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Black Dragon Pool with Fan Mountain in the back- Zhu Yongqing ground, Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County, Yunnan province. Articles of the Month

An Election of Shop Heods Would it be lor reol, the workers wondered? our reporter tells how this new step in greotel ?i democrocy for the worters wos hondled'. t\DI{, Poge 6 PUBLISHED MONTHLY IN ENGLISH, FRENCH, SPANISH, ARABIC AND BIMONTHTY IN GERMAN BY THE CHINA WETFARE INSIITUTE lsooNc cHrNG UNG, CHAIRMANI vol. xxvllt No. 5 May 19'Il)

CONTENTS Our Postbag 2 Carloons: Three Barbs 3 Unions in o Sociqlist Country Across the Land: China's Biggest Dam 4 , ' Who runs them? Con they strike? lf workers The Election for Shop Heads Zhi Exiang 6 tun things, why strike? How do they protecl their Unions An interview with Chen Yu, China's Trade - democrotic rights? An interview with on olficiol Vice-Chairman of the All-China Federation of Trade ol the All-Chino Federotion of Trode Unions, Unions 9 ln Our Society: The Search for a Family Poge 9 Liang Yinglin 13 South Fujian - 1 New Discovery of An. Quanzhou*Town of Twin PAgodas Wu Tong 15 cient lnstruments Edgar Snow's Vision Liang Shichun 23 Sclence: When the 'Roof of the World' Was Formed A giont set ol chime- Zheng Benxing 25 bells ond the first ex- Bare Find of Ancient lnstruments Wu Zhao 28 omples of some kinds of musicol ins{ruments un- Zhou Enlai in the May 4th Movement Hu Hua 32 eorthed yeor Yunnan's Yulong Mountains Zhao 37 lost tell us Jingxiu more obout Chino's oncient f hings Chinese: The White-Headed Leaf Monkey music. Wu Mingchuan 42 Revisiting the Mouritains of the Yao People. Poge 28 Fei Xiaotong 44 Do You Know? Festival of the Poet Ou Yuan 48 The Famous Cizhou Porcelain 50 Zhou Enlqi in thc Moy 4th Movcmrnt Rao 54 Weather Forecasting Xing The vouno Zhou Enloi, os student leoder in the Jiangmen Sugar Chemical Plant 57 surging inove?rent ogoinst feudolism ond imperi' Ancient Fables: Good Reason for Laughing; A Tall Hat 59 olism thot begon in 1919, Cultural Notes: The Oriental Song and Dance Ensemble Poge 32 Tan Aiqing 60 Advanced Oil Field Research Jing Wen 66 Stamps ot New China: Arched Bridges in China 69 Sports: Grade School Trains Table Tennis Champions 70 Ihc Mountolnr ol thc Chinese Cookery: 'squirrel' Fish 71 Yoo Pcoplc The Rocky Road to Science A Husband-Wife Team Guan Yingqian - 72 Anthropologist'retuins Fei the Chinese History Vlll Xiootono to his eorlY Troublous Times- Three Kingdoms, Western and r.ene d'f one ol inuestigotions {3 ogo Eastern Jin -Jiao Jian 75 Yeors '79 ond describes the Progress Language Corner: the Yoos hove mode. Lesson 5: Hotel Service Poge 44 COVER PICTURES: Fronti ltems performed by the Oriental Song and Dance Ensemble (Clockwise) A dance from Kampuchea; a Singing qnd Doneing Around tho World zheng (2'-slringed plucked instrument) recital ot Jap- anese melodies; Jarabe Tapatio, or "hat dance" from fhe Orientol Song Mexico; and Zaire songs by a mezzo-soprano. Zhang ond Donce Ensemble Shuicheng and Wu Chuping thot Ieornr erotic Back: Spring over West Lake Xinhua donces fiom mony ports of the world ond in. Eoduces them to the Editoriol Olficc: Woi Wen Building, Beijing Chinese people. (37), Chino. Coble: "CHIRECON" Beiiins. Generol Dirtributol; GUOZT SHUDIAN, Poge 60 P.O. Box 399, Bei.iing, Chind, I believe your readers would be most Recently, I received your January lg79 interested in reading them and also the issue and was surprised by the new life of other foreigners in Beijing. format. Its much improvrd qualitv anrl S.P' layout especially amazed me, the color Brussels, Belgium pictures are rnore attractive and full ot festival atmosphere, Th€ new' columns New Format such as "Chinese Cookery," "Cartoons," Interest in China I am an old reader oI your magazine "In Our Society" add to the rieh- I have had great interest in China and thought I must write to congra- ness of the magazine. The brief intro- since my childhood. My father worked tulate you on the new format - January duction to the main articles on the first in China between 1903-09 as an engineer and February received, I like the new page is good. The new format and on a railway. He always showed great size very much, I usually pass the ma- paper are also practical, making it more interest and enthusiasm when talking gazine on to friends hoping that one convenient to carry and read the maga- about China. He seldom talked about will betome a subscriber, too. zine. "A Chinese Love Story" by Zhang his work there, mostly about his lif e w.M. Lihan is the article I like best. in China, the Chinese people, their Staines, England C.N.H. family life, habits and customs as well May I congratulate you on the new Panama, Panama as Chinese animals, plants and natural f ormat of your excellent magaZine. My only disappointment in the new scenery. Because of this, China has be- Though other things have changed I am f ormat of China Reconstructs is the come the country I yearn for. Formerly, glad that the content has retained its quality of the paper. It seems that it was impossible to know more about high standard. black-and-white photographs show up -vour country, but norv the situation has I would like to suggest that you try less well on the thin paper than on the your changed. That's rvhy I treasure and maintain a balance between news thicker paper which you used before. rlt agazl ne of current affairs in China and the pre- w.w. K.H.M.T. vious history of the country, for they Cambridge, U.S.A. Fe.Lde, Federal. Republic of Germang are equally important for a thorough Sports Articles Vice-Premier Deng's Visit understanding oI China. , M.C. I am a high-school student, very fond Your Vice-Premier Deng Xiaoping Cambridge, England of sports, particularly swimming, foot- left tlnited States most iu,st the after a ball, badminton and volleyball I have successful visit to our Recently I have noticed in your Feb- country. I want- read your magazine for four years and ed to mention you pleased most ruary issue articles on literary works t6 how enjoyed your articles, especially those Arnericans such as "Fables for Today" and "A felt about his trip through on sports. Arnerica. Selection of Tien An Men Poems." I He c,ertainly is a fine states- It's my wlsh to visit your country and rrran. rvi gracious take a great interest in literature be- and his fe most and see your people some day so as to know cause it is an important way of ex- charming. I sincerely hope the future your pressing the emotions and aspirations of more about culture, science, archi- }tolds more and more opportunities for tecture and other fields. the people, and I hope to see more on social intercourse between our- coun- B,A. modern Chinese as well as non-Chinese tries. for there is so much about China .4leppo, Syrio to appreciate. with its rzast history, iiterature in Iuture issues. I was also fascinated q'ith lengthy article on superb contributions to civilization and Jrour More Pictures the Qin dynasty which was a work well nragnificent reconstruction att-empts you done" Do you think that you could ex- I am only suggesting that put in (and successe-s:) pictures T NT pand your articles on archeological digs more showing the various places Kolomozcto, Li.S.A. in your country and include color plates and towns in China. This will on the dig areas along with the reiics help people like myself who don't ex- pect Foreign Friends found? I would greatly appreciate it! to visit China any time to see in D.L.N. pictures what China Iooks like. I hope ,vou u'i11 write some articlesj A.Z,N, Elm.hur st, U .S . A. about outstanding foreign frrends of . Mpigi, U ganda China. such as l.Iorman Bethune, Edgar I am very glad to get your January Snog;, ,Ioris Ivens. Ma Haide (Dr. George 1979 issue. The changed format is very Articles Too VaAue Hatem) Louise and and Anna Strong nice. I read q'ith deep interest the I can understand most of your articles, their contributions to the Chinese "Economic Briefs" and the article by which are varied in content. A few of revoluti on. Wang Yaoting on new measures f or my friends say that some of your articles The articles just praise should not China's foreign trade. Friends of China are too vague and general. Since most them but tell concretely what they did are happy aboul China's continued prr:- of your rcaders are unf amiliar with for China. When and why they came to gress and have no doubt that China will China, it would be better to publish China? What was the motive force that play a more and more important role more short articles and provide expla- led them to dedicate their lives to in the world. nations to such political terms as "thd China's Iiberation? What contributions The way introducing China's provinces struggle between two Iines," "mass line" did they make? Their meetings with is very clear and surely a good practice. etc" Chairman Mao and Premier Zhou A.A, M,J. should also be reported. Hoeilaart, Belgium Bremen, Federal Republic ol Germany

CHTNA RECONSTRT]CTS CARTOON Th ree Barbs

) \-:-- -/./ -4u ry

Y',lltol,'n'

A blind mon cotching fish. ,,book - Blinded by worship,' he fishes exactly where the book tells him to. Hua Junuu (August 1978)

Whot o fine orrowl a comment on people who -admire a theory but do not apply it. Ll.-:.{/- Hua Junwu (August 19?8)

-ti!(-!lbl;-+t

Following o set pottern, Ting Zhaoqing

MAY T979 :t Y"6 Erecting a mold. Pan Ying

ACROSS THE LAND

Chitttles 8t I)tnm,

Zhou Rishan, model electric welder. W ang Houlitt Vt(1il(t Iloulill t flEZHOU DAM. part of the V Changliang (Yangtze) River Gorges water control project, is one of the 120 major projects in China's ten-year plan to develop her economy. It will be the big- gest hydroelectric power station China has ever built. Ten thousand of its workers are young people. Working around the clock, they see their job as a direct help to speedlag up the qpuntry's modernization,, Pinning flowers on the winners in the election in Shop Six. l\!u ClLuptrtll

The Election for Shop

\Y/HEN it was announced that mittee. But, particularly during People VV were to be elected for there would be an election of the Lin Biao and gang of foTr the positions of workshop head shop heads at the Beijing (Peking) period, this was often done with- and his two. assistants. production Radio Components Factory No. 2 out the democratic consultation head and technical head. A some of the workers were skep- that was supposed to take place nomination meeting was held in tical. They welcomed the idea of first, and voting was n'lere each of the shop's 12 sections, at electing their immediate leaders, a formality approving which names could be put in for in the past leaders at every the choice. Realizing anonymously or proposed from the level had been appointed from the this situation, the Communist Party branch in Shop floor. Originally the factory Party top. But would this election be committee had No. 1 joined with the trade stated that the real? According to custom, in shop heads would be elected lor union in sponsoring meetings at previous elections for positions three years. Sorne -workers said - which the workers could voice like People's Congress deputies this was too long: since they had and various kinds of workers' what was on their minds. The not had much experience with this Party representatives - a list of can- branch reaffirmed that this kind of election, they might want didates had been announced by time there would be no pre- to have another one sooner. the factory Communist Party com- fabricated list of candidates and Following this suggestion, the that anyone had the right to term was made two years. ZHI EXIANG is a staff reporter for nominate anyone he thought suit- Names of nominees were col- Ch,ina Recanstrucfi. able, and to be eleeted. rlected by the union stewards in

6 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS section. How the choice would be made and who would note the results was decided in a meeting J of union representatives with each t section head.

$ The names of the 11 nominees were placed before meetings of gf &. the workers in each section. After F t discussions each had his chance to state whether he was f or or against each of the candidates. When these meetings were over and the results for the shop tal- lied, four candidates stood at the top of the list, far in front of the others in number of votes. According to regulations, as in the past, a final slate of three candidates was to be proposed tor the three posts. Some thought this would be all right. Others pointed out that since the fourth candidate had only 13 fewer votes than the third, it would be unfair to ex- clude him. Thus the Party branch committee agreed to four candi- dates. They were: Xu Nengshi (156 voles), 43, the present shop head, a Communist Party member with 122 years of work experience. When the work- ers discussed him they concluded that he was a man dedicated to the revolution, a cadre who worked hard, boldly and conscientiously, ZHI EXIANG got along well with the masses and was concerned about their dai,Iy Heads Points against were that life. him

Xu Nengshi (center). Zhang lloming (left) and Tong Shilong. Wtr Cltupittu each section and rePorted to the shop PartY branch committee- Aitogether 11 names were Put in for the three Positions. Among them were both Communist PartY members and non-PartY PeoPle, veteran workers and Young ones, engineers, technicians, demobilized People's Liberation ArmY men and returned overseas Chinese. T\URING the third week in lJ 5o,0"*5er 19?8 red flags and streamers went up in the shoP: "Fully Exercise the Working Class's Right to Lead!" "Choose Energetic, Qualified and Trusted Leaders!" This was the beginning of the second round, the equiva- ient of primary elections in each

MAY I9?9 he was sometimes too abrupt and E OR the final election the ballot a candidate because he said he direct in his approach to people, r would list three positions to be lacked the quaiifications and be- he sometimes lost his temper and filled, and after it each voter cause of what he called his "con- that he did not know enough about would write the name of his choice genital defect," that is, his class the techni,cal side of the work from among the four candidates. origin. because he had not been in this If a voter was not satisfied with The Party branch committee particular shop very long. How- the list of candidates he could still called Tong in for a talk. They ever, the majority of the workers write in the name of an..7 other reminded, him that according to thought that.if he overcame these person he wished. Communist Party policy it is the shortcomings he would be a good Most workers were pretty sure person's own actions that count leader. who they wanted for two of the and not his class origin, and urged Zhang Boming (18? votes), 44, positions, but which, Tong or Liu, him to have faith in the Party and present production head, a demo- was it better to vote for technical the masses. If he were elected, he bilized army man and non-Party head? Technically Tong was as should not let a thing like his person with 28 years of work competent as Liu. He had managed family background hold him back; experience. His good points: his 4O-worker section well and if he were not, he should be able honest and upright in his ways, every year it had been cited as an to view his defeat correctly. Tong capable an{ hard-working, had advaiced unit in types of work took back his withdrawal. been cited every year as an ad- involving complicated production vanced worker, good relations technology. Many preferred him HEN time for the election with the other workers, good over Liu for his enthusiasm. Liu. came, 224 ballots, including knowledge of every process in the because of his passive attitude, absentee ballots fqr those on sick shop and the ability to keep it had not lived up to their expecta- leave, were cast on day and night running smoothly. His only shor.t- tions as technical head. shifts. This was everyone except co'rning was that he .was not bold What was bothering the workers a few people on out-of-town as- enough in his work. was that the Party branch com- signments. The three elected were: Liu Ruirong (113 votes), 49, mittee still had to approve the Xu Nengshi, shop head (196 present technical head, a Commu- choice of leaders. Would they ap- votes), nist Party member with 28 years prove of Tong if he were elected? Zhang Boming, production head of work experience. His strong Tong was born into a landlord (214 votes). points: knew his work well, had family and was not a Communist Tong Shilong, technical head good relations with the workers Party member. On top of this, he (127 votes). and a lot of work experience. had often raised pointed criticisms The results were sent to the Speaking against him some said about the way the factory and factoiy Party committee who gave that he worked without enthu- shop leaders did things, and the immediate approval' The an- siasm and didn't really want to workers were afraid that, as in nouncement was made, drurns and shoulder the responsibilities of the previous period, this might be gongs were appropriately beaten leadership. Though he was well held against him. Then, too, dur- and the successful candidates were qualified for forging ahead, he ing the cultural revolution some pinned with red paper flowers. had been content to coast and rest people misled by the ideas of the Both the workers and factory on pasi achievements. gang of four had criticized Tong leaders were satisfied with the Tong Shilong (100 votes), 48, for paying too much attention to results. Later heads of the sections present head'of Section Four, an production and not enough to were elected by the same method. experienced worker of 28 years politics. It was generally known Now the workers in Shop No. 1 standing. Not a member of the now that this had been wrong and have their, own elected leaders, Communist Party. Energetic, that the gang's hullabaloo about two exactly the same people who astute, competent, a versatile hand - attention to potitics had been one held these positions before, and at any job in the shop. He, was of their w'ays to get into power. one new person. But all three now known for his efforts to improve But some were not sure how know that they have the confi- his technical skill and had quite a clearly this was realized, and dence of the workers and are few technical. innovations to his whether this fact might not be better able to bring out the credit. He was good at building prejudicial to Tong. workers' enthusiasm. This, in fact, unity among the workerx and was Tong himself had misgivings- .. is what has happened. The shop highly respected by them. His The day 'after he was nominated fulfilled its quota three days ahead weak point: not being bold and he sent a letter to the Party of schedule in December and five resolute in fris work. branch committee withdrawing as days ahead in January.

8 CHINA RECONSTBUCTS Vice-Chairman of the All-China Fed- eration of Trade Unions, Chen Yu. Wu Qihua China's Trade Unions -An interview with Chen Yu, Vice-Chairman of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions

QUESTION: What is happening in China's trade places, then interf ered with the workers' rights, unions? provoked armed struggle between them and created ANSWER: Due to sabotage by Lin Biao and the anarchy. They also opposed and broke down all gang of f our, the All-China Federation of Trade rational rules and regulations, sabotaged Iabor Unions was closed down in 1967. For 11 years unions discipli.ne and blunted the workers' initiative. In at the factory and shop level also ceased activities short, the gang tried to turn the unions into instru- or remained only in name. ments to help them seize Party and state power. "We If unions pushed production, the gang called them were supposed to be the masters, but in fact we had capitalist oriented. If they defended workers' rights no say," the workers complained. they were only "welfare unions." But why shouldn't After- ihe gang of four was downed, the Party unions in a sociaiist country push production and Central Committee restored the A]I-China Federation promote the welfare and democratic rights of the of Trade Unions. At its Ninth Congress in October workers? The gang persecuted union leaders, 1978 the union discussed its basic principles, reassess- activists, labor heroes and veteran workers. They also ed its tasks in the drive to modernize the country. pinned the label of "bourgeois intellectuals" on all revised its constitution and elected a new J.eading mental workers such as engineers and technical body. It was significant that a worker in the labor personnel, and kept such people from joining unions. movement 50 years, Ma Chungu, was elected one of Followers of the gang took over unions in many the Congress's vice-chairmen. The Congresp

National labor heroes (from right to left): Wang Chonglun, Su Guangming, Ma Liuhai, Ma Hengchang,Zt,ang Baifa and Wang Chaozhu chatting during the Ninth Congress of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions. Xin ltlt?.

MAY T979 P

work' Xinltucr Workers at the Shanghai Electric Machinery Plant in a elass professional studY after evaluated. the '17 years of union work it had done before the cultural revolution as having been generally good. QUESTION: What do unions do in China? ANSWER: China's unions should fight for the rights so that they can really workers' democratic good workers masters of the country.' They should do their Party because Communists are usually be the have to be part in helping enterprises change the backward and good leaders, but leaders do not systems of manage- members. iorces of production and reform labor a economy. They should Chinese Communists have worked in the ment as needed for modern were study of science, t'echnology and movement for a long time. In 1920 they organize workers' Mao Zedong t, and promote the active participation of organizing and educating the workers. *".r"g"*"t veteran proletarian revolu- workers in management. At the same time they must (Mlo Tsetung) and other time or another leaders in the be concerned with the life and well-being of the iionaries were aII at one workers' movement' After the Party was founded in 1921 the Central Committee set up a national office for the trade union movement. The February 7th Beijing-Hankou (Pek aY worke-rs' strike of 1923 agains ds, the MaY 30th movement, the ng strike of 1925 and the three w Shanghai in 192? vrere all led by the Communist Party' When liberation of the country came in 1949 and the working class became her masters, the unions helped the Party and the people's government restore it,'and push socialist revolu- enterprise leaders. pioduction and increase qUESTION: What is the relationship of the tion and construction forward. Do mental wotkers have unions? Communist Party? QUESTION: unions to the Chinese country those who unions are workers' mass ANSWER: Yes. In a socialist ANSWER: Chinese workers as much as those AII working people, whether manual work with their brains are organizations: their hands. A few years ago the or mental workers, a.e qr"liti"d to join, piovided who work with purposely created antagonism between their wages are their sole or main source df income' gang of four They labeled as "bour- Joining ii voluntary an.d one is also free to withdraw ten1.t and manual'workers. dultufe, education' at any time. We say that the unions are under the geois" all those in the fields of

RECONSTRUCTS 10 CHINA medici.ne, science and technology, and excluded them the government, enterprises, culture and education. from trade unions. Today unions in universities, It is the responsibility of the union to help guarantee middle schools, hospitals, research institutes, pub- this right. According to the union constitution, licity and cultural. units have reappeared. "when the proper interests or democratic rights of QUESTION: What do the unions do to a member are infringed upon, he has the right to guarantee the workers' democratic rights? Do demand that the union speak for him and protect him Chinese workers have the right to strike? according to law." ANSWER: Addressing the Ninth Congress of The Ninth Trade Union Congress stipulated that the All-China Federation of Trade Unions Vice- "drawing workers into management and safeguarding Premier Deng Xiaoping said, "The trade unions must the workers' democratic rights as masters of the fight for the democratic rights of the workers and country" is one of the most important tasks of the oppose all forms of bureaucracy." .Some leaders of unions. In the early days of the people's republic enterprises still have feudal patriarchal attitudes, are many enterprises set up management committees and bureaucratic and order people around. Some even ',vorkers' congresses which drew workers into act against national policies or break the law. In such management. In 1957 during the Eighth National cases the union should unite lead and the workers to Party Congress it was proposed to broaden the fight against stich non-socialist behavior. They have workers' democratic rights and begin sgtting up the right to strike if the situation cannot be solved workers' congresses in larger enterprises and all- in socialist ways. This right is guaranteed by China's Constitution. If ieaders break the law or member meetings in the smaller ones. The Trade Congress studied the suppress democracy, the union demands that they be Ninth Union criticized, warned, punished or dismissed,from their effect of these workers' congresses and, with the posts according to the circumstances. support of the Party Central Committee, decided that For example, a Party secretary at the Shanghai they should be set up in all enterprises. Ali im- Diesel Engine Plant recently used his position to get portant questions in the enterprises must be a new apartment which should have gone to a discussed by these congresses, ineluding the factory's worker. The union investigated, raised the question long-term p1an, production plans, bonuses, finances, with the Party committee and suggested how it workers' welf are, methods of giving awards and should be handled. The secretary was ordered out penalties, and fair and rational rules and regulations. of the apartment and temporarily dismissed from his The workers' congresses are supposed to see that post during which time he was to make a self- Ieaders correctly carry out the policies of the Party critici.sm. and governrhent, periodically make their own The most important r.ight of workers under the evaluation of the factory's work, and raise criticism socialist system is the right to participate in managing and suggestions. They can demand punishment or

Retired workers playing Chinese chess at a workers, cultural palace. Xinhua unions. AIl workers have f ree health care and pensions. Problems such as emergency expenses, births and death are covered. The unions also maintain sanitariums, cultural centers, clubs and amateur performing arts teams. The -unions help enterprises and local administra- tions improve workers' housing, canteens and general living conditions. Housing is still crowded and inadequate in many places, and canteens and nursery-kindergartens cannot yet meet the demands in quality or quantity. These problems will be im- proved gradually as production and labor efficiency increases. QUESTION: What is the organizational structure of Chinese unions? ANSWER: Workers are organized into basic- level unions by industries or lines of work. They are federated under the general trade unions of the provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. All are headed by the All-China Federation of Trade Unions. Effective leadership of all union organiza- iions is in the hands of the workers' congresses. These eiect the trade union leading c.ommittees at all levels' QUESTION: Where do funds come from and One of the trade unions' tasks is to are they allocated? help run nurseries and kindergartens, how ANSWER: The funds come from four sourceS: (1) Union members' monthly dues, which are 0.5 wage. (2) Every enterprise replacement of leaders who vioiate the law, seriously percent' of their monthly equivalent to 2 neglect their duties or work in a very unpopular way. must allot a sum for urrion activities The workers' congresses help supervise the perient of the total wages paid its workers. This does election by the workers of their own shop heads, noi come out of wages. (3) Any income derived from section chiefs and team leaders. When the workers' cultural and sports activities sponsored by the unions, congress is not in session the trade union carries on which is used to further such activities. (4) Subsidies its routine work such as preparing for the next from the government or enterprises. congress, checking up on the implementation of the The basic-level unions keep 60 percent of the previous congress's resolutions, and handling the sum the factory pays them. Of the remaining 40 demands, proposals, criticisms, requests and percent, tive percent goes to the All-China Federa- grievances of workers. tion and the rest to maintain the province, munici- QUESTION: What does the union do to pality, autonomous region and county union organiza- promote and protect the well-being of the workers? tions. The basic-level unions use about 25 to 37 '5 ANSWER: The union's responsibility is to percent of the funds paid them by their factories for safeguard the welfare of the workers and help im- educational purposes such as special courses, lectures, prove their living standards. Under the socialist reading materiai and spare-time schools' Union funds principle of "to each according to his work" they also go for cultural activities, physical culiure, a fund cooperate with government departments and factory for helping members with economic difficulties and administrations to improve the system of wages and office expenses. bonuses so that the material interests of the QUESTION: Do Chinese unions have interna- individual worker coordinate with the rate of labor tional exchanges with unions abroad? efficiency and rate of profit. ANSWER: During the first decade or so of the How they are to do this is at the moment in the new people's republic there were many such experimental stage. Enterprises that fulfill or go over exchanges. During the Lin Biao and gang of four the state plan will according to their profits receive times, however, these stopped. The recent Ninth a sum that will be used for colleetive welfare actiiri- Trade Union Congress reaffirmed that China's trade ties and bonuses for all-round good work to be paid unions would develop relations with all friendly to individuals or units (or for single achievements trade unions of other countries, w'ork to promote such as, for example, a new way for truck drivers understanding and friendship between the workers to save on fuel). At the same time the union promotes of different countries, and support the just struggles a communist attitude toward #oik and encourages of the workers and their unlons. people not to emphasize individual gain but to work This year the All-China Federation l,"ill pursue for unity, cooperation and class solidarity. friendly contacts with trade unions in over 90 The government pays for labor insurance but countries. China's trade unions will continue to hands the responsibility for adrninistering it to the develop their international relations.

L2 CHINA NECONSTRUCTS oIn Oue Soelotllo villages. But the writer was already seventy not many more springs and autumns- for him and Wu must help hirn reunite- with his family. Wu and Chen Shangming, another old returned overseas The $ear Chinese first found ten villages in the commune where people with the name Deng lived but no LIANG YINGLIN "Daning village." They decided to make a village-by-village investi- gation. When they came to the seventh, Rengang, about a dozen kilometers away, it was already 4 ANn DAY last summer the again. During the cultuial revo- o'clock in the afternoon. Yes, they L/ R"tr.r,"d Overseas Chinese lution, he was called a "spy" be- were told by some elders, it used Association Chonglou commune of cause the gang of four held that to be called Daning village before Taishan Guangdong in county, anyone with connections overseas liberation and a man cdlled Deng province, received a letter from was a reactionary. His home was Aoxing did live there 30 years ego. the United States. It was simply searched and he was removed In fact, Deng's wife, Wu Xiutao, addressed to "People's Govern- from his job, threatened and (a vgas still alive and at holne now. ment, Yonglouxu village in the harassed. After the fall of the county)." Excited, the two were taken to the gang, the people's government re- name is Deng Cheng (it woman's home, a new two-story "My iterated its policy for overseas read) but I was called Deng house. Wu Xiutao herself, about Chinese and those who have re- Aoxing before. I'm from Daning 60, greeted them. in Yonglouxu, Taishan county. I turned and their families: they "Is this Deng Cheng's home?" was forced to join the Kuomintang should have equal treatment, there Wu asked. "Deng Cheng is another army to replace a conscript whose should be no discrimination name for Deng Aoxing." family could afford to buy him off. against them and special consider- "Why do you ask about a man I couldn't stand the thought of the ation should be given according who died long ago?" bad conditions, so I ran away on to their special situations. Now "No. He is still alive. Look, the way to the recruiting center. Wu Yaozhu is back serving the here's a letter from him. He's "At first I thought I'd go back people. trying to find you!" Every word home to live with my family. But The vague address on the letter of the letter seemed to knock at in those days it was yery hard to did not help, for there were people the doors of her memories. Within live by honest work. Besides, the named Deng living in quite a few minutes the whole village had Kuomintang government would hunt me down and arrest me. I wandered about and later drifted Wu Yaozhu (center) and Chen Shangming wrlte letter to Hongkong. With the help of a a for Lei Jiachang to his relatives overseas. friend I went to the United States. Thirty years have gone by since I left home. I haven't heard from my family since I left. I'm getting on seventy now. Because I'm old and lonely I think of my home- town and my family. Now that overseas Chinese are being well treated again in China, I decided to ask you to help me find my family." The letter was forwarded to Wu Yaozhu, 83, a former laundry worker in New York, no'*, vice- chairman of the local returned oversea_s Chinese in Yonglouxu. He has warmly served the families of overseas Chinese, helped them write thousands of letters and brought many of them together

MAY IgI9 13 away. He and his grandmother' went out begging. Just before liberation, his grandmother died 4 and he grazed cattle to keeP him- self alive. After liberation, the people's government sent him to school. He went to middle school, studied in an agricultural school and became a teacher in Chonglou Middle School. In 1972 when he was about to get married the governrnent helPed him build 3 house. Then he brought his mother and his two sisters to live :{ with him. That night Wu Yaozhu wrote to ,.,,.|, Deng Aoxing in the United States that they had found his familY. The old man's son wrote, enclosing a photograph of the familY. Soon the son got an answer from his father. He wrote, "I saw all of You in the picture with both joY and sor- row joy to see mY familY flourishing- after several decades' separation, sorrow that we ail suf- Deng Chen8's wife Wu Xiutao and her fered beYond descriPtion in the moved of the way care of bY the heard the news. PeoPle crowded tao's son had disaPPeared and she know You are all into her house to congratulate her. couldn't find him. She staYed near the time being I Forty years ago Wu Xiutao had her work in Yangchun, rn',iiried cannot come to see You but I'm daug)rters. 18 to Deng Aoxing again and had three enclosing $200, $100 for the travel been married at died. In and they had a son. "When he tater her second husband fares of the gentlemen who took went to Chonglou to trY the was three," she said, "there was 1962, she so much trouble finding You, Several daYs Iruit for in Taishan' Aoxing and find her son. rest for some candY and a famine passed with no clue Feeling grandchildren."' went out to trY to get some rice my hopeless, she went to the bus sta- the overseas Chinese us. One daY he didn't come Of course, for tion to j'o back to Yangchun. association people wouldn't accept had such a back. My son and I There she told her storY to other the money designated for them but hard time that each' daY seemed -passengers. A woman said there gave it to the familY. "Write Your like a year. was a student named Deng Can- father about the big changes that heard that one could countrY "Later, I f ang in the Chonglou Middle have taken Place in our get a job in Yangjiang. But who School. .A't once she rushed to the and ask him to come back to have would hire a woman with a school and found her son at last. a look at how nice his old home- told child? I left mY son, Deng Can- Now the two men from the over- town is todaY," Wu Yaozhu fang, with mY father and mother- seas Chinese association hurried to the familY. in-law, thinking I would come to Chonglou to take their news to get him when I had earned Deng Canfang. TheY found him enough money. On the waY to that evening. He. was surPrised Yangjiang I saw a lot'' of PeoPle but said, "You are mistaken. I who had died of starvation. I lost my father when I was three." couldn't find anY real job there But when he read the letter he was but did what odd jobs there were excited and tears came to his eYes. in Yangchun. I wasn't used to the He told them his own storY. place and the weather, so I often When his 'mother had left and got sick. What I earned just kePt there was no news of his father, me alive. How could I go back his grandfather, unable to cope home?" with a famine, had committed his uncles . Meanwhile her- father and suicide. Some of Young mother-in-law had died, Wu Xiu- were sold for grain and others ran

t4 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS the river at its entrance to the sea. For more than 900 years people, horses and carts entered souTH rlJjrAr{ r , the city across this bridge. Today - j the bridge still stands, protected by the state as an important his- torical monument. Trucks and other heavy vehicles are forbidden to use it. One crosses the river on Ouanzhou, a dam built in 1973 not far north of the old stone bridge. Quanzhou was called Zayton (coralbean) in ancient times be- cause of its tremendous trees of Town this species planted during the Five Dynasties- (907-960). Today there are only a few left. Some line the road to the Tang dynasty Kai Yuan Temple, one of the'city's of most interesting sites. This temple was constructed in 686 and named the Lotus Flower Temple. According to legend the place had been a 'mulberry tree Twin garden. One day the owner dreamed that a Buddhist priest asked him for permission to build a temple there. {he owner was Pagodas unwilling. "Only if the mulberry trees in my garden bear lotus flowers," he said. A few days later lotus fiowers really blos- WU TONG somed'on his trees. Today in the court west of the main hall there Lin Xigin

Song dynasty ship unearthetl at Quanzhou. Photo by the Quonzhou Seo Communicati,on Musel_Lfi RACK from his long journey to t--r g51rl" in 1298, Marco Polo said that Quanzhou, then called Zayton, and Alexandria were the world's two biggest ports. The Iamous Arab historian Ibn Batuta (1304-1377) concurred after visit- ing China in the 1360s, though he held that Quanzhou was actually the biggest. In the Tang dynasty ..i"p (618-907) it was a thriving port. According to a 10th-century book of the Song (Sung) dynasty (960- 7279), it had 500,000 inhabitants. Quanzhou is in Fujian (Fukien) province on the Luoyaag River south of Fuzhou (Foochow), the * capital.. A stone bridge 88 meters long and ? meters wide spans

WU TONG is a staff reporter for China Reconstructs.

MAY r9?9 is still an ancient mulberry tree bearing a sign that reads: "Mul- berry Lotus Tree." The name of the temple has .s been changed many times. In 738 $ the Tang emperor Xuan Zong, a devout Buddhist, ordered every large town in China to build a temple named Kai Yuan after the title of his reign. The one built in Quanzhou, grand and elegant, is as famous as the Guang Ji Temple in Beijing (Peking), Ling Yin Temple in

The tablet where Zheng He burned incense before setting out on his fiffh voyage to 6he Middle East and Africa.

Mbnichear statue in relief. Wang Hotlgxutt

articles, they seem to be flying in pagoda is inscribed with 40 tales the sky. from the life of Sakyamuni and the There are many kinds of carv- west with animals and flowers. ings in the temple Brahminic The pagoda on the east, 48 - relief , figures resembling the meters high, was built in 865 and fuhinx, beasts' heads and birds' named the Zhenguo Pagoda. The bodies in stone, columns in the west one, 44 meters high and built ancient Greek style and traditional in 916, was named Renshou. Both Hangzhou (Hangchow) and the Pu Chinese dragons and tigers. Of were of wood. In 1238 the east Tuo Temple in Xiamen (Amoy). fine workmanship, many of these tower and in 1228 the west one Its exquisite architecture, art and were religious decorations on were rebuilt of stone, retaining the stone carvings are outstanding buildings around Quanzhou, later design of the original wooden among China's ancient temples. moved to the $ai Yuan Temple structures. From the top of ,the One hundred heavy stone columns and renewed. pagodas people can see all of support the main hall - of course Two large stone pagodas stand Quanzhou. called the HalI of One Hundred on either side of the main hall, the Pillars. On top of 24 of the pillars pride of the people of Quanzhou. DEFORE ]iberation only a are flying musicians whose beauti- D existed west of the They are often used as trade "em"tery ful crowns support the beams and marks on local products. Each city. Today a big sugar refinery also serve as part of its brackets. pagoda has five stories and eight and a porceiain factory have been The upper part of their bodies are sides. Each side has two ]ife-size built nearby. On a hill formerlY women and the lower part birds. stone Chinese or Indian Buddhas wild, a f actory makes candied Wearing thin skirts and holding delicately carved in different fruit famous at home and abroad. rnusical instruments or sacrificial styles. The bottom of the east The city has two new boulevards

16 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS Twin pagodas in Quanzhou. Stone statue of Lao Zi, found- er of Taoism, in Quanzhou.

One of the ancient halls in the Kai Yuan Temple.

Flying musician statues on the carved brackets supporting the beams of the main hall in the Kai Yuan femple.

dt Stone dragon pillars with open- work carving in the south Fujian style in the Kai Yuan TemPle.

The Quanzhou Mosque, one of China's oldest. \1-tr "ri.rilt llttr,'s h) ll d!t! iiJtiE\ttil Shanmei reservoir near Quanzlrou aftr:r liberation lined with tall buildings. Near Before he lelt he came to Lingshan Baiyuan Chi, formerly only a dirty HiIl to burn incense and ask the pool, are the China Travel AgencY, protection of the gods. the Over-seas Chinese Travel Agency and a hotel for com- A CCORDING to history books. A 1*lrrr-ri.* was introduced to patriots from Taiwan Province. 651. From that time on, gate China in Outside the cjty's east is many people from Arabic coun- another cemetery. In one of the tries, Persia. Syria and southeast Fujian province He local annals of Asia came to Quanzhou for trade, Qiaoyuan of the Ming .dYnastY religious or other reasons. At one (1368-1644) is quoted as saying, time some 10,000 lived in the "During the reign of Wu De (618- southern part of the citY. 626) of the Tang dynastY Muham- A mosque was built by the local mad sent four disciples to China to Moslems in 1010. Also known as preach Islamism. One worked in the Temple of the Unicorn, it is Guangzhou, one in Yangzhou and one of the famous Moslem build- the other two in Quanzhou. When ings in China. Arabic inscriptions the two in Quanzhou died. PeoPle buried them on Lingshan Hill " The local people later called their graves "ho1y tombs." , Lingshan Wang Hongxttn The ancient stone bridge Hill gradually became a place tMing dynastY navigator meters high and 4.5 meters wide. car is Wanshan Peak. Here under Zlneng He once burned incense Since liberation the mosque has a big banian tree is a smail stone here before setting out on his been renewed three times. monastery, all that remains of voyage to the Middle East and North of the city is a stretch of Manicheism today The religion, Africa. forested hills with giant bister founded by the Persian Mani (216- Zherrg He was a Clinese Moslem stones. The place is a scenic spot 276), was broughl to China in the of the Hui nationality. He made r.tith many historieal sites. 7th century. A stone tablet near seven voyages between 1405 and Quanzhou not only hosted the monastery records the activi- 1433, each time leading a large Islamism but was friendly to other ties of the Manicheans in' Fujian fleet. Half a century before religions, including Buddhism, during the Song dynasty. On the Columbus, his fleets visited over Taoism and Manicheism. mountainside behind the monas- 30 countries in Asia and Africa. On Wushan Hill, three kilo- tery a carved circle two meters Quanzhou was the port from meters from the city, a five-meter- across contains a statue in relief ot which he started his fifth voyage. high stone statue of Lao Zi, lhe a Manichean with long hair and a

MAY 1979 2l wide-sleeved gown. The monas- handicrafts had grown. Its stone band's sister carried a stone to a tery has recently been rebuilt. carvings were being sold in Japan hill where they stood watching for Under large trees close by is a and southeast Asia. Then the old the man's return. As the days teahouse. Rare tropical fruit trees man made a surprising comment: passed, the stone pile grew higher grow on the mountain. This is a "Quanzhou has survived !" and higher until it finally became favorite spot for local people. What he meant was that when a tower. At Iast the two sisters-in- In August 1974 a wooden ship he had left, Quanzhou had been a law died. of the 12th or 13th century was dying city under the rule of the found at the bottom of Quanzhou Kuomintang and the plunder of rIrHB 65-hectare campus of the Bay southeast of the city. It is 24.2 the imperialists. Liberation I Overseas Chinese University meters iong and 9.15 meters wide. brought the city back to life and lies in a beautiful mountain area In its cabin were fragrant wood, revived its traditional production east of.Quanzhou. The sabotage medicinal herbs, betel nuts, pep- of pottery, textiles and handicrafts. of Lin Biao and the gang of four p€r, tortoise shell, frankincense, Today the city has 250 factories stopped its work for eight years. cinnabar and mercury. The ship producing in value about 18 times Last year it reopened, enrolling an is the first in China to be dis- more than in 1950. The people initial 180 new students. covered in such good condition, have built water conservation pro- The government built the and aroused great interest in jects and dams, expanded the university in 1960 in Quanzhou, China and abroad. Ships this size, farming area and increased fish- native place of most of the over- ing, Before liberation the city had seas Chinese from Fujian. It has to import rice. Today the area trained over 2,000 Chinese stu- sells it. The old port has been re- dents from 17 countries. The built and new wharves are under university specializes in engineer- construciion. ing but also has departments of The sea is half an hour away by science and other specialities. Its car along the west bank of Quan- head is Liao Chengzhi, who is also zhou Bay. There, from an ancient a Vice-Chairman of the Standing five-storied octagonal stone tower Committee of the National Peo- ,,,?, on a hill. one can see the East ple's Congress. A board soon will China Sea and the Taiwan Straits. be established with representatives The tower, 21 meters high, was of overseas Chinese both in China built in 1162 to aid navigation. and abroad. Originally named the Wanshou, The university's buildings have today it is called the Tower of the a floor space of over 90,000 square Two Sisters-in-Law. meters. There is a well-equipped The reason for the name lies in chemical laboratory. The govern- a story. In the old society many ment has given the university people forced by poverty to cross 1,300,000 yuan- for new research i the seas to other countries left on equipment. Many students from ships from Quanzhou. Very often Burma, Indonesia, Singapore, Ma- k their wives and children received laysia, Thailand and also from no news from them. Every morn- Taiwan, Hongkong and Macao Studenis at the Overseas ing one such wife Bnd her hus- take their degrees here. Chinese University learning to use the analytical balance. A new boulevard in Quanzhou, Yang Xlangrian such as the ancient Roman galley and the Gokstad Viking ship in Oslo, are rare finds in the world. The Quanzhou ship is now in a special exhibition hall near the Kai Yuan Temple. I N old Chinese man who had .t r lived in Malaysia for over B0 years recently carn-e back to euan- zhou. "Things have changed greatly," he said. He visited fac- tories and communes. The old port had expanded. A reservoir holding 400 million cubic meters of water had been built in 1g22. The city's production of traditional

22 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS Edgar Snow (right) interview- ing (left to right) Xie Juezal, Huang: Hua and Wang Lin during his visit to Yanan in 1936.

Edgor

Snow's Yision LIANG SHICHUN

rf\HE new era of Sino-American Late in 1935 Yanjing University number of meetings were arrang- I relations. for which Edgar invited Snow to give a course on ed on the Yanjing campus and in Snow did so much, brought back feature writing in its department the city in which he told of his trip. many memories of him to my mind. of journalism. This gave Snow an His first-hand inf ormation was I met Edgar Snow and his first excellent opportunity to come into indeed an eye{pener to all who wife, Helen Foster, at the home of contact with some of thE patriotic. heard him. It broke the blockade a mutual friend and colleague on alert and progressive young people on news about the Chinese Com- the campus of the former Yanjing of north China. And these young munists imposed by the Kuomin- (Yenching) University in Beijing people found in Snow a sym- tang government, which for Years (Peking) in February 1934. At pathetic. wise and trustworthy had kept people in the dark. His that meeting we had a rather friend. authentic first-hand inf ormation heated though friendly discussion Japanese imperialism had al- not only helped open the eyes of about the .United States' silver ready occupied northeast China many Chinese people but, and poiicy* which ended, however, with and the threat to north China was more important, gave them a mutual respect for each other and mounting. By their suggestions courage to fight against Chinese an invitation from the Snows to and advice the Snows made an im- visit them in their newly-rented portant De- contribution to the +The United States government in 1933, house in the nearby market town cember gth Movement**, which embarked on a policy o{ buying of Haidian. began among the students of uni- 24,421,4L0 ounces of silver'per year in My wife and I were warmly the international market over four versities in Beijing and spread to years as a measure to raise the price welcome not only by the Snows but nationwide resistance. of silver and thus control Chinese also by their. over-affectionate In June 1936 Edgar Snovi began cumency which was based on silver. **The gth dogs, the dignified Gobi and his historic journey to the revolu- December Movement of Ginger, a tiny pup who jumped ofl 1935 began with demonstrations bY tionary base centered around Beijing students to protest against a and on became our laps. I a fre- Yanan. Preparations had to be Kuomintang government plan to set quent up an autohomous government for caller at the Snows' and a made in secret and I was one of warm friendship grew between north China, which would have be- up the few to know he was making the come a puppet for the Japanese. The us. trip. When he and Helen returned students demanded a united front to figbt Japan. as had been called for by to Beijing . several months later the Chinese Communist Party. It they came to spend the night with spread to students in other cities and LIANG SHICHUN (Hubert S. Ltang) soon brought togetheF. people in all is a professor of English in Nanjing us. He talked till dawn telling us walks of life in a movement to resist University. his experiences and impressions. A Japan.

MAY 19119 23 reaction and Japanese aggression. together with Rewi Alley and we had to carry on our anti-Japa- It provided them with a glimpse others conceived the idea of the nese activities in the then Interna- of the shape of things to come in Chinese Industrial Cooperatives, tional Settlement or the French a strong, independent, democratic or Indusco for short. This, the Concession. We had a club called and progressive China, a China in "Gong He" (work together) move- the Tuesday Evening Supper Meet- which the people were trulY ment, which set up small local in- ing as a camouflage and clearing masters of their own fate. dustries to help the people over- agency. Its weekly meeting was In order to provide a medium come the ravages of war, made a secretly attended by Chinese in through which Snow's information contribution to China's economic various walks of life. Edgar Snow and showed in and other material could be dis- resistance to Japan enjoyed the distinction of being a seminated nationally and interna- a more significant way than standing guest-member of' this tionally a group of us Chinese and generally realized how economic meeting. We often invited him to could be built in a foreigners in Beijing started democracy give reports or talks to it. At this publishing magazine English, couqtry like china. a in time 50,000 copies of his book DemocracY. It I weil rernember the meetings under the name Red Star Ouer China were called for a united front for re- we had in the Tai Xing Apart- Pub- Iished in Chinese in Shanghai. for sistance to Japan and for de- ments, then the Medhurst APart- to the I'est of the mocracy within the country. The ments, where the Snows were circulatiori country. magazine published only six issues living and how these two dYnamic In July 1938 Snow and I boarded because its activity was terminated young Americans were trYing to German steamer for Hongkong, by the Japanese invasion of north win converts to the idea oI the co- a to China. But it aroused keen and operatives. How well I recali the the first leg of our iourneY rvidespread interest in China, at Cinner we had at the Jin Jiang I{ankou, rvhich couid only be Ieast among her intellectuals, and Restaurant to officialiy launch In- reached by piane lrom Hongkong, won coffrmendation abroad. In the dusco, with all of its initial spon- as the Japanese had taken Nan- launching and editing of this mag- sors present. It was a truly jirrg. On board ship we had azine Edgar Snow and Helen international united front gather- long talks about the Sino-Japanese Foster deserve a great share of the ing attended by those two Ameri- war. the international situation as clcd it cans, an Engiishman, a New a whole and Sino-American rela- Zealander and several Chinese, tions. As to the latter and those f N the spling ot 1938 Edgar Snow with Snow and myself presiding. between the American people and I and I wcle boih in Shanghai. After the so-called Chinese part the Chinese peopie, he had a long- That spring he and Helen Foster of Shanghai fell to the Japanese range vision and objective of co- operation, a view to which I ful1Y subscribed the sort of relation- ship these -two countries and two I.)rlgar Snou' in north Shaanxi province, 1936, peoples should and must have, not only for their respective good but in the interest of enduring world peace and of a new progressive cul- ture, and the buiiding of that cul- ture in both China and the United States. In this he felt the American people and the Chinese peoPle would both have nrajor roles to play. . Our conversations on this topic continued over a long period ot time, in Baguio in the Philippines wheie rve later met and stil1 later in New York City. Now that relations have been q.- normalized, and our two peoples are moving closer to each other in many a respect, were Snow alive today I think he would be ver.v happy to see things going the waY they are between our t-.vo great .1, countries and two great peoples.

24 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS lllount Qomolangma photographed al an altitude ot 10,000 meters. Xin.lt ua

rfiHE Qinghai-Xizang (Chinghai-Tibet) Plateau, Permian Period, about 282 million years ago- the sea I highcst and largest in the world, was formed only bed began to emerge from north to south. By the a ferv hundred thousand years ago. This makes it early Tertiary Period, southern Xizang still had bays the youngest highland on earth. It averages about connected with the Indian C)cean. Not until the 5,000 meters above sea level. On its southern edge is middle Eocene Epoch 38,000,000 years ago did the Qomolangma Feng (Mount Jolmo Lungma) at 8,848 whole area become land. meters, the world's tallest mountain. In the early In the Fliocene Epoch the area was characterized Tertiary Period 40 million years ago, however, this by green hills and waters. Since the limestone belts entire area was the bottom of a great sea. When did in southern and northern Xizang had long been it emerge out of water and begin to rise? How did eroded, the topography was sirnilar to the karst areas thls infLuence the climate and nature? in south China today. The region was still less than The mysteries of the "roof of the world" had few 1,000 meters above sea level. Caverns on the ciiffs, answers before 1949. In the early 50s the Chinese jutting peaks, deep fissures, sinkholes and under- Academy of Sciences of the new people's republic ground streams looked very much like the scenery began to organize expeditions to the plateau. The of Guilin (Kweilin) today. largest was a 1973-1976 general survey by a team of in 400 scientists from 50 different fields. Working The llimalayas Rise almost every county and district of Xizang, it col- lected large numbers of valuable specimens and much From early Tertiary Period to the Miocene Epoch, and Some basic conelusions data for analysis study. the Qinghai-Xizang region was a large plain with no concerning the formation and growth of the plateau Himalaya or Kunlun mountains. By the middle of are now pos3ible. the Miocene Epch the strong mountain-forming movernent of the Himalayas had radically changed Former flills and Waters the terrain into many flssured basins and mountains. . At the same time the entire region was slowly rising. Studies of the plateau's marine bed show that However, continued crustal movement destroyed some parts of the higi-rland rose out of water early, those mountain.s and filleci in the basins until by the others late. Toward the latter part of the early end of the Pliocene Epoch the plain was restored wiih only a few mountain rr.rins left. I'he climate was waprn; and dense forests flouri.shed a ZEIENG BENXING is & researcher ln the Glaoler and humid and - DeBert lnstitute of ihe Chinese Aef,demy of Sclences. typical tropical and sutrtropical scene. At the foothills

MAY 1979 25 8$' t';t i; ,, E $ i ts:

',' ; Shi Yaf etrg A kars[ arch. Between two slopes is a drift Ilat on Mount Xixabangma formed in the glacial period of the early Pleistocene Epoch.

were conifers and broadleaf trees such as ceteleeria began to reach beyond the snowline, small ice caps and deodarceders. On the mountains grew oaks, and piedmont glaciers were forrned. By the middle spruce and firs. Thick forests and meadows covered of the epoch the mountains' continued upthrust re- the plains. In the early Pliocene Epoch herds of duced the atmospheric temperature and greatly in- three-toed horses (Hi,pparion tibetensis) and rhino- creased precipitation, favoring the development of ceroses (Chilotherium tanggulacnis) could migrate glaciers. Piedmont glaciers 34-40 kilometers long and directly to the Indian plain. In the middle of the high-basin ice caps several thousands of square kilo- epoch three-toed horses (Hipparion chilongensis), meters in size began to appear. Toward the latter rhinoceroses (Chilotherium tibetensis) and giraffes part of the middle Pleistocene in an interglacial stage (Palaeotragus rnicrodetu) in the Jilong Basin, accord- the weather became warmer and moist, melted ice ing to the fossils discovered there, were simiiar to water deepened the rivers around the glaciers and animals in northern and northwestern China at that enlarged the lakes on the highland. Broadleaf and time. Sporo-pollen analyses prove that the Himalayas deciduous forests grew around the lakes and mixed were 2,000 meters above sea level then, 1,000 meters forests of conifers and broadleaves on the mountains. above ground level, and had become an obstacle for Many karst caverns formed in the valleys, and "stone three-toed horses to cross to the subcontinent. forests" developed on the hillsides. A mantle rock of laterite and red fossil soil was formed. The plateau was still only 2,000-3,000 meters high. Monsoons and the Glacial Epoch

Bef ore the Pliocene Epoch, the Qinghai-Xizang Continuing Upthrust region was low and flat and did not impede the latitudinal flow of the atmosphere around the globe. A strong upthrust occurred in the highland be- Later, the upthrust enabled the region to receive more tween the middle and the late Pleistocene. The old intense solar radiation and made it a center of both chasms reappeared along with ne(v ones. Magma was "heat sink" and "heat source" which promoted the active and hot springs were everywhere. Fine sul- circulation of vapor between land and sea. Thus phur ore was formed at the foot of mountains. When studies show, monsoons began to appear when the the plateau reached 4,000 meters, the Hirnalayas plateau had risen to 1,300 meters. In the summer, wet towering in the south began to block the wet Indian monsoons from the Bay of Bengal biew into the high- Ocean monsoons from entering the plateau. The land directly, and those from the Pacific reached weather became cold and dry and there was very northward as far as Nei Monggol (Inner Mongolia). little precipitation above the snowline. The giaciers In the winter, the cold air from Siberia attacked the stopped growing and even became smaller. Former eastern Asian continent. The higher the plateau grew maritime glaciers became continental ones. The thick the stronger the monsoons became, which greatly forests were replaced by wild grasslands. Though influenced the natural conditions of Asia. thq interglacial period came, the climate here changed In the Quaternary Period, with the uplift of the little because of the upthrust of the plateau. An ex- plateau and the changes in climate, glacial ages ception was a north-south valley at the southeast alternated with interglacial ages on the highland. In corner of Xizang. It enabled the monsoons from the the early Pleistocene when the peaks of the Himalayas Bay of Bengal to blow northward with large-quan-

26 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS tities of rainfall which brought on a dendritic glacier west China where they became deep layers of loess. 100-200 kilometers long and ice caps covering several Rivers dried up or changed course. thousand square kilometers. During the post-glacial stage, even in the recent Man Conquers Nature' epoch of 6,000-3,000 years ago, most of the glaciers The upthrust of the plateau Xizang Qinghai-Xizang developed on the mountains. In northern the greatly changed the climate of eastern Asia and the glacier stage of piateau's permafrost formed in the whole continent. The Chinese people, slowly adapting has remained the late Pleistocene Epoch and until to and mastering nature as it changed, have developed today, varying only in the depth and limits of the a great variety' of local .products. The hot, dry seasonal activity of the frozen earth. weather of the Xinjiang Uygur (Sinkiang Uighur) Autonomous Region makes lhe Hami melon more Northwest China Deserts fragrant and sweet. The high mountains and deep In the early and middle Pleistocene Epoch the valleys of southeastern Xizang show a clear vertical Tarim and Qaidam basins north of the highland held plant zone ranging frot4 rice, bananas and apples at great lakes. The reason was that the heavy rainfall the lower levels to the perpetual snow on the moun- ;rrought by the monsoons melted the ice on the sur- tains above. On the plateau, because abundant rounding mountains and the weather was humid. sunshine helps photosynthesis, a turnip or cabbage Toward the latter part of the middle Pleistocene Epoch, however, with the upthrust of the plateau and the Tianshan Mountains, rainfall became much 1ess, the melted runoff of the glaciers dwindled and the climate became dry. Stror-Ig winds blew away the minute particles of soil at the foothills to form high sand dunes, while the remaining hills became desert. Still smaller particles were blown to north and north-

Scientists hirnting for animal fossils of the Pliocene Epoch (10,000,000 years agio) in Jilong county on the south slope of the Himalayas. Xinhua

Fossil of an ichthyosaur (with Z'4'meter ribs and back bone) and Ammonoite. Xinhus

Fosslls of Brochiopoda, Biuolae, Gastro' poda and, Ailmonoite of the Mesozoic Era. Xi,nhud Upper jaw of a three-toed Hipparion. Xinltua may weigh several kilograms. Qingke barley has been adapted to growth in fields as high as 4,700 meters above sea level, a feat rare in the world. In this arid heartland of Asia people arg trying to transform the deserts into oases with water melted ' from snow and ice in the moultains. Shelter belts now prevent windstorm damage. The deep frozen earth cannot stop people building up the plateau. In once uninhabited northern Xizang new towns are rising. Agriculture, industry, animal husbandry and communications are growing.

27 A chime from the set pre- sented by the Duke of Chu, placed in the grave. are ind of Ancie t

WU ZHAO A large-size chime-bell,

A section of the chime bells. rFHE Marquis of. Zeng must have liked music. At l- least a great many musical instruments were buried with him when he died in 433 B.C. Unearthed recently, they are a rare find in tomb excavation. There were 124 instruments of 8 kinds, including a large set of bronze chime-bells, drums, qin and se (both zither-like instruments) and others among a total of 7,000 tomb relics. Many inscriptions provide new facts on the music of the time. Marquis Yi was head of Zeng, one of several small states during the Warring States period (475-221 B,C.). His tomb was found last May on a hill 2.5 kilo- meters northwest of the Suixian county town in Hubei province. The largest room of the 4-chamber tomb (total floor space 220 square meters) was arranged like a feast hall. In the southern portion were about 100 utensils including bronze pots and wine contain- ers, many of them with intricate designs or inlay, works of art in their own right. The musical instru- ments were found aiong the west, north and south wa11s. A huge set of 65 chime-bells was hung on an L- shaped structure along part of the south and west walls, 7.48 meters long on the west and S.B5 m. on the south. They were hung in three rows on frames nearly three meters in height. They include 1g small

a,qi ,'# '. WU ZHAO is a member. of the Chlnese '!4 muslc hlstory ,& d€partnrent of the Muslcal Resear.ch Institute nnder the *tri' t Research htademy o{ Llterotule antl Ar(.

2B CHINA EEOONSTNUCTs Ihe biggest set of chime bells.

Drtrm

S/rerig with pipes dismantled from the holes. Pan-pipes. Five-stringed zither. 'l'en-stringed zither

Photos h\ Yu )'itttinq ones on the top row and 46 iarger ones in the center' and bottom row. The largest weighs 203.6 kilograms and is 153.4 centimeters tall. It is the biggest of its kind unearthed so far in China. Along the north wall was a set of 32 stone chime3. Instruments for an orchestra included a big drum, seven se and three sheng (a wind instrument with pipes of varying lengths). There were also pan-pipes and flutes, both the earliest examples of these instru- ments to be unearthed in China. The two-octave pan-pipes have 13 tubes ranging from 5 to 22.4 centi- meters in length. Two small drums to be used by dancers lay in the center of the hall.

Giant Chime-bells The small bells on the top row of the big set were apparently used to set the pitch for the instru- ments of the orchestra. The huge bells on the bottom ro$, furnished the bass accompaniment, and the center row has bells in three sections, two soprano and an alto. This was more complicated than most sets of chime-bells of the time and was apparently used for several-part harmony. We know from inscriptions in the tomb that after the death of the Marquis, the Duke of Chu a larger' state, sent a set of chime-bells for his funeral.- As a token of respect to the Duke of Chu one chime-bell from the set was substituted for one in the set buried with the Marquis. The structure of wooden beams on which the chimes are suspended was so well constructed that t

Excavation ot the chime bells: theY stood lhelc for more than 2,000 years"

Twenty-one human skeletons of young women in addition to that of the Marquis were found in the side chambers of the tomb, probably concubines, singers, dancers and musicians who had been buried alive.

Inscriptions About Scales

The chimes were intended f or use with a chromatic scale of twelve half-tones. On the beams are inscribed the tone of each chime on the scale in what is equivalent to the key of C. Tested at the I'he stone chimes. Illtotos b! Yu Yintiug Musical Research Institute under the Research Academy of Literature and Art the chimes were found to be true to tone and even after 2,400 years retain through 2,000 years it did not give way under more rich tone color and good modulation. than 2,500 kg. weight. The center and bottom rows Two thousand characters of inscriptions on the hands and heads bronze are supported on the of back of the chimes give information comparing the warrior figures. The wooden beamS are decorated musical symbols used in the State of Zeng with those bronze endpieces with with colored designs and have This will relief or openwork designs, Near the structure in Chu, Qi. Zhou, Jin and other states. found six T-shaped hammers and two thinner sticks"yere prove extremely valuable for the study of the devel- for striking the chimes. Three musicians played the opment of the chromatic scale and the music of the center row and two the bottom row. different states during the Warring States period'

MAY T979 31 Zhou Enlai in the Mry 4th Movement

HU HUA Even as a schoolboy in Shenyang, (shown above in 1910) Zhou Enlai was filled with a desire to save his country,

Zhou tsnlai when he graduated from the Nankai Middle School in Tianiin in the summer of 1917. rT] HE anti-feudal anti-imperialist movement which I began on May 4, 1919 brought the 2l-year-old Zhou Enlai racing back from his university studies in Japan to play a leading ro1e. Earlier that year at the Versailles Peace Con- ference ending World War I, as part of the winning side the Chinese delegation had demanded the return to China of Shandong (Shantung) province which had been leased to Germany and the city of Qingdao (Tsingtao) and the Qingdao-Jinan rail line which Japan had seized from the Germans during the war. China had also asked for an end to the special privileges which imperialist countries enjoyed in China and the abolition of the 21 Demands imposed by the Japanese government on China's Yuan Shi- kai regime* with the intention of reducing China to a Japanese colony. But the imperialist powers, Britain, France and others had a secret agreement with Japan and the United States delegation went back on its high-sounding principles, so the conference refused China's demands and transferred to Japan all German rights and privileges in Shandong. In China news of the decision touched off a wave of strong opposition, particularly among the students. On May 4 more than 3,000 university

* Yuan Shikai was a leader of the northern warlords. After the overthrow of the 1911 he seized the Presidency ina. He had agreed to 21 Dema support for his schemc 10 mak e did in 1916. His "reign" lasted only 83 days. Condemned by the whole nation, he was forced to abdicate and died soon 11t afterward. 1 .i I t IIU HUA is the head of the Chinese Communist Pafty 1, History Department aJ China People's Unlversity in Beijing. i.

90 CHINA BDCONSTBUCTS !

&r

Tianjin students led by Zhou Enlai besieging the police slation of the warlord govern- ment on October 15, 1919 after poliie prevented them from holding a demonstration. students in Beijing (Peking) demonstrated in Tian dynasty emperor. The democratic bourgeoisie An Men Square with the slogans, "Return Shandong represented by Strn Yat-sen had begun to spread to Chinal" "Don't sign the peace treaty!" "Abo1ish democratic and republican ideas. Influenced by a the 21 Demands!" and "Boycott Japanese goods!" radical teacher of history and geography, the young They also demanded punishment for those in the Zhou had become interested in national affairs and government who had sold out the country, Cao Rulin, developed a burning desire to save the Chinese people Minister of Communications, Lu Zongyu, Minister from their suffering and the humiliation to which of Foreign Affairs who had signed the 21 Demands, the feudal ruling class had led it. and Zhang Zongxiang, the Chinese Ambassador to While attending Nankai Middte School in the Japan. Students broke into Cao's residence, seized city of Tianjin (Tientsin) he had begun to read the and beat Zhang and set the house on fire. writings of progressive European bourgeois thinkers The movement spread rapidly through the whole of the age of enlightenment, which strengthened his country and aroused national feeling and the desire hatred for China's feudal ethics. With fellow for democracy, which had been growing among some students he organized the JiWae Lequn Hui (Study sections of the population since the October Revolu- and Eriendship Society) for discussion of current tion in Russia. topics. They started the magazine Jingye (Study) for which he frequently wrote articles condemning feudal despotism and the mental fetters of feudal Feudalism Hatred for ideas and superstitions. By the time of the May 4th Movement Zhou The group was much influenced by the magazine Enlai had already long been a student activist. Born New Youth started in 1915 by Chen Duxiu (Chen Tu- in a declining feudal family in Jiangsu (Kiangsu) hsiu) and Li Dazhao (Li Ta-chao). Advocating province, he was in grade school in the northeastern democracy and science, they criticized the teaching of city of Shenyang, where he lived with an uncle, wtren Confucius, which had been the bulwark of centuries the Revolution of 1911 overthrew the last QinB of feudal regimes and launched a movement for a

MAY T979 33 new Chinese bourgeois-democratic culture to replace With members of the the old feudal culture. The political and ideological Study and Frlendship Society, March 191 t. inroads made by Neu youth on the olii feudal ethics Zhou is at the far left. were to pave the way for Marxism-Leninism in China and for the May 4th Movement. Zhou had been extremely active in the new culture movement, speaking and writing articles and poems for newspapers and magazines, He also organized his schoolmates to go out to investigate things in society. He helped found an amateur drama group which performed skits exposing the feudal "virtues" for what they were. At a time when men and women were not allowed to appear on stage together, Zhou volunteered to play the female roles and did so very successfully. The troupe became quite well known. On graduation from Nankai Middle School in The 1917, Zhou had gone to Japan for university study. meetlng thaa forBed siudenl unity at a pavlllon ln Taoranllng park on There, after the victory of the October Revolution Ausust f6, 1920, Zhou ls fai fronl,, lefi. in Russia, he had first come into contact with Marxism and began to study socialist trends in Japan.

Student Leider After Zhou arrived back in Tianjin the Tianjin Sludents' Union decided to publish a newspaper in ,Iune 1919, the Tianjin Stud.ents' rJnion Bultetin, to help direct the movement, and asked Zhou to head it. The young editor often found himself pitching in to drr everything on the twice-weekly paper, including handling of advertisements from some patriotic companies. For the first issue on July 21 he wrote an editorial "Transform Our Minds and Transform Society" in which he pointed out that to reform .society one must first change one's old ideas. The Agreeing with Zhou's proposal, the student paper's popularity increased until its circulation leaders set up a nucleus to lead their activity which leached 20,000 copies. It became a leading force in they called the Awakening Society, and began to north China in the anti-Confucian struggle which was pubiish a magazine known as Jueuu (Awakening). one of the currents in the May 4th Movement. At first, on the principle of equality of the sexes, the society consisted of ten men and ten women The Awakening Society |eplesentatives, including Deng Yingchao, who was The actions of the Beijing and Tianjin students later to become Zhou Enlai's wife. This was one of set off great political strikes in Shanghai, China,s the first times in China that wonlen f ought largest industrial city, against the warlord govern- shoulder-to-shoulder with men to break the sl-rackles ment and Japanese imperialism. With such struggles of feudal ethics. as background, in August Zhou put forward the idea of the radical transformation of society aS an objective The Boycott and Arrest lor the student movement. He urged the leaders of One method of protest was to institute a boycott various student groups to go out and rouse the of Japanese goods. The Students, Union had a com- students and masses the and not wait till the corrupt mittee to enforce it by burning Japanese goods. On government slaughtered them. He urged uniting all January 23, 7920 the committee 1earned that some who shared this desire to carry on struggies and put merchants were secretly concealing Japanese goods out magazines to publicize their calls and unite the and went to investigate. The merchants got common will. Japanese thugs to beat up the students. A delega-

34 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS ? gA

'\; &

_ _il Arrested student and citizen representatiycs aftcr their l'elease from prison on July 1?, 1920. Zhou is second from right in the fourih row. tion of 24 representatives of students and citizens of courses in economics, psychology, history, law, Eng- Tianjin went to the government to protest this Iish and Japanese with examinations every two outrage. They were ail arrested. weeks. They often held meetings to discuss political, On January 2S Zhou Enlai, who was then academic and social problems. Zhou himself taughl heading the Students' IJnion, led some 1,000 students English and Japanese and gave talks on the life ancl to the off ice of the governor of Hebei (Hopei) writings of ,Karl Marx. He worked energetically to province. They demanded release of the arrested introduce Marxism,,though at that time it was representatives, reopening of ihe Students' Union regarded as "extremism" and called "as dangerous office which had been closed by the warlord govern- as floods and wild beasts." ment, freedom to boycotty'apanese goods, freedom of On July 6 the court was forced by pressure fron'r assembly and association for the people, abolition of society to bring them to trial. On the third day Zhour the unequal treaties between China and Japan, and and his comrades had their turn to speak. They that the warlord government not negotiate directly exposed to the 500 people who had crowded in 1o with Japan over the Shandong question (they were watch the trial the reactionary government's crinr(l afraid it would capitulate and wanted negotiation of suppressing the patriotic movement. Zhott by a disinterested party). became the accuser and the government the accused. Th.e governor locked the gate to his office and On July 17 all the prisoners were released into thc' would not let them in. Regardless of danger to their hands of a cheering crowd outside the court. A lives, Zhou and three other students crawled in under delegation of Tianjin citizens presented them with the gate to try to talk to the goVernor. They were medals with four golden characters reading "Devo- arrested. The demonstrators outside were severely tion to the Nation." beaten by police with guns, swords and clubs. Many were injured, some crippled for life. Taoranting Park Meeting Zhou had become increasingly aware of ttrc Struggle in Prison necessity of fighting both the feudal lords and foreign Zhou Enlai continued to struggle in prison. The imperialisrn. On August 16, 1920 with other leader.s police held them for months without trial and of the Awakening Society he joined 23 representir- without a charge. Early in April the jailed students tives from four other youth organizations (Young went on a hunger strike to demand freedom of action China Society, Work-study and Mutual-aid Youlh in jail and that they be brought to trial. A.few days League, Dawn Society and Humanist Society) in a later the police transferred the studerrts and 21 others meeting at Taoranting Park in Beijing. There Deng who had been similarly arrested to a prison for civil Yingchao spoke on the formation and activities ol offenders under the public prosecutor's office, the Awakening Society and Zhou explained the iclcir Zhou used the qreater freedom the prisoners had of uniting for social reform he had previously put in this new placti to organize them for further Iorward for the Awakening Society. Professor [,i struggle and for study. Those who were able gave Dazhao of Beijing University, who had become the

MAY 1979 35 language first to publicize Marxism in During this time he read in their original ;11-;;;g';;*r" unite for s many works by Karl Marx which had not vet been and translated into Chinese, banner Jt-"o.irti.rr-r, to group people. After the meeting they issued a Manifesto In the winter of 1921 he organized a called Unity and Social Ref-orm which called on the th Party among Chinese students for Paris in June youth to unite, go among the people and work to save in irst congress in -of establish ties with the nation. Many m]embers the Awakening of it tried to as they were called on and went out th of China' which had been Society did following the workers and peasants. In December Zhou founded in Shanghai in July 1921' among Party-The asked the went on a work-study program to Europe, where he winter the Central Committee of the hoped to learn more about Marxism.

In Europe Early in 1921 Zhou was in Britain where a coal miners' strike was going on. He told their story ,,The British coal Mineri' Enlai became a member of the Party in June 1922' He in an article entitled branch Strike,, which was published in the June issue of became one of the leaders of its European yishibao, a Tianjin daily newspaper. lhou later and was chosen secretary of the Youth League the time on he worked in the Renault Automobile Plant and Lille general European branch. From that coal Mine in France, and from the German Ruhr devoted alt his life and energy to the noblest cause wrote about the situation there for Chinese readers. in the worid, the liberation of mankind'

[n Berlin, April 1922,

trw i e

#

36 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS Yunnan's Yulong Mountai ns Snow-Capped Land of Legend

ZIJ.AO JINGXIU rFWO days by car northwest of in the lake with the sunrise casting I Kunming, capital of Yunnan a crimson glow upon it. The scene province, along a section of the formed by these elements is Burma Road, h round-toPPed known as "Reflection in the Jade crystal-like mountain thrusts uP Lake." Beside the lake stands a against the skY. This is Fan Moun- huge ancient orange tree which tain, highest of the 13 Peaks in the bears extremely sweet fruit. It is Yulong range, which is a Part of known as the Dragon Girl's Tree the larger Snow Mountain range by the local people, who have of Long March fame. These attached to it this legend. mountains get their name, which The daughter of Mu, a chieftain means Jade Dragon, from the waY of the Naxi people, feII in love the snow-caPPed, mist-shrouded with a young shepherd and range snakes its waY from north to wanted to marry him. Thinking south through the Lijiang Naxi this free choice improper, the Autonomous CountY. chieftain had the young man It is a marvelous Paradox of burned io death and imprisoned nature that at 6,000-meter Fan his daughter in a pavilion. She Tiger Leap Gorge. Mountain, ciouds which in autumn wept till she could weep no more sometimes Pile uP to take the and died of grief. The lake, it is shape of galloPing horses, can Yet said, was formed by her tears, and create an atmosPhere of serenitY it rose till it drowned the pavilion, against the deeP blue sky. The The next year an orange tree flow of melting snow has etched sprang up beside the lake. It was the mountainsides into a mYriad of said that the maiden had turned varied scenes. One of these is the into this tree. "Green Jade Screen," a cliff of deep green-shaded ice formed bY The Jinsha River layers of snow accumulating and melting over the centuries. Another magnificent view is One of the most striking views called "Where the Jinsha Flows is the reflection of Fan Mountain Between Cleft Mountains." Jinsha, I Mountains is name given Liiiong. I or Golden Sand, the I l{!ri Aulotronous I of Naxi nationalitY' the upper reaches of the Chang- (ounty ZIiAO JINGXIU, I is on the staff of the Cultural Center jiang (Yangtze) River. It is said Kunmino" \ of Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County in Yunnan province. that once, like its sister rivers

MAY T979 37 One of the many hydropower stations built in the area. Members of a Naxi theatrical troupe. Pkotos bg Shen Yantai which come out of the Tibetan She set out from her home at the link hands around them. The highlands, the Lancang and Nu- foot of the Bayan Har (Bayan taLlest are about 40 meters. They jiang, the Jinsha flowed straight Kara) Mountains on the Qinghai- can be used for pillars for a 13- south. It used to spill over its Xizang (Chinghai-Tibet) plateau. story building, if one should wish banks and inundate the surround- The Old Man of the Yulong Moun- to build one. ing area. One day Yu the Great, tains, hearing that she was 'rery The forest has many kinds of the legendary flood controller of beautiful, wanted to seize her and flowers. Most famous are its ancient times, passed by and saw force her ,to marry his son. He primroses, camellias and azaleas, how the people suffered from waited for her, lying on the Yun- the latter in several dozens of these floods. He took a great axe ling plateau northwest of Lijiang species in white, reds and yellows. and made a cut in the mountains to block her way. He waited seven Yunnan province is known for so that the river could flow north- days and seven nights, but the girl its camellias, especially those ward before turning south again, did not come by. He became very growing in Lijiang. At Yu Feng thus ending the floods. tired and dozed off as he lay there, Temple in the southern foothills of This point where the Jinsha with one knee up. The girl came the Yulong Mountains stands the crosses the mountains, known as along and, realizing he wanted to famous Camellia of Ten Thousand "Tiger Leap Gorge" is one of stop her, slipped quietly through Flowers. This tree puts forth a China's famous gorges. It divides beneath his knee. When she had new set of blossoms every few days the Yulong Mquntains on the east crossed the valley she let out three from January to April, each time and the Haba range on the west. peals of laughter, which turned more than a thousand. It has ten The cloud and rnist-filled valley into the three big falls on the river trunks of 20-30-centimeter dia- created by sheer perpendicular just downstream from where it meter which are twined together cliffs is penetrated by the sun's turns north. as solidly as a wall. The entire tree rays only at noontime. As the with its branches covers an area of turbulent current passes through, Forests, Flowers, Herbs 42 square meters. it seems to be bursting through a The Yulong Mountains are a Each flower is as big as a saucer, narrow stone gate. At some places famous forest region of pines and with 18 petals and 9 pistils. Some the gorge is only 30 meters wide. oaks. Every year thousands of people compare their flaming red It is called Tiger Leap Gorge, as cubic rneters of logs are floated color to the shining vermilion of some say a tiger can jump that down the Jinsha for shipment by imperial halls, others call them far. train or truck to other parts of "Lions' Heads" for their shape. About this valley too there is a China. Above 3,000 meters only The Yulong Mountains are also a tale. The Maid of the Jinsha River tall firs grow, but with such thick source of many rare medicinal was to be married to the East Sea. trunks that two or three people can (Continueil on p. 43)

90 oo CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Blossoms of the Camillia of I'en Thousand Flowers

{"2:rleas in tire Ylrtong }{()untJil1s.

;,.,r;i I Murals from a temple of Mu Kingdom times.

Reflections in the Jade Lake, scene from Lijiang, Yunnan province. Pltotos bt llu Ilanzhentr4 utttl Li ('liettg;,'uttg THINGS CHINESE

The

White-l-leaded

!-eaf IUlonkey

WU MINGCHUAN

A white-headed leaf monkey and her young one.

Expedrtion camp in southern Guangxi. Photot bt Zhung Yintitg (Continued from P- 38) herbs. Two hundred Years ago a book the Yulong Ben Cao (Materia Medica on Yulong) was comPiled with drawings of 328 varieties of them. TheY include fritillarY, cordyceps, cirrhosa, tree Peony, dahuricum. rhododendron and ephedra. The area's Yellow azaleas are not onlY a thing of beautY. but are useful in treating ringu'orm' After liberation a mountain Plant subtroPical with caves, clif f s. jutting Peaks \Yf E WERE in a research institute was set up here' W forest in southern Guangxi and dense forests and lush vegeta- (Kwangsi). The early morning sun tion that make an ideal home for Iight was just touching the moun- them. The Naxis and Lijiang CitY leaf monkeY tain peaks. A monkey jumped The white-headed a Its long slen- Below the mountains is onto a big fiat rock. Blinking its is an agile animal a home of helPs it keeP its balance tableland which is bright round eyes, it kept looking der tail of the Naxi nation- around like a sentinel. Its black while it jumPs around. It has a 100,000 PeoPle and hearing, ality. TheY were nomadic moun- body and snow-white head, neck sharp sense of smell to the alert. It lives tain hunters, who, according and shoulders made it look Iike a and is alwaYs on this flatland while old man black jacket in groups. Whenever the grouP legend, found little in a pursuing animals. TheY began to and white cap. Suddenly it cheer- moves, a scout is sent ahead to down in this area during the out, ka, ka. . . .'' make sure there is no danger- His iettle fully called "Ka, States (475-221 A second monkey appeared, then signai brings the rest. If some- Warring Period B.C.) as farmers, growing wheat another. . . until thing unusual haPPens, his warn- another and and living a life much like there were seven. They jumPed, ing sends the grouP running to and rice when our exPedition that of the Hans, the majoritY Peo- turned over and scratched them- safety. Once Yuan joyously them on ple of China. During the selves while the first one was trying to PhotograPh area us suddenlY dynasty (12?1-1368) when this still maintained his watch. These a flat rock, one of of disaPPeared had alreadY long been a Part were the white-headed leaf sneezed. The monkeYs king- stars and for several China, an indePendent Naxi monkeys (Leucocephalus Tan), Iike shooting Mu Kingdom they could not be seen again. dom known as the part of the wildlife of the Guangxi days which lasted until the Zhuang (Kwangsi Chuang) Au- The white-headed leaf monkeYs rose here, second quarter of the 18th century. 'tonomous f on leaves and wild fruit' Region in south China. eed kings exPloited their species PreseYtis Each group is headed bY a mature The Naxi As a of the people and around the caPital primates one the male. The rest are femaies and own family of and of at Lijiang white- their young. When a Young male Dayan Present-daY world's rare animals, the - luxurious villas, long- headed leaf monkeY was first matures he leaves his group and they built covered walks and a deer Park for discovered in China in 1956. Our forms a new one. He stands guard own enjoYment. Their Palace monkeYs while the others look for food, rest their expedition found these part their vralled city still and subtroP- or play. A femaie matures at three and of only in the tropical at Lijiang. The palace belt or four years and bears a Young stands today ical forests of the limestone contain manY beauti- one once a The babY's hair is and temples in southern Guangxi. The climate Year. murals dePicting stories from is warm with plenty of rainfall. soft and light Yellow. After six or ful it becomes black the Buddhist, Taolst and Dongba The topography is comPlicated, seven months Naxis' own and white like the adults. The religion. the last the monkeY is variety. The stYle of art is a is a forester ln white-headed leaf WU MINGCHUAN popular in zoos and also the mixture of Naxi, Han and Tibetan' the Guangxi Zhluang (Kwangsi Chuang) Since liberation the Naxis have Autonomous Reglon. subject of scientific studies. made economic and cultural Pro- gress along with the rest oI the country. The melting snows of the Yulong Mountains are a natural reservoir for irrigation as well as motive force for hYdroPower stations of small and medium size built in the valleYs. These suPPlY electricity to new factories as well as the wooden houses of the vil- lagers and new construction in Lijiang.

MAY T979 43 exploitation and opplession that Reaisiting block its progress. the Discriminated against in the old China, far back in history the Yaos were driven into high, cold regions IVIountuiru,s of the Nanling range. It is said that more than 2,000 years ago, during the Qin (Chin) and Han dynasties, their ancestors had of the lived on the plains around Dong- ting Lake on the middle Chang- jiang (Yangtze) River. A proud people with a tradition of fierce Yao People resistance to oppression, they re- f used to submit to the corvees 'I'he imposed on them by tyrannical author FEI XIAOTONG rulers. They chose instead to withdraw into the remote moun- tains and forests where they could TL AST DECEMBER I went on a China any nationality, whatever live in freedom. Cot-roboration of visit to the Dayao Mountains its size or cultural level. can this theory is found by some in the in the Guangxi Zhuang (Kwangsi traverse in a few short years or name "Moyao" (those who refuse Chuang) Autonomous Region on decades the distance covered by to do corvee) a term for the China's southern border. An oid other peoples in the world in Yaos first seen- in the Liang ShtL stamping ground of mine, it was hundreds, even thousands of years historical accounts written in the here 43 years ago that as a univer- once it gets rid of the forces of Han language. Although today's sity graduate majoring in anthro- - pology I did ethnological investiga- tions. I was utterly astonished by Pan Meiying (right) ol' Yao nationalily, a vice-secretary ol Hexian county the changes that had taken place Par(y committcc in (iuangxi. rvorks rvith eornmrrne menrbers in the liclds. Xrnirr;,: in the intervening years changes so great that the best way- to sum up my impressions is to say that I had come to a different land. The Dayao Mountains were once contemptuously described as "beyond the pale of civilization." k b They have been the home of gen- s U{ erations of Yaos, a people who in years gone by suffered all the hardships and humiliations of being a minority nationality under Han chauvinistic rule. In 1952, not long after the Chinese people Iiberated themselves under Com- munist Party leadership, the Yaos founded the Jinxiu Yao Autono- mous County, thus becoming one of the first minorities in China to achieve local autonomy. The new aspect of things here today shows that in the family of peoples of

FEI XIAOTONG, 69' is a professor at the Central Instltute for Netionali- l,ies, a member of the Standing Com- mittee of the Chinese People's polltica! Consultative Conference and Depuiy Director of the Institute of Nation- alities under the Chinese Academy of Sociil Sclences. His artlcle ..Sichuan: Calamity and Reeovery" appeated in our January 1979 issue.

44 CHINA RECONSTBUCTS historians have certain reserva- tions about this theory, the fact remains that the Yaos were forced into the mountains by the oppres- sion practiced down through history by China's reactionary rulers. A glance at the map, and the whole story beeomes self-evident, Situated between the Liujiang and Guijiang rivers in eastern Guang- xi, the Dayao Mountains cover an area of 2,300 square kilometers In some places this region reaches an altitude of 1,900 meters above sea level. It is rimmed by a serieS The au(hor chats with a Yao family. Zhang Y,La of steep slopes and sheer cliffs that form an effective barrier about 1,300 hectares of paddy ants of Pan Gu) and Shanzi (the between it and the surrounding fields existed in the whole region Mountain Folk) Yao. plains. at the time of liberation, however, The relations between these dil- My first expedition into these and the majority of the Yaos ferent groups were quite com- mountains in 1935 was done raised dry-land crops on about plicated. The first three tYPes horses entirely on foot. Even 6,600 hectares in the mountains by mentioned above each possessed a were impracticable. The narrow, slash-and-burn methods. Harvests stretch of mountains, including primeval winding trails in the were meager. the forests. rivers and wildlife. forests and dense bamboo were so The population of this moun- Consequently they came under the overgrown as to be almost in- tain region at liberation numbered general heading Shanzhu (Moun- distinguishable. Because we lost about 26,000, of' which approx- tain-owner) Yao. Another name our way I stepped into a tiger trap imately 18,000 were Yaoc. As for them Changmao (Long- and was injured. My wife went compact Yao communities went, haired) Yao,- stemmed f rom the back alone to get help, slipped the one around Jinxiu was one oI way their men-folk used to wear while crossing a torrential stream the Iargest in China. But it ac- their hair iong and coiled on and lost her life. Accidental as counted for only 3.6 percent of the top of their- heads. They dwelt on these misfortunes were, it was not half million Yaos living in Guang- the flats along the rivers and made accidental that generations of Yaos xi, or 2 percent of the entire Yao their living chiefly by cultivating retreated and protected themselves population in China, for the Yaos paddy rice. This permitted them behind natural obstacles such as characteristically lived in small, to settle down for successive these. widely-scattered communities. The generations, build permanent Yaos of Guangxi were sPread over houses of timber and stone and rftgg Dayao Mountains are only 60 or more counties, their numbers congregate in relatively large a I or" tint< in a chain of moun- in each county varying from communities generallY in vil- more to onlY tains that begins with the Nan- hundred thousand or lages of several- dozen households. a few hundred. lings in Guangdong (Kwangtung) a few thousand or The last two types of Yaos men- were usuallY province, passes through Guangxi Their villages tioned ibove, on the other hand, the separated by several mountains. and Guizhou, merges with had no land of their own. TheY Hengduans Yunnan and ends in Even in the Dayao Mountains, in were dependent on the earlier Indochina peninsula. Through- walking from one village to the Mountain-owner out this entire chain one finds another not infrequentlY took me settlers the Yaos -Ior land, paying for its use stockaded Yao villages loosely a whole day when I first visited - scattered among the remote peaks the region. in kind or in labor. Since their and valleys. Living so widely disPersed, the cultivation methods consisted chiefly of the slash-and-burn The rugged mountains with Yaos differed markedlY among 'ex- soaring peaks hidden among the themselves in language, social variety, soil fertilitY was clouds contain swift-running structure, customs, habits, religion, hausted in a few years and theY streams radiating outward from and even dress. These differences had to look for new land. Unable the center. The largest of these is formed the basis of the various to settle down and always on the the Jinxiu River which flows into names by which they were known. move, these peoPle could build the Liujiang. It is after this river Several dozen names exist for, the nothing better than crude bamboo that the Yao people named their Yaos. In the Dayao Mountains are huts. TheY were called Shanding autonomous county, Along its five: Chashan (Cha Mountain) (Mountain Tenants) Yao or Guo- banks are flats smooth enough to Yao, Ao (Col) Yao, Hualan (Flower shan (Mountain-passei or Migrant) permit the planting of rice. Only Basket) Yao, Pan Yao (Descend- Yao to denote the fact that theY

MAY T979 45 the Migrants, and eventually kept these rights in permanence, using them to increase their own wealth. Thus a minority of exploiters ap- peared among the Mountain- owneris, and the fact that they pos- sessed more wealth than their neighbors touched off a rich-poor polarization process within the group itself . Poorer members began to rent land from the richer members and, with the advent of feudalism, the headmen developed into a feudal landlord class. Thus the complexity and in- volute nature of the ethnic and class relations in the old Dayao One of Ihe nran.], h1'dropower stetions in the .linxiu Yso Autonomous County. Mountains can well be imagined. Zhang Yun Inside the mountains on the one hand contradictions developed had neither land nor permanent "tablet" system under which the among the Yaos themselves. Out- abode. inhabitants of one or several vil- side the mountains on the other Subject to such exploitation, the lages banded together and erected hand contradictions grew between Migrant Yao lived in dire poverty. a stone tablet engraved in Han the Yaos and the Hans and During my first visit to the Dayao writing with the rules and regula- Zhuangs. And within the moun- Mountains I lived for a time under tions to be observed by members tains there were also the contra- the same roof with some of them. of the group. Apparently a sort dictions between Mountain-owner Chilly draf ts blew through the of social pact, this set of rules de- and Migrant Yaos. chinks in the walls at night, meals fined rights and prerogatives Although all these contradictions consisted of corn and wild plants. within the group; the social order, were essentiaily of a class nature, whole families slept under one customs and practices to be main- they expressed themselves mainly ragged quilt, and even adults had tained; and the sanctions imposed in the form of contradictions insufficient clothing to cover their for inf ringement or violation of among nationalities. These com- nakedness. these rules. Each tablet group ap- pticated social relationships all The presence of such inequali- pointed a headman to enforce the centered on one simple historical ties between the different groups. discipline outlined by the pact fact - that the thousands of Yao all of which bore the name Yao. the appointments originally taking- people had been slowly driven into leads one to the conjecture that place by public consensus under a these high and cold mountains and the reason lies in the sequence of sort of primitive democracy. On reduced to a permanent poverty their arrival. Successive waves of the basis of these small groups and backwardness. latecomers were probably left Iarger ones were f ormed which This situation had lasted at least with no alternative other than went by the names Big Tab1et and 1,000 years. The discovery cf Tang primitive farming in the morc Grand Tablet. The Grand Tablet dynasty (A.D. 618-907) coins in inhospitable areas, rejected and encompassed all the Yao groups ir-r the forests of Jinxiu recently, as discriminated against by the the Dayao Mountains and its we are told, is evidence that established communities of earlier headman was known as the "King migrations into the mountains may arivals who already had taken of the Yaos" by outsiders. How have been taking place even in possession of the better land. The the groups merged into larger those early times. The epilogue to bir-ds in the sky and fish in the units has not yet been clearly this chapter in history began in the rivers all belonged to the Moun- determined. 40s of the current century and tain-owners and were forbidden to Historically speaking, this sys: finally came to a close after many the Migrants. The latter dared not tem of organization once played a years of bitter struggle. even walk with their heads up in positive role where the survival of the streets of the Mountain-owner the Yao nationality was concerned, villages. but it also perpetuated the unequal f{ OWnVnR heavy the oppression telations between the Mountain- rr exerted by successive Han THIS inequality among the Yao owner and Migrant Yaos as welL ruling classes over the Yao people, -a groups was instrumental in as a host of backward customs. direct Han rule had never bringing about class differentia- Moreover, the headmen, in later penetrated the Yao mountains tion among the Mountain-owners times only nominally elected by before the 40s. Notwithstand- themselves. Traditionally these public ae.claim, acquired the right ing their internal conflicts the Yaos had been governed by a to levy land rent and corvee from Yaos had always managed to

16 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS present a united front against direct external rule. But by the 40s the reactionary Kuomintang rulers of Guangxi would no longer be thwarted. They adopted what THE ACCIDENT they termed a :'policy of enlighten- ment," aiming to bring direct rule On August 1, 1935 Fei Xiaotong married Wang Tong- to bear over the minority nation- hui. He had received his M.A. from Qinghua (Tsinghua) alities in the region. University and she had just finished her third year in Han off icials were sent into sociology at Yanjing (Yenching) University. Four days minority districts to suppress any later the newly-weds left for the Dayao Mountains of resistance with arms. A garrison Guangxi (Kwangsi) to make a survey of the social organiza- command and "Bureau for the tion of the Yao people. In spite of extremely difficult con- Establishment of Order" were set ditions in language, communication and daily life, they up. The system traditional tab).et worked very hard f or f our months and gained very in the Dayao Mountains was valuable information. smashed and the region split up Then on December 16 an accident occurred. They into seven areas each under the were traveling on a mountain trail between two villages, administration of a dif ferent fell behind their companions and became lost in the dense county, a "divide and rule" tactic. forest and rugged hills. Taking the wrong path, they The class contradictions among wound in and out among the hills without meeting anyone the Yao people themselves werb or coming within sight of any human habitation. Near a put to use by conferring leadership grove of bamboo Eei Xiaotong's foot triggered a "dead posts upon Yao landlords and fa1l" tiger trap and huge quantities of stone and timber using them to enforce Kuomintang came crashing dowo upon him. He was badly injured and rule. These measures brought out could not walk. Unhurt, his wife set out to bring help into the open class contradictions but never returned. - long hidden by, and masked as, Fei lay on the cold ground through the night, chilled contradictions among nationalities. to the bone, hungry, thirsty and in greht pain. The follow- Anti-rent struggles by Migrant ing morning his wife did not return. Fei began crawling Yaos broke out and persisted up slowly along the narrow trail Finally, late in the after- to the time of liberation. noon, he was found by a local tribesman. Very worried, After the people's republic was he asked about his wife. No one had seen her. Fei was founded in 1949 the Kuomintang carried to the nearest Yao village and a general alarm was reactionaries in Guangxi put up a sent out. A search of several days over every mountain last-ditch struggle, withdrawing trail and wooded hill failed to find her. Seven days later into the Dayao Mountains in an- searchers found her body floating in a mountain stream. ticipation of a comeback. During The following year Fei Xiaotong edited their notes 'published the year 1950 the region suffered on the Hualan Yao and a book entitled Sociol heavily under the armed occupa- Organizati.on of the Hualan Yao People (June, 1936) under tion of Kuomintang troops. These his wife's name as an eternal memorial to her. committed eveiy possible outrage, breaking into homes, pressganging men, raping women, confiscating food and taking whatever money they could find. To the Yaos it time of my current visit the new revisit the Dayao Mountains dur- was nothing less than a calamity. history of the Yao mountains had ing my trip to Guangxi, not only Many died, families were broken already been 27 years in the writ- were my listeners somewhat sur- up and scattered. This lasted until ing. And so, whbn I went back prised but' I too felt certain the end of the year, by which time there with my recollections and qualms. Was my nearing-seventy the People's Liberation Army ad- was suddehly confronted bY the physique still equal to the rigors vanced into the mountains. After fresh pages authored bY the Yao of mountain climbing and tough three months of fighting, with people, small wonder that I had trails ? the cooperation of the local Yao the sensation of being' in an My f ears proved unnecessary. inhabitants, they finally mopped altogether different land. Enormous changes had taken place up the remnants of the Kuomin- in the Yao mountains. To begin tang army. EIORTY-THREE years are by no with, the trek from Nanning, the The skies were now clear over [' means a brief interval where capital of Guangxi, to the moun- the Dayao Mountains. Ended once individual lifetimes are concerned. tain center of Jinxiu the place and for all was that chapter in From the prime of life I mYself I had failed to reach 43- years ago history I had first witnessed 43 had entered old age. ConsequentlY was this time made in a com- years ago in this region. By the when I broached mY intention to -fortable "Shanghai" automobile.

MAY 1979 47 In comparison with the foot- ihg conditions. The region Pos- slogging and ctiff-scaling of earlier sesses a vast Power Potential for times, the six-hour drive over 340 building a modern economy. kilometers of highwaY seemed like Many times during this visit I something out of another world. hesitated to believe mY eYes, not It was evening when I arrived sure whether the things I saw in Jinxiu. After a brief rest, I were fact or fantasY. EortY-three pushed open the windows and was years ago, when night fell over the greeted by the sight of a galaxY mountains, the onlY light in the of lights sparkling on both sides dark hovels came from the flames of thd Jinxiu River. I asked of small fires. tf the need arose, myself if I was reallY in the Dayao resin-rich chiPs were ignited' Mountains. Just then mY host These gave off a Pleasant odor but turned on the lights in the room filled the room with so much and said, "We can't use all the smoke that I could hardlY open mY power our hYdroelectric station smarting eYes. I used a flashlight produces. We need Iaster devel- and this was alwaYs a sign.al for opment." local urchins to railY around and I learned that the Central Power follow me about. But now everY Station in Jinxiu, which went into home had electric lighting' everY operation more than a Year ago, production brigade showed movies had been fitted with two genera- and every commune Possessed a tors, each with a 1,600-kilowatt TV set. A Project was even under was use, capacity. OnlY one in discussion to Publicize the use of however, because the countY itoves as a way to save on In electric didn't need that much Power. firewood. fact. with the rugged terrain, there Power 'Potential is bY no gorges and swift- was no lack of means nature's onlY gift to the which local flowing streams Dayao Mountains. Countless FDSTTYAL brigades could use f or Power valleYs and ridges generation. ManY alreadY hgd emerald-green trbasure house of own. are a veritable OF small generators of their daY after Central Power timber. On the seiond Later I visited the bY car to Station and, loo\ing uP, saw my arrival I was taken great pipes plunging almost a forestrY center 1,400 meters THE POET sea Forests stretched vertically f rom the mountaintoP above level. As I stood in a 680-meter drop. RarelY does as far as I could see' YI-IAN one find such ideal power-generat- there, a huge load of logs swePt QLr over my head on a cable and came rnHE fifth dav of the fifth month to rest on a Pile bY the highwaY' I on the Chinese lunar calendar. Electricity from a station on the or duan u-ru (meaning the first of Rice paddies cultivated by Yao com- Jinxiu River had been brought to the three fives in a month's calen- mune membcrs on high altitude slopes. The daYs when 7.11u \Tonqeino the lumberjacks. dar) is a festival dedicated to the it took several daYs for men to great poet Qu Yuan (Chu Yuan, carry a single log out of the moun- iso-zz} B. C.), honored for his de- tains on their shoulders were gone' votion to his native state. It is The Yaos are develoPing new also known as "the Poet's daY" in industries using wood as their raw some parts of China. This Year it material. WraPPing PaPer ma'Ce falls on May 30. from local pulp is marketed out- Qu Yuan lived in the State of side the mountains and wooden Chu north of the Changjiang .spindles produced here suPPiY (Yangtze) River in central China spinning mills throughout Guang- during the Warring States Period xi. Unimpressive as these in- (475-221 B.C.). The State of Chu dustries are as Yet, there is no was in constant danger of being telling what epics of construction invaded by the State of Qin (Chin), will be written henceforth under strongest of the seven feudal king- the title "Timber plus Electricity;" doms which was trYing to swallow I tried to imagine what these up the others. Qu Yuan, one of the mountains rvould look like bY the Duke of Chu's ministers, was lead- year 2000. er of the anti-Qin forces at the (To be continued) Chu court.

RECONSTRIICTS 48 CHINA c"-

..1 dragon-boat race in the Surnmer' Palace, Beijins. ()ttan Prno

Capitulatols among the other able to untie the thread and eat necks of small children. or coiored officials spread slanders about him, the rice. Today's Zoigzi are not thread around their necks, wrists which the king believed and sent thrown into the river, but boiled and ankles. People once believed him into exile. While in exile he and eaten for fun. They are three- these could protect the children learned that Qin had invaded the cornered in the north, oblong in from evil. Chu capital-and in despair on the the south" The ones made in On this day it is also customarY Iifth day of the fifth month threw the Guangxi Zhuang (Kwangsi to take a drink of wine containing himself into the Milo River in Chuang) Autonomous Region are realgar, rub the wine on children's present-day Hunan province. His a third of a meter long and weigh faces, ears and noses, and sPrinkle mosquito neti to f eeling for his native state has half a kilogram. it on beds and been often recalled by the Chinese Dragon-boat races are still held keep away insects for the summer' people during times when their on the rivers of south China. They By custom peoPle alwaYs trY to eat nationhood was threatened by in- are said to symbolize the people's some fresh fruit on this daY. vasion. He is one of the greatest attempts to rescue Qu Yuan, though custom possibly a Tibetans duan wtL is poets of ancient China. His works the had A MONG the much The wooden A birthdaY of include the autobiographical Li earlier origin. as the boats, big enough to hold 40 people the god""1"5r"1ed of medicine. PeoPle make Soo in which he speaks of his polit- pairs, about 30 countrYside (Petition seated in measure an excursion to the ical ideals, Tian Wen to meters long. The prow is a carved taking with them wine. At a (Calling Place Heaven), Zhao Hwn Back dragon's head and the body, paint- where flowers grow, the PartY the Soul) and Nine Songs. ed with dragon-like designs. siops and everYone sits around Decorated with colored banners, tossing flower petals into the wine rf\HE people honor the memory of the boats start their race amidst then drinking the "hundred- I Yuan on this day by and Qu the sound of gongs and drums and flower wine." eating Zongzi and holding dragon- rousing singing. boat races. Zongzi are little Women of the Korean nation- packets of glutinous rice with ju- ality in China's northeast hold n oMING in the lull between on swings. The Dai jubes, ham and sweet bean paste \-.1 plowing and summer competitions spring southern border added for interest, wrapped in is celebrated people along the weeding, the festival gongs, set off Ieaves of rushes. According to one in a variety of ways. It has over- beat drums and dance- version these had their origin in tones of spring purificition, and in firecrackers, sing and rice placed in tubes of bamboo and the south it is the occasion for a A-mong the Miao PeoPle it's horse thrown into the river as food for good cleaning. Baths are taken in races and archery contests. For the Qu Yuan's spirit. Later the rice water boiled with Chinese mug- Hani, Miao and Naxi nationalities was wrapped in chinaberry leaves wort and calamus, two herbs with it is the day for announcing and tied with thread of five colors a strong smell. Fragrant sachets betrothal. And a poPdlar activitY so that the river dragons would.n't of aromatic grasses in the shaPe of among people of all nationalities is eat it. It was felt that since Qu calabashes, bats, water chestnuts to go out collecting medicinal Yuan was a wise man. he would be or birds are placed around the herbs.

MAY T979 49 11 lZttOU (Tzuchou) ware. a \-/ happy combination oI bold peasant designs on porcelain. has been well known since the Song dynasty (960-1279) though it was first made much earlier. The name comes from the ancient PotterY center Cizhou in todaY's southern Hebei province, and that name, meaning "pottery Pref ecture" obviously came from the craft that grew up there. Now this tYPe oI ware is made in the north China provinces of Hebei, Henan, Shan- dong, Shanxi and Shaanxi. Prod- ucts include bowls, dishes, jars. vases and porcelain headrests. Despite its beautY and ancient origin, for a long time Cizhou was not included in the list of famous porcelains because its designs did not seem "refined" to the feudal ruling class. It was described in articles by scholars and officials in terms such as "extremelY silnPie and coarse" and "suitable for public eating places as it is durable." But in more recent times pieces of Song dynastY Cizhou ware are valued as priceless antiques and the present-day production is extremely popular. Cizhou lx)rce- lain was created by the PeoPIe and it is just these features of simpli- city, durabitity and PracticalitY that have made it Ioved until today. After the new China came into being in 1949 efforts were made to revive the then-declining produc- tion of this ware. Ancient exam- ples were widely sought and stud- shape hen rusi" design. Container in lhe ol a sitling wilh "iron ied. Further developing their fine tradition, the Cizhou Potters have created many new colors of glazes, new transmutation mottled tints and new decoration. The Products The Farnous are sold abroad in more than 50 countries and regions. {1 IZHOU is known for its designs \-t in iron rust color. Pigment Cizhou Porcelain containing iron painted on the white slip, or coating, on the Pot turns this color after firing. This discovery centuries ago created a new method of decoration and be- came the chief characteristic of Cizhou ware. The vigorous brush strokes of the design are said to have exerted a permanent in- fluence on the ileyi (exPression of the spirit) style of Chinese tradi-

BECONSTBUCTS 50 CHINA Elephant.

Plaque incised with a lish design Owl

lcapots in the shape of a willow leaf. Camel-shaped flower vase.

Plaque incised with a flower design.

Hen. tional painting. A typical example sitting hen. In their imaginatively- of this coloring and style from the designed shapes and combination Song dynasty is the headrest with of usefulness and beauty they are the bamboo design (right, bottom). reminiscent of the bronze animal- Another technique associated shape wine containers of the Shang with Cizhou is to etch out the dynasty (16th to 11th centuries background so that a design ap- B.C.). pears slightly raised. Small circles Some of the aborre-mentioned are cut into the background to new works were designed by Pro- create the effect of inlaid pearls, as fessor Zheng Ke of the Central shown in the Song dynasty Academy of Arts and Crafts, in kidney-shaped headrest at right. cooperation with veteran crafts- The lotus and fish design sym- men. technicians and Young bolizes continuous abundance: the pottery painters. Some were de- signed by the young painters them- character for lotus (liott) has the Kidney-shaped headrest with back- Professor same sound as that for continuous, selves. Seventy-year-old ground of "pearls," Song dynasty" Zheng has spent a lot of time work- and that for fish (yu) the same as side side with the workers abundance. ing by in kilns in Pengcheng near Cixlan, StiU another style associated the present name for Cizhou. He with Cizhou growing of the out says he regards Pengcheng as his above method is the scraped de- Headrest with design in artistic home. "iron rust" color, Song d1'naslY. sign. The body of a piece is coated A traditional method used to with black glaze white and or slip achieve a fresh artistic effect is a the background is dug away with low black-glazed pot with trans- a bamboo splint so that after firing mutation mottled tints created bY the raised design stands out in the Guo Futing, an engineer of the contrasting color as illustrated by Cizhou area. On top of the un- the peony-design plaque on p. 52, a fired glaze of high iron content modern work. This method is were added splashes of zinc silicate sometimes used to create a three- and then firing was done at above dimensional effect. 1,200 degrees Centigrade. .The re- sulting yellow markings against TWO of the new Cizhou pieces, the black background are like fire- r both using the traditional iron works against the night sky. Guo rust color, are a camel-shaped vase has made many innovations in and a container in the shape of a glazes.

Jar with human figure design, Song dynasty.

Raleed bloek glaze deslgn oontraste wlth beektround on gong { dyneEty v8se.

MAY IO?9 53 Weother Forecosting RAO XING

qOME part of China's vast and nation of how the rainbow was U complex territory suffers dis- formed. In the 14th century Lou aster from the weather almost Yuanli collected peasant proverbs every year. This has made me- on weather and compiled them into teorology an important study since a book called Guid is for Farmers, ancient times. The oracie bones which has in the main proven and tortoise shells from over 2,000 scientifically correct. years ago, bearing China's first writing, are inscribed with records Widespread Network of sand, wind, snow, rain and hail- Though Chinese meteorological storms. During the Spring and science was quite developed in the Autumn States and Warring early centuries, in modern times it periods (770-22I B.C.) the year was lagged behind that in western divided into 24 solar terms as a countries. At liberation in 1949 guide to farm Special work. offi- China had only 72 weather sta- cials kept probing sequence the of tions, most of them with outdated winds, and Iightning rain, thunder equipment and incomplete records, and studying the. relation between Since then a weather network' has weather' and agriculture. Often been built which embrae es into up their conclusions were put 2,600 government-run stations, rhymes or songs to make them 18,000 commune observation posts easier for the people to remember. and many weather-watching In the Western Han dynasty (206 teams. There are also special B.C.-A.D. 23) a simple device was weather stations serving the mili- used to tell wind velocity from the tary, aviation, navigation, forestry, pitch of a whistle. The weather- fishing, state farms, salt fields and vane show wind direction dates to mining areas. A total of 42,000 from the Eastern Han dynasty professional personnel have been (A.D. 25-220). Accurate measure- trained as well as tens of thou- ment of rainfall and snow was re- sands peasant amateurs who garded in of as vital to agriculture watch the sky over China's moun- dynastY (1127- the Southern Song tains, islands, deserts and grass- | ''.rl 1279). In 1425 the government dis- lands. Previously oniy govern- gauges tributed'standard rainfall ment stations issued forecasts, but 49.5 centimeters in helght and now these smaller observation 23.1 cm. in diameter throughout posts issue limited local forecasts. the country. During the reigns of An example is what haPPened in Qing dynasty emperors Kangxi and Guiping county in the Guangxi Qianlong (between 1662 and 1795) Zhuang (Kwangsi Chuang) Auton- these gauges were made of bronze. omous Region. There are weathet Even in ancient times a number observation posts in all of its 23 of scholars were able to exPlain communes, and weather forecast- natural phenomena scientifically. ing groups and sky tvatchers in the Wang Chong in the Eastern Han 200 production brigades under dynasty systemqtically eJ.ucidated them. Analyzing the weather situa- 'how thunder and lightning differ- tion in the winter of 1976 a county- ed in different seasons of the year. wide meeting predieted a warmL Shen Kuo in the Song dynasty spring without cold waves, follow- (960-1279) gave a scientific expla- ed by cold earlier than usual in autumn. Foilowing their advice, RAO XING is a leadins member of the farmers sowed and transplant- the Central Meteorological Bureau. ed their rice earlier than usual so,

54 Rockets fired _to disperse hailstorms. Xinhua An area where sand is being stabilized by planting trees. Xinhua A staff member from the meteorological bureau in Guidong county, Hu- nan, and two commune weather watchers, Gui,dong Bureau l:i Weathermen visit a winter lambing paddock in the Nei Monggol (Inner Mongolia) Autonomous Begion, Xinhua .:' 1, a.. 1:: !);, ..2 i:3 :; Balloon-borne robot weather observers, as released above from a ship, radioed in valuable information during China's first oceanographic survey. Xinhua tG.

c.r,,i

:,: i.:

TT

55 that the second crop of rice was basis of their findings the county waves, typhoons and the atmos- able to ripen fully before the coid leaders have promoted planting of pheric circulation over eastern set in. several new strains of hybrid Asia. Seventy-two items of re- The county weather stations middle and late season rice suited search were commendeci by the issue Iong, medium and short- to the different altitudes. As a Nationai Science Conf erence last range forecasts, consult and ex- result the county's yield averaged year. change inf ormation when they 6 tons per hectare. The Qinghai-Xizang (Chinghai- anticipate weather that will affect One of these agricultural sections plateau a quarter of Chi- Tibet) - agriculture. They constantly seek in Xianghuang Banner (countY) in na's territory which stands an to improve the accuracy of their Nei Monggol (Inner Mongolia) average of 4,000 meters above sea forecasts through caref ul investiga- recommended that lambing, which level exerts a great influence on tion of actual condi.tions and listen- is done in enclosed shelters, take weather- not onlY over a iarge Por' ing to the peasants' oPinions. place in winter rather than spring. tion of China but over the entire thus giving the Young sheeP a Asian continent and the northern Better Service Longer period of warm weather to hemisphere as well Summer Crops in Dunhua countY in enable them to grow strong enough droughts. winds and hailstorms in China's northeasterly Jilin (Kirin) to resist illness before the next southwest. northwest and north province Irequently suffer because winter. This is one of the big fac- China and the vaileY of the Chang- of cold or sudden droPs in temPera- tors in raising this area's produc- jiang (Yangtze) River are closeiY ture. Making this problem their tion of sheep. linked with the weather sYstem ot main .subject f or research the These units not onlY Predict but this plateau. Surveys have been" county weather station staff woik- try to do something about the conducted over its glaciers and ed out the pattern in which high weather, Good results in artificial snow-capped mountains and more and- Iow-temperature years occur. rainmaking and prevention of hail- than 130 papers written on the rn- was expected 26 They fbund that 1973 storms have been achieved . in fluence of the plateau's topography to be a warm year with little rain, provinces, municiPalities and au- on China's climate. These studies and suggested to the county tonomous regions. Droughts were found that monsoons from the BaY authorities that more middle and relieved in Hunan and Shandong of Bengal. which had been thought late season crops be planted to provinces by artificial rainmaking. unable to cross the HimalaYa fully utilize the warm weather. As Of the 800 counties most Prone to Mountains. actuailY do influence a result the county's grain produc- damage by hailstorms successf ul the climate on the Plateau, Partic- tion was 20 percent more than that large-scale experiments have been ularly that of Yunnan Province for 1970, its record year. conducted in 500. In the summer and Xizang (Tibet). Using models Work in many agro-meteoro- of 1978 eight districts in Sichuan the scientists have been able to logical organizations,' which had province, including MianYang, learn more about this bY simulat- been disrupted as a result of Lin Chengdu and Xichang, 109 im- ing the effect of the Plateau cli- Biao and gang of lour policies such pending hailstorms were converted mate on generai atmosPheric as sending the stafl off to do farm into rain. circulation. work, has been taken up again. In Large-scale experiments to pre- Progress has been made in vent addition, almost 300 stations have frost have been successful in modernizing meteorologieal equip- set up sections which give sPecial north, northwest and northeast ment. Today China is abie to China. Such efforts in Heilong- guidarice to agriculture. They have manufacture radar equiPment for jiang province in the northeast drawn up maps based on meteoro- meteorological use as well as in- saved crops on 670,000 hectares of logical data showing which croPs struments f or ground and aero- land in 1977. are suitable for growing in which logical observation. A radar areas. warning system has been Modern EquiPment typhoon Mountainous Guidong county in built along the coast. Most weather Hunan province has a complex Weather research is being carried stations utilize information acquir- terrain, and the climate changes on at many levels: by the Chinese ed through satellite and weather markedly with the altitude, Rice Academy of Sciences, the Central map telephotograPhY. Laser cloud' is grown on terraced fields ranging Meteorological Bureau and by detectors, devices of extra-high re- as high as 1,490 meters above sea provincial weather bureaus and ter soiving power for taking the cloud level. The county weather bureau their results are added the findings atlas from satellites and new and agricultural science institute of other professionels and ama- models of weather radar have maintains some 20 observation teurs. A great deal has been done raised the abilitY to detect points at different heights, On the in exploring matters such as cold typhoons and hailstorms.

56 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS The .Iiangmen Sugar Chemical Plant. Xin/rrn

Jiangmem Suga!' Chemical Flant

I sucen FACTORY rhat makes paper, fiberboard, yeast, a1cohol. items, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, / r cemenl, bricks, chernicals. cement, bricks and medicines. iron and steel, and building ma- medicines, f iberboard, and even The plan was originally to build terials. The efficient use of all of iron and steel? This is the Jiang- two piants to make sugar and pu1p. the sugarcane and of waste men Sugar Chemical P1ant on the But in 1958 when Premier Zhou ' products has also- reduied pollu- Pengjiang River in the Zhujiang Enlai came on an inspection visit, tion. It also- made contributions to (Pearl) River delta of southern he found no one paying attention the manufacture of ribonucleic Guangdong (Kwangtung) prov- to the great amount of waste being acid (RNA) and its derivatives in ince. Over 40 percent of its discharged every day. Combine China. products own waste the two plants into one, he suggest- come from its Using Waste materials alone. ed, and turn the waste into usefui In the autumn, if you stand on products, He urged the workers The plant has 3,600 workers, In the plant's docks at ihe riverside to be bold enough to surpass ,their making sugar, every day it dis- you can see hundreds of boats teachers, the plant's capacity and charges 1,457 tons of waste solids, coming from the communes loaded what was written in books. In the 12,900 tons of liquids and 12 tons of with sugarcane. After cranes move following years Premier Zhou rhet gases, all of which is now recycled it to a conveyor belt that carries workers and plant representatives or used as additional raw material it to the grinding machines, the many times. In the grinding shop, after 6 boats not go away empty. They The plant grew. Instead of its machines with huge roliers crush do 'the are loaded with the plant's finish- originai five products, it now turns sugarcane, the juice flows off ed products such as sugar, out 24, including light industrial to a cleaning department. TalI - MAY 1979 57 *

The wharf of the Jiangmen Sugar Chemical Plant. Cai Zhonezlti

:

t' ,; i?4

Fiberboard shop.

proposed to make bricks with them. Today the cinders are made into 30,000 bricks a day. Sugarcane juice is purified with Iime. The sedimentation contains calcium carbonate which the workers use in producing cement. They aiso make 4,500 tons of fer- The nucleotide shop, Nong Youuinct tilizer a year by mixing thls sedi- mentation with the waste liquid from pulp making, calcium super- phosphate and ashes. vacuum cauLdrons boil the Iiquid used to make a binding agent and The plant used spend over sugar. High-speed centrifuges a fertilizer. to 100,000 yuan a year to dump its throw off remaining impurities. There is an iron smelting shop pyrite cinders. sedimentation and Another shop makes 2 tons of with a S-metei biast furnace that coal cinders. furfural per day from the cane, uses the pyrite cinders which are husks. In the past these flew in left after the sulphur is removed. the wind or were piled as waste. (The suiphur goes into paper mak- Machines of Many Uses A fiberboard shop now turns out . ing.) These used to be dumped into 10 tons a day by mixing husks, the sea. Since 1972 the shop has Following the late Premier's leaves; sawdust and other residue. produced 3,000 tons of iron, some advice, the workers have also con- It produces 1,760,000 yuan of prod- sold, some turned into carbon and stantly improved the -equipment, ucts per year. alloy steels for the plarit's own operations .and processes. As a A small paper mill utilizes the use. result the amount of sugarcane waste from pulp-making, grinding The sugar plant's five boiler fires ground has gone up from 3,000 to it and adding a colloid to produce ieave 300 tons of cinders every 4,300 tons per day, 40 percent more 1,000 tons of brown paper per year. day. At first people also wanted than designed capacity. Improve- Five different pioducts are now to dump them into the sea. Most ments made in grinding machines made from bagasse and other of the workers objected to the by Du Guangchao,'second chief residue. The 1,000 tons of waste waste, the danger to navigation mechanical engineer, have increas- water discharged every day is and pollution of the water; They ed utilization of the sugarcane

58 CHINA BECONSTBUCTS stalks from 35 to 70 percent, mak- how to make cement and cinder ing it possible to get more juice bricks. The proQuction of iron and but with less damage to the cane's carbon steel from pyrite cinders fiber. was introduced by Xu Peifu, The boiler room also has been another repairman. improved. Its four boilers used to The fermenting shop used to put out 32 tons of steam each per turn out only alcohol, Yeast and hour. Now one of them produces dry ice. In 1973 technicians Liu 45 tons per hour, and the other Gangchang and Liang Yonggen three 40 tons. succeeded in making cYtidine tri- Sugar making is seasonal but phosphate and glutamoyl. Now the plant's machines never stop the shop also produces ribonucleic working. The workers have alter- acid (RNA) and nucleotide - ed the equipment to enable it to products urgently needed bY the serve many purposes. The paper country. Chen Shanjun and Liang pulp-making machines, for exam- Yonggen, both technicians, went ple, can also produce rayon pulp. to the Guangxi Zhuang (Kwangsi When no sugarcane is being Chuang) Autonomous' Region and ground, the lime kiln makes Iight Hainan Island to collect 1,000 sam- calcium carbonate and the vacuum ples of fungi for study and finallY cauldrons turn out micro-cellulose cultivated "Ganhua No, 1" which and "702" pesticide. Converting works very weli in making high- machines to multi-purpose use has quality alcohol. greatly increased the plant's The Jiangmen Sugar Chemical overall production efficiency. Plant is continuing to explore the The workers have also become utilization of its waste and the versatile technically. Huang Xing, more efficient multi-purpose use of a machine repairman, has learned its machinery. Xinhua

,Lilx igP'H' flrAB{"}iS ed for a good reason, so I you."

A lall llat

Good fleason lor Laughing rfr O flatter somebody is called I putting tail hat on his head. NE day a blind man was sitting Once a petty official working in with some people. Suddenly the capital was re-assigned to a they laughed and so he laughed Iocality. Belore leaving he went to too. his former teacher, a big official, "We saw something funny and to say goodbye. The big official Iaughed," someone told him, "but toid him, "When working in a why did you iaugh?" iocality you must be careful in "Don't worry, teacher. I have "You are my friends," the blind everything you do and never prepared .100 tall hats and will man said. "You must have laugh- offend other officials." make everyone haPPY," the PettY official replied. His teacher became angry. "We are gentlemen. How can You do such things ?" "Because most PeoPle excePt you, of course like flafterY'"- The big official- smiled and nodded. "Well, Yes, what You say, is right." I The petty official went back and I told some of his friends, "Well, now I have 99 tall hats, for I have I Drausings bA Li Bi,nsheng given my first one awaY."

MAY T979 59 Cultural Notes The Oriental Son,g and Daru,ce Ensemble

TAN ATQING Prac(icing the movements of a dance from India.

HEN China's Oriental Song dance" typical of that country's tions, have a strong rhythm. Move- and Dance Ensemble per- liveIy, rhythmic- folk dances. ment is mainly from the waist, formed in Bangkok for the athietes A group of African dances were hips and feet. The woman s warm at the Eighth Asian Games last particularly fascinating. Women patience in teaching her Chinese year its graceful dances and songs in white gauze skirts swaying their friends deeply impre.ssed them. f rom many parts of the world waists, shoulders and heads to de- When the group arrived in brought thunderous applause. lightful music seemed like white Zaire, the chairman of Zaire's The was in ensemble organized cranes playing in the water - the Dance Association was about to 1962 at the suggestion of Premier Crane Dance from Burundi. Men Ieave for a toul abroad with the Zhou Enlai, who wanted it to learn stalking game in the forest and Sanbolai Troupe Nevertheless, he Asian, African and Latin American celebrating their success pictured promptly arranged three perform- songs and dances and introduce the hunt the Tanzanian Vkala ances for the Chinese dancers in them to the Chinese people. In Hunting Dance.- his orvn courtyard. The day before 1966, partly because the premier the Zaire troupe left, its members had backed the ensemble, the gang rf\HE new items were only learn- spent long hours teaching the of four's cultural dictatorship I ed last year. Three groups Chinese a fishermen's dance from forced it off the stage. After the from the ensemble went to Japan, Upper Zaire. gang's fa1l, the troupe appeared southeast Asia and Africa. Wang The Chinese dancers rvanted again in September 1977, its Yongsheng, a quiet Chinese girl very much to meet Zatre's National return greeted with tremendous who specializes in African dances, Song and Dance Ensemble but it enthusiasm. was in the group that spent three was then touring Morocco. The The group's repertoire includes month_s in Rwanda, Tanzania, Bu- Minister of Culture arranged a dances and songs from more than rundi, Uganda and Zaire. "The special plane to bring them back two dozen countries on the three African people are wonderful sing- as soon as they had finished their continents, ranging from Japan ers and dancers," she said, "and last perf ort-nance. The ensemble and the Philippines in the Far very hospitabie. We went to put on a special show for the East through Asia and Africa to Rwanda first. Our hosts said that Chinese group after they arrived. Argentina in Latin America. The no one from any other country had Wang Yongsheng and her col- items are learned on trips abroad ever come to Rwanda to learn their leagues learned 14 dances and col- and from cultural troupes visiting dances." lected many songs in their three China a friendly exchange that - The Rwandan hosts arranged for months in Africa. Some of them is spreading the songs and dances their Chinese friends to stay in a also learned to play African drums. of many peoples. youth training center near Rwan- A recent performance in Beiiing da's cultural center so they could A NOTHER gloup [r'om the Chi- presented some numbers just learn the best of the conntry's ia- nesc ensemble spenl lwo learned. These included the Malay- dances and folk music. months in Thaiiand, the Philip- sian Umbrella Dance, the Japanese In Tanzania, the Chinese artists pines and Malaysia learning songs Bamboo Hat Dance and the famous Iearned the Vkala Hunting Dance and dances. Some of these they Mexican Jarabe Tapatio, or "hat from a dancing teacher with the per-formed in Thailand, Singapore Tanzanian National Service Or- and Hongkong. TAN AIQING is a staff reporter for chestra. Tanzanian dances, very The ensemble also learns songs China Reconstructs. expressive of everyday life situa- and dances from troupes visiting

CHINA RECONSTRUCTS The Crane Dance (Burundi).

In Praise of the Five Frinciples of Peace- ful Coexistence, a Nepalese solo dance'

Photos b1: Zhang ..lingtle

The Jar Dance (Sri Lanka). The Melody of Yagibushi, a Japanese dance. A

Foot-Bell Dane ,

The llat Dance (The FhiiiPPines)' Plt,'t,ts i.t lltong \ltLrir'httig China. The Mexican Jarabe Tapa- the dances. After the performance "I have taught qver 100 Indian tio, for example, was learned this the Mexican dancers surrounded students," Mrs. Kumudini Lakhia way. Xing Dehui, the ensemble's them, embracing and shaking said. "I'11 teach you three Chinese choreographer, and Wang Qiang, hands with them. "This is one of students just as I have my own," a woman dancing teacher, learned the best evenings we've had in She first explained the history and this dance by following the Vera- China," one of them said. characteristics of the dances of cruz University FoIk Dance En- India, the use of sign language in semble of Mexico for nearly a the daily life of the peoPle and its month while they were touring l-r UI SHUMIN, 38. has had a long importance in Indian dances. Then China. Their teacher was a Mex- \J stage experience. She is now came basic movements. Under her ican Indian woman with 15 rehearsing classical dances from warm guidance, the Chinese stu- years on the stage. India. These demand very ex- dents made rapid progress. A The tapatio has lightning foot pressive movements of the eyes, month later, when the Indian en- mov€ments and a fast rhythm very fingers and feet. She said, "We semble left to return to India, Cui different from the Chine6e dances were able to learn the basic move- Shumin and the other two Per- which are usually characterized by ments of the two main schools of formed the dances theY had learn- movements above the waist. It was Indian dances in one month only ed at a farewell party. Mrs. Kumu- not easy for the Chinese artists to because of the hard work of our dini Lakhia was pleased with their learn. Xing Dehui and Wang Qiang Indian teachers." work. seized every chance to practice. Cui Shumin and two other The Oriental Song and Dance Even while the Mexican ensemble dancers learned the Indian dances Ensemble has built a real bridge was on stage performing, they last November while the I4dian of friendship between the peoPles would imitate the movements Song and Dance Ensemble was in of China and other countries. With backstage. China. Their teachers were the folk songs and dances of Asia, Last January 26 the Mexican en- Mrs. Mrinalini Sarabhai, Ieader of Africa and Latin America as a vast semble gave their final perform- the Indian ensemble, and Mrs. Ku- potential repertoire, the ensemble ance in Guangzhou (Canton). Xing mudini Lakhi4, President of the hopes to help enrich China's own and Wang joined them in one of Kadanb Dance School. folk songs and dances..

A Colombian sonB

Photos by Zhang Sltuicheng The Vkala Hunting Dance from Tanzania, Advanced Oil Field Research

JING WEN

(iuo t-urnin who helpcd tlesign the main collection station is now chief machinisi,

Deputy chief engineer Wang Demin (right) checking an installa- tion for water injec- tion at different oit- ExtracJion workers and technicians analyze under- bearing Ievels. ground eonditions of their respective wells. Zheng Changlu

P BCnNfi,V a technological bearing strata, different charac- f\ fo"rrn of leaJers, workers and teristics, those that had produced technical personnel was held at the oil and those that still had a Daqing (Taching) oil field. A potential. His clear and system- member from its Scientific Re- atic account was a model report. search and Design Institute re- Daqing, located in northeast ported their experiments on China, has become one of the big- getting stable and high yields from gest oil fields in the world. the old wells. He spent two days Although discovered only 18 years describing each of 100 experi- ago, its output has greatly spurred mental wells, detailing each well China's economic development. - its early output records, present Daqing's oil production has conditions, distribution of oil- increased at an annual rate of 28 percent. JING WEN is a staff roporter for New extracting areas extend China Reconstructs, north and south from the. first

66 a # fl q ffi B H G[ :--'

This control room in the main collection station tracks all oil flowing out of Daqing to other places. Pholos bg Xinhua wells. In the new areas modern themselves on the theorY that Studying the exPerience of technology is used in drilling, only marine facies have oil. But dozens of foreign oil fields and extraction, collection, and oil and the iate geologist Li Siguang re- conducting experiments of their gas treatment. In the old areas jected this conclusion. After a own, Daqing's engineers began in- experimentation is constantlY careful analysis of China's geolo- jecting water as soon as extraction going on to make the most effi- gical structure he pointed out that began. This maintained a balance un- cient use of the oil-bearing layers, marine conditions had actuallY between extraction and result change to new methods and taP existed in manY areas at the time derground pressure. As a untouched potential. This has of formation, including the Song- they have maintained and even raised the output of many old liao Basin. Thus surveY' was be- raised productivitY of the old Now after more than a dec- wells. Petrochemical f acilities gun at Daqing. Four Years of test wells. have been built. The field's re- drilling outlined the initial extent ade of extraction, field Pressure point with search center the Scientific Re- of the field. Another Year and is stilt near the original wells on the search and Design- Institute and 23 three months proved the extent the exception of a few other institutes with over 6,000 and quantity of the oil. The "con- edges of the field. are people work in laboratories and tinental structure" was rich in it. Today Daqing's researchers gov- in the -field studying.basic theory The problem was now how to summarizing the basic laws as well as drilling, extraction and best protect and use the vast fiel'd erning petroleum formation, ac- petrochemical technologies. efficiently. TaPPed oil is forced cumulation and migration in out by underground Pressure. As continental sedimentary basins, in- New Trails the oil is removed this Pressure vestigating the creation of sedimen- At the point when the oil- is tary layers from delta lakes, and exhibition room of the falls. The no longer flowing to the surface, probing theories on early water in- institute presents Daqing's history jection and reinforced production. from the beginning with many the field is considered "exhausted." In the 40s other countries begdn charts, models and actual objects. The People in Research Daqing lies in the center of the to inject water to ntake uP for lost Songliao Basin which was a land- pressure. But engineers were Wang Demin is a deputY chief locked lake in ancient times. afraid the water would invade the engineer for extraction in the Geologically it belongs to "con- oil-bearing strata and reduce out- Daqing oil field. A graduate of tinental facies." Before the 50s put. Thus it was injected onlY the Beijing (Peking) Petroleum In- foreign geologists had concluded toward the end of Production. stitute, he came to the field at an that China had little oil, basing Results were limited. early period.

MAY 1979 67 His first job was to test perience and studying theoretical have been carried out. For in- underground pressure. His group problems. After examining pres- stance, in the western part of the found pressure unstable in.the oil- sure in individual layers of 100 central field, an area of I square bearing layers. To solve this prob- wells, the group injected more kilometers with 80 wells, 500 tech- lem they had to check the water into those with less pressure nicians and ealgineers were con- pressure of each well regulariy and treated each well according to centrated to find out how to speed and draw a map linking up all its own characteristics. This up extraction. These people came the points of the same pressure. greatly raised output. Today they from extracting, underground Their instruments were not try to replace old oil-bearing work, drilling departments, the accurate. Moreover, the method strata with new ones, something Scientific Research and Design In- of interpreting the data they had like runners replacing each other stitute, the College of Petroleum been following. one developed in a relay race. The method has Technology, the Extracting Tech- abroad, did not fit conditions at raised the daily output of some nology Research Institute and the the Daqing oil f ield. Mistakes wells from 9 to over 50 tons, and geophysical stations. The campaign were quite often made. They had for all old wells to an average of got good results in a very short to improve their instruments and 40 tons.' This has heiped the time. find a new way of interpreting extraction area to maintain its Technical problems concerning the data. extracting speed at the high level the whole oil field are discussed at Wang Demin worked constantly of 2 percent. meetings ranging from dozens to out at the wells. He saw how hard Fan Ziqiang is a worker who as many as 1,000 engineers, geolo- the workers tried to obtain c,orrect has become an engineer. Each gists, professors, technicians, Iead- data from each well. Time and drilling team in the Daqing field ers from the Petroleum Ministry, again they readjusted their in- has its own worker-technicians. great the oil field, rn'ells, rvork teams struments with care. In Fan came to the field in 1972, and skilled workers. Tlris pooling winter workers covered the the studied hard to obtain technical o.f opinions solves many problems. openings wells of the with their knowledge and now knows oilfield Main objectives are set, everyone own cotton-padded eoats to pre- geology, extraction technology and understands the measures to be vent th€m from freezing. was It fluid dynamics as well as the un- taken, everyone's initiative common enough to see them and derground conditions of each well and enthusiasm are brought into warming equipment with their run by his team. One day the out- play. bodies. Wang began to see each put of a welL suddenly dropped. He Daqing's research goes on at figure his notebook as re- spent days and in the three at the well four levels. The highest is the finally found The pro- sult of the workers' selfless hard the cause. well-equipped Scientific Research work. he cedure he proposed raised output If couldn't find a correct and Design Institute at the head- to over 40 tons a day. way to interpret the data, all their quarters. The second consists of Fumin ma- efforts would be wasted. Guo is the chief technological research institutes chinist at the Daqing Scientific During the day he worked at the special groups solving Research and Design Institute. In and for wells. In the evening he studied crucial problems. At the third lev- his data and other methods of in- the main collection station of the groups oil field there are high precision el are the "three-in{ne" terpretation used abroad. He in work teams. The fourth are i.nstruments registering crude oil the analyzed and compared his figures the workers' sparetime innovation with those in the literature. At volume, flow rate and cumulative teams. This big network with di- volume. They also provide den- last he worked out a new formula oil vision labor on one hand and percentage of suitable for Daqing. Simple and sity, of water and six coordination of efforts on the other accurate, it helped get a complete other figures, and send them to a embraces all the forces in the oil and correct picture of the pressure control room where the data is field. processed. at different oil-bearing layers. computer This equip- While petro-geological theory ment was made Named method," by a "three-in- and extracting technology has the "Songliao it one" innovation group is now used throughout the field. technical been built up as a result of the headed by Guo. Another researcher is Wang Qi- efforts of Daqing's scientists and min, a deputy chief geologist from workers, thbre are still weak spots Science on a Mass Scale the Daqing Scientific Research in technological development so and Design Institute. His group A rnass movement for scientific far as the whole oil field is con- worked at an experimental station research, known as t'science by the cerned. For exarnple, the installa- in the old extracting area trying people," has been a key feature in tions are not very modern and the to achieve stable and high yields Daqing's development. Besides the level of automation and mechani- by a relay method. In 1974 he 1ed "three-in-one" groups and, when zation is not yet high. Today as a "three-in{ne" group to study necessary, mass campaigns to solve the country is striving for modern- how to get full use of the main some crucial technical problems, i2ation, Daqing is stepping up its oil-bearing layers. He spent halt there are many kinds of discussion own efforts in this direction in of his time rvith the workers meetings. So far, six such cam- order to catch up with world learning and analyzing their ex- paigns for scientific experiments advanced levels.

68 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Arehed Bridges in Ohina

A set of f ive sPecial stamPs on A 5iu5*r, arched bridges was issued on November 1, 19?8 bY the Chinese Ministry of Posts and Telecommunica- tions. Starnp 1. Bridge No, 3 in western Sichuan (Szechuan) province. Turquois€- blue, silver, red and gray-blue. Sta.rnp 2, the Xinhong (New Rainbow) Bridge irr Wuxi, Jiangsu (Kiangsu) province, Emerald, gray-blue, silver and apple-green. Stamp 3, Jiuxikou River, Bridge in Eengdu, Sichuan province. Magenta, lila-c, dark blue. silver and maroon. Stamp 4, Bridge No. 6 in western Sichuan province, Turquoise, green. maroon, silver and chestnut. Stamp 5, Shangye Bridge in Sanmen. Zhejiang (Chekiang) province. Orange, yellow-orange, silver and maroon. Stamps I to 4 are of 8 ten denomina- tion and stamp 5 is of 60 Jen. A1l measure 30X40 mm. Pert. 11. Color photogravured. Seria] numbers: T. 31 (5-1 to 5-5). At the same time the ministry issued a special stamp in a miniature sheet depicting the Xiangjiang River Bridge in Changsha, Hunan province. Apple- green, go1d, deep blue-green and yellow-green. Two-yuan denomination. Measures,146 X 70 mm. Perf. 71. Color photograrrured. Serial number: T. 31.

MAY T979 69 Huang Xiping, Chou Chenyan and Li Xiaoping, outstanding players, return to the Julu Roail Primary School after a national contest.

SPORTS

Teaching each other. bg Yang Chanqrong

Ke Yuanxin coaching.

I N ordinary primary schooi on fI 56apg6si'5 Julu Road has produced so many table tennis champioils in the last two decades that several years ago it was commended as an advanced sports. unit and even calied "the'cradle of table tennis players." Outstanding players who have come from the Julu Road Primary School No. 1 include Huang Xiping, a woman whose forehand and backhand loop has attracted attention in sports circles abroAd,

70 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS and Lu Yuansheng, a newcomer Potentially good plaYers in the Chinese Cor:kery who floored such noted players as school were sPotted earlY. Japan's Mitsuru and Yugoslavia's Champion Lu Yuansheng, for 5Squirrele Surbek with his high-spin choP example, played a lot when he w-as Fish and stubborn counterattacks in the there. One day he was PlaYing a 33rd World Table Tennis Cham- game with a rather arrogant (Song Shu Yu) pionships. Today China's best student in a higher grade who one just over the net. Lu team - the national team - and dropped the "August.t1st" team of the jumped up on the table and PLA, some provincial and citY smashed. This alert and stubborn This is a dish from Jiangsu (Kiangsu) He provr.nce. teams have players from the spirit impressed Teacher Ke' 2 1b. croaker (or any similar fish National Table began giving Lu sPecial training. with few bones) school. At the mixed in a woman hand- 3 tablesPoons corn starch Tennis Contests of 1977 and 1978 Zhang Dilan, 3 tablesPoons water (or sherry) its graduates won titles'in the shake grip plaYer and a foimer 2rlz tablespoons rice wine event, doubles and member of China's national table salt women's team sauce: singles. tennis team, is now a coach for 3 tablesPoons soy sauce sehool's nearlY one the Anhui province table tennis 4 tablesPoons vinegar Of the 6 tablesPoons sugar thousand pupiis more than 90 team. When she was onlY five she r/a cup (50 c.c.) eold water percent play table tennis. Most used to stand in the Yard of the remainder oI starch mixture and watch the wrne of them didn't know a thing about Julu Road School and 3 teaspoons minced scallion the game when they entered the pupils piay. Huang JiaYu, one of I teaspoon minced ginger her imitating I teaspoon minced garlic school. the teachers, noticed 1 lb. oil for deep frying Table tennis got its great im- the players'movements. When she parsley scale and wash tish. Cut head 1959 when entered the school she was Piaced Clean, petus in the school in off and reserve. China's Rong Guotuan won the in Huang's class and he sent her Split fish down center of back but pieces at the tail' men's singles at the 25th World to Ke. keep the two linked Remove backbone and ribs' Score both Table Tennis ChampionshiPs. Ke A table tennis grouP was formed inside surf aces two-thirds of the way Yuanxin, a sports teacher at the and Ke gave its members a through as shown. Rub salt on inside pour on I tablespoon wine' Of surfaces and primary school at the' time, systematic and hard training. Cover inside and outside surfaces with thought this a good oPPortunitY to medium height, Ke is'not good at 3 tablespoons of the starch solution' Let resPected bY the dry awhile" popularize the game and that it talking but is Slash tish head through chin and would be a good sPort for the pupils and their Parents. For 18 flatten with the flat of a cleaver' it bubbles and fry grounds were years he has been turrring out Heat oil till school because the head two minutes. Remove to platter' small. The school meeting room good players. When oil gets hot enough to smoke, skin downward and a table tennis room. With He has always arrived at school put in fish with became cook until skin turns golden brown' playing space limited, the PuPils at 6 a.m. and worked until 8 P.m' Remove from oil and drain. Place on oil from went to a neighborhood market wheh he had finished coaching the platter behind head. Remove with skillet. after it closed in the afternoon and last team member, PlaYing Mix together soy sauce, sugarr vlne- used the wide board counters for them all himself. Some of them gar, water and remainder of starch than the mixture and wine, tables. At home theY used their were not much higher Heat 1iq cup oil. Stir-fry scallion, board beds. table when they started. Some ginger and garlic for a moment' Add , until it thickens' good hardly get their fingers sauce mixture and stir "You can't train a PlaYer could Pour sauce over fish. on tables like these," some PeoPle around the bat firmlY enough. AII Arrange parsleY around fish on f look like a said. But in a primary school table this meant a lot of Painstaking platter to make the ish squirreI in the grass. tennis competition in Shanghai wor:k for Ke but he never tired of three yegrs later the Julu Road it. He studied books on table Primary'School No. 1 walked off tennis and constantly- tried out new with firsts in the boys' and girls' ideas. His spirit moved the PeoPIe team , events, and in a national working with him. He was cited meet for juniors that yeal took the as one of Shanghai's outstanding pri'mary school team title. grade-school teachers last Year. 7l MAY T979 THE ROCKY ROAD TO SCIENCE husband Jiao Ruishen (right) in the labora(ory.

-A Husband-Wife Team GUAN YINGQIAN

MET Jiao Ruishen in 1947 on a ciated f rT University. He went to oratory of a ermentation com- ship bound for the United study microbiology at the Univer- pany doing research on various States where we were both going sity of Wisconsin, a world-famous fermentations. Jiao Ruishen was to study. We were drawn to each biochemistry research center. a senior biochemist, one of the other by a mutual desire to help ' After World War II western four highest wage-earners in this build up our backward China countries had opened a new field small town. I worked in the lab- with modern science. In the 30 in science research on the util- oratory of Muscatine County years since - then, we have traveled ity of microbiology, specifically Hospital. collected more than journey We a long together, some- on antibiotics. Jiao Ruishen decid- a hundred cuLtures and two big times smooth, though often rough. ed that when he had finished his boxes.of reprints. hoping that once Even so our hopes have come true studies he would go back to China back in China we would be able to one by one. to help build up this field and start work immediately. I had graduated from the make it benefit the people. In four The U.S. government r.vould not chemistry department of .Jinling years he got his Ph.D. We had permit Chinese science students to Girls' Arts and Science Cotlege in agreed that we would not waste leave for home. We were already Nanjing (Nanking). In United the too much time and energy on per- over 30 years and worried that if States entered St. Louis I Univer- sonal affairs such as love and we couldn't get back there sity and majored in medical social raising a family. So it was not wouldn't be much time ieft for us work. Af ter I got master's my until 1951 when I was 28 and he to contribute to our motherlandr degree in 1950 I worked in a hos- was 34 that we were married. We Some of us Chinese scientists in pital in Chicago and continued were naive though. Our patriotism America ,protested to the authori- studying biochemistry at the same was genuine but we didn't reaiize ties. We wrote to Premier Zhou time. In China Jiao Ruishen had that without a basic social trans- Enlai too, asking the Chinese been an assistant in the chemistry formation our country could not be government to help. In 1955, after department Southwest Asso- at saved by science alone. a period of appealing and pro- After Jiao Ruishen got his testing, my husband and I, now GUAN YINGQIAN is a researcher of the Shanghai Plant Physiology degree we moved to Muscatine, with our eight-month-old baby Institute. Iowa where he worked in the lab- Paul, boarded a ship for China, but

72 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS not before being interrogated bY suit China's natural and economic at night as "proof" that we had the American customs authorities conditions. The Chongming state been "spying at night." When the and having had all the cultures farm, our institute's experimental gang's followers learned that in collected over many years base outside of Shanghai, asked us the United States we had had a confiscated. for a weed killer to be used in rice car, piano, refrigerator and wash- paddies directly after seeding. ing machine they came to the course are a Hopes Begin to Come True Here the shoots were not being conclusion, "Of You grown in nurseries but from direct spy. Otherwise why would anyone Guo Moruo, President of the seeding. Chemical weed killer, FW who had so much money and lived Chinese Academy of Sciences, re- 925, used abroad tended to kiII the so well want to come back to ceived us after we returried. Soon young seedlings as well. We China?" Jiao Ruishen was appointed worked out a new mode of apPli- I was furious. I cursed them deputy head of the Microorganic cation to kill barnyard grass in the under my breath, "You're scoun- department of the Shanghai Plant direct seeding rice field. It was drels, That's all you value in life. Physiology Institute and I got a new type and was succeqsfullY You can't even grasp the idea that work there too. . Compared with used first in east China and later anyone would want to go abroad the average wage in China ours throughout the country. was very high. We were given a Ruishen and his colleagues had five-room apartment on the insti- done even better. TheY did suc- tute's campus. A house keePer cessful research on continuous took care of our child and did the microbial fermentation. The result household chores. Thus we could enabled China to double the Yield give all our energy to scientific of acetone and butanol. TheY also research. raised her production of vitamin Ruishen is interested in nothing 82 to me'et world standards'. In but science. He can't even re- connection with this theY did a member what kind of material the great deal of work on the res- clothes he is wearing are made ot. piratory chain mycelial and differ- After living in Shanghai for many entiation of molds and the regula- years he doesn't know the names tion of antibiotic synthesis. They of streets. Our family life revolved published 20 papers on their work. park around our work. Visiting a In 1963 at a national confer:€nce on or seeing a film was a rare luxufy. microbiology Jiao Ruishen and Every evening after the children many other scientists were re- were put to bed Ruishen and I ceived by Chairman Mao, Zhu De, would read books and explore a Chairman of the National PeoPle's Guan Yingqian (right). problem, often staying up deep Congress, and other PartY and into the night. To us this was a state leaders. This encouraged us pleasure and a need. immensely. to learn science in order to heIP After we returned to China we build up China!" began resedrch on Trying to extract a confession of at once A Nightmare riboflavin (vitamin El2) fermenta- spy activities from me, theY tion. In three years I wrote a paper Suddenly during the cultural threatened, enticed, cursed and on the correlation between mor- revolution some people influenced beat me. Several months went bY phological changes of mycelium by Lin Biao and the gang of four before I had a chance even for a and the biosynthesis of vitamin took control of our institute and glimpse of Ruishen, and then onIY El2. In 1958 I was appointed to lead accused us researchers who had from a distance. I could hard1Y a group the phytohormone de- studied abroad of having come recognize him his hair had in - partment. In the early 60s our 'back to China as spies. Late in turned gray ! What a hard time he group established, for the first 1968 Jiao Ruishen and I had must have been having! My heart time in China, methods of iso- been locked up separately in ached with helpless rage and lating, separating and determining our place of work for "in- bitterness. If only it were a three major phytohormones. vestigation." I was often subjected nightmare but it was real, the - In 1963 we startedl rwork on a to midnight interrogation sessions. One day at the end of 1968, chemical weed killer that would The questioners used our studying because I had copied wrongly two

MAY T979 t,t characters from a quotation by Now that awful time is over'; Ruishen, now a department Chairman Mao, I was_.,dragged be- things like that are not happening head, is studying mechanisms in fore a crowd, criticized and any more. During the last two and metabolic regulation of the biosyn- declared a counter-revolutionary. a half years most of the mess made thesis of antibiotics. He also has The gang's followers warned me by the gang of four has been three graduate students to guide. that if I didn't confess lhey would cieared up. Scientific workers in My section is working on hor- give me a harsher punishment or my institute who had been per- monal regulation on the senescence send me to prison. secuted for ten years were of plant organs. Through this I couldn't stand it any longer. exonerated. Some who had fol- kind of research, for example, we Weeping, I wrote a Ietter to Chair- lowed the gang of four were hope to find out why a hormone man Mao and Premier Zhou to tell criticized. A young woman worker can make cotton Ieaves wither and them that I was innocent, that who had guarded me during my fall earlier. Success in this w'ould their concern for students re- detention realized that she had facilitate machine picking. turned from abroad had been an been deceived, came to my home Besides research I do other work inspiration to me, that I had done and apologized with bitter in society. Last year I attended a nothing against the country and remors€. national overseas Chinese con- that I ha'l been persecuted by ference as a representative from bad people. wrote sister I to my Spring at Last Shanghai and was elected to the and brother asking them to take committee of the Returned Over- care o[ my children. The thought The eight of us at the institute seas Chinese Association. The that I would never see Ruishen who had studied abroad, including policy of treating the overseas again broke my heart" the director, deputy director and Chinese and their f amilies with But in the end they still couldn't three departn:ent heads, are back equality and consideration for get anything against me and at our jobs. I was made a section their special needs is a Party finally I was released. At once leader on a research subject. Peo- policy that had been sabotaged by I hurried home to my children. My p1e who have suffered in a bitter Lin Biao and the gang of four. It eldest son looked at me strangely winter appreciate the spring's is now being implemented in anri called me a spy. I think that warmth most. Once more Ruishen earnest.- Ior a mother there is no ex- and I feel as hopeful and warm as The rooms in our apartment we perience more tragic than this. when we had just come back to had been forced to move out of Ruishen and I were sent to work China. have been retur:ned to us. Once on a farm for two years and after China is now concentrating on again we spend our evenlngs read- that I helped train English trans- n-rodernization exactiy what we joined - ing and studying, now by Iators '"vhile Ruishen did minor have prepared for all our lives. We our two sons. Last year my young- work in a laboratory until after leel the press of time. I am over er son passed the college entrance the gang of four was exposed in 50 and Ruishen is 60 but we are examination and is studying in the 1 976. anxious to shoulder heavier loads. computer department at Shanghai Science and Technology Univer- sity. My U.S.-born oldest son who l'he family. lthotos lty Xto Daolittrl had been deceived by the gang of & I four into suspecting us has a 1 young 3', searing wound in his heart to heal. After he finished junior middie school at 16 he left home to work at farming in a village in Anhui province. There he studied hard by himself and learned Eng- lish rather welI. But he was de- tt prived of the chance to enter coliege two times because our case had not been cleared up yet. Early this year, in accordance with a new policy of finding work in the cities for children born abroad to overseas f amilies, he was transferred back to Shanghai to work. Now he is preparing for a college entrance examination. Ruishen and I hope he will even- tually join the journey devoted to China's science that we began 30 years ago..

74 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS tllll Chinese History -

TR(IUBT(IU$ TIME$ - Three Kingdollls, Western and Model of a Jin dynasty "speedometer." Knowledge of the use of gears enabled Eastern Jin construcl,ion of this two-horse cari which traveled with a lordly retinue. One figure 'struck the drum everY li (half- JIAO JIAN kilometer) and the other every r0 Ii (5 km.). DUILDING UP government forces to suppress the Another positive policy of Cacl Cao's was his I-D peasant revolts at the end of the Eastern Han recruiting and utilizing of talented people. He dynasty (25-220), many local officiais developed into ordered that whoever showed administrative ability warlords. To protect their own interests, the big and was able to command an army could be appointed landlords, '"rrho also had their own armed forces, an official. placed themselves under these warlords and thus was great served to lurther entrench them. There Changjiang Becomes BoundarY rivalry among the warlords. Fighting among them caused much loss of tife and disruption of agriculture Cao Cao's policies consolidated his rule so that (Yellow) River valley. in the Huanghe by 208 he was ready to go south to conquer the rest Cao (i55-220) One of these warlords, Cao of China. He led an army of 200,000 against the become the most conquered many of the others to warlord Liu Bei (162-223), a member of the EIan Han dynasty powerful in north China. The last dynasty royal house who controlled part of Hubei emperor, Han Xian Di, in 196 fell into the hands of and Hunan provinces. An interesting incident in puppet. The emperor Cao Cao who made him his this campaign is the battle of Chibi- With only 10,000 Cao Cao's was finally forced to abdicate io 220 by troops of his own, Liu Bei joined in resistance with Cao declared himself emperor and called son, Pi who 30,000 troops of Sun Quan (182-252), another warlord his domain the Kingdom of Wei. Luoyang was his who controlled the area south of the Changjiang capital. (Yangtze) River. At Chibi (northwest of Puqi in governed China, to restore While Cao Cao north today's southern Hubei) Cao Cao's fleet on the river agricultural agriculture he instituted a system of was met by a smaller one of ten ships which was recruiting farmers settlements under military rule, believed loaded with grain coming from the south peasants that were wander- from among the starving bank. In fact they were loaded with reeds and straw ing over the country. Each settlement consisted of soaked in oil. A kilometer away they burst into several dozens of rnen. If their own oxen were used The wind fanned the fire and sped the ships for plowing they had to hand'in 50 percent of their flame. fleet. Since his ships were produce the government, or 60 percent if the, into the midst of Cao Cao's to get away and all government supplied the draft animals. Though the chained together, they couid not men were forbidden to leave the land and thus were destroyed. Cao Cao's forces were routed back dead from fire or 'became tenants of the feudal state, their life was north, leaving half of them either more secure than that of other poor peasants' d,rowned. This decided that Cao Cao's influence 'f amilies. Soldiers, when not fighting, were would not extend to the south of the Changjiang. encouraged to grow crops by this system. Thus more After Cao Cao's son proclaimed himself emperor land was brought under cultivation and the problem of the Kingdom of Wei, Liu Bei in 221 named himself of supplying grain for the troops was solved. emperor of the Kingdom of Shu with Chengdu in

MAY 1979 75 '4i.", :l

Soldiers going to work in setflement fields, a rubbing from a carved brick from Wei or Jin times found in Gansu province in lgZZ.

today's Sichuan province his capital. Sun Quan south make some of their headmen as officials of the king- of the Changjiang followed suit and in 22g named dom. He also promoted advanced methods in tech- himself emperor of the Kingdom of Wu, of which nology and agriculture among them, which helped Nanjing (Nanking) soon became capital. strengthen relations between the Hal people and Stabilization of the three kingdoms brought a tribal peoples of the southwest. brief period of quiet in which constructive activity Agriculture flourished in the Kingdom of Wu was able to flourish. as well. Because of the constant warring during the Iast years of the Eastern Han dynasty large numbers Agriculture Restored, Developed of peasants from the Huanghe River valiey moved south of the Changjiang, bringing with them the The agricultural settlement system was extended newer farming techniques. Some of the tribal peo- in the Kingdom of Wei. Many water control projects ples in the domain of Wu moved from the mountain were built in the valley of the Huaihe River. A areas and settled down to farm the Iand with the device that could lift water from the river to fields Hans, which also helped the growth of agriculture. on higher land invented by Ma Jun, one of the The Kingdom of Wu was noted for its shipbuild- greatest mechanical engineers of ancient China, ing. Some of the large warships on the Changjiang helped overcome droughts. Several decades of hard River had five decks and could carry 3,000 men. work by the peasants restored agricultural produc- Better ships stimulated communication by sea. In tion in north China and raised it to new heights. 230 the Wu government sent General Wei Wen with In the Kingdom of Shu the Dujiang Dam in a large fleet to Taiwan and from that time on re- Sichuan province, originally built in the Warring lations were closer between Taiwan and the States period (415-22L B.C.), was placed under a mainland. special administrator. He had over a thousand people working on repairs and maintenance to make it more Western Brief useful to irrigation. Sericulture and silk weaving Jin: Unification were also developed to high levels. Shu brocade In 263 Wei, most powerful king- became famous as an item for exchange of the thtee with the doms, conquered Shu. Two years later the official other two kingdoms. All this was the work of the Sima Yan (236-290) forced the Wei emperor to abdi- celebrated statesman and strategist prime Minister cate and himself ascended the throne. He changed Zhuge Liang (181-234). the name of the dynasty to Jin. It is usually called Guizhou, Yunnan and southern Sichuan, all part Western Jin. With its capital at Luoyang it lasted of the Kingdom of Shu, were inhabited largely by from 265 to 316. In 280 Jin conquered Wu, bringing tribal peoples. One of Zhuge Liang's policies was to the whole country under one rule.

76 CHINA RECONSTNUCTS Following the conquest of Shu and Wu, Sima ernment compelled them to pay taxes and serve in Yan abolished the system of settlements under the army. Han landlords made them their slaves or military heads. Instead, peasants were allowed to heavily-exploited tenants. Both newcomers and Han own farmland but they had to pay taxes and do farmers became impoverished to the point where they various kinds oI labor service. Though they were left the land and took to wandering. There were now independent farmers instead of tenants their continual uprisings. burden was not any lighter. In 301 the Western Jin government tried to force Sima Yan had granted the title of prince to 27 these indigent Han, Di and Qiang people in Sichuan members of his royal family, giving them prefec- to return to their native places. But some who had tures or counties as fiefs, and had allowed them to been able to get work for the Iandlords demanded set up their own armed forces and appoint officials. they be allowed to stay till after the autumn harvest His death was followed by 16 years of internecine so that they could take more earnings with thern. wars as the princes vied for supremacy. As usual The government refused and sent troops to attack the people suffered. them. They rose in revolt at Mianzhu north of Chengdu under the leadership of Li Te of the Di peo- ple and defeated several attacks by the Jin troops. Nomads Again Later the vagrants in other areas along the Chang- jiang River also rose in revolt. This went on for over Since Eastern Han times nomads from the north a decade and considerably upset things for the reac- and west had been steadily moving into regions.south tionary Western Jin rule. of the Great Wall. These inclgded the Xiongnu, Jie. Di, Qiang and Xianbei people. The Xiongnu moved to central and southern Shanxi. The Jie from central Asia moved into southeastern Shanxi where they Iived under the rule of Xiongnu nobles. Many Xian- bei moved south of the Great Wall during late Eastern Han times and some went as far as the southern side of the Huanghe River. Part of the Di people, originally inhabitants of southeastern Gansu, moved into eastern Gansu and Shaanxi. In these areas the Qiang iived interspersed among the Han people. Early in the Western Jin dynasty there was a sudden increase to around a million of such people in the regions inhabited by the Hans. Most of the newcomers preserved their tribal organization and to a great extent their language and customs. The gov- Cao Cao.

These conditions provided opportunity for some

ta of the tribal leaders to entreneh themselves. A rebel t 'DurfiuiilG t army begun by a Xiongnu noble in 304 occupied the iz--- r It '-\- '-'l' Luoyang a few y€ars later and in 316 oc- t\ | Jin capital iwEt cupied a second Jin capital set up at Changan. They captured the emperor and that was the end of the Western Jin dynasty.

Eastern Jin plus Sixteen States ,--\ i r#-'"tJ \ The nobles, officials and big landlords who had r.f 'Vf /' t" t fled across the Changjiang River wanted to re- "I-JSHU wU establish their power south of the river. With Iocal i i big landlords, they gave their support to Sima Rui, a member of the Jin royal family, who in 317 founded l-.-r,..ilf'-' the Eastern Jin dynasty with Nanjing as capital. For 130 years following 316, when Western Jin fell, north China remained in a state of confusion in which heads of the various tribes vied with one another for land and power. Many kingdoms were

MAY TY'O 77 t-

estabiished. The l5 chicf ones in the north and one time brought all of north China ul-Ider one rule. In in the southwest are called the Sixteen States, while 383 Fu Jjan led an army of 900,000 in an attempt to Eastern Jin continued 1o exist in the south until 420. invade the south. It met 80,000 Eastern Jin troops In 35I Fu Jian (337-385). a Di noble, established at the Feishui River in Anhui which became the site ot rvhat is known as the Former Qin Kingdom in another famous story of military strategy. When the Shaanxi. It became increasingly powerful and for a forces of Former Qin reached the river, they were asked by the general in charge of the Eastern Jin forces on the south side of the river to draw back a bit to leave room for battle on the north bank' The invading ruler agreed, thinking he could wipe out the Eastern Jin Iorees as they crossed the river. As the Former Qin army's withdrawal began, one of its aides, by prearrangement with Eastern Jin, began shouting that Former Qin had been defeated, and the withdrawal turned into a rout. Meanwhile Eastern Jin crossed the river and wiped out the bulk of the Former Qin troops. This brought about the collapse of Former Qin' The warlords in the north kept setting up new states but none was strong enough to launch an expedition to the south. China was to rernain divided into north and south till the end of the 6th century.

l I Some Historical Names Former Spelling Neu Spel,Ling Tsao Tsao Cao Cao Liu Pei Liu Bei Sun Chuan Sun Quan Chuko Liang Zhuge Liang Szuma Yen Sima Yan Ma Chun Ma Jun Fu Chien Frr Jian Tsin dynasty Jin dynasty Hsiungnu Xiongnu Ti Di Hsienpei Xianbei Chiang Qiang Chieh Jie

The "dragon's back- bone" water lifl in- vented by Ma Jun.

Ijastern Jin dynasty mural of a noble pic- tured him with serv- ants, attendants, sol- diers and weapons io show his power and influence. ,

7B CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Lesson 5 Ilotel Serviee

(t"tp€X;t+ d"*';&W E& ik-{r I'l ,l', ffi= R +-t (7.jri Jien{dn flng Hu6 ltly6uhr6n trdnzMng fingziri mdnwAi, diir tiin zioshang (At Canada visit China tourist group group leader put at door outside, second day moming *.ff $,t hl E f6'ls ) #t T v/ jfF*F" Shlmisl de fdngjiEnli) iin k6yi ciMo. Smirh's room in) can (be) polished. fr6-+ I-l { ff sf *r- P.+, fr 61" " t,ff#f , ,\ * {r\t,T*-iit €,4 Shimisi nn diinling, fiiwiyudn qiiio m6n. Shimisi: Wd yio gui h[zi, k6shi zhe ge diinddng Smith presses electric bell, attendant knocks on door- Smith: I want (to) shave, but this electric *.ssf if +" *,ltAfl fr1 Mrfr *, ffi4. *,fr, guihirljio t6u de, Shimisi: Qing jin. de chixiio shi lilngge plug pronged, Smith: Please come in. razor's is two EH9 hlr &E k zt *,h+r, xE#F'/S +" lSAl+AFt fAngjiEnli de chizuir shi sEn ge tdu de, z}.o. Nin y&r sh6nme shi? FtwiyMn: Nln , room in outlet is three Pronged, Attendant: You moming. You have what bJsiness? ifl &i* " {Slf . t**fr tfr, *\ 6t +At ,61 , frV mdi f{ ydng. Shimisl: IVAfan ni, w6 de xiEnpi hudri le, no way (to) use (it). Smith: Trouble you. my suitcase broken,. "::: xE-+ fr, *\ * Jl" , Ifl l&8. rT-lT,\t Firwiryr.6n: Wd qir zMo -^yi ge du6 yirng chizud. yi xiii ma? xiii Attendant: I go (to) find an adaptor plug. repair? )Wlq- lE ,ff,A*t+,llA n k XE-+ fi , 1- v)(, tl Z tt t,{. 1 z Shirnbiirn w6n-T yi xii, ni de gu5hiiEo shi Friwiryu{n: KEyi, sh6nme difang huii le? By the way ask. your rzzor is Attendant: Can. what place broken ? H 220 fLit,At A'tl] ji-E 6t *-Hf,t, th fr, &* +t d. 6 yirng 220 friti ma? W6m6n zhEli de Shimisi: Ni kdrn, tiliAng diiro le." HAi ydu use 220 volts? Our here Smith: You look, handle dropped off. Also have P. Ek22o " i:;4. RL, )re. ,$1 diinyi shi 220.' zh& ge piMo, liiliAn huiri le. " voltage is 220. this leather bag's zipper broken. tff $.rr' *. 6i +\lAn k22O lx." *I" + nfi-fr-fr , /e i b 1\,v-" fTft v\E t r\. Shimisi: Wd de guiihriiEo shi 220 fn. Wd l{i jEog6i yihdu, Ftwiryudn: Nin wd ba. Xiiihlo w6 Smith: My razor is 220 volts. I come Attendant: You give me. Repair after, I zfrt, i|4iiL,-rL#irF d. i{. 4+ €*. zhi qiAn, lllxingshC jin gdrosir guir zhC jiin song lai. travel this bring (them). before. service told *.ff,,,t 1iE A.$*,4r +" ff, IV JI.-A '? Ifl ,*T" tr l# ydng Shimisi: H[o. Zhdli guln cE pixi6 ma? shi. Ni n6ng zhio yi ge duO Smith: Fine. (In) here handle polish leather shoes? matter. You can find an adaPtor ng-f'fr , E /S nft.L T iA le- A"S* ffiE,fir. J(*l T, lhfrv Frirwiryrdn: GuIn." Nin wAnshang k6yi bi plxid clrf,zud, ni tAi hlo le, ni n6ng Attendant: Handle. You evening can leathershoes plug, that wonderful. You can

MAY T9?9 19 go plug I'll take the sr Attendant: I'll to 6nd an adaptor now. -L Jd *'4 r suitcase and leather bag for repairs and they'll be mlshing zhlo ldi ma? done this aftemoon. (it)? right away bring Smith: Fine, thank you. Attendant: Don't mention it, XE-4- fr Tv)(. /S 4.6 filal F ,42 ' FriwiryuAn: KEyi. Nin Mi y6u bi6de shi ma? You still business? Attendant: Can. have other Notes

*.fi$,1, ita r. l. The same verb twice. In colloquial Chi- Shimisi: M6iydu le. you spoken Smith: Not have. nese will often hear the s.rme verb twice in succession, as in: Ni xlfixixi[xi ba 'f,t'l*- frk+ fi , *\rfl, [+ ili. * Jd , frl +k E. ,S.1t-,8-,e (Rest a bit). This means the action FriwiryuAn: W6 xiirnziri jiir qi zhllo rlu6 yirng chnru$. is expected to be of short duration. Other exam- Attendant: I now go (to) find adaptor plug. til6 (I 4''' ples: xEng cica plxi6 *.[r#r+A$j want *\Je"ifiAtu Ha e+ to polish my shoes), ril6 ylo xiixiu xidngzi Wb bI xiingzi h6' piMo ni qir xiii, **ftr I suitcase andleatherbag take(to) repair, +r+A+ (I wantto repair my suitcase). Grammat- ically this is called reduplication of verbs. aL T y/ lT+T Tt " You xiirwi jiir kEyl xiiihlo. 2. Hio *1 after a verb mcons finished. aftemoon can (be) repaired. have already learned the use of the character +l meaning well or good. When it is used after a *?, ii+ifi+i,fr" t$r.f . verb as in the phrasexlflh[o xlflngzi |,r+Tlfr3r Shimisi: Hlo, xiixie ni. Smith: Fine, thank you (repair the suitcase), it means the job of repairing the suircase is finished. Another example is frF-A-fr, Td+" Pixi6 ciihlo Ie A#l*+t f (The shoes are polished). FJrwiryudrn: Bri xii. is Attendant: Don'tthank. The grammatical name for this construction "complement of result", meaning the result of Translation the action has bqen achieved. K6yi v;( can and may. The literal (In the room of Mr. Smith, leader of the Canadian China 3. T for tour group) translation of T vl is either can or may. It Smith presses the electric bell, and attendant knocks on door. is a frequent reply to requests, with the meaning Smith: Please come in. of "yes" or "it's possible". While it is also used Attendant: Good morning. Can I help you? in answer to requests for permission, very often Smith: I'm sorry io bother you but my suitcase is broken. Can it be repaired? its usage simply means that something is possible, Attendant: Yes, where is it broken? as in Ni xiirnzii k6yi qrh xi[xixitxi lfr,q"tzt vt* fallen Also the zipper on Smith: See. the handle has off. (You can go and rest now). this leather bag is broken. 1+,S,f+,S

Attendant: Give them to me. I'll bring them to you when they ,I, EI are repaired. e Smith: Fine. Do you polish shoes here? 4 Attendant: Yes. Put your shoes outside the door at night and Correction x they'll be polished the next moming. ffi Smith: I want to shave, but the plug of this electric razor Regarding the headline "Eastern Han Peas- ft 4 has two prongs and the outlet in this room is for three ant Revolts Red Eyebrows, Greenwoodsrqen, : prongs. I can't use it. - -. Yellow Turbans" on p. 72 of the April 1979 issue I Attendant: I'll get you an adaptor plug. By the way, is yout of. China Reconstructs, it should be pointed out \ razor 220 volts'l Our cutrent here is 220. )L Smith: Yes, it's 220. The travel service wamed me about that the first two actually took place during the plug )\ that before I came. If you can get an adaptor Wang Mang regime, before the Eastern Han +i that will be fine. Can you bring it right away? h dynasty officially began. 4 Attendant: Yes. Is there anything else you want? 4t Smith: No. fi CHINA RECONSTRUCTS BO Mountain and Water (traditional painting) Wu Guanzhong g

;.