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Rights, Needs, and the Creation of Ethical Community Natalie Susan Gaines Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College

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Rights, Needs, and the Creation of Ethical Community Natalie Susan Gaines Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2011 Rights, needs, and the creation of ethical community Natalie Susan Gaines Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Gaines, Natalie Susan, "Rights, needs, and the creation of ethical community" (2011). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 2317. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/2317 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. RIGHTS, NEEDS, AND THE CREATION OF ETHICAL COMMUNITY A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Political Science by Natalie Susan Gaines B.A., University of Louisville, 2005 M.A., Louisiana State University, 2008 December 2011 ©Copyright 2011 Natalie Susan Gaines All rights reserved ii To my wonderful parents, Kenneth and Charlotte, without whose unfaltering love and encouragement this dissertation never would have been possible iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I should probably begin by thanking the individual who set me on the road to academia, Dr. Gary L. Gregg, II at the University of Louisville. In my early years as an undergraduate, I was unsure of the path I would take after graduation. Dr. Gregg served as a wonderful mentor and opened my eyes to the vocation of teaching and the excitement of political theory. He first introduced me to the great thinkers of the occidental tradition, and funded my travels to academic conferences where I received my first taste of the Academy. I can honestly say that his early advice and support changed the course of my life. Though it is the role of a dissertation committee to advise and critique the work of its students, the members of my committee have each contributed something exceptional to my growth as a student and scholar. Dr. James C. Garand, despite his occasional attempts to convert me from political theory, has been a wonderful mentor over the past six years. His advice and expertise on matters of empirical scholarship has been priceless, and I am grateful for his insistence that political theorists can be good at statistics, too! However, his advice on matters of life has been the most valuable information of all. My political theory professors at LSU have provided a truly unique learning environment. The ability to engage with scholars from three different and prestigious heritages, and with such diverse opinions, has been an opportunity that few graduate students receive. I am grateful to Dr. G. Ellis Sandoz for his four years of support through the Eric Voegelin Institute. The Voegelin Institute has been a wonderful resource for students at LSU, and I am thankful that I had the opportunity to study, research, and debate within its walls during my time in the department. I am also immensely thankful for the support provided to me by Dr. James R. Stoner. His sponsorship of me for the iv H.B. Earhart Fellowship allowed me to study and write without the burden of occupational requirements. I took my first graduate political theory seminar under Dr. Stoner’s tutelage, and his passion for the discipline solidified my belief that this was what I wanted to do for the rest of my life. Of all the teachers I have ever known, none has cared more about students than Dr. Cecil L. Eubanks. During my time at LSU, Dr. Eubanks has always been a source of reassurance, encouragement, compassion, and wisdom. His counsel, in matters of education, and of life, has been invaluable. He is an exemplary human being and I feel humbled to have had the chance to work with him for the past six years. He has exposed me to new ways thinking, without ever telling me what to think, and he has shown me what it means to be a great teacher and mentor, simply by being one himself. As Emmanuel Levinas teaches us, each individual is singularly responsible for the welfare of the Other. No one understands this more than Dr. Eubanks, and I am forever indebted to him for his devotion to me as a student, scholar, and Other. I once asked him how I could ever repay him for his help and assistance. His response was to someday do the same for my own students. Though I cannot imagine being as profound an influence as he has been, I will certainly spend the rest of my academic career attempting to fulfill his request. I am also indebted to those who have read my dissertation either in part, or in its entirety, and those with whom I have had meaningful and productive discussions regarding my topic. Dr. Eubanks has provided thorough and perceptive feedback every step of the way. Dr. Thomas Laehn (McNeese State), Professor Albert Weale (University College London), Ms. v Jennifer Richard (LSU), and Dr. M. Rodwan Abouharb (University College London) have all provided insightful comments. I must also acknowledge and thank the H.B. Earhart Foundation for its four years of funding while I completed my PhD coursework, received my M.A. and began work on my dissertation. During my time at LSU, I have also been the recipient of the Frank Grace Memorial Fellowship, which helped fund my summer research while in graduate school. I also received conference support from the Department of Political Science and the Graduate School at LSU, as well as from the Emogene Pliner Professorship held by Dr. Garand. I am forever indebted to my parents, Charlotte and Kenneth, for their love and encouragement. I would not be the person I am today without their sacrifices. They always taught me to strive my utmost to succeed, and if unsuccessful, to pick myself up, dust myself off, and begin again with renewed vigor. Their tireless work ethic has always been an inspiration to me, and I am so proud that they are my parents. I am also thankful for my husband, Rod Abouharb for his support. Our many discussions over dinner and coffee about human rights and human needs have contributed greatly to the development of my dissertation. More valuable than these conversations, however, is the simple, quiet encouragement he has always shown. I am thankful to have such a wonderful partner. Finally, I must thank my fat, grey cat, Zeus, without whose companionship I may never have survived my first year of graduate school. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... viii INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER ONE: THE PROBLEMS WITH THE RIGHTS DISCOURSE AND THE PREEXISTING NEEDS- BASED ALTERNATIVES ....................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER TWO: HUMAN POTENTIALITY AND THE ADVANTAGE OF NEEDS ................................ 54 CHAPTER THREE: TOWARD A THEORY OF NEEDS ......................................................................... 98 CHAPTER FOUR : HUMAN NEEDS AND POTENTIALITY IN THE PUBLIC SPHERE ......................... 138 CHAPTER FIVE: THE EXPERIENCE OF NEEDS: PATHOS AND THE IMPETUS TO ACT .................... 179 CONCLUSION: TOWARD ETHICAL COMMUNITY ......................................................................... 218 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................... 228 VITA ............................................................................................................................................ 240 vii ABSTRACT Despite a half-century of dominance by the rights discourse, the supremacy of rights in theories of human obligation has recently come under attack from political theorists. Though scholars have questioned the ability of rights to explain satisfactorily the responsibility we have for the well-being of others, there are few viable alternatives offered. In this dissertation, I argue that a theory of needs provides a better explanation of the intellectual and moral foundations of obligation. Human need is deeply rooted in subjective potentiality, but studies in human psychology have also provided an increasingly universal picture of the needs human beings experience. Of particular importance is Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of need, which asserts that human beings are motivated to fulfill physiological needs , safety needs , love needs , esteem needs , and self-actualization needs . When taken as an understanding of what is required for human flourishing, these needs provide a basis for political considerations. I assert here that legislators, in an effort to secure justice, can base policy on the human needs elaborated upon by Maslow. However, efforts at rationally constructing policy to meet needs, must be complimented by a heightened sense of pathos. By recognizing common human suffering, representatives can better understand the needs of their citizens and they will be more motivated to act on their
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