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Effects of Fire Regimes on Terrestrial Biodiversity in Gippsland, Victoria: a Retrospective Approach

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Effects of Fire Regimes on Terrestrial Biodiversity in Gippsland, Victoria: a Retrospective Approach Effects of fire regimes on terrestrial biodiversity in Gippsland, Victoria: a retrospective approach © The State of Victoria Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning 2015 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia licence. You are free to re-use the work under that licence, on the condition that you credit the State of Victoria as author. The licence does not apply to any images, photographs or branding, including the Victorian Coat of Arms, the Victorian Government logo and the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning logo. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en Accessibility If you would like to receive this publication in an alternative format, please telephone the DELWP Customer Service Centre on 136186, email [email protected] or via the National Relay Service on 133 677 www.relayservice.com.au. This document is also available on the internet at www.delwp.vic.gov.au Disclaimer This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication. Report produced by: Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research. Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning. PO Box 137 Heidelberg, Victoria 3084. Phone (03) 9450 8600. Website: www.delwp.vic.gov.au/ari. Citation: Muir, A., MacHunter, J., Bruce, M., Moloney, P., Kyle, G., Stamation, K., Bluff, L., Macak, P., Liu, C., Sutter, G., Cheal, D., & Loyn, R. (2015) Effects of fire regimes on terrestrial biodiversity in Gippsland, Victoria: a retrospective approach. Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg, Victoria, for Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Melbourne, Victoria. ISBN 978-1-74146-570-9 (pdf) Front cover photos: From top left clockwise: Brown Thornbill, Acanthiza pusilla (L. Bluff); A stand of Bottlebrush Callistemon sp. resprouting following a 2009 planned burn in Croajingolong National Park (L. Bluff); A site dominated by Austral Bracken Pteridium esculentum and Silvertop Ash Eucalyptus sieberi - this is one of the most frequently-burnt sites in the study, having experienced three bushfires followed by three prescribed burns since 1966. (L. Bluff); Spotted Quail-thrush, Cinclosoma punctatum (L. Bluff); Short-beaked Echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus (automated camera). Effects of fire regimes on terrestrial biodiversity in Gippsland, Victoria: a retrospective approach Annette Muir, Josephine MacHunter, Matthew Bruce, Paul Moloney, Garreth Kyle, Kasey Stamation, Lucas Bluff, Phoebe Macak, Canran Liu, Geoff Sutter, David Cheal and Richard Loyn Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research February 2015 Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning 123 Brown Street, Heidelberg, Victoria Contents List of tables and figures vi List of tables vi List of figures vii Acknowledgements ix Summary x 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Fire management and biodiversity 1 1.2 This project 2 1.2.1 Objectives .................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 Location and scope ...................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.4 This report .................................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Methods 5 2.1 Study area stratification 5 2.1.1 Selection of study area ................................................................................................................................ 5 2.1.2 Forest types and environmental attributes ................................................................................................... 5 2.1.3 Fire regimes ................................................................................................................................................. 6 2.2 Site selection 7 2.2.1 Site selection procedures ............................................................................................................................. 7 2.2.2 Fire history verification ................................................................................................................................. 7 2.3 Database 9 2.3.1 Database design and structure .................................................................................................................... 9 2.3.2 Database tables ........................................................................................................................................... 9 2.4 Vascular flora surveys 10 2.4.1 Flora survey site stratification and replication ............................................................................................ 10 2.4.2 Measurement variables and sampling design ............................................................................................ 10 2.4.3 Field procedures and plant identifications .................................................................................................. 11 2.4.4 Plant functional types and frequency calculation ....................................................................................... 11 2.4.5 Data analyses ............................................................................................................................................ 12 2.5 Diurnal bird surveys 14 2.5.1 Bird survey site stratification and replication .............................................................................................. 14 2.5.2 Bird survey technique and metrics ............................................................................................................. 15 2.5.3 Bird guilds .................................................................................................................................................. 16 2.5.4 Data analyses ............................................................................................................................................ 16 2.6 Ground-dwelling mammal surveys 17 2.6.1 Site stratification and replication ................................................................................................................ 17 2.6.2 Mammal survey technique ......................................................................................................................... 18 2.6.3 Equipment and site setup........................................................................................................................... 19 2.6.4 Photo Identification and Data Analyses ..................................................................................................... 19 Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research iii 3. Results 21 3.1 Vascular flora 21 3.1.1 Flora data summary ................................................................................................................................... 21 3.1.2 Model selection .......................................................................................................................................... 21 3.1.3 Relationships between plant functional types and fire history .................................................................... 23 3.2 Diurnal birds 27 3.2.1 Bird data summary ..................................................................................................................................... 27 3.2.2 Observer variation ...................................................................................................................................... 28 3.2.3 Models of bird guilds and fire regime ......................................................................................................... 28 3.3 Ground-dwelling mammals 33 3.3.1 Camera data summary............................................................................................................................... 33 3.3.2 Model fit, occupancy and detection probability estimates .......................................................................... 33 3.3.3 Relationship between occupancy and fire history ...................................................................................... 34 3.3.4 Relationship between detection probability and fire history........................................................................ 34 4. Discussion 36 4.1 Vascular flora 36 4.1.1 Relationships between plant functional types and fire variables ................................................................ 36 4.2 Diurnal birds 37 4.2.1 Relationships between bird guilds and fire variables ................................................................................. 37 4.3 Ground-dwelling mammals 39 4.3.1 Relationships between ground-dwelling mammals and fire variables ........................................................ 39 4.5 Implications for fire management 40 4.5.1 Flora ........................................................................................................................................................... 40 4.5.2 Birds ..........................................................................................................................................................
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