PEKI L7 I April 28, 1978

Refuting a Wrong Assessment lI Of Literature and Art 4 New Yictory for Ponomonion A People

-{k Railwoys: Labour Emulation Drive PEKING Yol. 21, No. t7 April 28, t9llt

REVIEW Published in Englist5 French, Spanish, Japance, German, Arabic and th d, [^.e Poriuguese editions TBEUINd aIoUBAo

CONTENTS

I}IE WEEX

Upswing in lndustriol Production :

ARIICIES AND DOCUMENTS Press On Wth the Three Greot Revolutionory Movements Simultoneously - Remrfin &iboo editoriol 1 Refuting o Wrong Asscssment of Literoturc ond Art-Criticizing the "gong of . four's" follocy of "dictotorship of o sinister line" 7 Rotlficotion of New Ponomo Conol Treoty: Ncw Uictory lor Ponomonion peoplc fi Chinese Press Survey: For the Welfore of tha Mosses 13 Roilwoy (l): lobour Emulotion Driuc--Our Correspondents [i Mu ond Hsiong Jun! 11 For Your Reference: Centensiy .of Chinese Roilwuys 17 lnequitoble Economic Order: World Groin ftoduaion ond the Reloted Struggle n Sports: Third Aslon Bodminton tnvitotion Chompionships 2, Competition Results 23 The World Bodminton Federotion 21 Reminiscences: Edgor Snow ond His "Red Stor Over Chino"-Chiong Shon I

rOUNb IHE WORTD 28 Democrotic Kompucheo: Third Anniversory Zimbobwe: Dor-es-Soloom Tolks

Jopon-soviet Fishery Agreement: Jopon Forced to Moke Concessions

ON THE HOME FNON

Chlno's Recoveroble Sotellites ' Nerrrr Housing in Shonghoi Lorgest Protected Noturol Resere

Publlshed every Fridoy by PEKING REVIE\A/, Peking p7), Chino Post Offlce Reglstrction No, 2-*t2, Printed ln the P€ople's Republic of Chino THE WEEK

Upswing in lnduslrial were all overfulfilled in the creases over the same 1977 production of steel, pig iron, period. Production rolled steel, eight kinds of non- The leading member of th'e Total industriql oufpu1 yslus ferrous rnetals, power, crudp State Economic Commission in Shanghai, China's largest oil, coal, timber, chemical fer- pointed out that the implemen- industrial city, in the first tilizer, sulphuric acid, caustic tation of the gUidelines of the quarter of this year topped_all soda, cement, chemical fibre, Fifth National People's' Con- previous records for the same paper, cardboard and in the Vol- gress and. the ex$osure and period by 26 per cent. Produc- ume of railway freight trans- critieism of the 'gang's sabo- tion of over 40 kinds of maj6r port. Compared with the same tage are a powerful impetus to industrial goods outstripped the period of last year, the output industrial prodqction. Szechuari, targets set by the state plan. of crude oil, for example, in- Yunnan, Honan, Chekiang and As for tlre various provihces, creased by 10.3 per cent, while Kiangsi Provinces' total' indrx- municipalities and autonomous natural gas rose by 15.1 per cent, trial output in the'first quar- regions, gross industrial output coal by 26.8 per cent, and chem- ter regii,stered increases of 30 value in the first guarter also ical fertilizer, pesticides and per cent and more compared showed a big increase over that tractors by over 50 pef cent. The with the eorresponding period of. the same period of last year volume of railway freight trans- of last year. Industrial de- and hit an all-time high. This port topped that of the same partments convened a series speedy growth of industrial period of last year.by 30.2 per of conferences; socialist em- production has been'sustained cent. . ulation campaigns were launch- since the beginning of April. The metallurgical industry ed between factories, and A leading member of the which , was seriously under- the workers' initiative is soar- State Ecdnomic Commission mined by the "gang of four" is ing. AI1 this accounts for the declared'that the state plan fgrging ahead too. Ou'tput of growth of industrial production. for the first quarter was steel, pig iron, iron ore, rolled fulfilled extremely steel, IN THE NEWS well - major .varieties of steel something .seldom seen before products and eight kinds of o Keng Piao, Member of the since the founding of New non-ferrous metals in the first Political Bureau and Head of China. Quotas set by the state three months chalked'up big in- the International Liaison De- partment of the Central Com- mittee of the Communist Party of Cilina, on April20 met with a delegation of the Marxist- Leninist Revoluti6nary Com- munist Party of France led by its General Secretary Cluzot. o Li Hsien-nien, Vice-Chair- man of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and Keng Piao, Member of the Political Bureau of the C.P.C. Central Corirmittee, on April 21 met with a delegation of the Central Committee of the Porbrgiuese Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist) Ied by its General Secretary Heduino Assembllng mhlag mochlnes rit Honan Provlnce's Pindlngshan Coal Mlne. Vilar.

Aptil 28, 1978 Press 0n Uith the Three Great fieuolutionary tloYements $imultaneously llll!lllInilllrllllll!llllllllllililr!llillltllllilllllllllIlllllIIillllllrIIIIllilllltIrIrllllllr!

\YfE must grasp the three great revolutionary provide further exposition of the significance of W *or"*unts of class struggle, the struggle the three great revolutionary movdments and for production and scientific experiment at the the dialectical relationship between them, and same time; this is of vital importance for ful- call on us to be good at combining the three filling the general task in the new period of movements and to persist in so doing. development* to build China into a powerful The three great revolutionary movements socialist country. nare integral parts of the continued revolution Chairman Mao consistently stressed the need under the dictatorship of the proletariat. They to press on with all three movements together. are independent of each other in a relative sense, With the smashing of the "gang of four," the each has its own characteristics and laws of Party Central Committee headed by Chairman development, and they are not iriterchangeable. Hua has taken firm hold of the class struggle to They are interconnected, are conditioned by expose and repudiate the "gang of four," has each other and promote each other's develop- drawn up very concrete plans for developing the ment. The "gang of four," putting up an ultra- national economy and economic work including "Left" facade, muddled the people's thinking by agriculture and industry, communieations and spreading the notion that class struggle covers transport, finance and trade and effectively everything. They would not let the people promoted the development of the country's undertake any one of the three great revolu- science, culture and education. They have set tionary movements, in order to give themselves splendid examples of grasping the three great a free hand in plotting to usurp Party and state revolutionary movements simultaneously. Chair- power and conducting a bourgeois class struggle firan Hua's report on the work of the government against the proletariat. at the Fifth National People's Congress and'his Class struggle is the key link among the speech at the National Science Conference three great revolutionary movements and the advancing the socialisl * general direct motive force in fhe task in the new period of de- - velopment isr To firmly carry out the line of the revolution and socialist construction. lbis key llth Party Congress, steadfastly Continue the rev- link must be grasped at all times in carrying out proletariat, olution under the dictatorship of the the general task. "Taking class struggle as the deepen the three great revolutionary movements Ot class strugglg the struggle for production anil key link" is something entirely different from scientific experiment, and make China a great and what the "gang of four" advocated. Ttrey used powerful socialist country modern with a6ricul- it to persecute people so as to attain their crim- ture, industry, national detence and science and technology by the end of the century. inal aim of usurping Party and state power.

Reoiew, No. 77 4 Peking Class struggle as the key link means paying close duction well is one,of the fundamental tasks of attention to the struggle between the two classes, the dictatorship of the proletariat. With polit- the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, and the ical power in the hands of the proletariat, eactr struggle between socialist and capitalist roads. step in developing production becomes a mate- At present and for some time to come, it means rial force for struggling against capitalist res- the struggle to expose and repudiate the "gang toration and strengthens the material basis of of four." Only by grasping this key link can the dictatorship of the proletariat. If we do we keep to the socialist orientation, arouse the not pay attention to tlre struggle for production, revolutionary determination of the people, clear how will we get food or clothing, let alone go away obstacles to the four modernizations and in for socialist cronstruction or consolidating the promote production, construction and scientific dictatorship of the proletariat? Ordinary at- experiment. tention to production or satisfaction with devel- oping production at ordinary speed will not do. While the "gang of four" were running We must bring the superiority of the socialist amuck, China's national economy approached. system into full play so that production devel- the brink of collapse. The gap between China's ops at high speed. Chairman Hua has pointed level of science and technolggy and the world's out: question of the speed of construction advanced "level, which had been gradually nar- "The is a political rather than a purely economic ques- rowed, was widened again. Failure to take cliass tion. When viewed in the light of the interna- struggle as the key link and to overthrow the tional class struggle, the political nature of this "gang of four" would have rneant that China's question stands out still more sharply." The socialist economy and science, education and "gang of four" kept distorting this question, culture could not go ahead. Nottr, the "gang of '' saying: will automatically rise four" has been overthrown, but class struggle is "Production when revolution is carried out well," ttit is all by no means over. lhe gang's pernicious in- right for production to go down so long as we fluence has not been eliminated. The ferocious do a good job in revolution," and would attack of the capitalist forces against the soeiali,st "we rhther have a low socialist rate of economic cause would not cease. Under the circumstances, growth." All this is nothing but reactionary if we neglect the struggle of expcing and c'rit- nonsense which stands diametrically opposed to icizing the "gang of fout'' the least bit, or if we the basic principle of Marxism. We adhere to let the gang's peraicious infltrence bind us hand principle grasping revolution and and foot or interfere with our work, then our the of promoting production, holding that revolu- dictatorship ttre proletariat will be weakened of tion can surely promote production but and undermined, and it will be exceedingly dif- cannot replace the latter. Ttre struggle ficult for us to push forward ttre national econ- for production hag its own laws. The organiza- omy, to develop scienee and technology and to tion of modern large-scale pfoduction is .improve othgr work. In order to unfold the complex and difficult. In the new period of struggle for production and scientific experi- development much of our daily work consists of ment, we must firrnly adhere to the Party's basic production tasks. Chairman Mao stipulated that line, carry the struggle of exposing and criticiz- Party committees at the county level and above ing the of fo!r" and the struggle against "gang should pay attention to socialist industry and so revisionish and capitalism through to the end, cialist agriculture, and laid down many detailed strengthen the political and ideological work of and concrete rules in this connection. We must the proletariat and do these in close conjunction act in accordance with Chairman Mao's instruc- with the struggle for production and scientific tions, make earnest efforts to carry out the ten- experiment. year plan for the development of the national The struggle for production is the basic ac- economy and the anriual state plans. Economic tivity of human society. To develop production work must be done in a more and more metic- at high speed by grasping the struggle for pro- ulous, deep-going, practical and scientific way.

Ayril 28, 1978 ., , j':.''r Scientific experiment is an important com- sciegtific and technologiial front, the strengthen- ponent .oi the three great revolutionary move- ing oI political and ideological work, the imple- ments. Advances in science and technology, mentation of the arty's policy toward intellec- which are part of the productive for0es, raise tuals, the expansion of scientific research insti' labour productivity greatly, give a new look to tutes and thq cultivation of a contingent of p'roduction and cause. revolutionary changes in scientists' and technicians, the.drawing up and people's minds and in the social system. Science carrying out of plars for scientific researctr, the 4ird technology are a great revolutionary force, guaranteeing of supplies, the widespreaQ appli- one that propels history forward. The moderni- cation of the results of scientifis researclL'end zation of industry, agriculture and national de- the popularization of scientific knowledge. All fence calls for the most advanced science and this requires the serious attention of the Party technology. Therefore, the key to the four committees at all levels modernizations lies in the modernization of Chairman Mao taught us in real earnestness: science and technology. Marxism teaches us "Class struggle, the struggle for production and that a great abundance of Social products is an scientific experiment are the three,great revolu- important condition for eliminating the differ- tionary movements for building a mighty so- ences between town and country, industry and cialist country. These movdments aie a sure agriculture, and mental and.manual labour, for guarantee that Communists *iit U" free from abolishing classes, advancing to communism and bureaucracy and immune against revislonism implementing the principle .of "from each ac- and dogmatism, and will for ever remain invin- cording to his ability, to each according to his cible. They are a reliable guaranted ttrai the needs." The realization of this depends on an proletariat will be able to unite with the broad - extreynely high development in science and working masses and realize a democratic dicta- technology. In tfre absence of scientific experi- torship." We must comprehend the deep signif- ment and new technique, we will not be able icance of this instruction from the high plane to raise labour productivity by a big margin, or of continuing the revolution under the dictator- to demonstrate the superiority of our socialist ship of the .proletariat, of opposing and pre- system. Backwardness will place us in a'posi.: 'tion venting revisionism and of colsolidating this of being pushed. around. This is a cardinal dictatorship, so that we,will be more conscious question on which hinges. the whole socialist of and firm in grasping all three great revolu- cause and the destiny and future of our country. tionary movements together. Leading cadres at The "gang of four" practised. obscurantism, various levels must not only stand on the fore- negating scientific experiment and the part play- front of class struggle, but as Chairman Mao ' ed by scientific and technical personnel, claiming had always instructed, take part in productive that "the more knowledgeable, the more reac- labour and scientific experiment together with tionary" and that "it's preferable to have labour- the masses. This is of fundamental importance ers witli no culture." Scientific and technological for the socialist system. work .in China were thus seriously affected press and they remain the weak link in the three A new Long March has begun. Let us great revolutionary movements. Now the Party on with the three great revolutionary movements production Central Committee has great determination, of class struggle, the struggle for and scientific and technical personnel and other peo- scientific experiment in earnest, and march for- ple are full of enthusiasm, and they earnestly ward towards the realization of the grand goal demand that Party committees at all level^s of building China into a modern, powedul so- strengthen their leadership over scientific and cialist country! technical work. This includes implementation (An abri,il,ged, translatiore of a "Ruimin of the Party's line, principles and policies on the Riboo" eilitor:ral, Aptil 22)

6 Peking Reuieus, No. 77 ,Refuting a Wrong Assessment Of Literature and Art

Ctiticizing the "gong of four's- follocy of "dictotorship - of o sinister line"

IfOW [terature and art during the l7 years wing literary and art movement of the' 30s' II from nationwide liberation in 1949 to the This, in effect, denigrated not only the achieve- beginning oJ the Great Cultural Revolution in ments in literatuie and art in the 17 post- 1966 shoirld be evaluated'is a maior question liberation years but the proletarian literary and whose significance reaches beyond the sphere artr moveinent led by our Party over the last of literature and art. The "gang of four" had h4i century. Second, they asserted that there declared categorically that during that peiiod were no proletarian literature and art in the literature and art was unden the "dictatorship' 100 years from 18?1 when Eugene Pottier wrote of a sinister line," that is, d bourgeois or a The Intemationole until the revolution in Peking revisionist line.had erercised dictatorship over 'opera; proletarian literature and art started the proletariat. onlyl with the advent of the revolution in petiing opera in the 60s, for which Chiang Ching Odgin claimed credit. In early 1966, when the Cultural Revolu- tion was iu the olfing and a battle royal between Terrible Conlequenccc Chairman Meo's nevolutionary line and Liu In the decade and more when the "gang of Shao-ctri's revisionist line sas shaping . up, four[ had the literary and art circles and the Chiang Ching hurried off to meet Lin Piao in media in their grip, this "dictatorship of a the east China city of Soochow. There, Lin sinister line" was their "theoretical basis"' for Piao, who was then in enarye of tlre Military wilfully persecuting literary and art workers Commission of the Party Central Commlttee, and negating literary and art works. arranged for Chiang Ching to hold a "forum" on literary and art work in the amy. (There Large numbers of writers and artists were is a contingent of professional and amateur maligned as "followers of the sinister line" and writers, actors and actresses and other cultural forced to stop work. A number of outstanding workers in the Chinese People's Liberation literary and art workers were cruelly persecuted ' Army who make'uB an important force in litera- . on groundless charges and some were hounded

ture and art.) , to their death. At the meeting Chiang Ching said explicitly Most postJibelation poems, novels, moyies, that t}ere had been "a sinister anti-Party and plays, the fine arts and music were labelled , anti-socialist line" in the literary and art circles "poisonous weeds.t' Fine ctrassical and foreigSr ever sinoe the founding of the Peop1e's Beprrblic. works were banned. Many local operas and . "ft'has had us under its dictatorship ior 1? folk arts disappearid. Chinese minority years,'i she declared, "and it's got to stop. It's nationalities love to'sing anfl dance but at one high time we exercised dietatorship over them!" stage radios in Sinkiang, Inner Mongolia, fibet' comtrract Later, Chang Chun-chiao, another member and Yenpien, where Koreans live'in to broadcast only of the "gang of four," and Chen Peta, Lin communities, were allowed Edo' cohort, 'came up with two absurd a few local folk songs. Diverse creative and clairns: First, they alleged thgt the sin- performing styles were prohibited in compliance isten line could be traced back !9 the teft- with Chiang Ching's absurd clairn that "we ? April 28, 7978 don't need so many styles, we'need only the the Great Prolet4rian Cultural Revolution was revolutionary style." for "one dynasty superseding anbther." On the basis of negating every achievement Correct Assessment - made in the l.? post-liberation years, Chiang The "gang of four" was always flaunting Ching and company rigged up an autocratic the banner of Chairman Mao, while in actual bourgeois factional setup of sycophantic follow- fact they were quoting his teachings out of con- ers in the literary and art circles. The one- text, distorting and adulterating them to con- time Minister of Culture, Yu Hui-yung, was one fuse people's minds. So, in order to correctly of the gang's lieutenants. The gang kept alight assess. China's Iiterature and art over.the past grip over the literary and art circles and on all several decades, a comprehensive and correct important questions what they said went. They understanding of Chairman Mao's insfructions even imposed a series of fantastic "theories" on at various stages is necessary. how to write and the'Chinese literary and art Before Liberation. Marxism spread to China field was devastated. The few works which after the Russian October Revolution of 1g1? did manage to appear were stereotyped and as the new-democratic revolution led hackwork. To make the matter worse, the gang by the proletariat gained gtound, it brought proletarian cooked up works centring on the struggle against 'erary in its wake the lit- "capitalist-roaders" in co-ordination with their and art movement. In his On Neut attempt to usurp Party and state leadership Demooacy and ?ollcs at the Yenan Fonmt. under the pretext of "combating the capitalist- on Literature and, .{rt, wrrtten in the 40s, roaders." Chairman Mao made an assessment of this move- ment in the past few decades. He spoke highly The "gang of four" also extended the of the anti-imperialist, anti-feudal new cultural application of their theory of the "dictatorship movement with Lu Hsun (1881-1936), a great of a sinister line" to education, journalism, prop- man of letters, as the standard-bearer. "Litera- aganda, publishing and other fields. Chiang ture and art have been an important and Ching, declared Chen Po-ta in a report, wanted successful part of the cultural front since the to make a "revolutionary breakthrough" first in May 4th Moyement [1919]," he said. The Chair- the sphere of literature and art. Their negation man also approved the Left-wing literary and of all pre-Cultural Revolution achievements in art movement of the 30s when he said: "During China's socialist revolution and construction the ten years'civil war [1927-371, the revolution- was aimed at completely overthrowing the dic- ary lilerature and art movement grew rapidly. tatorship of the proletariat in China and seizing That movement and the revolutionary war both the reins of power. As Chang Chun-driao said, headed in the same general direction."

Lelt: Lllertry and art circles come to llfe again with the downfall of the "gang of four." Ilere, Tang Iung, an old painter, is wiih chiklren art enthusiests. Mid,ille: Famous actress Chang Jui-fang (seconil from ri.ghtl sterring in a new feature film of the Pehing Film Studio. Right: Tb'e famous Kunchu opetz, Fitteen Strings ol Cash, is restaged elter being banned by the ganSl for many years. China's proletarian literary and art move- was carried forward after the founding of the ment took on a new look under the guidance of People's Republic in 1949 and a contingent of Chairman Mao's 1942 Yenan talks. Driuen to veteran literary and art workers became the Join the Liangshan Mowttain Reb'els, a Peking baekbone force of New China's literature and opera about a l2th-century peasant uprising, art. was one immediate success. With this opera, After Liberation. New China's literature and created by amateur workers Yenan, art in "a art have all along developed under the guidance new life is opening up for the old opera," Chair- of Chairman Mao's thinking on literature and man Mao said. This was an "epoch-making art and with Premier help and his careful beginning in the revolutionization of the old Chou's good good works otr)era," he pointed out. Another example was attention. Many or fairly the full-length opera The White-Haired Girl, appeared after liberation. Chairman Mao's which is an exposure of the harsh revolutionary line was always dominant, in exploitation of the peasants by the landlords spite of interference and sabotage by Liu and depicts the fight put up by the peasants. Shao-chi's revisionist line and although the This absorbing work incorporated local musical struggle was very acute. idioms and used elements from Chinese In 1951, Chairman Mao launched a criticism widely and Western opera. It has been of The Life of Wu Hsun, a film trumpeting acclaimed since it first appeared in 1945. capitulation to the landlord class and the The road forward, of course, was not bourgeoisie. In summarizing the nation's work without its 'ups and downs. The proletarian the same year, Chairman Mao pointed out: "Our literary and art movement has been accom- work of rehabilitation and development in the panied all the way by the struggle between the spheres of economic construction, culture and two lines, the Marxist and the revisionist. In education has also taken a big stride forward." his Yenan talks Chairman Mao had criticized all Then in 1954, in tris Letter Conceming the sorts of mistaken ideas and tendencies current Stuity of "The Drearn of the Red Chamber," then, but he was not denying the achievements. Chairman Mao criticized bourgeois idealism. Nurtured by Chairman Mao's thinking on "We have dealt them [the bourgeoisieJ severe literature and art, a fine tradition in Chinese blows and are continuing to deal them crushing literature and art was formed over the long ones," said Chairman Mao afterwards in affirm- years of revolutionary war. Many excellent ing the nationwide criticism campaign. works were brought forth which sang the Half a year later saw Chairman Mao launch praise of the worker-peasant revolution and the the struggle against the Hu Feng clique. The War of Resistance Against Japan. This tradition struggle ended with the exposure of a counter-

Lett: A scene from o oomedy staged li Llooning, whlch exposes ..gang herolze I polltlcsl gcoundrel how the of tour" who hands ln an unaogrrrered examinatlon peper. Miititle: yco Hsueh-yln, euthor of Ll Tzu-chOng, o hlstorical novel about a l?th-century peasant uprlsing in Chtna. Right: Chans Tlen-mln (seconil rlghtl, the young scenario-wrltet ot Pioneers, a film depieilng the openlng of ine tachin! Ot[ielal, soltctts optnlons on his other work about the llfe of oll workers. revolutionary faction lurking in the revolu- not reflected the socialist revolution and tionary camp. Hu Feng, masquerading as a socialist construction, he warned: "Unless they writer, was the faction's ringleader. As a result remould themselves in real earnest," "at of the struggle, Party leadership in the sphere some future date they are bound to become of llteratrrfc ond art was strengthened. groups like the Hungarian Petofi Club." The battle against the bourgeois Rightists Acting on these directives, Premier Chou in 195? was fairly acute as far as the sphere of encouraged literary and art workers to study lltcrature and art was concerned. Chairman again Chairman Mao's 1942 Yenan talks and Mao pointed out that this thoroughgoing ideolog- do their best to put what Chairman Mao had ical and political revolution on a nationwide said into practice. "Keep working, keep study- ecale blazed the trail for the further develop- ing and keep transforming your world outlook ment of proletarian literature and art. He set until you breathe your last,'l the Premier forth the principle of "letting a hundred flowers exhdrted them. He said that "revisionist poison- blossom and a hundred schools of thought ous weeds must be uprooted whenever they contend," and emphasized the creative method emerge." He also pointed out that in the next of combining t'evolutionary realism with revo- five years, all comrades should spend three- lutionary romanticlsm. All this has a great and fifths or two-thirds of the time, or at least two ter-reaching influence dpon China's proletarian and d half years, among the masses, living with literary and art movement. them and remoulding their own world outlook. In the 00s. After 1968, the year of the Big Leap The majority of literary and art workers Forward, China was struck by three successive earnestly went about overcoming their short- years of natural calamities. Aceompanying the comings. The struggie to criticize revisionism antl-China adverse wind blowing through the got under way and large numbers of literary and world, Liu Shao-chi's revisionist line grew even art workers went out among the workers, more virulent; The situation in the field peasants and soldiers. There was a vigorous sf literature and art was just as serious. A drive for staging revolutionary modern plays. nufnber of anti-Party, anti-socialist poisonous The 1964 national modern Peking opera festival weeds appeared and there was a tendency among came about under the guidance of Chairman some leading cadres of the literary and art de- Mao's revolutionary line. How can all achieve- partments to estrange themselves from the ments in literature and art in the last few dec- labouring people, aet as high and mighty ades be denied and denigrated merely because bureaucrats, and advocate arts of a feudal and Chairman Mao had pointed out the existing capitalist nature. problems? In view of the situation, Chairman In the 70s. In 19?1 Chairman Mao pointed out Mao issued two directives, in 1963 and in the course of a conversation that under the 1964, in whieh he made this trenchant dictatorship of the proletariat not most, only crlticism: "Problems abound in all forms a very limited number of people, followed an of art such as the drama, ballads, music, erroneous line and that most intellectuals the fine arts, the dance, the cinema, poetry supported the socialist system and only a few and literature, and the people involved followed a line which propagated and upheld sre numerous; in niariy departments very the feudal, bourgeois and revisionist things. Iittle has been achieved so far in socialist trans- The "gang of four," however, exploiting their formation, The 'dead' still dominate in many power over culture and the media, kept what d.fiu$@iir lflhot, het beet *ebioved ln the Chairman Mao had said from ttie peoPle, and cinema, new poetry, folk songs, thb fine arts and continued to flay people with their fallacy of the novel should not be underestimated, but the "dictatorship of a sinister line." there, too, quite a few problems exist." After The gang's bourgieois cultural despotism criticizing those leading members in the depart- brought about increasingly disdstrous con- ments of literature and art who did not sequences. In July 1975, Chairman Mao spoke carty out the policies of the Party, acted as high of the situation in a conversation with Vice- and mighty bureaucrats, did not go to the Premier Teng Hsiao-ping who was then presid- workers, peasants and soldiers 'and had ing over the work of the State Council: "Model

10 Peking Ratieu, No, 77 operas alone are not enough. What is worse, one eomeo under fire for the slightest fault. No longer are a hundred flowers blossoming. From the above recapitulation it ls clear Others are not allowed to offer any opinion, that total negation of pre-Cultural Revolution tlut's no good." "People are afrsld to write proletarian lltorature and art dos not tally with artlclee or produce plays. There is nothing in the reality of history. Nor does it accord with the way of novels and poetry." In a directive Chairman Mao's instructions of different times. Chatrman Mao also pointed out: "Apply to History, lon3 diotorted by the "gang of four," wrlter-3 the principle of learning from past is now being .restored to what it actually wae. mlstakee to avold future ones and curing the sicknest to save the patient. As lortg as they , Stalin made this famous remark in the are not htditen counter-revolutionarlav guilty of 1020s: "Not a single other oppoeition trend in serious crimes, give them help." Time and again our Party is able to camouflage its opportunism with phrases he emphasized: "There should be some readjust- 'Left' and r-r-r-revolutionary so Eent$ in the Party's policy on literature and art." cunningly and skilfully as tlotskyism." (The Ttreae instructions qf Chairman Mao's pinpointed Swenth Enlorgeil Plenu,n of the E.C.C,L: Once the eesence of the gang's sabotaging revolu- Morc on the SociaLDemocratic Deuiatlon ln Our tionary literature and art under the guise of Party, 1926). The sG.called "dictatorship of a "making revolution in literature and qrt." The sinister line in literature and art" concocted by gpng agaln kept Cheirman Mao's teachihgs lrom LJn Piao and the "gang of four" is a typical the people and did all they could to oppose these example of something "Left" in disguise but ingtructions. Right in essence.

f,otificotio,n ol New Panoma Canal Treaty

New Victory for Ponomonion People IiltIttlmilllriltltr!rlllIilIllllllilllillt]ilm!IllllilllUmltillllilll!!illrltllllllIrIruI

The U.S. Srnotc hor linolly rstifiad the ner Ponomo Conol Treoty. Ihc rtruggle sround tho totificoiion showr thqt q jurt coure enjoys obun- dont rupport ohd thot the rtruggle of the Pqnomoniqn ond other lotin Anoriccn peoplt ogoinrt hrgCfrony is irrosistible.

flN April 18 the U.S. Senate approved the new struggle over the treaty ratification has unfolded \,7 Panam. Canal Treaty. Thi unequal U.S.- between Panama and the United States. The Panama Treaty the United States forced on sttuggle centred on whether the United States Panama in 1903 has thus been abrogated. It is should retain its colonial interests or whether a major victory lor the Panamanian people in Panama should exercise full state sovereignty. thelr struggle to uphold national independence as well as ror the Latin obsrruction to Treory Rotificorion American|{:3^::::f'f:Y people in their struggle against hege- monism' For its part Panama ratified the two treaties The new canal treaty and the treaty concern- in a plebiscite on October 23 last year. In the ing the permanent neutrality and operation of U.S. Senate, however, where proceedings began the canal were signed by the Panamanian Head on February 8 this year, the ratification was of Government Torrijos and the U.S. President delayed by a marathon debate. A group Carter on September 7, 7977. Since then, a sharp of senators who opposed the treaty.sought to in-

April 28, 1978 11 terfere with the debate's progress by constant their sovereignty over the cairal. Governments appeals on "procedural matters." Then they of some second world countries including Britain, produced more than 30 motions of "revision," France, Japan, Canada and West Germany were "reservation" or "understanding" on the treaty also in favour of the treaties when they were concerning the canal's neutrality, and over 50 being debated in the U.S. Senate. amendments to the new canal treaty itself. They The ratification of the treaty fully reflected did their utmost to prevent the ratification of the fact that the united struggle of Panama the treaty in its original form. It was against and other Latin American countries against this background of contention that the notorious hegemony is irresistible. Latin America be- amendment" was made to the treaty "DeConcini longs to the Latin Americans. The strategie concerning the canal's neutrality, approved by Panama Canal and Canal Zone can only the U.S.'senate on March 16. This amendment be administered by their owners, the Pana- gives the United States the right to keep troops manian people. Any superpower which insists in the Canal Zone aft'er the year 2000 and to use on imposing on the Latin American people them to "defend" the canal without the consent anything that violates their sovereignty is bound of Panama. This showed up the hegemonist am- to fail. bitions of certain forces in the United States who want Washington to continue its intervention in Panama's sovereignty and its colonial occupa- The Struggle Gocs"On tion of the canal. In a recent interview with the Chicago Sun-Times, General Omar Of course, it will not be easy to fully imple- Torrijos made a telling comment on the amend- ment the new Panama Canal Treaty. The new ment. He said that it constituted a threat to treaty provides that the Panamanian Govern- P6nama's state sovereignty and was a U.S. ver- ment will gradually recover its complete sov€r- sion of Brezhnev's theory of "limited eignty and jurisdiction over the Canal Zone sovereignty." before the end of 2000. In the next 22 years, the American opponents of the new canal treaty will Both the Government and people of Panama not take their defeat lying down. Soviet social- ' were strongly opposed to the "DeConcini amend- imperialism, which is stepping up its penetra- ment" which hurts Panama's national dignity. tion and expansion in Latin America, is covet- General Torrijos addressed a letter to the heads ously eyeing this strategic international water- of government of the member states of the way and trying to gain a foothold there by every United Nations in connection with the matter. possible means. Consequently, the Panamanian The Panamanian Government, in various other people are still faced with a long struggle. ways, made it clear that it refused to accept any substantial revision of the signed treaties. At While celebrating their victory, the the same time, the public which had been closely Panamanian people are ready to take up following both the debate and the pattern of new fighting tasks. "Tomorrow morning voting in the U.S. Senate came out with angry will see the beginning of a new phase of protests against the "DeConeini amendment" struggle," declared Panama's Head of and demonstrated their determination to fight to Government Torrijos in a statement to the na- the end to achieve full state sovereignty over tion on the very day when the new canal treaty Panamanian territory. was ratified by the U.S. Senate. His statement represents the determination of the 1.8 million people people have A Just Couse Enjoys Abundont Support of Panama. The Chinese all along sympathized with and supported Panama's stand won the sympathy and sup- their just struggle. We are confident that port of the third world countries, particularly with the resolute support of the people of -)A,merica those in Latin America, and world public opinion Latin and the world, the Pana- also showed great concern. The Presidents of manian people will surely win final victory in Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia and other Latin their struggle to uphold national independence American countries expressed support in many and recover completely their sovereignty over ways for the Panamanian people's struggle for the canal and the Canal Zone.

12 Peking Ret;ieus, No. 17 effective measures and a pooling of efforts are necessary by commercial, city planning and capital construction departments as well as factories and mines.

Much yet remains to be done in many cities, For the Welfare of the the ccimmentary pointed out.' Employment in Peking has over the past dozen years gone up Masses 45 per cent but the number of commercial and per ffflrlivrtf EIBAO and other papers recently service centres has been cut back 53 cent. Itcarried commentaries, reports and readers' The number of bicycles on the road has mul- more repair letters calling for improved welfare measures. tiplied, but instead of opening up shops a number of bike repair shops have been More Shopping Centres shut down. A rising industrial and railway workers' The commentary called on commercial residential area on the outskirts of Hengyang, departments to reopen and set up shops and Hunan Province, has been praised for making service amenities that are rationally distributed shopping more convenient for the people. under a unified plan. Small retail shops and Residents once had to do their shopping three repair shops should be set up in the various kilometres away until this problem was solved lanes oI residential places also. New residential by the local state commercial departments and areas being built must be complete with service the neighbourhood Party committee. To utiliiies. "One should not be bureaucratic and the delight of the 30,000 loeal inhabitants, 35 indifferent on the problems concerning the shopping places and 20 or so service centres were masses' well-being," the commentary added. set up. These inelude various stores, repair shops, nurseries, clinics, barbers, and libraries. Work Neorer Home People wrote in letters praising this shopping practice and service network. "All this makes things Once it was normal in Shanghai people where handy for thousands of households," they said, to help find work closer to they it's very heartwarming to see how our lived or find housing nearer to their work. "and years, welfare is being looked after." After some this is again being done. Hantan, a rising industrial city in north A batch of 500 such workers was recently China, is another example. Formerly, Renmin transferred to work nearer their homes, re- Riboo reported, workers had to spend their ported Shanghai's Wen Hui Bao. Among them only rest day each week buying daily neces- was a mother of three children who used to sities. To solve this problem, a city Party com- spend more than three hours every day on the mittee secretary and leading members of road to get to her place of work at the No. 19 departments concerned investighted Hantan's Cotton Mill in the east and come home. Her main streets and factories and mines. They home was in the western part of Shanghai. She asked people their opinions and suggestions and . is now working in the No. 2l Cotton MiIl which then accordingly expanded the city's commer- is much nearer her home. While helping find cial and service network by adding 178 new work nearer home for a comrade, the rule is to shops and service centres. find the same work for the person conierned so as not to have to give up his or her skill and An April t9 Renrnin Ribao cpmmentary affect production. This particular woman worker urged all cities to pay attention to this today works diligently and has enrolled herself problem. Urban commercial and service cen- in the mill's spare-time school, as she now has tres, it said, should be set up on the principle the time, of facilitating production and making things . convenient for people and in answer to the de- The problem'of workers having to work at mands for brtilding modern socialist cities and jobs far away from their residence has also been the socialization of housework. To this end, tackled in other ways in Shanghai. Some fac-

April 28, 1978 13 toriee bus workers to and from their homes. Consultations with the bus eompany have resulted in some 'nonstop routes for factory work- ers.

A Fine Trodition Restored Paying close attention to the people's well-being is a tradition our Party built up over the arduous years of war. Chsirman Mao had long called on the whole Party to help the massoB solve problemg concerning their liveli- hood. He said: "We should help the masses to reallze that we represent ilrllnf rboDpinl morc convGnleDt lor thc nlncrr. their lntereste, that our lives ar€ lntimately bound up with theirs. We should help them to proceed trom these masses' well-being was a revisionist expression thlngs to an understanding of the higher tasks of putting undue stress on material benefit. which we have put forward." (Be Concerneil This is one main reason why some problems With the Well-Being o! the Mcsses, PdA Atten- which could have been sblved given the condi- tion to Methoils of Work,1934.) tions of econolnic development prevailing at the The "gang of four," a batch of fraudulent time and with a little effort had remained un- Leftists, however, claimed that concern for the solved for many years.

Railways (l) Labour Emulotion Drive

by Our Correspondents Li Mu ond Hsiong Jung

Beginning with this issu"e, roe shall publish through the train's public-address system that a series oJ three reports descnbing the labour an emulation drive was on among the crew. The emulation campaign nou in fult swing afiLong passengers were requested to supervise and railuay usorkers, t.he nature o! our railways check on the work done by the attendants, and ushich belong to the people and, hou rail- see whether the passenger coaches are kept uaAs dre being built in China through self- clean, the service including food and drinking reliance. - Ed. water is good, the safety precautions are taken. TfIRAVELLING on the Peking-Shanghai Ex- The award to the winning group is a red banner ! press a few months ago, we were attracted which would change hands riI another group by the socialist labour emulation among thei should do better on the next trip. crew members. Twenty hours later, as our train was Shortly after our train pulled out of the nearing its destination, each coach was Peking Railway Station, an announcement came invited to send one or two representatives to a

14 Peking Reoisut, No. 17 meeting in the dining car to give their com- express their thanks. But the attendant kindly ments. declined the offer. The conductor, Comrade Ctriao, preslded at Possengers' Comments the meeting. Again and again he asked all When we got to the dining car, the pas- present to point out the shortcomings and meke sengers' representatives and leading members suggestions for irnprovement ln the crew'g of the crew were already seated and were talk- work. Many good proposals were put forward, ing animatedly among themselves. such as serving soup as weU during ttre mealr and putting the light bags on top of.the hearry When the meeting began, the first to speak onFs while the attendants helped puttlng the was a middle-aged P.t.A. man. As a frequent rack+ in order. traveller along this line in the past few years, he said, he was keenly aware of the tremendous Following thls, an appralEal of the work dranges that had taken place in. the railways done in the varlous ooaches was made, The after the smashing of the "gang of four." Now representafi.ve of coach No. 3 decribed tn detall the train runs on time, the coaches are kept neat the good deeds ol IIan Teh-chen whom we men- and tidy, and everything is in good order. tioned above and his warmth and thoughtlulnees towards the passengers. After lively dlscuelon, have same pas- "I the fee1ing," another it was dectded that the red banner should go senger chimed in. "In those days when the this time to that coach. Of the 14 ooacher of of four' held sway, 'gang some attendants even this train, five others were given oommenda- quarrelled passengers." with the tions through the public-addresc systern- The armyman was praise the full of for .the attendants. The food provided during the We went with the conductor who took red banner coach where Han journey had also improved. He was impressed, to the winning he continued, by the warmth shown by the at- received it amidst applause. It was mid-winter, but beads sweat were trickling down hls tendants who took special care of the old peo- of foreliead, obviously from tireless Out ple, children and the sick who needed help, work. finding seats for them, bringing food to of comradely concern and heartfelt thanks, a woman passenger passed own towel. the old and tieating milk for the babies. him her A state farm worker from north China re- The socialist labour emulation drlve was counted what he had seen during the journey. going full steam ahead in railway departments. He made special mention of the coach's at- tendant Comrade Cheng who helped a blind man with a one-year-old child get on the coach under her charge and later gave porridge to the child and took good care of him. Many fellow- passengers also helped look after the father and son. Deeply moved, the blind man praised . Cheng as a really good servant of the people! After getting off the train, the child kept saying "Auntie!" A similar story was told by a representative from coach No. 3 about how the attendant Han Teh-chen took good care of an elderly woman travelling alone. After she got off the train at Hsuehcheng; she told her son who had come to meet her about the kindness shown her by the ittendant. As the train started to move again, the son hurriedly thrust several packages of cigarettes and sweets into Han's hands to IIao Teh-chcB et wort(.

April 28, 1978 t5 At the stations and in the warehouses and Since the development of things is always locomotive and rolling stock factories along the uneven and. there are always contradictions line, lve saw lists of advanced workers between the advanced and the backward, it is on huge boards together with their photos, red imperative to'tackle the contradictions and find banners embroidered with golden characters out the trouble and overcome it, so that the and charts and tables showing the results of the backward will catch up with the advanced. La- campaign. The drive started after Chairman bour emulation is precisely for this purpose, its Hua issued the call at the national conference aim being to "emulate, learn from, catch up on railway work convened by the State Council with and surpass the advanced and help the less in February last year. advanced." Through emulation, the workers and staff members learn from and help one another, Sprcoding Communirt ldeqr make progress together and enable everyone to attain the advanced level which only a few peo- What. is th.e motive force behind the ple could reach previously. masses' enthusiasm in a'socialist country? Not money, of course, becarxe our attendants do not receive any "tips" for their services. Liu "Field of Lobour" Shao-chi's pet idea material incen- of "using Talking about labour emulation, many tives as a bait" was criticized long ago. During comrades quoteil Lenin who said that com- interview cadres charge of the our with in petitions draw the majority of work- trains running on the Peking-Shanghai line, ,"aqtually ing people into a field of labour in which they Comrade secretary of the general P-arty Lu, can display their abilities, develop the capaci- branch, had this say: to ties, and reveal those talents." (Hoto to Organize What we stress ls putting politics in com- Cornpetition?\ mand. In other words, it means cultivating Labour a of among the crew members the communist ap- emulation is really such "field lafurour." in proach towards labour without any thought of The Chengchow, Railway Bureau point. rewards. As the railway workers say in plain central China is a case in With four trunk Iines crossing area under management, language: seek neither fame nor gain. We the its "We suf. devote ourselves heart and soul to building the bureau was one of the units that had socialism!" For them this is the motive force. fered most from the interference and sabotage by the "gang of four." In 1976 alone, there were The socialist princlple of distribution ap- nine traffic jams, with.trains stranded at the plied in China at the present stage of develop- stations all along the lines. At that time the ment is: To each according to his work; more bureau was literally like a patient down with pay for more work and less pay for less work. myocardial occlusion. We arg against equalitarianism. In labour emulation, moral encouragement is combined At the national conference on railway work with\ material reward, with the stress on the held in 1977 after the downfall of the "gang of former. four," this railway bureau was the first to chal- lenge the Peking Railway Bureau, an advanced , Some peopli,, the Party secretary continued, unit of long standing, to a friendly emulation. regard emulation drive as a school for spread- It pledged to ensure the smooth running of ing communist ideas and a good method of trains and set the targets for loading, on- brlnging into fpll play the initiative and crea- schedule running, safety running and main- tiveness of the masses in building socialism. In tenance work. Through this emulation, the politics all such campaigns, is always in com- Chengchow Railway Bureau took on an entirely The leadershipfs work help the mand. is to new look and over{ulfilled its 19?7 transport crew solve the question of "For whom.?" and plan. organize them to study Chairman Maot teach- ings in Serue the feople, so that tlrey will At a big marshalling yard in Chengchow, a wholeh€artedly serve the workers, peasants and worker in charge of the turnround of goods soldiers. wagons told us that with the existing equip-

I6 Peking Reuieut, No. 17 Mlrshalllng yaral, Cbengohow Betl- woy Stailon.

ment and technigues, a shift working 12 hours heating to Peking in time. lhough ,key on end could at best handle 4,000 incoming and materials' bring in the least profits because of outgoing wagons. But as a result of improved Iow transport fees, they enjoy priority in trans- organization and management and new meas- port. .We must not think only of our own in- ures to raise efficiency, they have overfulfilled terests and transpoft goods with higher trans- their quotas, for which they were awarded a port fees for the purpose of making more red banner. profits." We visited a freight depot in Shanghal where we watched a group of 60 girls, ,all Necessory Regulotions around 20, giving a demonstration in operating "Labour emulation is possible only under fork-lifts. Shuttling back and forth in the the socialist system," This was said by 47-year- yard, they adroitly lifted big bundles of freight old Comrade Han, the red banner winner: on and stacked them in neat piles in the wagons. the Peking-Shanghai Express we mentioned Group leader Yen told us that labour emulation above. He gained this understanding through had spurred them on to train hard and improve his own experience. their skills so that they would make greater contributions to socialist construction. "Before liberation," he said, "the labouring people were enslaved and exploited. How could In telling us how the depot had overful- they work with pnthusiasm?" filled its quotas as a result of launching emula- tion drives, Comrade Yu, a responsible member By way of illustration he told us about his there, said: "Labour emulation requires that own experience before and after liberation. At we fulfil our tasks both quantitatively and the age of eight, he tended sheep for a landlord qualitatively as well as in terms of profits t

April 28,1978 17 After his native village was liberated, he Jardine & Matheson and 26 other British and was ricruited as a railway worker loading and American firms with the backing of their dip- unloading goods. He devoted aII his energy to lomatic envoy6. Strong opposition on the part his work, for he realized that there was a funda- of the Chinese peopls against the fraud involv- mental difference in the nature of labour and ed in the building of this line forced the British that he was nb longer a "ilave" of labour. He imperialists to let the Ching government re- and the other workers, as masters of the country, dee'm the railway with silver. Then the rails were doing their bit in building socialism. Later -'were pulled apart and the carriages thrown he became.an attendant on a passenger train. into the Whangpoo River. Therefore, the line Over the last two decades and more, he has did not last long. always fulfilled tasks assigned the him. He is Following the Opium War in 1840 when the nolv a Commupist Party member and has'at- Western imperialists invaded China with lhe tended meetings of advanced workers on many gunboats, they vied with each other in building occElsiions. railways in China as an important means of "Only under socialism can the people work carrying on their aggression. Statistics in 1937 to the best of their ability, launch labour emula- showed that 46.6 per c€nt of the length of rail- tion drives and make their contributions to the ways in the country were run by the foreigners building of socialism," he concluded. themselves, 44.1 per cent were under their con- trol and only 9.3 per oent were managed by ourselves. As China's Railuays, a book pub- For Your Reference lished at that time, put it, "looking around the vast land of China, one finds that nearly all the railways have something to do with foreign Centenary of Chinese Railways capital." In the 73 pre-liberation years between 1876 1n HAIRMAN Mao likened'the railways to an \-l "sdvsnsed party" which must precede the and 1949, only a little over 21,000 kilometres of development of the national economy. This railways (main lines) were built in old China, shows how important railways are. averaging 300 kilometres a year. At the time of liberation in 1949, only 11,000 kilometres were Trains have the advantage of transporting open to traffic. goods at high speed and low cost. Long- distance hauls of big loads are essential to a To facilitate their plunder of China's re- country like ours with a vast territory of 9.6 sources, the imperialists buili the railways main- million square kilometres. Of the modern means ly in the coastal areas and northeast China. This of transport, such as trains, trucks,. ships, resulted in an extremely irrational distribution aeroplanes and pipes, it is the trains that carry of railways. Moreover, the imperialist countries a very great part of freight. More than 80 per set their own standards and specifications with cent of our railway freight are materials for use regard to construction and management, includ- in farm production, consumer goods for the ing the gauge and dispatehing system, so as to domestic market and raw and semi-finished preserve their patent rights. All this accounted materials for industrial use, especially coal, iron, for the confusion in railway management and steel and other material.s for the metallurgical backwardness in techniques and equipment. industry. The 28 Post-Liberotion Yeors : The 73 Pre-Liberotion Yeors After the founding of New China, the Peo- The ltl-kilometre-long narrow-gauge rail- ple's Government controlled the railways. In way from Shanghai to Wusung was the first the several five-year plans for the development railway line in China. It was built in 1876 by of the national economy, railway construction

18 Peking Reaieto, No. 77 rlwryf toDpca tlr, U.t of rtate lnvcrtmentc ln harbpura and Iorest qfeaa. In addltlon, 11 prov- nrtour flrldg of cpd[vour. lnces.and sutonomoui regtoirs have built mlni- railwayc to rqeot thclr own needs. Qvor ttrr Dllt rt yrcrc, blg advances have bsen made c)fi r,natlonwide network of tens of We have completed the Chengtu-Kunming trunt ltnor sttlr Peklnf as the hub hae beqn Ratlway whlch passes through one of the few oomdoted. fu eomprmd srith thc carly poet- are$ tn thc *pfld rglardcd al well-nlgh lmpos- Itberatlon yeqrl, the mlle*ge open to tratfic has stble Ior huil4try nany railway. In addition' we more than doubled; thc length of rell llnes morc have built a brldge spqnnlng the Yangtze at than trebled, rnd thc nurnber ol pllgengers and Nanking where the river runo deep and rock volume ol cergoer have lncrcared more than formations are complex, and we have completed flve- and ninb-fold rerpectlvely. the rallways two electrllted rellway liner and trained a back- have thus made due oontributions to the develop- bone force of more than'?0,000 technlcians. ment of the national economY. Chtna could not make locomotives and Ttre distrtbutlon of railways has also under- rolling stock before Uberstiotr, Qnd evep the gone great changeo ag a result oI the comple- spare parts and accesaoriea had to bo ipported. tion of many new lines linking the hinterland Today it can batch-produce passenger coaches, end frontier regions, which were once inaccess- goods wagone and steam engines and build die- ible, with the coastal areas. On the arid high- sel and electrlc locomotives, klng+ize special- land in northwest China, there was only 0.2 purpose'vehicles, extra-l,arge bridges and com-' metre of railway per square kilometre before munications and signal egulpment. Today, however, there is a railway liberation. ,' Unfortunately, owing to the interlerence and network made up of the Tienshui-Lanchow, sabotage by the counter-revolutionary revision- Paotow-Lanchow, Lanchow-Sining and Lan- ist line in the various post-'liberation periods and chow-Urumchi Railways linking up different shortcomings in our work, our railways have parts and with Lanchow as the centre. In places failed to develop at a still faster pace. At pres- frequently hit by wlndstorms and drifting sands, ent, we have only a few railway networks scientists and railway workers have successfully and there is atill a strain on both passenger and put up windbreaks in the sandy areas to ensure freight transport. Much remains to be improv- the smooth running of the trains. ed in railway science and technology so as to In southwest China *'t i.f, bourgeois schol-, catch up with the advanced world levels. ars described as a "forbidden zone" for railway The smashtng of the "gang of four" has construction because of its complicated geolog- ushered in a new period of development in our ical features marked by high'mountairx and socieliet revohrtlon and construction. In order deep valleys, we have built several railway lines to develop the national ecohomy at high speed including those from Chungking to Kweiyang, and bring about the four modernizations as Kweiyang to Kunming and Chengtu to Kun- planned, we must build a national railway ming, forming a network of railways. In,addi- network employing advanced techniques and tion, there are the Chengtu-Chungking, Paochi- eqqipment, make more electric and dieeel Chengtu, Kweiyang-Liuchow and Chuchow- locomotives, double track existing lines Kweiyang lines which link the southwest with or build new double lines, and raise the level of other parts of the country. automation in railway communications. and sig- To raise transport efficiency, we have dou- nals, so that 'our railway transport wlll catch ble tracked the major trunk lines from Peking up with and surpass the standard of industrially 1q Kwangchow, Shanghai and Shenyang and developed countries both in quality and effi- built special lines leading to factories, mines, clencY'

April 28, 7978 Ig I nequitoble Economic'Order World Groin Production ond The Reloted Struggle tIllliltmililumilililllilililililtilililtmillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllIIlllllllllllllll qTRIKING imbalance exists between grain out- Among the third world countries, Argentina rJ put and consumption in various countries of is the only girain exporter. Over 40 of the world today. the remaining l2O countries have become ' For their own benefit, the Soviet Union and self-sufficient in grpin or can supply more than pro- the United States are making trouple in one way 90 per cent of their needs. As a result of or another on the question of grain supply, ag- tracted colonial oppression, the developing coun- gravating the situation on the world market. ' tries.. generally have a weak agricultural base Along with the growth of world population and and a relatively low level of grairi'. produetion. guanti- grain consumption, the problem has become the Therefore they have had to import large ties of grain in rrcent years. focus of widespread attention. '

Groin Output in Recent Yeors Uneven Production Since the ?0s, the world's grain output has The United States and'the Soviet Union been increasing, with a yearly rise of 35 million together account for nearly onelighth of the tons in 19'10-77. The 19?6 output was a record world population and possess more than one- high, totalling 1,477 million tons. fourth of the cultivated land in the world. In 19??, their combined grain output totalled more The United Stdtes, one of the world's main than 455 million tons, or approximately one-third grain producers, has turned out in recent years of the world's total. The second world makes 200-250 million tons of grain annually thanks to up le*s than 15 per cent of the world population, advanced its favourable natural conditions and with 15 to 20 per eent of the world's cultivated technology and equipment. But the monopoly area. In recent years, its annual .per capita capitalists' desire their huge profits to maintain grain output has been about half a ton. The aver- has hindered full exploitation of the potentiali- age in the third world which has 73 per cent of production. Grain pre ties of U.S. agricultural the world population is only a quarter of a ton. duction in the Soviet Union, the other sufler:' poweb, is erratic. It produced 222.5 million tons Historically, the uneven grain production in in 1973 but only 140 million tons in 1975. ' the world stems from the protracted exploitation and plunder of the developing countries by the the exception Canada, F'rance and With of imperialists and colonialists and their introduc- Australia which have a surplus for export, quite tion of monoculture in these countries. On the a number of second world countries are shprt of one of millions of people on this grain hand, hundreds and have to rely on imports. In Eastern planet are suffering from malnutrition and on Hungary has made faster progress in Europe, the there exist large quantities of .,"sur- grain other, agriculture, with per capita output sur- plus" grain. passing one ton. Poland, the German Democrat- ic Republic and Czechoslovakia are not self- As the No. I grain exporter of the world, sufficient in grain. the United States is dumping its surplus in many

20 Peking Retsieus, No. 77 parts of the world. As reported by the U.S. agricultural production so as to change the pres- journal Business Week, nearly 60 per cent of ent situation, safeguard their political and U.S. wheat and rice, one-fourth of sorghum and economic independence and wage an effective over one-fifth of corn are available for export, struggle against the grain blackmail of 'the constituting about half of the world's total grain supeqpowers. export. There are innumerable cases in which It is noteworthy that the third world coun- the United States has made use of grain exports tries have achieved initial successes in increasing as a political weapon to bring pressure to bear their. food supply. In 1975, they registered a 4 on other countries. A case in point is when it per cent average rise in grain production as used grain in 1974 to coerce the Arab oil export- against the world average of 2 per cent. They ing countries into ending an oil embargo on it. have raised their degree of self-sufficiency in grain and have reduced their imports corre- Despite good grain harvests and rising spondingly. Statistics show that in 1975, their stocks in the past two years, the export prices for net grain imports were 35 milUon tons, 6 million wheat last November increased over 60 per cent tons less than in the previous year. And in to l1? U.S. dollars per ton from the 70 dollars 1976, the figure went down to 32 million tons, in 1972. 3 million tons less than in 1975. A few devel- fire rise in grain prices is largety due to the oping countries such as Nepal, Kenya and purchases 1972. Soviet massive Soviet since Zambia not only have become self-sufficient in show that Moscow imported a total of statistics grain but can export a small amount. over 83 million tons of grain during the five years from 1972 to 19?6. Every shortfall in So- Over the past.few years, a number of inter- viet agriculture brings upheaval to the world national csnterencbs were held to deal with the grain market. It has been noted that part of questiorr of grain production and suppiy. At the imports were used as strategic reserves or these conferences, representatives of the third for recxport. world countries made strong appeals for dis- cussing and solving the present grain problem. and ' Although West European countries The Sixth Special" Session of the U.N. General Japan have to pay more for their grain imports, Assembly in 1974 adopted the Declaration on the earning more from higher prices for they are Establishment of a New International Economic their exports of industrial products. Therefore, Order and Programme of Action. Measures were grain importing developing countries are the taken to solve the problem such as raising grain vietims. A large number of third world coun- production and reserves in the third world, and tries suffer difficulties because oI the grain.price special assistance to grain-deficient countries. rises. They run out of grain yet they have no means to buy. This is a lhenomenon of the During recent years the struggle over the inequitable international economic order in the question of grain has gone'on unceasingly and world today become a component part of the present ipternq- tional political and economic stniggle. ihe Ihird World Countricc lncrcssc third world countrieCi,"with the historicai mis- Groin Production sion of opposing imperialism, colonialism arid hegemonism have favourable conditions for. itl-o In 1960, net grain imports of the third world creasing their grain production. Their people' countries stood at 11.45 million tons; Since the are industrious; they have vast lands; rich re-' early'70s, the annual imports have gone up to sources and great potentialities for production. about 30 million.tons and even to over 40 million :' So long as they can rid themselves of outside tons. control and exploitation, grasp their own eco- The grain-deficient countries of the third nomic lifelines, rely onJheir own strength, make world have had bitter experiences in relying on full use of their resources and take effective great they will grain imports. \Vith this lesson in mind, many measures, there is hope that of them are concentrating their efforts on raising solve the grain problem in the near future.

Aprit 28, 1978 21 Sports Third Asion Bodminton lnvitotion Chompionships ffEtD at the Capital Gymnasium in Peking, as well-known personages in the badmlnton II tt Third Badminton Invitation ttre " Asian circles. Delegations and observers frbtn Championships, whlch opened on April 15, enil- Democratic People's Republic ol Korea, ed on April'2l after six days of competitions. Democratic Karhpuchea, Laos, Japan and Ninety-four players from 12 Asian countries and Indonesia were also present at t}Lts big gathering. regions took part, playing a total of 202 matches in eight individual events. Cups and medals Badminton is a favourite sport among the were awarded to the winners, runners-up and Asian people and the championshrpo in Peking third iilacings,'and each team received a friend- provided an excellent opportunity for playera ship eup. (For results see box on opposite page.) to learn from each other's style of play and raioe ' The're were more competitors at the third their own skill, thereby helping the develop- championshlps, held shortly after the founding ment of badminton in Asia as a whole. of the World Badminton Federation, than large pliyere for at the two previous championships. Taking A number of eompeted part $rere,:the .teams from Bangladesh, Burma, the men's singles tltle. Meny haril-fought Hbngkong, India, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, matches were played, with many veterahs the Phtllpplne, Singapore, Sri Lanha, Thailand displaying a high level of ekill. Malaysia's Saw and Qhfna. Present at the championships were Swee Leong who is good at both. attack and teadtng 'metnbers oI the World Badminton defence lived up to his reputation as he trounced Federatlon, the Asiah Badmlnton Confederation one opponent after another and made his way and the Afrtcan Bedmlnton Federation as well to the semi-flnals by defeaflng Chirra's Lin thih-

Conpolltlot [trder w8y at Copttol Gymneelum. Learnlag from croh olbor.

t; ,? ,:

22 Peking Reoieto, No, 17 chuan. fndia's singles champion Padukone Prakash was in good form, and although he lost Competition Results .1:2 to China's Yu Yao-tung in the quarter- finals, the match was the most exciting and Men's singles: 1. Yu Yao-tung (China), keenly contested at the third championships. 2. Chen Tien-lung (China), 3. Luan Ching (China). Women players had raised their standard considerably. India's Ami Ghia and Pakistan's Men's doubles: 1. Tang Hsien-hu/Lin Ismat Saeed demonstrated great mastery of the Shih-chuan (China), 2. Padukone Pra - game. Thongkam Kingmanee and Patama kash/Syed Modi (India), 3. Tariq Sirisriro of Thailand are ranking women players WadoodAaved Iqbal (Pakistan). in Southeast Asian tournaments. Thongkam Women's singles: 1. Liu Hsia (China), Kingmanee played a steady game and. placed 2. Chang Ai-ling (China), 3. Hsu Jung shots Patama who is 21, her well. Sirisriro, (China). played a forceful game and displayed great at- tacking power. The two teamed up to capture Women's doubles: l. Ihongkam King- the title in the women's doubles. manee/Patama Sirisriro (Thailand), 2. IIsu JungiYu Chiang-hung (China), 3. Peh Ah junior Competition for playerg was intro- Bee (Singapore)/Chang Ai-ling (China). duced at the Third Asian Badminton Invitation (ChinJ;, Championships, with 26 boys and girls from nine Boys' singles: 1. Ho Shang-chuan countries and regions participating in the' 2. Chang Keng (China), 3. Syed Modi various events. This is an indication that at- (India). tention is being paid to training youngsters who Boys' doubles:'1. Maung MaungflVilFigsr are the hopes of the game in the days to come. (Burma), 2. Chung Ning/Chan Chi Choi (Hongkong), Robert Lim/Foo Khian Jin Badminton techniques have changed dras- 3. (Singapore). tically, and this was much in evidenee at the recerit championships. The old passive style of Girls' singles: l. Amy Chan (Hongkong), play of slow lobbing and placing of drop-shots 2. Chiang Li-ying (China), 3. Liu Feng has given way to speedy attack. Many of Asia's (China). fine players, such as Pakistan's Tariq Wadood, Girts' doubles: 1. Tay Hoe SeeFudy Lee Thailand's Surapong Suharitdamrong, Nepal's (Singapore), 2. Chiang Li-ying/Liu Feng Kishor Bahadur Singh and Singapore's Wong (China), 3. Amy Chan/Li Kam Wah Shoon Keat, have adopted the style of leaping (Hongkong). high to smash from the back court. Quite a number of women players impressed the spec- tators with their power in attack.

The Chinese players gave a good account of The championships are over and wins or themselves. This was beiause, from the point defeats are things sf the past, but memories of oi view of technique, they had a slight edge in the days together and the {riendship renewed speed. Their physical fitness and fast footwork or newly forged will last. As the players shook enabled them to move quickly into the attack hands and bade farewell, they all looked for- and force the pace of play. However, they'still ward to seeing each other again in Bangkok. have much to learn from the players of other tr'or in October this year, the World Badminton Asian countries, such as steadiness in the Federation wili hold the First World Badminton matches and the variety of strokes. Championships in the capital of Thailand.

Aprit 28, 1978 23 ., , Badminton Q: What orc the aims of the World, Boilmlnton The World Feileralion?

Federation A: As stipulated in its statutg the aims are the management of world badminton, the raising of QUESTION: When anil, whete utos the Wotlil standard, the popularization and development of enhancement friendship Badminton F eilerotion t ounileil? this sport and the of among the countries and regions and among play- ANSWEE: It was founded in Hongkong on Feb- ers of various countries and regions on the basis of ruary 25, 1978. equality and democracy regardless of their size. Q: Horo manA culntrles ond tegions orc its members? Q: Whg wos.the Worlil Badminton Feil,erotion set up? A: At present there are 19: Bangladesh, Brunei, China, Ghana, Hongkong, Iran, Kenya, Democratic A: It was set up in opposition to the International People's Bepublic of Korea, Mauritius, Nepal, Badminton Federation which, manipulated for years Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, Slngapore, Sri by a few people, stubbornly clings to its unreason- Lanka, ?anzania, Thailand, Zambia and south able rules and regulations and, thus, denies its Korea. members equal rights, Some have only one vote while some others have as many as ten vote3. Many Representatives of the badmtnton associations member associations have time and again pro- of Yugoslavia, Sweden, West Germany, France, posed that each is to one vote, Austiia, and Mexico, which represented the Pan- country entitled only turned American Badminton Confederation, attended the but these reasonable demands have all been Furthermore, International Badminton inaugurating meeting of the World Badminton down. the Federation has all along refused to expel the Chiang Federation as obgervers. After the meeting, tile gang and the South African racists. The despotism delegates of the five European badmlnton assoeia- the International Badminton Federation has tisns held ari unofficial meeting at which they of seriously hindered the sound development of bad- agreed that ghould the International Badminton minton and aroused the dissatisfaction of many Federation coirtinue to functlon aE it does now, member states. Hence the demand for setting up they would consider joining the World Badmlnton the new World Badminton Federation. When the Federatlon. As the alms of the Wortd Badminton World Badminton Federation's Preparatory Com- Feddratlon embody the aspiratlons of the badmln- mittee was formed London last September, the ton circles, a number of Aslan and African bad- in African Badminton Federation, in view of the In- minton assoclations, such as those of Kampuchea, ternational Badminton tr'ederation's unwarranted Laos, Botswana and Mozambique, have applied for haughtlness, announced its withdrawal from the membership. r International Badminton Federation and its deci- Q: Hou ls the Worlit Boihmlnton Feilerotlot or- sion to join the World Badminton Federation ganlzeil? which was to be established. The Standing Com- mittee of the Asian Badminton Confederation also A: Its organlzation is as follows: Presldent, Dawee has decided withdraw from the International Chullasapya (Thatland); Fl,rst Vtee-Presl,ilent, Chu to Federation and join the World Bad- Tse (China); Vl,ce-Pte&il,enta, Willlbard Kente Badmlnton minton Federation, (Tanzanla) representing the Afrlcan Badminton Federatlon, and Chumpol Lohachala (Thailand) rep- The Asian Badminton Contederation held an rerenting the Aslan Badmlnton Confederaflon extraordlnary congress in Hongkong in February (the posts of vlce-presidents for the European and this year at which the above decislon by the American contlnents aie vacant for the time be- Standing Committee was approved, lngl; Honorarg, Secretary-Genera.l, Teh Gin Sooi (Malaysta); Committee Metnberct are G.H.U. I I Shahidi (Iran), Shadrad Rao (Kenya), Lee Kin Tat Accordlng to the World Badmlnton Federratlon's Statute, there are 12 commlttee members, Slnce ha6 (Singapore), Joe Kumi (Ghana), and Sarfraz Ahmad lt (Pakistan); Horwratg presldent, Henry Fok ying Just been ,ounded and a number ol countrles are con- Tung (Hongkong); Honorary siderlng ,otnlng, seven vacancles are lelt to be ttued ln Vice-predilent, R. later so as ensure broader representatlon the Balasubramanian to a on (Sri Lanka). commlttee.

24 Peking Review, No. 17 Reminiscences Edgor Snow and His "Red Stor Oyer Chino"

by Chlang Shan

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The tirst holt of this article (see our last another two visits to China. During each of isrue) deccribes Snou's tour of the northern these three visits, Chairman Mao and Premier Sheasi reuolutionary base drea tn the 7930s Chou met him cordially, or invited him as a aftu breoking through the Kuomintang reoc- guest to- their homes, and informed him of ti,onaries' blockaite. Th*e, he sow a complete- China's socialist'revolution and construction. ly neut utorlil: the da.u;ning o! a people's new Snow wa.s moved. China as the filth dt otd, Cnino utas being washeil ouW bA the current of the reuolution. After During these visits, Snow went to villages, the tour he urote the tomots book "Reil Stor factories and sacred revolutionary placs, show- Otser Chhto." The second, lwlf uthich ute pub- ing great interest in everything he saw. He lbh belout is obout his oisits to post-libera- wanted"to see for himself, through compa.rison tion Chino onit his tresh contriiution^s to the and investigation, the great changes which cause of fiienilship betuteen the Chinese anil had taken pl4ce in China under the leadership American peoples. Eit. of Chairman Mao and the Communist Party. In - August 19?0, Snow went to Chihtan (formerly flN October 1, 1949, Chairman Mao stood on Pao An) County in northern SEerui. In 1936, v the rostrum of the fien An Men Gate and not long after the Red Army had arrived, Snow proclaimed the founding of New China. The had corne, upon a barren scene. But now the old China, dark, backward and subjected to county, presenting a picture of prosperity, had bullying, which Snow detested, was gone, never changed so much that he could hardly recognize to return. From the bottom of his heart, he it. He said to the Chinese cpmrades in his com- hailed this great victory of the Chinese people's pany: "I never imagined that so great a change revolutionary struggle and fervently hoped to had occuned in this out

April 2E, 1978 ,',u,.,...... 25 be dispelled and that the springtime of friendly visits betweerl the two peopls would certainly come. In order to'promote their mutual under- standing, Snow ehthusiatically told the Amer- ican people how the Chinese people unden the leadership of Chairman Mao and the Commu- , nist Party had waged their revolutionary struggles and scared their achievements in'ion- struction. IIe did this in his books, lectures, speeches, Ietters and interviews. Each time he came to rdpprt on happenings in China, he often disregarded meal tims, went without sleep and sometim$ even kept on working despite illness. Shortly before his trip to China in 1970, he had undergone an operation, and fell ill again on arrivtng in Hongko:rg.' Nevertheless he trsigted otl continuing his journey to Peking, The Chi- nese cornrades in his company time and again 6now lo bls cludy, Ewltzerlanrl. tried to trrrsuade him to go to hospital for a checkup rand treatment, but he declined with ttt'vs uiork, Nortlhern Shensi" so many people have seen. thanks, saying: corl€ to China to \4rearing this cap, Snow journeyed from place to not for medical treatment or recuperation." place afterwards, crossing one cordon line after Snow worked conscientiously. Maintaining another set up by the Kuomintang and the a serious attitude, he reported on China as it Japalese imperialists. After he settled down, was. Each time he came to China, he brought he protected the cap in a fine box made of with him the original of his ReiI Star Ooer valuable mahogany and lined with purple China so that when the book was to be re- velvet. The cap was kept ih shape by a steel published, he could revise it in the llght of the brace. Ttrns it'can be seen how profound and latest materials he had obtained. In 1970, he siircere Srlow's feelings were for Chairman Mao started to write Tic Long Reuolution, an all- and the Chinese people. During his later visits roq11d account of the course of the Chinese rev- to China, Snow presented the Museum of the olution. Before the book was finished, he . Chinese Revolution with the precious historical suddenly fell ill with cancer, which forced him relics he had kept since he visited the northern to stop, In view of this, Mrs. Snow repeatedly Shensi revolutionary base area in 1936 and propoeed to publish the book ahead of schedgle, 1939-photos (and negatives) taken of Chair- but he did not agree. It was not until the eve man Mao, Premier Chou, Chairman Chu Teh of his death that he, agreed to prepare the of the Standing Committee of the National manusciipt for publication, because he knew People's Congress and other state leaders and he would no longer be able to write. When the a documentary film about the life and struggle book made its appearance in the United States, of the armymen and people in thd area. the author had already passed away. Snow's China visit of 19?0 eould be re- Dedicotion: to Sino-Americon Friendrhip -to garded as; another unforgettable "tour of For reasons known all, Sino-Arperican northern Shensi," during which Chairman Mao relations have been in an abnormal state. had a long, extremely important talk with him Friendly eontacts between the Chinese and at his home in Chungnanhai. Returning from American peoples were interrupted for over China, Snow wrote seven articles in which he 20 year:. But Snow was firmly convinced that truthfully reported to the world on the content the dark clouds over the Pacific Ocean linking of his talks with Chairman Mao and Premier China and the United States would event"qlly Chou, on China's Cultural Revolution, and

26 Peking Raieut, No. 77 other topics, including the important revelation On the morning oI Februiry 15, 19?2, Edgar of a possible big advance in Sino-American re- Snow, faithful friend of the Chinese people, lations. In all, he played a very good role in breathed hts last in hls home at the age oI 6?' peoples. furthering friendship between the two Chairman !,tgo, the great leader of the Even when he was seriously ill, he still bore Chinese people, deeply gtieved over Snow'.s in mind the cause of friendship betw-een the passing. In his mesgage of condoJence to Mrs. Chinese and American peoples. Whenever he Snonr, Chairman Mao said: "Mr. Sno:r was a came to, the firSt thing he wanted to do was to friend of the Chinese people. He exerted unre- read newspapers; especially news and articles mitting efforts throughout his life and: made about Sino-American relations. Later, when he important contributions in promoting the was unable to read newspapers, he asked his mutual understanding and irlendship between son to read aloud while he listened. Once. he the Chinese arid American peoplea. His memory gr#ped the hand of Dr. George Hatem, who will live for ever tn the hearb p! the Chinese had come to Switzerland to treat him, and asked people." Premier Chou En-lai and Vice-Chair- Ling o$the Standipg Commit- earnestly: "What are your plans for me? How man Soong Ching tee of the National Peoplels Congres also sent soon can I get back to work?" At another time, separate messages of cpndolence to Mrs. Snow. when Dr. George Hatem chatted with him, wishing him complete recovery of his physical Snow wrote hts deathbed yill ln a brief strength- by spring so that he could finish his note: "I love China. I should llke part of me The Long Revolution, he grasped the doctor's to stay there after death as it alweys did during hand fihmly, his eyes blinking with excitement, life. America fostered and nourlshed me. I should part of me placed by the Hudson and said hopefully: "How idyllic!" like . River." In October 19?3, in actordance with his will, half of his ashes was buried by the scenic ln the Heorts of the Chincsc Pesplc Weiming Lake at Peking University-the lake was part of former Yenching Universlty where with In the winter of 1971, Snow, stricken he had lectured during his life. The tombstone cancer, underwent an operation. Chairman Mao is inscribed with the Chinese and Eroglish words: and Premier Chou showed great concern for his "In. Memory of Edgar Snowl qn Arfrerican condition. Huang Hua, then Chinese Represent- Friend of the Chinese People." Premier Chou ative to the United Nations and Chen Chih- attended the interment eeremony. Sinqe then, fang, then Chinese Ambassador to Switzerland, thousands upon thousands of Chinese and went to see him in his home many times. foreign f{ends have come to the slte to pay Snow's condition grew critical. The Chinese tribute to the late. American correspondent. Government sent a medical team to Switzerland The American people are a great people. to help with the medical treatment and nursing. The farsighted Mr. Edgar Snow is one of the The team was made up of Dr. George Hatem, millions of Ahrerican peoPle who uphold justic6. dgctors and nurses of Jitan llmpitat under the In the dark old China of the long past or in Chinese Academy of Medical Science, and an today's socialist China under the bright sun- bedroom a interpreter. They turned his into shine, . he was always straightforward, frank rnedical ward where they treated him and look- and sincere in his attitude towards'the Chinese ed after him carefully day and night. Members people and the cause of friendship between the of the Chinese medical team in Algeria went to Chinese and Ar.nerican peoples. His friendly Switzerland twice to lend a helping hand. contacts wlth the Chinesd people over the past praiseworthy Snow had not realized his long-cherished decades constituted a moving and friendship between the wish to viiit Chairman Mao's native place Shao- chapter in the annals of two peoples. shan. More than once, when he was in a @ma, he called in a faint voice: "Shaoshan," "Shao- Edgar Snow wilI live for ever in the hearts shan." of the Chinese people.

April 28, 1978 27 Anglo-American proposals on ROUND Rhodesia. Progress was made at the conference and, basic THE WORLD agreement reached in some im- portant respects. The British- DEMOCRATIC KAMPUCHEA Kampuchea and won complete U.S. side, however, deemed it vietory. lVe have fully defended necessary to continue the Third Anniversory all our territory in a truly in- negotiations over some of the The third anniversary of the dependent way. We are able to Patriotic Front's proposals. founding of Democratic Kam- defend it today, and more so in As the Zimbabwean people's puchea fell on April 17. Prior the future." struggle against the racist to the National Day, representa- President Khieu Samphan Smith regime is developing day tives of workers, peasants and added that in line with Demo- by day and the threat of Soviet revolutionary armymen of the cratic Kampuchea's policy of in- meddling in Rhodesia is grow- country held a meeting in dependence, peace, neutrality ing, the British and U.S. Gov- Phnom Penh. In his speech at and non-alignment, "our people ernments in September last the meeting, Khieu Samphan, will work steadily for strength- year put forward their proposals President of the Presidium of ening and developing our for granting indepe4dence to the State of Democratic Kam- unity and friendstrip with Zimbabwe, for the step-down of puchea, dealt with the new friends far and near, and for Smith and the holding of successes achieved by the perfecting this unity and friend- t'election," for sending a Kampuchean people in building ship." British-appointed resident com- and defending their country. Prior to the National Day, missioner with wide powers He said that they had com- Samdech Norodom Sihanouk prior to independence and pletely met their agricultural and Samdech Penn Nouth each dispatching a U,N. force ,to targets and fundamentally wrote to.the Central Committee Rhodesia. Last February, reP solved the problem of water of the Communist Party of resentatives of the Zimbabwe eonservancy, Reservoirs, each Kampuchea and to the President Patriotic Front and those of with a capacity of 100-200 of the Presidium of the State Britain and the Unitetl States million cubic metres, and small- of Democratic Kampuchea hail- held talks in Malta. The er ones had been built in every ing the third anniversary of the Patriotic Front put forward a region of the country. Ttre rapid founding of Democratic Kam- number of disagreements with fulfilment of the grain produc- puchea. the Anglo-American proposals tion plan [the average per: and so no agreement was hectare riee output b.eing 3 tons ZIMBABWE reached at the talks. for a single crop and 6 tons for Meanwhile, the Smith regime Dor-es-Soloom Tolks a double cropl had enabled concocted a so-called "internal Kampuchea to export more The two-day conference on settlement" of the issue. It grain than last year. In addi- Rhodesia between the British ignored the Patriotic Front and tion, progress had been made and U:S. Governments and reached an "agreement" with in industry, handicrafts, trans- the Zimbabwe Patriotic Front some nationalist leaders and on portation, public health and ended in Dar-es-Salaam on March 21 proclaimed the forma- social welfare. "In all fields April 15. Representatives of tion of a "transitional goverrr- of national constructton," the the five front-line countries - ment." Since then, the British President said, "our emphasis is Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, and U.S. Governments have on reliance on the strength of Tanzania and Zambia - and of confused their attitude towards the people, and on the strategic Nigeria were present ari ob- Smith's "internal settlement" Iine of using domestic materials servers, with their own proposals. On and capital." A joint statement issued by March 6, Presidents of the He declared: "We have waged the twq sides said that the pur- front-line countries of Tanzania, a determined and fierce strug- pose of the conference was to Botswana, Mozambique, Zambia gle in defending Democratic discu.ss matters arising from the and leaders of the Zimbabwe

28 Peking Reoieut, No. 17 Patriotic Front at a meeting in world. (3) Israel's foreign debt 24, it put forward a draft which Dar-es-Salaam reaffirmed their in 1976 stood at 10,700 million limited Japan's annual catch stand for-solving the Zimbabwe U.S. dollars, which means more quota to 35,500 tons and the pe- problem through armed struggle than 3,000 U.S. dollars per riod of operations from May I while declaring that this did capita, a record figure in the to July 1. The negotiations came not exclude real efforts tb solve world. (4) Israel's foreign trade. to a deadlock as a result of So- the problem through negotia- deficit runs to 3,500 million viet rejection of Japan's demand tions. The conference called on U.S. dollars, registering the for keeping its catch quota at Britain and the United States highest deficit in the world on 62,000 tons, the same as last to make clear their stand about a per-capita basis. year. their proposals. If they still Since coming to power, Begin On April 11, the Japanese held to their proposals then a has continued to step up Israel's Government sent Agriculture- new conference should be con- arms expansion and war pretr> Forestry Minister Ichiro Naka- vened to discuss the problems arations. In the fiscal 1977-78 gawa to the Soviet Union to left unresolved at the Malta budget, the military allocation is carry on the negotiations. The meeting. about 4.2 million Israeli.pounds, agreement was finally reached 34 per cent of the total budget only after seven rounds of talks ISRAEL and 20 per cent higher than in were held and major conces- Worsening Economy the previous fiscal year. At the sions made by the Japanese side. same time, the Israeli authori- The protocol sets the catch The March seamen's strike in ties shifted the economic crisis quota for Japan in the open seas Israel was followed by wave a on to the working people in the outside the Soviet 200-mile zone when of strikes in April name of "economic reforms." at 42,500 tons this year, The teachers, airline and radio sta- Israel fishing season will start May 1, tion employees stopped work can keep its economy from collapsing only and end July 31 instead of Au- to demand a wage increase. because a superpower gives gust 1.0 as requested by Japan. These are another indication of it support politically economically. sign- Israel's worsening economy. and On April 20 before the Such a situation, however, can- ing of the agreement, Soviet Israel's budget has been in not be maintained for long. Premier Alexei Kosygin met the red every year since 1948. Japanese Minister Ichiro Naka- And after being badly trounced JAPAN.SOVIET FISHERY gawa. Kosygin again peddled in the Middle East October War AGREEMENT the Soviet-proposed Japan-So- of 1973, Israel was plunged into Jopon Forced to viet good neighbourhood and co- an extremely serious economic Moke Concessions operation treaty and expressed crisis because of its 7,000 million the view that relations between U.S dollar loss, a sharp increase Japan and the Soviet Union Japan and the Soviet Union iil military expenditure and signed in Moscow on April 21 a would "improve further" if the mouriting debts. Aggression fishery co-operation agreement treaty was concluded, Nakaga- and expansion put Israel ahead on the catching of salmon and wa said in reply that Japan of the world in four aspects. (1) trout in waters in the north Pa- found it difficult to accept the The Israeli pound since June cific Ocean outside of the Soviet Soviet proposal on the treaty 1975 has devalued on more than "200-mile exclusive fishery for it would conclude a peace zone." 20 occasions, almost once every Japan was forced to make treaty only when the Soviet major concessions month, and sometimes even on the matter. Union returned to Japan its twice a month. It is the most Negotiations started on Feb- nor.thern territories. frequently devalued currency ruary 15 for a new five-year Press circles in Japlin have in the world. (2) Israel extorts agreement to replace the present expressed dissatisfaction with exorbitant taxes and miscel: Japan-Sgviet fishery treaty due the negotiations. Nihon Keizai laneous levies, with income tax to expire on April 29. Shhnbun in a commentary said alone taking up 46 per eent of During the negotiations, the that the negotiations were close the Israeli people's earnings, Soviet side purposely made dif- to a complete failure for the the heaviest tax levied in the ficulties for Japan. On March Japanese side.

April 28, 1978 z9 scientific personnel, teachers, ON THE HOME FRONT film and publication workers and iournalists.

Chlwto frcwerable parts were rigorously tdsted for Formerly this place uras an 'a Satelhtee durability and deterioration. open sewer and slums, with tTUn majority of our scientif- Three milIion tests were made garbage everyrvhere.. After f ic'and technical personnel of the pneumatic control valve Iiberation in 1949 the PeoPle's guidance control engaged in research .rrd in the and Government began to clear, up -urrr- reliabilitY. facture of recoverable satellites system to ensure slums. The open sewer was were trained after the founding China's space science devel- filled, two asphalt roads were put trees flower.s plant- of New China in 1949. oped in response to Chairman in, and Mao's call in 1958. Premier Chou ed and five-, six- and 14-storeY Since 19?5 China has recover- En-lai organized and directed buildings put up. This greatlY which func- ed three satellites the project and laid down the improved housing for a large plan tioned in orbit according to correct principles for develoP- number of labouring people. and provided the departments ing China's satellite technologY. The new buildings that have concerned with useful data just gone up make the place about space and the earth. China is the third country in even\more beautiful. the world to master the technol- . In designing these satellites, ogy of satellite retrieval. In 1977, Shanghai put up new Chinese scientists sucgessfullY housing with 710,000 square exploited China's own ac-hieve- metres of floor space, a record mdnts in materials and technol- Shaaghal for the last dozen years. The ogy. As a result of employing A I,oNG Chaochiapang Street city has also built department a new material, the weight of a . la. in the southwest. part of stores and marktlts, clinics, part was reduced by certhin Shanghai, nine buildings hous- nurseries and kindergartens and rhott than ?0 per cent and the ing 1,000 apartments have been other public service facilities cilt nas only one-ninetieth of 'the put up.'The new 13- and 16- with a total of ?3,000 square orlgtnal. storey buildings are painted metres of floor space. To ensUru the quality of the pale'green and light yellory. ritelltlEc, tltelr elementt and The dwellers include workers, Largest Proteeted Nia"tur.a,l fr.eaenoe /'IHINESE scientists and re- tJ searchers are stepping'up their work of protecting and studying rare animals and plants in the Changpai Moun- tains protected natwal re- serve, the largest of its kinil in China, in Kirin Prov- ince. In this 210,000-hectare natural reserve are a large variety of tre and shrubs, rare birds and animals and valuable medicinal herbs. This area producas the three famous articles in the northeast,-gin- seng, mink and antlers. In 1960 the state established this reservation and a research New houglng ln Shenghal. institution to p- rotect the natural

Peking Reuieut, No. 17 environment, ecological systems cowhide and lnlming them off deeision against freeloading dntl and the natural habitat of living as quality cowhide products. made it a rule that every time animal and plant species and to project was completed, the The city Party committee a carry on comprehensive biolog- severely criticized this profit- customer must be asked to ical research. evaluate the work done, irlclud- seeking capitalist practice. The naming, of Scientific workers stay there bureau issued a circqlar all ing the if Bhy, to person persons asking for all year rbund. studying the leather-shoe factories in Wuhan or dinners and gifts.. This quickly natural evolution of living pointing out that this violated stamped non-socialist species, finding out ways state laws and Party discipline. out this practice.' to transform nature, accumulat- The bureau ordered horsehide ing experience in raising wild RentniTt Ribao recently re- shoes be priced at one-half of animals and cultivating wild. ported this compahy's past and . that of cowhide shoes and the medicinal herbs and working present behaviour and criticized poor-quality cowhide shoes at out theories to this end. enterprisas where unethical 70 per cent. practices still existed. They have made a compre- hensive investigation of the The heads of the factories o The Party committee of the animals, -plants and pests, col- concerned made public self- Kaohuang People,s Commune prov- lected nearly 10,000 specimens criticisms for swindling the in east China,s Anhwei public and written many research .and deceiving their ince made this decision last papers. superiors. They pledged to cor- December: Commune members, rect their grave mistake and have the right to criticize Scientific workers are.work- improve the quality of their public ing cadres spending money on two books: Med,icinat products. on banquets and even break up Herbs of the Changpai Moun- such'banquets and that all the toins and Mountain o A section of the workers Changpai expenses and damages incurred from the Peking Mechanized Birds. must be paid by the cadres and Building Company completed a the guests involved. Not long project for a certain unit 28 Cnttlelnn and in afterwards the leader of a pro- days, instead of 40 days. When Sclt-Crlitieirnn duction team threw a banquet they were invited to a big feast o Severaf department stores with public money. Tsao Man- by the grateful unit, they turned in Wuhan hung out the follow- ting, a member of the team, down the irivitation. ing notice ncit long ;Sorn" was so angry that he stormed leather shoes sold "gorrecently by Prior to 1975'certain persons in and'smashed the wine jug. this store are made of horsehide of this company, influenced by The, team leader rushed into inferior cowhide not Tsao's home and smashed or - the selfish bourgeois ideas genuine, good quality cowhide spread by Lin Piao and the Tsao's cooking-pot. as claimed. This is against the "gang of four," used to expect The production brigade Party interests of consumers. Would being wined and dined and branch secretary severely criti- comrhdes who bought these loaded with presents by the cized thd team leader that very shoes, please bring them in to units they were asked to build night. ,The commune Party exchange or for a refund." for. If they were not, then committee convened and an- Early this year, some custom- work would proceed slowly. nounced its full support for ers complained that the shoes Tsao's action and urged cadre€ In 19?5, the company Party bought not look and commune members to learn they had did committee firmly put a stop to genuine cowhide. When from him. The banqueteers like this. But in 1976 this freeload- the city's Second Bureau of were mdde to pay for what they ing reappeared when the "gang shoe ate and drank as well as for Ught Industry in charge of of four" was trying to throw production hearS this, it in- articles damaged. The' team the country into chaos. vestigated the factories con- leader was suspended while cerned and found that some After the "gang of four'i was making his self-criticism and. factories had been turning out toppled, the company Party had to compenscte for the shoes of horsehide or inferior committee reactivated the 1975 broken pot.

Ayil 28, 7978 .. , ). 3I

.t IL a n TE* \T/ORKS OF i m ?. + -+- MAO TSETUNG n lL a .L t s ,,, English Boo klc + EI E (Some of his essays written between l94l and 1945) + I J. ,r Ruwl Spreod the Compoigns to Reducc Prefoce ond PostscriPt to *r Surueys Rent, lncreose Production ond ,* "support the Government ond {\, ReJorm Our Study -f Cherish the Peopld' in the Bose 2 Assembly of RePre' I Speech ot the Areos )L sentotives of the Shensi'Konsu' Get Orgonizedl Ningsio Border Region = Our Study ond the Current Situotion Rectify the Porty's Style of Work Oppose Stereotyped PortY Writing Serve the People Work Tolks ot the Yenon Forum on Litero' Ihe United Front in Culturot ture ond Art We Must [eorn to Do Economic A Most lmportont Policy Work The Turning Point in World Wor ll On Coolition Government Economic ond Finsnciol Problems On Production by the Army for lts in the Anti-Joponese Wor Own Support ond on the lmPort' Some Questions Concerning Meth' once of the Greot Morements for ods of Leodership Rectificotion ond. for Production

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