eat.

Quick Labs • Bile Function • Mechanical Digestion • Peristalsis Race S.T.E.M. Lab • Modeling a Kidney

Engage Your Brain

1 Predict Fill in the blanks with the words that you think best complete the following sentences. Inside your , food is chewed and broken down by teeth and saliva. The is a muscle inside your mouth that helps you to swallow food and liquids. If you eat too much food too quickly, you may get a ache. 2 Imagine How is a blender like your stomach?

ACTIVE READING Vocabulary Terms 3 Synthesize You can often define an unknown word if you see it used in a sentence. Use the • digestive system • pancreas sentence below to make an educated guess • enzyme • liver about the meaning of the word enzyme. • esophagus • excretory system • stomach • kidney Example sentence Enzymes in the mouth, stomach, and small • small intestine • nephron intestine help in the chemical digestion of food. • large intestine • urine enzyme: 4 Apply As you learn the meaning of each vocabulary term in this lesson, create your own definition or sketch to help you remember the meaning of the term. (bkgd) ©Image Source/Getty Images; (inset) ©Britt Erlanson/Iconica/Getty Images (bkgd) ©Image Source/Getty

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Harcourt © Houghton Mifflin Publishing Company Lesson 4 The Digestive and Excretory Systems 521 You are what you 5 Identify ACTIVE 522 nutrients. the waysthatyourbodyuses nt7 Human Body Systems Unit 7 As youread,underline The Stomach READING 6 6 Infer stomach tobreakdownfood? grooves. Howdoyouthinkthesestructureshelpthe

stomach lining help grind food. grind help lining stomach The deep pits and grooves in the the in grooves and pits deep The The stomachliningismadeupofdeepmuscular digestive system. system controlsThe nervous and regulates functioning the of the is responsible for obtaining oxygen this from environment. the from nutrients,energy cellsneedoxygen. Therespiratory system system, transports nutrients to other tissues.In order to extract obtain from of part Blood, circulatory and food. the energy use that can provide for energy cells. you eat into nutrients that asbuilding can used be materials and two of types digestion: mechanical and chemical. can pass from digestive the system into bloodstream. the There are Digestion process isthe of breaking down into food aform that What arethetwotypesofdigestion? maintenance, and repair. The nutrients,use which are substances for infood, energy, growth, Your cellsneedalot of energy What isthedigestivesystem? The digestive system interacts systems with other body to digestive system for their daily activities. Cells

eat! breaks down food the

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ©Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc. Publishing Company © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company digestion would days take instead of hours! Withoutsmaller molecules. mechanical digestion, chemical areaincreases surface that so enzymescan break nutrients into into smallerpieces. Mechanical digestion breaks up and food likeEnzymes act chemical “cut scissors. They up” large molecules to break uses downbody large into molecules smallermolecules. into bloodstream. the An arefood broken down into that can so smallermolecules pass they Chemical digestion process isthe inwhich large of molecules Chemical Digestion for action the of chemical digestion. pieces are. Mechanical digestion area increases surface the of food small pieces of that food are to easier swallow and digest than large of isatype Chewing mechanicalfood. digestion. creates Chewing Mechanical digestion breaking, isthe and crushing, mashing of Mechanical Digestion In yourmouth,teethgrindfood. 7 Categorize are brokendownbyenzymes. In thesmallintestine,most nutrients grind foodintoapulpymixture. In thestomach,musclescontractto food down. called saliva,whichhelpstobreak Salivary glandsreleasealiquid check inthecorrectbox. or chemicaldigestion.Thenputa example ofmechanicaldigestion of thesestepsindigestionisan VisualizeIt! chemical mechanical chemical mechanical chemical mechanical chemical mechanical Decide whethereach enzyme (EN•zym)isachemical that the Lesson 4 The Digestive and Excretory Systems The Digestiveand Excretory Lesson 4 523 Chew onChew this system, where the food isbrokensystem, where food the down more. even pieces of that move food through other organs digestive inthe firstis the part of digestion. ischewed After food and swallowed, Has anyone reminded ever you to chew your food Chewing food? digestive system? What arethepartsof 524 esophagus this move clump offood from your mouth toyour digestion of starches infood. substances, including an enzymethat chemical the begins Glands inyour mouth make Saliva saliva. contains many muscles, break and food. crush chemical digestion. Teeth, with help the of strong jaw Digestion mouth inthe begins with mechanical both and The Mouth nt7 Human Body Systems Unit 7 Muscles inthe As you chew, ismoistened food by aliquid called stomach. Claim•EvidenceReasoning 9 Support yourclaimwith evidenceandexplainyourreasoning. Support ifyouaresittingup,ratherthan slumpedoverorlyingdown. more efficient system andtheirpositionsinthebody.Makeaclaimabout whydigestionis move toothpaste from bottom the of tube the with your thumbs. The muscles move along food inmuch same way the asyou peristalsis (ih•SAWF•uh•gus). Waves of muscle contractions called through throat the and into along tube calledthe chewed, hasbeen itOnce food isswallowed. moves Thefood The Esophagus VisualizeIt! (per•ih•STAWL•sis) move into food the stomach. the saliva Consider theorderoforgansindigestive . 8 ACTIVE digestive system. function ofeachorganthe As youread,underlinethe READING esophagus

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company the stomach.the break down proteins can only function acidic environment inthe of process the begin of breaking down proteins. Theenzymesthat from acid. stomach the inthe Theglands enzymesthat release also your Acoating food. of thick mucus protects stomach the lining harshis so that it that killsmostbacteria might swallowed be with mechanical digestion of you food the have eaten. can churn step process inthe and final Thisisthe of mixfood. walls of stomach the contain layers of muscle stomach the so walls and enzymesfor killing and bacteria breaking down proteins. The The Stomach stomach Tiny stomach glands inthe of type acidthat release aspecial isamuscular and bagthat food contains crushes acids Lesson 4 The Digestive and Excretory Systems The Digestiveand Excretory Lesson 4 takes place and mostnutrients are absorbed. muscular tube where mostchemical digestion Small Intestine into smallintestine. the The (kym). Chyme leaves stomach the and moves reduced to asoupy mixture called hours afew After stomach, inthe is food the body.the Eventually it iseliminated from which iscompacted and stored. material remaining iswaste, are absorbed. Most of solid the intestine, water and nutrients the small intestine, it moves to moves food After through the Large Intestine large intestine. small intestine In thelarge chyme chyme isa 525 Where are nutrients absorbed? The digestion of nutrients in the small intestine takes place with the help of three organs that attach to the small intestine. These organs are the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder. The pancreas (PANG•kree•uhz) makes fluids that break down every type of material found in foods: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids. The liver makes and releases a mixture called bile that is then stored in the gall bladder. Bile breaks up large fat droplets into very small fat droplets. In the Small Intestine In the Large Intestine After nutrients are broken down, they are The large intestine removes water from mostly- absorbed into the bloodstream and used by the digested food, absorbs vitamins, and turns food body’s cells. The inside wall of the small intestine waste into semi-solid waste called feces. has three features that allow it to absorb nutrients Some parts of food, such as the cell walls of efficiently: folds, villi, and microvilli. plants, cannot be absorbed by the body. Bacteria First, the walls of the small intestine have live in the large intestine that feed off of this many folds. These folds increase the surface undigested food. The bacteria produce vitamins area inside the intestine wall, creating more that are absorbed by the large intestine along room for nutrients to be absorbed. Each fold is with most of the water in the undigested food. covered with tiny fingerlike projections called The rectum is the last part of the large villi (VIL•eye). In turn, the villi are covered with intestine. The rectum stores feces until it can projections called microvilli. Microvilli increase be expelled. Feces pass to the outside of the the surface area of the villi. Villi contain blood body through an opening called the anus. It and lymph vessels that absorb nutrients from takes about 24 hours for a meal to make the full food as it passes through the small intestine. journey through a person’s digestive system. Visualize It!

10 Relate How is the structure and function of this sponge similar to that of the small intestine? Small intestine

This natural sponge has many crevasses, which increase its surface area.

Capillaries (bl) ©PhotoDisc/Getty Images Villus

Villi cover the surface of the small intestine.

526 Harcourt © Houghton Mifflin Publishing Company © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (t) ©Hans Neleman/Photodisc/Getty Images; (c) ©Paul Burns/Digital Vision/Getty Images; (b) © Publishing Company Alan SCHEIN/Alamy Waste! Toxic your body. system eliminates feces from your Your blood. digestive cellular waste products from system, remove of alltypes Kidneys, of part urinary the and Feces To ProduceUrine you exhale. and toxic carbon dioxide when systems. Lungs water release excretory and respiratory Your lungs are part of the To Exhale youwhen sweat. are released through your skin products such asexcess salts integumentary systems. Waste excretorythe and the Your skinispart of To Sweat Waste Removal

and digestive system. from through body lungs, the the skin,kidneys, die. The disruptedhomeostasis willbe and cellmay the are toxic to cells.If waste builds up inacell, and ammonia, are waste made. These products alive, waste products, such ascarbon dioxide perform chemical the activities that keep you You have toxic waste inyour As body! your cells the excretorysystem? What arethefunctionsof Lesson 4 The Digestive and Excretory Systems The Digestiveand Excretory Lesson 4 excretorysystem 11 Identify 11 associated questionsbelow. youreadthetext,answer After 1 Identify 13 List 12 wastes through your wasteoutofyour filters and are are releasedwhenyouexhale eliminates cellular wastes Two wasteproductsthat Sweat releases The urinary system The urinary 527 Cleanup crew What organs are in the urinary system? ACTIVE READING The urinary system collects cellular waste and eliminates it from 14 Identify As you read, underline the body in the form of liquid waste. Waste products enter the the functions of the organs in urinary system through the kidneys. the urinary system. Kidneys The kidney is one of a pair of organs that remove waste from the blood. Inside each kidney are more than 1 million microscopic structures called nephrons (NEF•rahnz). Fluid is filtered from the blood into the nephron through a structure called the glomerulus (gloh•MEHR•yuh•luhs). Filtered blood leaves the glomerulus and circulates around the tubes that make up the nephron. These structures return valuable salts and ions to the blood. Tubes in the kidneys collect the wastes from the nephrons. Water and the wastes filtered out of the blood form a liquid known as urine. Ureters Urine forms in the kidneys. From the kidneys, urine travels through the ureters. The ureters are tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder. Bladder The urine is transported from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder is a saclike organ that stores urine. Voluntary muscles hold the urine until it is ready to be released. At that time, the muscles contract and squeeze urine out of the bladder.

Urethra Kidney Urine exits the bladder through a Ureter tube called the urethra. Urinary bladder ©Victoria Smith/HMH

Urethra

528 Harcourt © Houghton Mifflin Publishing Company Filtering Blood

Nephron Unfiltered blood enters Visualize It! the kidney and flows into 15 Identify After blood enters the millions of tiny capillaries kidneys, name the two paths attached to the nephrons. the fluid takes. Artery

Unﬁltered blood As blood flows through Filtered blood the capillaries, wastes are drawn out of the Vein blood and into the nephron.

Ureter Once the blood has been filtered, it flows back out of the kidney.

Urine is collected from all Urine of the nephrons and then flows out of the kidney through the ureter. How does the urinary system ACTIVE READING maintain homeostasis? 16 Claim • Evidence • Reasoning Your cells have to maintain a certain level of water and salt in Make a claim about how order to function properly. The excretory system works with exercise affects the balance the endocrine system to help maintain homeostasis. Chemical of salt and water in your messengers called hormones signal the kidneys to filter more or body. Support your claim with less water or salt, depending on the levels of water and salt in the evidence and explain your body. For example, when you sweat a lot the water content of your reasoning. blood can drop. When this happens, a hormone is released that signals the kidneys to conserve more water and make less urine. When your blood has too much water, less of the hormone is released. As a result, the nephrons conserve less water, and more urine is produced by the kidneys. Household or environmental toxins that enter the body through the skin, lungs, or mouth eventually end up in the bloodstream. When the kidneys are damaged, many toxins can accumulate in the blood. Infections can also affect the kidneys. Bacterial infections can occur when bacteria around the opening of the urethra travels up to the bladder and possibly the kidneys.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Harcourt © Houghton Mifflin Publishing Company Lesson 4 The Digestive and Excretory Systems 529 530 0 Claim•EvidenceReasoning 20 the lesson. or phrase.Youcanusethispagetoreviewthemainconceptsof To completethissummary,fillintheblankswithcorrectword Visual Summary 19 together toprocessthefoodthatyoueat. The digestiveandexcretorysytemswork 17 energy andbuildingmaterialsforcells. food youeatintonutrientsthatprovide The digestivesystembreaksdownthe Support yourclaimwith evidenceandexplainyourreasoning. Support nt7 Human Body Systems Unit 7 removed bythe broken and down wastes Toby process thissalad, food is are the and mouthare the in takeplace The typesofdigestionthat two Make a claim about the types of wastes that the excretory systemremoves. ofwastesthattheexcretory Make aclaimaboutthetypes Digestion Excretion and

18 the body. The excretorysystemremoveswastefrom from theblood. The remove waste

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (br) ©PhotoDisc/Getty Images Publishing Company Lesson Review LESSON 4 Vocabulary 8 Summarize How do kidneys work with other body systems to maintain Fill in the blank with the term that best homeostasis? completes the following sentences. 1 The system helps the body maintain homeostasis by giving it the nutrients it needs to perform different functions. Use the diagram to answer the following question. 2 The system eliminates cellular waste through the lungs, skin, and 9 Apply Identify the organs numbered below. kidneys. 3 The is the name for the hollow muscular organ that stores urine. 1 2

Key Concepts 3 4 Compare What is the difference between 4 mechanical digestion and chemical digestion in the mouth?

5 Describe Starting with the mouth, describe Critical Thinking the pathway that food takes through the digestive system. 10 Relate Why would damaged kidneys affect your health?

6 Explain How does the circulatory system interact with the digestive system? 11 Claim • Evidence • Reasoning Suppose a person has a small intestine that has fewer villi than normal. Is this person most likely overweight or underweight? Provide evidence to support your claim and explain your answer. 7 Identify Where does urine go after it exits the kidneys?