Conflict Theory 1
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Libertarianism, Culture, and Personal Predispositions
Undergraduate Journal of Psychology 22 Libertarianism, Culture, and Personal Predispositions Ida Hepsø, Scarlet Hernandez, Shir Offsey, & Katherine White Kennesaw State University Abstract The United States has exhibited two potentially connected trends – increasing individualism and increasing interest in libertarian ideology. Previous research on libertarian ideology found higher levels of individualism among libertarians, and cross-cultural research has tied greater individualism to making dispositional attributions and lower altruistic tendencies. Given this, we expected to observe positive correlations between the following variables in the present research: individualism and endorsement of libertarianism, individualism and dispositional attributions, and endorsement of libertarianism and dispositional attributions. We also expected to observe negative correlations between libertarianism and altruism, dispositional attributions and altruism, and individualism and altruism. Survey results from 252 participants confirmed a positive correlation between individualism and libertarianism, a marginally significant positive correlation between libertarianism and dispositional attributions, and a negative correlation between individualism and altruism. These results confirm the connection between libertarianism and individualism observed in previous research and present several intriguing questions for future research on libertarian ideology. Key Words: Libertarianism, individualism, altruism, attributions individualistic, made apparent -
EMMA GOLDMAN, ANARCHISM, and the “AMERICAN DREAM” by Christina Samons
AN AMERICA THAT COULD BE: EMMA GOLDMAN, ANARCHISM, AND THE “AMERICAN DREAM” By Christina Samons The so-called “Gilded Age,” 1865-1901, was a period in American his tory characterized by great progress, but also of great turmoil. The evolving social, political, and economic climate challenged the way of life that had existed in pre-Civil War America as European immigration rose alongside the appearance of the United States’ first big businesses and factories.1 One figure emerges from this era in American history as a forerunner of progressive thought: Emma Goldman. Responding, in part, to the transformations that occurred during the Gilded Age, Goldman gained notoriety as an outspoken advocate of anarchism in speeches throughout the United States and through published essays and pamphlets in anarchist newspapers. Years later, she would synthe size her ideas in collections of essays such as Anarchism and Other Essays, first published in 1917. The purpose of this paper is to contextualize Emma Goldman’s anarchist theory by placing it firmly within the economic, social, and 1 Alan M. Kraut, The Huddled Masses: The Immigrant in American Society, 1880 1921 (Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, 2001), 14. 82 Christina Samons political reality of turn-of-the-twentieth-century America while dem onstrating that her theory is based in a critique of the concept of the “American Dream.” To Goldman, American society had drifted away from the ideal of the “American Dream” due to the institutionalization of exploitation within all aspects of social and political life—namely, economics, religion, and law. The first section of this paper will give a brief account of Emma Goldman’s position within American history at the turn of the twentieth century. -
Conservation and the Myth of Consensus
Essays Conservation and the Myth of Consensus M. NILS PETERSON,∗ MARKUS J. PETERSON,† AND TARLA RAI PETERSON‡ ∗Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 13 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, MI 48824-1222, U.S.A., email [email protected] †Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2258, U.S.A. ‡Department of Communication, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0491, U.S.A. Abstract: Environmental policy makers are embracing consensus-based approaches to environmental de- cision making in an attempt to enhance public participation in conservation and facilitate the potentially incompatible goals of environmental protection and economic growth. Although such approaches may pro- duce positive results in immediate spatial and temporal contexts and under some forms of governance, their overuse has potentially dangerous implications for conservation within many democratic societies. We suggest that environmental decision making rooted in consensus theory leads to the dilution of socially powerful con- servation metaphors and legitimizes current power relationships rooted in unsustainable social constructions of reality. We also suggest an argumentative model of environmental decision making rooted in ecology will facilitate progressive environmental policy by placing the environmental agenda on firmer epistemological ground and legitimizing challenges to current power hegemonies that dictate unsustainable practices. Key Words: democracy, environmental conflict, -
Sociological Functionalist Theory That Shapes the Filipino Social Consciousness in the Philippines
Title: The Missing Sociological Imagination: Sociological Functionalist Theory That Shapes the Filipino Social Consciousness in the Philippines Author: Prof. Kathy Westman, Waubonsee Community College, Sugar Grove, IL Summary: This lesson explores the links on the development of sociology in the Philippines and the sociological consciousness in the country. The assumption is that limited growth of sociological theory is due to the parallel limited growth of social modernity in the Philippines. Therefore, the study of sociology in the Philippines takes on a functionalist orientation limiting development of sociological consciousness on social inequalities. Sociology has not fully emerged from a modernity tool in transforming Philippine society to a conceptual tool that unites Filipino social consciousness on equality. Objectives: 1. Study history of sociology in the Philippines. 2. Assess the application of sociology in context to the Philippine social consciousness. 3. Explore ways in which function over conflict contributes to maintenance of Filipino social order. 4. Apply and analyze the links between the current state of Philippine sociology and the threats on thought and freedoms. 5. Create how sociology in the Philippines can benefit collective social consciousness and of change toward social movements of equality. Content: Social settings shape human consciousness and realities. Sociology developed in western society in which the constructions of thought were unable to explain the late nineteenth century systemic and human conditions. Sociology evolved out of the need for production of thought as a natural product of the social consciousness. Sociology came to the Philippines in a non-organic way. Instead, sociology and the social sciences were brought to the country with the post Spanish American War colonization by the United States. -
A Cross-Sectional Empirical Study of the Policy Perspective of American State Juvenile Justice Law Codes James Mcgaha Iowa State University
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1993 A cross-sectional empirical study of the policy perspective of American state juvenile justice law codes James McGaha Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Criminology Commons, Law Commons, Political Science Commons, and the Social Control, Law, Crime, and Deviance Commons Recommended Citation McGaha, James, "A cross-sectional empirical study of the policy perspective of American state juvenile justice law codes " (1993). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 10843. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/10843 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. U-M-I MICROFILMED 1994 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. -
Ethnicity As a Construct in Leisure Research: a Rejoinder to Gobster
Joumat of Leisure Research Copyright 2007 2007, Voi 39, No. 3, pp. 554-566 National Recreation and Park Association Ethnicity as a Construct in Leisure Research: A Rejoinder to Gobster Garry Chick The Pennsylvania State University Chieh-lu Li The University of Hong Kong Harry C. Zinn The Pennsylvania State University James D. Absher The USDA Forest Service Alan R. Graefe The Pennsylvania State University Gobster addresses several issues in our paper. These include, first, a suggestion that the measure of cultural values that we used is not appropriate for understanding possible variations in racial and ethnic patterns of' outdoor leisure preferences and behavior. He claims, as well, that we limit our use of ethnicity to alleged cultural differences among groups and, specifically, to cultural values, unlike what most leisure researchers have done. Second, Gobster questions our concern with the use of common racial and ethnic labels because these are part and parcel of the way in which people look at others. Third, grouping people by racial and ethnic labels has often contrib- uted to social justice. Fourth, ethnic groups in the U.S. are growing and what may have been small differences between groups in the past may be mag- nified in the future due to these demographic shifts. Fifth, research is con- strained by resources that limit sampling designs and, therefore, collapsing smaller ethnic and/or racial groups into larger ones may be required for statistical comparisons of adequate power to be made. Sixth, Gobster ex- presses concern over our use of' cultural consensus analysis, a single method, in claiming that ethnicity may not be a useful concept. -
Coser 1957.Pdf
Social Conflict and the Theory of Social Change Author(s): Lewis A. Coser Source: The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Sep., 1957), pp. 197-207 Published by: Wiley on behalf of The London School of Economics and Political Science Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/586859 . Accessed: 14/11/2013 12:31 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley and The London School of Economics and Political Science are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The British Journal of Sociology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.210.85.113 on Thu, 14 Nov 2013 12:31:44 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SOCIAL CONFLICTAND THE THEORY OF SOCIAL CHANGE LewisA. Coser r NHIS paperattempts to examinesome of the functionsof social conflict in the processof social change. I shallfirst deal with i somefunctions of conflictwithin social systems, more specifically with its relationto institutionalrigidities, technical progress and pro- ductivity, and will then concernourselves with the relation between social conflictand the changesof social systems. A centralobservation of GeorgeSorel in hisReflections onViolence which has not as yet been accordedsufficient attention by sociologistsmay serve us as a convenientspringboard. -
A Review of the Social Science Literature on the Causes of Conflict
Research Report Understanding Conflict Trends A Review of the Social Science Literature on the Causes of Conflict Stephen Watts, Jennifer Kavanagh, Bryan Frederick, Tova C. Norlen, Angela O’Mahony, Phoenix Voorhies, Thomas S. Szayna Prepared for the United States Army Approved for public release; distribution unlimited ARROYO CENTER For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/rr1063z1 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2017 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface The recent spike in violence in places like Syria, Ukraine, and Yemen notwithstanding, the number of conflicts worldwide has fallen since the end of the Cold War, and few of those that remain are clashes between states. -
Critical Theory, Community Music Therapy and Conflict Transformation
Critical Theory, Community Music Therapy and Conflict Transformation: A Critical Review of the Literature A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Drexel University by Zein Hassanein in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Creative Arts in Therapy – Music Therapy Department of Creative Arts Therapy May 2018 iii © Copyright 2018 Zein Hassanein. All Rights Reserved ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank firstly, my parents, Jodi and Adly, for having a little idea. Thanks to my brother and sister, Karim and Amber, for all of your faith. You believe in me more than I believe in myself. Thanks to Kate for being the best thesis advisor I could have asked for. I always felt like my ideas were important because of you. Thanks to Janelle for all of your incredible feedback, and the inspiring work you have done. Thanks to Flossie and Scott for everything you have taught me. You were always there when I needed you. Thanks to all my other professors and supervisors, I want to grow up to be like all of you one day. Thanks to my classmates. I learned just as much from all of you as I did from the professors. Thank you to my Seeds of Peace family for being the “seed” for this capstone Thanks to my friends for being ok with me not hanging out with you while I worked on this and continuously asking me to explain my thesis, it was really good practice for trying to conceptualize it all. iii Table of Contents 1. -
Contemporary Theories of Conflict and Their Social and Political Implications
3 Contemporary Theories of Conflict and their Social and Political Implications Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo Introduction: Objectives and General Issues Africa’s Great Lakes region has been known in the past four decades or so – as an area of violent conflict. An advanced research project on this region has to start with some reflections on theories of conflicts, as some parts of this region have been characterised by a devastating disease which has resulted in loss of human lives, degradation of the environment, pillage, banditry, rape of women and girls, and a general political instability of high magnitude. To explain what has happened, we need to build a good explanatory tool. The beginning of wisdom is to be aware of one’s limits of knowledge and be certain of one’s areas of strength. For easy understanding, this chapter is divided into several sections. The first section describes the main objectives, clarifies the term ‘contemporary’ and raises general issues regarding the relevance or irrelevance of theories in this research project. The second section discusses the approaches used in the work; while the third, elaborates on theories of conflict, as well as their claims, assumptions and possible social and political implications. The study ends with some brief recommendations about these theories. Let me start by saying that we cannot change all the phenomena around us or those things that are far from us – things we do not know about, or understand. We cannot explain social phenomena effectively without building some systematic and testable tools of explanations. Empiricism is central to building a critical theory. -
Social Conflict
Social conflict Michel Wieviorka l’Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, France abstract Numerous approaches in the social sciences either refuse to consider or minimize the impor - tance of conflict in community, or else replace it with a Spencerian vision of the social struggle. Between these two extremes there is considerable space for us to consider conflict as a relationship; this is what differentiates it from modes of behaviour involving war and rupture. Sociology suggests different ways of differentiating various modes of social conflict. The question is not only theoretical. It is also empirical and historical: have we not moved, in a certain number of countries at least, from the industrial era dom - inated by a structural social conflict in which the working-class movement confronted the masters of labour, to a new era dominated by other types of conflict with distinctly more cultural orientations? Whatever the type of analysis, the very concept of conflict must be clearly distinguished from that of crisis, even if materially the two coexist in social reality. keywords action ◆ class struggle ◆ crisis ◆ social conflict ◆ social movements ◆ violence Is social conflict central to social life? Numerous approaches in the social sciences consider does Ludwig Gumplowicz (1883), who spoke of the that society constitutes an entity or a whole and ‘struggle of the races’. emphasize its political unity, which may often be rep - By refusing to adopt either of these two types of resented by the state, and its cultural and historical vision, at least in their most extreme versions, by unity, to which the idea of nation frequently refers. -
Was the Inca Empire a Socialist State? A
INCA EMPIRE 55 WAS THE INCA EMPIRE A SOCIALIST STATE? A HISTORICAL DISCUSSION meadow, and they tilled in common a portion of the agricultural land for the support of the chief, the cult 2 Kevin R. Harris and the aged. However, not all land was used for communal purposes all Before the Spanish conquest of the Americas in the fifteenth and the time. Sometimes individual members of the community used sixteenth centuries, the Inca Empire spread down much of the the land for a period of time for personal use. Llamas and modern South American coast in the Andes Mountains. The alpacas also grazed on the land. These large animals were used empire consisted of more than ten million inhabitants and had, for work and their wool was used to make clothing in the Inca 3 at the time, a very unique political and economic system. The State. When a common couple was married the community 4 government divided land and animals amongst members of the built them a modest house. It was a custom in Incan society for nation, not necessarily equally, and a system was in place to take people to help others in the community who were in need. care of the elderly and sick. Social scientists have been debating “People were expected to lend their labor to cultivate neighbors’ how to classify the Inca Empire for centuries. Arguments have land, and expected that neighbors would help them in due been made which classified the Inca Empire as a socialist state. course. All capable people were collaborated to support the Many elements of socialism existed in the Inca Empire, but can incapable—orphans, widows, the sick—with food and 5 the state really be classified as socialistic? housing.” Inca commoners expected this courtesy from their The Incas moved into the area which is now known as the neighbors.