Plantilla Tesis B5

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Plantilla Tesis B5 ¡Que esta Casa no perezca! Bîtum šuú la iḫaliiq La institución de la Casa en las comunidades levantinas del final del Bronce Antiguo a la Edad del Hierro (2500-1000 a.C.) Isabel Muntalt Sánchez TESI DOCTORAL UPF / 2017 DIRECTORAS DE LA TESIS Dra. Mª Eugenia Aubet i Semmler Dra. Maria Luisa Ruiz-Gálvez Priego (Dept. de Prehistoria, UCM) INSTITUT UNIVERSITARI D’HISTÒRIA JAUME VICENS I VIVES DEPARTAMENT HUMANITATS ii A mi familia, mi casa, mi hogar iii Agradecimientos La realización de este proyecto de investigación ha sido un verdadero reto personal, gracias al que he podido descubrirme y reconocer mis limitaciones y mis fortalezas. En este largo camino he tenido la suerte de estar acompañada por personas maravillosas a las que quiero dedicar unas líneas. En primer lugar, mi agradecimiento a mis directoras de tesis María Eugenia Aubet y Marisa Ruiz-Gálvez, dos grandes damas de la Arqueología Mediterránea. Gracias por vuestra infinita paciencia, vuestra confianza en mis capacidades y por vuestros consejos. En segundo lugar, quiero dar las inmensas GRACIAS a mi familia, mi casa, mi hogar. Vuestro apoyo incondicional ha sido mi fuerza. Gracias a mi madre por animarme siempre a ser una mujer valiente y fuerte; y por estar a mi lado, siempre, en todos los proyectos en los que me he lanzado. Gracias a mi padre, por cuidarme siempre como su princesa y empujarme hacia adelante con energía positiva para lograr alcanzar mis metas. Yo puedo, yo quiero, yo lo hago. Y a mi tata, gracias porque siempre encuentro en ti la complicidad y la alegría. Por regalarme la mejor amistad que puede haber, la de una hermana. Nuestras risas sin sentido son la mejor medicina. Como siempre, hemos hecho un gran equipo. v En lo más íntimo, mi agradecimiento y mi cariño a Manuel Olid, mi compañero, mi amigo. Gracias por confiar ciegamente en mi cuando yo no lo hacía, por sostenerme estos días y estar a mi lado preparado para arrancarme una sonrisa. Contigo a mi lado todo es posible. En cuarto lugar, gracias a mis compañeros de Laboratorio de la Upf —Laura Trellisó, Giovanni Pireda, Sandra Lozano, Barbara Mura, Mohammed Al-Masanni, Appen Ruiz—por los tres años que compartimos, por las largas conversaciones ante una taza de té y las horas compartidas frente al ordenador. En quinto lugar, gracias a Jordi Latorre y Juanjo Moré por acogerme este verano en el Institut Superior de Ciències Religioses de Martí Codolar para dar un buen empujón al proyecto. Gracias por confiar en mí. Y en especial quiero dar las gracias a Jordi, por su acompañamiento a lo largo de estos últimos años. Gracias por los consejos y tus correcciones, pero sobre todo por tu amistad. En sexto lugar y no por ello menos importante, quiero agradecer a todos mis amigos/as y compañeros/as por sus ánimos, sus abrazos y sus oraciones. Gracias a mi familia de JAF y Cooperadores por su apoyo constante; a mis amigos de la Universidad Porque a pesar que nuestros caminos se bifurquen nos queremos. Gracias a mis compañeros de trabajo en Santa Dorotea por compartir conmigo no solo los nervios de los últimos meses sino también la maravillosa vocación de trabajar por los jóvenes. vi Y, por último, mi agradecimiento a Dios por sus constantes bendiciones y por no abandonarme nunca. Gracias, porque tenías un plan para mí mejor del que yo pensaba. vii Resumen Partiendo del modelo de Sociedades de Casa de Claude Lévi- Strauss stricto sensu, la presente tesis analiza las comunidades de Mari y Ebla durante los cambios socio-políticos acaecidos en la transición entre el Bronce Antiguo y Medio. Para ello, propone una metodología de análisis interdisciplinar fundamenta en la analogía como punto de partida para la generación de hipótesis. Abstract The present thesis analyzes the communities of Mari and Ebla during the socio-political changes produced in the transition between Early Bronze and Medium Bronze, according to the House society’s model by Claude Lévi-Strauss stricto sensu. For that, it proposes a methodology of interdisciplinary analysis based on the analogy as starting point to generate the hypothesis. ix Prólogo Desde que inicié mi andadura con la tesis doctoral, la gente que me conoce bien siempre me ha dicho que no podía ser otra persona de las de su entorno, sino yo, la que se lanzara en esta investigación. A estas alturas no sabría decir si es el doctorando el que escoge la tesis, o la tesis al doctorando. Sí puedo asegurar que la temática de esta investigación nace, en cierto modo, de mi propia personalidad y experiencia. Mi familia y mi casa ha sido, siempre, el puntal que ha sustentado el sistema social y emocional de mi vida. La arena familiar me fascina y empleo la imagen del arenal porque creo que define muy bien esta dimensión humana. Escurridiza e inadvertida, recorre de forma transversal la realidad social y se cuela por los rincones de la vida; pero al mismo tiempo, sus granos son sólidos y juntos conforman una unidad heterogénea que le da su riqueza. La tesis doctoral ha sido elaborada gracias al apoyo del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia que financió mi trabajo a través del programa de Formación del Personal Investigador (FPI). La investigación se ha llevado a cabo en el Institut Universitari d’Història Jaume Vicens i Vives, y en especial en el Laboratori d’Arqueologia de la Universitat Pompeu Fabra. A lo largo del proceso de investigación he podido disfrutar de una estancia de investigación en los fondos bibliográficos de la Bodleian Library de la Universidad de Oxford. Asimismo, el trabajo se ha visto xi beneficiado por la colaboración en 2014 en el proyecto de excavación de Tiro al-bass con el equipo de investigadores/as dirigido por la Dra. Maria Eugenia Aubet. Esta tesis es fruto de cinco años de esfuerzo, dedicación, ilusiones y pasión acumulada. xii Índice Pág. Resumen......................................................................... ix Prólogo………............................................................... Xi BLOQUE 1: INTRODUCCIÓN 8 CAPÍTULO 0. 9 INTRODUCCIÓN CAPÍTULO 1 13 (RE)SITUÁNDONOS: COORDENADAS ESPACIO - TEMPORALES DEL LEVANTE MEDITERRÁNEO ANTIGUO 1.1. Introducción............................................................ 13 1.2 Marco geográfico..................................................... 14 a) Geolocalización, límites y división interna......... 16 b) Topografía, clima y vegetación.......................... 18 1.3 Marco cronológico................................................... 28 a) Introducción........................................................ 28 b) Historiografía de la Cronología Levantina......... 29 CAPÍTULO 2 33 FAMILIA Y PARENTESCO EN EL LEVANTE MEDITERRÁNEO ANTIGUO: UNA BREVE HISTORIOGRAFÍA...................................................... 2.1. Introducción............................................................ 33 2.2. Consideraciones previas.......................................... 35 2 a) Los cambios de paradigma de la Antropología 35 y las teorías del parentesco en Arqueología........... b) Trayectoria de la investigación de lo cotidiano 39 en Arqueología....................................................... c) La realidad del registro arqueológico y las 43 tendencias de investigación.................................... 2.3. Estado de la cuestión: tópicos familiares 45 a) Sistema matriarcales versus patriarcales............ 45 b) Paleodemografía y las unidades residenciales... 50 c) Relaciones internacionales................................. 55 d) Derecho familiar:............................................... 56 e) Las prácticas funerarias y la religión familiar.... 66 BLOQUE 2: TEORÍA 70 CAPÍTULO 3. HACIA UNA ANTROPOLOGÍA DE LA CASA: CLAUDE LÉVI-STRAUSS Y LA SOCIETÉ Á MAISON........................................................................ 71 3.1. Introducción............................................................ 71 3.2. Revisando los textos: la construcción de la casa Straussiana..................................................................... 74 a) El reanálisis de la organización de los Kwakiutl: el sistema de la casa feudal.................... 75 b) Las lecturas de 1976 a 1982: otros ejemplos etnográficos............................................................ 84 c) Última definición (1991) y grandes preguntas... 95 3 3.3. Reconstruyendo un modelo..................................... 96 a) La institución de la casa y la Sociedad de Casas 96 b) Claude Lévi-Strauss y las “Societe a Maison”: luces y sombras de una propuesta renovadora…... 101 3.4. De la Antropología a la Arqueología: buscando Sociedades de Casa en el registro material.................... 104 BLOQUE 3: HIPÓTESIS, OBJETIVOS Y MÉTODO 113 CAPÍTULO 4. HIPÓTESIS, OBJETIVOS Y SELECCIÓN CASOS DE ESTUDIO................................................................ 114 4.1. Introducción............................................................ 114 4.2. Hipótesis y objetivos............................................... 117 a) Hipótesis............................................................. 117 b) Objetivos............................................................ 120 4.3. Selección de los casos de estudios.......................... 122 a) Tell Hariri (Mari)............................................... 123 b) Tell Mardikh (Ebla)............................................ 130 CAPÍTULO 5. METODOLOGÍA(S): EN BUSCA DE LA CASA STRAUSSIANA............................................................ 136 5.1. Introducción............................................................ 136 5.2. El punto de partida: la analogía etnográfica...........
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