Figure 1063 collection.

.1910. Source: private c

5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE ) tree avenue between Pennington Gardens West and Lights Vision lookout podium, podium, lookout Vision Lights and West Gardens Pennington between avenue tree ) australisca var

Melia azedarach

Tinted postcard ‘White Cedar Avenue, Pennington Park, ’, being the extant pedestrian pathway and White Cedar ( Cedar and White pathway pedestrian extant the being Adelaide’, Park, Pennington Avenue, Cedar ‘White postcard Tinted

5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

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5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE statements of significance, for the Adelaide ance registrations and statements of cultural Park Lands and Squares and or specific places/components within. Park Lands and significance, proposed and draft nominations 5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE This chapter reviews existing cultural signific

1065 – the ‘red [sic.]. (Day, tance of this term in up cockles. I have seen (2007), are that the Tarnda Kanya al Theatre (Amery 1997, ), ceremonies, burials and ain of water holes very deep When Kuri me was also employed making mats, many cockels And rose again on the or Palti ver – children bathing and practicing with spear Assessment Study 2’, probably relating to the period prior future statement of cultural significance for ) was an essential economic and sustenance ted ‘camps’ have been and continue to be r with a net bag and picking ips according to seasons and cultural rituals. ctivities associated with traditional life for the Tandanya clan of ‘’ was named after the emu (Hemming 1990, p. 137). The general the emu (Hemming 1990, p. 137). The of the Adelaide Festiv y 1970s following the accep y 1970s following ts and activities have been reviewed in the assed by the (Gara 1990, p.64; Notwithstanding these attempts the Adelaide Notwithstanding es today (Hemming 1998, p. 20). As the ant (Hemming 1998, p. 21), although many of available shelter, fire wood and materials for particular at sites in Tarndanyangga/Victoria the corridor along /Karrawirra calities prior to European settlement (Hemming nt and food/resource corridor, a spiritual kkabakkandi/Park 16, Wirranendi/Park 23, 23, Wirranendi/Park kkabakkandi/Park 16, sell or exchange for food from the settlers … refers to a site south of Adelaide associated with the Tanda:njapari oo Dreaming. It is believed that oo Dreaming. It is believed or 5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE (1974). r time at the Torrens ri is an unique Kaurna expression of ‘cultural significance’ and would never rise again. They got long time. The river torrens was A ch ry dangerous to go amongst. Their ti Tandanya Karra Wirra Parri for each Park Land and Square, the reader should refer to these more Reports Tarndanyungga Kaurna Yerta Aboriginal Tribes of accordingly should be incorporated within any the Park Lands and Squares; • the Women and children spent most of thei and small waddy – Women crabing and going in the rive them go down – And I thought they other side after being under water A not in flood. It was full of timber Ve nets an rope clothes lines … They would then 190 ‘Memories of the Extinct Tribe Cowandilla, p. 43). 1998, 1847, in Hemming the Red Kangaroo and that their main totem was acceptance of the term Kaurna occurs in the earl Tindale’s Since earliest post-contact settlement, local and colonial/state administrators have sought to people away from the Adelaide Parkshift indigenous Lands and Squares as part of the dispossession process (Hemming 1998, p.18). Squares continued to be used for a Park Lands and kangaroo rock’ – was located on the present site p. 4). An early resident of Adelaide, Thomas Day, recollected Kaurna residency along the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri: Tindale ascribed as occupying the area encomp Tindale 1987, p. 10). The term Red Kangaroo Dreaming, and Tindale claims the Kaurna and remains a venue for similar activiti conduit and place for the Red Kangar vegetation removal process occurred on the Adelaide plains, the Kaurna and other indigenous peoples were forced to live in locations where camping and hunting remained. In particular Parri watercourse was occupied for camps, ‘corroborees’ ( other activities and culturally viewed as signific these activities reputedly happened in lo 1998, p. 23). It was a major cultural moveme burial corridor, and a venue of sedentary relationsh Contemporary adaptations of ‘corroborees’ and rela undertaken in the Park Lands and Squares, Square, Brougham Place/Tandotittinga, Ba Karrawirra/, and Tarndanya Womma/Park 26. The River Torrens ( Where documented, specific cultural sites, even respective site specific discussions. Key points from this summary analysis, and the overall and Squares landscape or ‘country’ are of exceptional Indigenous significance because:

that Tandanja (Hemming 1998, a have suffered to the preserved from further aide Park Lands and Squares are our ancestors of the responsibility for ntinuing alienation, oppression and the Indigenous Cultural Significance of tain our cultural strength ections for Adelaide’s Park Lands 2000-2037 urna people. It was an important place for the bing the tribal associations of ‘Encounter aces. These places should be significance for us – the Kaurna people.

elaide plains. There appears to have been On the Park Lands the Kaurn ked by the Mount Lofty escarpment to the east are a suitable Statement of Cultural Significance p. ii). cultural knowledge and memory. Accordingly, territory which spread from the Gawler River in atement about curatorial and social relationships y lie in ‘Bob’s association with the Kouandilla pying the Adelaide plains and consisting of ption of the contemporary name review the Kaurna and Aboriginal cultural the municipality within which Park Lands Park Lands. r, in period and contemporary anthropological encroachment. onsultations with members of the Kaurna nous peoples. It describes and validates the gnificance to the place, anthropologist Norman 1974, p. 213; Tindale 1987, pp. 5-13), thereby 1987, pp. p. 213; Tindale 1974, us people. These injustices have been planted out on the Adelaide Tarndanyungga Kaurna Yerta Adelaide was established. The Adel dispossession. Invasion has meant co walk on these places to main Adelaide and its Park Lands deprived Tarndanyungga Kaurna Yerta: A Report on (1997), was prepared: part of this place and hold special cultural tribe’ which is probably a corru Park Lands Management Strategy Report: Dir This is the Red Kangaroo Dreaming place of Ka present day as a result of this harassment for us and other indigeno Kaurna long before the City of maintaining crucial, culturally meaningful places. The Park Lands have many culturally significant pl We, as Kaurna people, must The setting-up of the City Dundagunya Tindale first described the Kaurna tribe as occu of people or ‘hoades’ (Tindale several groups and Squares is located holds considerable historical and contemporary cultural meaning to both the Kaurna and related South Australian Aboriginal communities. In terms of Kaurna and Aboriginal cultural si geographically locating the Kaurna country and epithet ‘Kaurna’. William Wyatt first used the term Kaurna when descri it has validity today as does when it was drafted, until such time as the Kaurna wish to vary its expression. Notwithstanding this Statement, it is very clea allied literature, that the landscape occupied by Bay Bob’ (Wyatt 1879, p. 24), but its origins ma district of the Adelaide tribe’ (Wyatt 1879, p. 23). Cowandilla is a contemporary derived nomenclature applied to a tract of the northern Ad with the Park Lands and Squares by its indige ‘significance’ of the place without compromising several districts within the larger ‘Adelaide tribe’ the north to Willunga basin in sought flan 5.1 KAURNA / ABORIGINAL VALUES As part of the (1999), Hemming, with Harris, was engaged to and Squares, prep heritage of the Park Lands The above Statement was prepared through c Community conducted by Steve Hemming and Rhondda Harris in July 1998. The Statement itself represents a major social st (Hemming 1990, p. 126-142). When interviewed in 1927 claimed that she belonged to the ‘ in consultation with the relevant Kaurna communities and organisations. The following Statement, included in the Adelaide Park Lands

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5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE ); high cultural meaning to the Kaurna and d any development or landscape change ciations to their Red Kangaroo Dreaming; to the place and its now elderly living or r was a favoured Kaurna camping ground re was previously the country of Kaurna ties along the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri Eucalyptus camaldulensis senescent River Red Gums ( before European contact, with the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri waters and banks before European contact, with the River Torrens/Karrawirra providing a rich food source; camped, and continue to camp on various locations in the Park Lands and Squares regularly, and have occupancy associations community, and much of this area has asso communities, an South Australian Aboriginal should entertain consultation first with these peoples; and corridor may uncover Kaurna or Aboriginal remains. • the Kaurna, and subsequently an amalgam of South Australian communities, camped, have • the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri corrido • the Piltawodli ‘Native Location’ precinct holds • it is probable that any excavation activi • the landscape of Park Lands and Squa

1067 ial criterion of any change or modification. rk Lands and Squares as well as Adelaide d views of the architectural features of the lian Museum, Art Gallery of , and reinforced in period contemporary

5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE and as places of cultural and scientific inquiry, enrichment advancement together with their aesthetic landscapes within; assemblages as iconographic symbols of the Pa itself; positioned within the Adelaide Plains that invites enclosure by Hills Face, visual terminations and vistas within without, an city, most of which have been captured landscape design, roadscape and place making activities within the Park Lands and Squares making aesthetic engagement an essent • the , South Austra • the physical manifestations, presence and roles of Light’s Vision • the topographical form of landscape within which Park Lands and Squares is

vistas in the Park Lands having regard to ge of cultural institutions and structures ge of spiritual and symbolic places thereon of the earliest ornamental lake systems eness of its initial design from 1836-37; eness of its initial design from and placement of buildings and statuary; itutions and the geographical landscape it th strong aesthetic values by virtue of its phical constraints and opportunities into a lan’ as an aesthetic and design template to scape with vegetation, institutions and within the Park Lands and Squares in , roadscapes and places, including the use of -south King William Street/Road alignment as d enhancement of the overall place, including: landscape that possesses a mixture of mature Gardenesque character settings, and the strong ogressive development and design renovations res are of exceptional aesthetic significance for: ilt form and park lands landscape from 1837-65; tangible cultural east-west axis line; ible cultural north-south axis line; and adjacent to creating a major intang a cultural and symbolic backbone memory journey-line through the ‘Plan’ reinforced by the erection of contemporary cultural inst traverses and engages with; thereon and adjacent to creating a major components from 1865-32; and, merged socio-democratic ideals and topogra design that expresses and enables aesthetic appreciation; guide the development of the Park Lands and Squares; continues to determine roadway experiences through the Park Lands; strengthened and expanded formal and designed mid-nineteenth century Picturesque and Gardenesque concepts; apparent conscious display of specimen trees created in Australia, that engenders an ‘oasis’ quality; and, throughout the Park Lands and Squares, significant continuing historical commitment to the planting and display of Australian flora as an integral part the aesthetic of the Park Lands and Squares. • conceptualisation and topographical responsiv • development of its initial design into a bu • enhancement and embellishment of its land • maturation of vegetation for display, accent and experience. • the overall consistent Gardenesque qualities • the King William Street/Road and the assembla • the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri system, one • the unique expression of ‘Plan Adelaide’ as signed by Colonel that • the continued engagement of Light’s 1836 ‘P • the strategic plantation system established by O’Brien in the 1860s that underpinned and • the formal and subtle adoption of Brown’s 1880 landscape design plan that reinforced, • the unique spatial configuration of north • the unique re-planting and incorporation of indigenous Australian tree specimens • the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri corridor; • the North Terrace ‘Promenade’ and the assembla

5.2 AESTHETIC VALUES The Adelaide Park Lands and Squares is a place wi spatial design and topographical relationship, pr and modifications paralleled by growth maturation of vegetation. It is especially for: Such qualities imbue an atmosphere of unique nineteenth century series of gardens, promenades designed vistas and adaptation of vantage points, Additionally, the following places within the Adelaide Park Lands and Squares are of high cultural significance for their engagement with an incorporation of Australian vegetation into the wider landscape composition. In particular, the Adelaide Park Lands and Squa

1068 oning yet emblematic of ideals at the time of within the Park Lands and Squares that have individuals and activities, that often possess omenades within the larger Park Lands and vidually, group-wise and often collectively vidually, group-wise and infrastructures that engage with the

5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE principles into various gardens, parks and pr Squares; enabled historical reformation, discourses and inquiries across a wide spectrum of disciplines; and, possess direct associations to historical plans, medium-high botanical, historical and aesthetic merit in their use, location and form; and, landscape design style, contributing and questi their erection. • the accomplished implementation of Victorian and Edwardian Gardenesque design • the suite of structures, places and components • the suite of vegetation components that indi • the suite of structures, component elements

Corporations

Municipal , scientific, medical, spatial and social ical vision and execution of the landscape; ancis, Richard Schomburgk, William O’Brien, in their plans and actions, the design getation, buildings, structures, statuary, gates, the Gardenesque landscape design style and ’, together with its progressive development res are of exceptional historic significance for: plans, statements documents and photographs that composition to the Park Lands and Squares, ontemporary buildings, structures, fountains, Corporation Town Clerks (Mayors/Lord Mayors, d the colony/state administrators (Forest ection historically that has been drawn from to curate and manage the Park Lands Squares as a sustainable resource settlement design; activities; fountains, etc., that complement and reinforce the landscape design; and, exploration, propagation and exchange around the world. developments by George Gawler, Fr Owen Smyth, August Pelzer, William Veale, consistency in their developments that largely enabled a Victorian-Edwardian Gardenesque landscape to be created and evolve; Act aesthetic and recreational venue for the community. ‘Plan’; Adelaide Park Lands and Squares despite alienation, railway road intrusions; reformations of systems and structures at local, state, national and international levels; qualities of the Park Lands and Squares irrespective tenure and values of Corporation and colony/state administrations; manner of which determined botanical, political statuary, plaques, watercourse and water retention formation, the tradition of and Squares; ornamentation and embellishment in the Park Lands describe, underpin and demonstrate the histor and, • it’s composition and relationship within a precedent model of town planning and • it’s landscape design character and form; • it’s role as a venue for local/state/national/international history making events and • it’s collection of period and contemporary ve • it’s display of a significant living coll • the historical landscape design extant evidence that points to the early design influences and • the cohesiveness of the overall integration attributed • their position and spatial relationship to within Colonel William Light’s • the relative integrity and spatial composition of places and sub-places within the larger • the significant collection of period and c • providing a venue that enabled inquiry, human value exchange, and cultural celebration in a • the suite of extant historically significant • the overall management objectives given to the Corporation under the

5.3 HISTORIC VALUES The Adelaide Park Lands and Squares is a place with strong historic values by virtue of its continued engagement with Colonel Light’s ‘Plan and design, its engagement with vegetation, architecture statuary. It is especially for: Such qualities result in a significant historical recognises the prominent historical role and City Engineers, and City Gardeners) an conservators, Botanic Garden directors, Public Works superintendents) have played in creating a venue and embellishing it with period iconographic features. In particular, the Adelaide Park Lands and Squa signficance for: Additionally, Adelaide Park Lands and Squares are of high historic

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5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE t to the Park Lands and strong social and spiritual values by virtue r social and spiritual standing by having a or deterioration of the essential symbolism are of high social and spiritual significance are of high social ty inquiry, recreation, and discourse about its of its character, strength, mystery, colour, smell, erected within or adjacen vancement of the social culture hing and within the symbolism of the Adelaide

in socio-democratic planning and objective-making nue containing past and contemporary cultural within Adelaide urbanity and quares are of exceptional social and spiritual individual and group recreational activities events; that enriches personal memories and associations; Park Lands; living collections, natural and cultural values, social ideals; and activities that recognises their occupancy of this landscape. communities generally and specifically across the Park Lands Squares; of Adelaide as a place within the larger world, and one in which change is of collective concern where perceived Park Land alienation is threatened; Squares that consciously sought to enhance thei direct spatial engagement with the Park Lands and Squares; and, venue for meetings, and passive active recreation directly associated with an ornamental park-like setting. that underpins archetypal decision making in the community, and colony/state; and European alike, to discuss debate issues, ideals, rhetoric doctrine; attribute of the Australian character; landscape; the overall historical development and ad colony/state. • their role as a long-standing venue for Adelaideans and South Australians to enjoin in • their spiritual role as a landscape to partake • their presence and integral role in establis • their role as a long-term venue for communi meanings, knowledge, • their spiritual role as a venue for Kaurna and Aboriginal associations, • the spiritual and social meanings associations it holds for Kaurna Aboriginal • the spiritual meanings and associations it holds with Adelaide residents as an iconic symbol • various cultural institutions that have been • the social meanings and associations it holds for Adelaide residents as a long-standing • it’s spiritual role as an unique adventure • it’s role as a historical venue for political, social, and cultural gatherings both Kaurna • it’s role as a venue for recreational advancement and endeavour, encapsulating an essential relationship to and role • it’s larger social cultural institutions and relationships, allied to • it’s embrace of and venue for pre-eminent

5.4 SOCIAL AND SPIRITUAL VALUES The Adelaide Park Lands and Squares are a place with of their spatial location with the Adelaide ‘Plan’ and their historical engagement with the Adelaide plains and the South Australian community. It is expecially for: Such qualities result in an important social ve meanings and values directly associated with the celebration of culture, and its association with spirit, place and the future. In particular, the Adelaide Park Lands and S significance for: Additionally, the Adelaide Park Lands and Squares for:

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5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

t experimentation and ten aesthetically, historically, and socially strong scientific values by virtue of their ic introduced species to create aesthetic and contained with the Park Lands and Squares; thin the Adelaide Botanic Gardens, and its -arid flora in park and garden development adition, and a concern to embrace ich echo deliberate plan s are of high scientific signficance for: s are of high scientific ontained within the Adelaide Botanic Garden d a concern to embrace and understand the conscious experimentation phase between 1862- are of exceptional scientific significance for: formation that inform, stimulate discourse, a manner that stimulates discourse and largely supported by successive Corporation and ificant herbaria and library collections. ntific inquiry, experimentation and display of spirited debate with research and inquiry. hosts a diverse and wide-reaching collection of wider contributory living collections of trees components, artefacts and collections in engagement; qualities, reinforced by its extensive sign utilitarian features and accents, that was colony/state administrations; hosted scientific experimentation and inquiry, of within the Park Lands and Squares, a 1932 that sought to discover plant species most relevant for the characteristics of this landscape; contributing to the larger ‘science’ of landscape; and, represent oldest surviving plantings, and wh landscape design interventions in the Park Lands and Squares. landscape design interventions in the Park Lands and representing a commitment, a tradition, an throughout representing a commitment, a tr that has often informed decisions affecting the Park Lands and Squares. Australian landscape’s vegetation communities; understand vegetation communities relevant to and appropriate for the environmental nature of the landscape within which Park Lands and Squares are situated; and, • it’s exceptional living collections contained wi • it’s suite of venues that have enabled scie • it’s continual engagements in exploration, propagation, and display of plants their • the suite of structures and places within the Park Lands Squares that have enabled and • the retention, incorporation and conscious replanting of indigenous Australian species • the development and use of Australian and exot • a number of tree avenues and assemblages that create distinctive landscape features, • the continued use of Australian flora in park and garden development throughout • the continued use of Mediterranean and semi • the important living and archive collection c

5.5 SCIENTIFIC VALUES The Adelaide Park Lands and Squares are a place with living collections and venues of scientific inquiry, its long-standing pursuit to engage in display this research and inquiry. It is expecially for: Such qualities result in a significant place that scientific values, specimens, documents, and in engage inquiry, and have historically hosted a In particular, Adelaide Park Lands and Squares Additionally, the Adelaide Park Lands and Square

1071 al appearance of al appearance na have suffered to the made by significant significant by made craft an utilitarian our ancestors of the responsibility for aide Park Lands and Squares are ntinuing alienation, oppression and habit, and season and design styles in select locations in the as City Gardener to ding paths, lawns, beds and clumped planting, planting, clumped and beds lawns, ding paths, the Park Lands the Kaur d Squares, contribution d Squares, tive resulting in several major 1960s era tive resulting in several sed major renovations to the Park Lands and sed major renovations to the Park Lands stinguishes its design and spatial character urna people. It was an important place for the ng the state’s centenary, that enabled the ng the nds and Squares play in the overall nds and ‘Plan of by entrance avenues and landscape-relevant e Grundy Gardens assemblage and Light’s to the city’s ‘cultural boulevard’; and, and having regard to the scope terms of of ornamental art, furniture and statuary Lands and Squares have played as a venue for e development of Adelaide as a colonial city, rk Lands and Squares has played in directing, of exceptional cultural significance: significance for us – the Kaurna people. Tarndanyungga Kaurna Yerta us people. These injustices have been planted out on the Adelaide

5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE a symbolic town planningand in crafting the Park Lands as Adelaide was established. The Adel (2007), the following statements are relevant: dispossession. Invasion has meant co Adelaide and its Park Lands deprived contrast of colour, foliage size, within the Park Lands an Assessment Study This is the Red Kangaroo Dreaming place of Ka Kaurna long before the City of part of this place and hold special cultural The setting-up of the City maintaining crucial, culturally meaningful places. On present day as a result of this harassment for us and other indigeno Park Lands. advancing and communicating scientific inquiry knowledge to the community; planted landscape in particular characterised plant specimens; the crafting and use of Victorian era vegetation Park Lands and Squares for which many antecedents and remnants exist today; development and aesthetic integration of th Vision as key features within the larger Park Lands and Squares; Squares very much under his personal impera Gardenesque landscapes today; Adelaide’ as prepared by Light model and as a green belt to the city. political, social, and cultural gatherings for both Kaurna European alike, to discuss debate issues, ideals, rhetoric and doctrine, a role that it continues to be performed today; exemplars in botanical and aesthetic settings; the Park Lands and Squares landscape that di from other Australian cities, and continues to display a keen sense of engagement with water or lack of water as a theme; enabling and in concert with kindred cultural scientific institutions to be located along North Terrace, formed an important hinge features, links with contiguous park land, combination of natural landforms and constructed features, the structure of landscape forms (inclu specimen trees, vistas structures), and works plants. The Adelaide Park Lands and Squares are • the William O’Brien (1864-74) clear intentions • the continuing engagement in and display • the role of Richard Schomburgk (1865-91) and Owen Smyth (1876-1923) in influencing in influencing and Owen Smyth (1876-1923) • the role of Richard Schomburgk (1865-91) activities, duri • the Stanley Orchard (1935-39) • the William Veale (1947-67) years that witnes role and position the Park La • the significant • the historically instrumental role Park • the historically instrumental role Pa • the creation and conservation of a major ornamental watercourse and lake system within • it’s contribution as an integral part of th • the outstanding beauty of its landscape attributes; such attributes include links with natural In terms of a Statement of Cultural Significance, reference of this d buildings within, d buildings within, city, Adelaide, and the cluding roadways an es, that are extant in the Adelaide Park ancis and O’Brien, resulting in significant tegrity of the Park Lands and Squares as to quickly establish a series of gardens and which have, are, and continue to be the s for the renovation of post-European stitutional structures and venues that were all Adelaide’ (1836-37), with its internationally Adelaide’ (1836-37), with its itself as well the activities that it generates. and aesthetic of the overall Adelaide Park plains landscapes, that collectively merge ere such developments have evolved within lan of the City Adelaide’ demonstrating genius na and other South Australian Aboriginal ination of site characteristics, that informed continue and extend the Park Lands-relevant sthetic setting of the res are of exceptional cultural significance for: ons as City Gardener to part-implement the res are of high cultural significance for: ce of diverse and steadily evolving cultural ansposed upon a semi-arid that topography, etation fabric and spatial form from 1836–99; ontinuity of it’s ‘Plan’ integrity and spirit; ontinuity of it’s ‘Plan’ integrity whether pre-1836 or post-1836; gement the Park Lands and Squares, in percentage of the extant gardens and trees today; configurations and arrangements, plant speci Lands and Squares despite successive Corporation colony/state administration interventions, which points to their timelessness and relevance of genius; the strong physical and conceptual framework of the Park Lands and Squares. Lands and Squares resides to both the Kaur peoples and communities in terms of ‘history’, meaning, spirituality, birth and death celebration, narrative and story, Brown plan (1880) including vegetation species, carriage driveways, curvilinear and circuitous tree planting activities, as well tree experimentations commenced by Bailey, Fr Lands and Squares despite its primarily Victorian Edwardian era origins, with large vestiges of open semi-indigenous Australian together and have demonstrable integrity of form, character, species and adaptability; colony/state administrations, particularly wh unique socio-democratic spatial design tr enabled and supported the role, position in key traits and iconic characteristics of the ‘P of creativity; specific and overall landscape design proposal inspired largely defoliated landscape; have and continue to have with the larger ae and, escarpment; Hills Adelaide positioned within the Park Lands and Squares essential statements of this colony’s/state’s cultural inquiry, advancement and celebration; Squares that experimented with semi-arid and Mediterranean plant species in advance of their application in the nationally significant Adelaide Botanic Garden; • the George Francis contract (1854) that sought • the high correlative landscape inspired by Brown’s plan (1880) in terms of design, spatial • the general consistent Gardenesque character • the continuing significant role and relationship the ‘country’ within which the Adelaide Park • the direct enga • embellishment from 1865–60s; and • embellishment from 1865–60s; • maintenance and complementary development under subsequent Corporation and City of • the Colonel William Light ‘Plan of • the Brown plan (1880), with its unique exam • it’s essential iconic design ‘Plan’ and c • it’s essential iconic design ‘Plan’ and • cohesive development of its initial veg • the August Pelzer (1899-1932) clear intenti • the remarkable assemblage of major cultural in Such qualities are imbued in the fabric of place In particular, the Adelaide Park Lands and Squa 5.6 STATEMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE The Adelaide Park Lands and Squares are a pla meanings and significance, especially for: Additionally, the Adelaide Park Lands and Squa

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5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE (Hemming 1998, preserved from further in trying to design and erected and developed, es of scientific, design, d resulting in a major ance, but they also possess dreams, within its physical expression and ape development of the Park Lands ssesses exceptional spiritual and century town planning ideals that has had th tain our cultural strength and scientific competence part of William Light’s ‘Plan for the City of part of William Light’s internationally. The ‘Plan’ encapsulates a cultural t which have ad continue to reinforce this ideal, aces. These places should be nts and a keen appreciation of the environmental itutions and places in one location unseen elsewhere in part was largely crafte of the state was established, nds and Squares po ificant components and plac place, event, character and appear , character, dream, and aspiration planted within. The physical landsc esulting in an exemplar of 19 walk on these places to main ture cultural advancement. The Park Lands have many culturally significant pl encroachment. We, as Kaurna people, must p. ii). a profound influence throughout South Australia and ideal about the state carrying identity the features erected, positioned and and Squares also demonstrates a remarkable fore-sight And further, the Adelaide Park Lands and Squares are an integral plant an immense tract of semi-arid land, which in Adelaide’ devised in 1836-37 r Gardenesque landscape tapestry with Victorian acce characteristics in which such works were undertaken. Within this landscape the collective cultural heart visions, and ideas of fu resulting in a significant assemblage of cultural inst Australia. Within this heart are also highly sign botanical, and technical endeavour accomplishmen symbolic associations and meanings to character and identity. For both cultures, the landscape of these Park La

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quare that opened to the traditional commons and Australia under the name new towns established in by a belt of reserved land that other towns in Georgia, a belt ey arrived in South Australia ada, Colonel John Graves convention for colonial new towns te eighteenth and early nineteenth ed that the use of common or one mile in width” and that “all precedent in America and Canada” is to say a belt of park about mile or Dorchester, developed a model town plan for town designs, including the “park belt” idea, East Indies, America, or Elsewhere. It had a ided with a belt of reserved land. This plan, h America in the eighteenth century had gridded , save and excepting such sides as are washed by half century many enclosures of open spaces in da. The model for inland sites was one-mile you will proceed to lay it out in accordance with against the enclosure of described as “a blueprint for successive new towns an established planning convention during this s origins in Roman military camps, was first used of common land that surrounded the town lots. ample width, and arrange them with reference to Sharp, outlined in A General Plan for Laying t as Surveyor-General early in 1836. He had no provision has been made for public walks or choosing the site of colony’s first town and clear w towns. Many of the and salubrity of the town; and you will make ng the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and was iner published Friend of of a model town for the Australian colonies. He ioned squares and a sixth s labour and population matters managed by a Board g, sketching and [an] interest in cities” had s around the town. In 1794, a model plan was lic walks’ in 1833 found that there was a need for Governor of South Australia. GS Kingston, BT of amusement to the middle and humbler classes”. which the town would be one mile square, with a -Governor of Upper Can d one-acre lots. It was encircled ployed as surveying staff, and th es. In Savannah, and a number of by then an established planning ada, probably with the assistance of Captain Gother Mann, a Upper Canada. It has been argu towns were also developed in the la eneral of Canada, Lord

5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE public walks and quays.” Light to “look any new town hould] surround every town, like a belt provided a barrier between the township and surrounding farm lots. gridded system of streets, five symmetrically posit waterfront. As with Dorchester’s model, it was prov which was not actually used for Toronto, has been in Canada, Australia and New Zealand”. as a model for the surveying of reserved land for ‘enclosure and separation’ became period. use by surveyors in Upper Can commander of the Royal Engineers in Upper Cana square, with regularly spaced roads an Simcoe, promoted the use of Dorchester’s and Mann’s the Colonial Office, but with land, emigration, of Colonisation Commissioners. experience in “infantry, cavalry, navy, surveyin initially been recommended for the position of Finniss and H Nixon were also em in August 1836. instructions about its planning: “when you have determined the site of the first town the regulations” and “you will make streets of the convenience of the inhabitants, and the beauty necessary reserves for squares, for guidance. The was in the English-speaking world. It probably had it by the English for fortified towns or bastides duri later evident in the plans developed for colonial ne Upper Canada and in the southern colonies of Nort plans and one or more town squar of encircling parkland was also provided. centuries with provision for a belt of parkland developed by the English social reformer Granville Out Townships on the New Acquired Lands in the gridded road pattern, a central square and a strip of TJ Maslen. In the book he outlined his idea suggested that “a park [s entrances to every town should be through a park, that two in diameter, should entirely surround every town a river or lake”. He included the parklands for health, recreation and aesthetic reasons. more open spaces in cities, and that “during the last the vicinity of towns have taken place and little or open spaces, fitted to afford means of exercise Reformers like John Arthur Roebuck campaigned 7) In 1788, Mann prepared a plan for Toronto, in 8) In the 1790s, newly appointed Lieutenant 9) A number of model plans for new 3) The Commissioners appointed Colonel William Ligh 4) The Commissioners gave Light sole responsibility for 5) The Commissioners also directed 6) In around 1789, the Governor-G 10) In 1830, retired English naval officer Allen Gard 11) In England, a report by the government on ‘pub 11) In England, ens, the City centre to intermittently by six developed his theory of nce between land, capital itish Government through ese earlier settlements, and grid street pattern, contains New South Wales, Western City of Adelaide Historic The City also contains numerous encompassing one large block, and Terrace and South Terrace. In total, eleven iginal streets traverse it north-south. Similarly, The main block, the City centre, is defined by d be overseen by the Br dward Gibbon Wakefield was concerned about d social stability. He promoted the establishment new colonies. Wakefield ars of survey, but were not part of the original rth Adelaide are broken up that straddle the River Torr oblems had caused in th nning would provide a bala Park Lands. It was originally laid out as 1042

de successfully lodged an application with the circling the City and . The Park apes, to recreational landscapes, and natural 1836, after the colonies of ’ to be included on the Register of National Park Lands, South Terrace, Adelaide, SA ooks of the Corporation, was adopted in full, as Not Available at would be settled on this basis. original boundaries are still evident. aide. The City has a hierarchical . The siting of the blocks reflects topography of the area, generally flat ground and the other three blocks, each at an angle een established. E in North Adelaide run east-west. partially realised when legislation was passed that provided for the Nominated place Statement of Cultural Significance Statement four blocks, with the City centre 3/03/001/0279 3/03/001/0279 None

105825 Not Available

Historic National Heritage List

Photographs: List: Class: Legal Status: Place ID: Place File No: landscapes. Lands vary in character from cultural landsc minor streets that were constructed within a few ye plan. The streets in both the City centre and No town squares before they culminate at the Park Lands. North Adelaide three smaller blocks six town squares and is entirely surrounded by town acres, and in some instances the with the main block situated on with the others, on higher land in North Adelaide. four major roads: East Terrace, North Terrace, West the majority of original streets original streets traverse the City east-west and six or the south, and suburban North Adel and labour thus the conditions for economic an of South Australia as a model colony th establishment of South Australia. The colony woul Australia and Tasmania had b sought to find the right conditions for the success of systematic colonisation, believing that careful pla the instability that land speculation and social pr 3) The Park Lands comprise over 700 hectares en 2) The streets are organised into 1) The City of Adelaide comprises two distinct sectors ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES City of Adelaide Historic Layout and of Significance: Summary Statement Official Values: Description: History: 1) The colony of South Australia was founded in 2) In 1834, Wakefield’s ideas were

5.7 RELATED STATEMENTS OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE 5.7.1 Register of National Estate During 2004 the Corporation of City Adelai now defunct Australian Heritage Commission for the inclusion of ‘ Layout and Park Lands, South Terrace, Adelaide, SA Estate. The citation, prepared by Katherine Br follows:

1074 subdivided by roads, the overall concept of rt, Gilbert, Rundle, Grenfell, are essentially intact, although major roads: East Terrace, buildings, structures and eets, Brougham Place, Palmer to North Terrace. In other cularly in North Adelaide where intact of the squares. constructed within a few years of , Whitmore, Hindmarsh and Light in rrace, Hill, Jeffcott, O’Connell, gh the vast majority has now been Frome Road was cut through the e following streets traversing the City east-west: built through the Park Lands to connect with lifax and Gilles, the following streets running Square have also been the designer’s intentions”, Inaugural Lecture for ntore Avenue was extended from North Terrace Adelaide as embodied in area now known as the cultural and institutional ation and laying out of Adelaide”, Planning ad, Wakefield Street and Rundle Road. iam Street was realigned in the early twentieth ngston Terrace, Kingston Street East, Mann was originally part of the Park Lands, and has rough the Park Lands to link Adelaide with the dge Road, Goodwood Sir Lewis Cohen g the following major streets: Barton Terrace East, r public streets, and all ntre grid defined by four King William Street, which has had an impact on views Stanley, and Melbourne Streets. the City and North Adelaide traditionally called the egies Park Lands Management Strategy, November wn, Frederick A Praeger Publishers, 1966. klin, Grote, Gouger, Wright, Stu ed the same and the Park Lands am, Pulteney and Hutt; also acres in some instances (parti orth, Tynte, Barnard, Archer Str originally divided into one-acre blocks, and it is possible to discern Wellington Square are the most ace, Ward Street, Lefevre Te e original plan. In addition,

5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE nor north-south streets that were he 1960s, and runs from Angas Street rs, Bland House, Adelaide, 1987. squares (comprising Victoria, Hurtle n subdivided into four blocks) althou

Mills Terrace, Strangways Terr Childers, Buxton, Gover, Molesw Pine, Flinders, Wakefield, Angas, Carrington, Ha north-south: Morphett, King Willi Place, Kermode Street, Pennington Terrace, Ki Terrace, MacKinnon Parade, Jerningham, Park Lands; the City, and Wellington in North Adelaide); North Terrace, West Terrace and South Terrace; th Hindley, Currie, Waymouth, Fran boundaries of the City have remain the University of Adelaide, 2/10/97. areas have been alienated for various uses. The precinct on the northern side of North Terrace heritage significance in its own right. survey, but were not part of th western part of the City in t instances, streets were realigned or extended th surrounding suburbs. For example, King Will century to link North Adelaide and the City, Ki down to the River Torrens and numerous roads were the suburbs, including Gover Avenue, Burbri Avenue, Peacock Road, Unley Hutt Ro through the square. Hindmarsh, Light and Hurtle whereas and the original boundaries of the town the town acres were ofte subdivided. Perspectives, 13 (1998) pp. 243-255. 1999. 4) three smaller grids in North Adelaide includin original plan for the City of Adelaide, comprising: 1) the green belt of open space provided around 2) the layout of six town 3) the grid of major roads consisting of the City ce Specifically excluded is all land between these majo plantings within the City of Adelaide. About 1000 ha, comprising those parts of the City Brine, Prof. Judith, “Adelaide and Canberra: Guessing Bunker, Raymond, “Process and product in the found 2) The City contains numerous mi 3) Victoria Square has been encroached upon by 4) The City and North Adelaide were Location: Bibliography: Chadwick, George F, The Park and the To Cheesman, Robert, Patterns in Perpetuity, Thornton House, Adelaide, 1986. Corporation of the City Adelaide, Strat Decisions and Disaste Daly, Jim,

veloping ideas for the prepared the Adelaide er and Mylor, the is evident in the width mnant town acres. The that would concentrate the squares. The parkland ointed town planner, d town belt was provided, and Light’s idea. A letter from the surrounding land. It asure illustrates the principle for d suburban land, was later used as at the turn of century. In and utilitarian ideas of Robert aide plan, including Wellington, yder provided instructions to his staff that all Adelaide as an example of existing city the principle which it is intended to follow, lue of land, ideas that could have been derived 1919. The government had a substantial role d prepared a map to show potential colonists m had collaborated in de tially for a “town in building set open es it grow? It grows by leaping over the ‘park- ralian social reformer ce, Finniss wrote in his diary that Rowland Hill, use establishment”. In both instances, spatial vocated a “principle of spatial containment and ing a town layout that maximised the visibility of Hamilton, Alexandra, Clyde, Cromwell, Gore, pporting cooperative communities or “villages of as a form of enclosure Australia, such as Gawl een suggested that Kingston Australia’s newly app the accompanying sketch map shows, is surrounded all social groups within well-defined areas. Around ten years before the settlement of South d that they were not ill remarkably intact and her, and with five public has also been argued that South Australia’s Lands, the squares and re wns, unlike the other Australian colonies where so indicates that the Commissioners may have hed prior to 1864, probably in imitation of the an was prepared in England before Light and his lands, and that town land should be laid out in the form of a social relations within the town. In Wellington, a crescent-shape varied results. Thus, South Australia’s surveyors provided some thor claimed that they had “ordered a space 710 yards wide to be her Matthew Hill, and as a result believed that Hill encloses the city and separates it influenced by the social utopian and were also based on the Adel city in Australia which some me departed for South Australia. rden City movement that developed ree layers of town land, parkland an

Garden City.” Charles Reade, recommended that it no longer be used. Christchurch, Dunedin, Invercargill, Wanganui, Port Chalmers and New Plymouth. in conjunction with the harbour it remains substantially intact. Garden Cities of Tomorrow, Ebenezer Howard cited Northern Territory, particularly between 1864 and in creating and planning South Australia’s to speculative development led to more parkland in around half of the towns establis Adelaide plan. In 1864, Surveyor-General G W Go new towns should have encircling park square, with the roads at right angles to each ot town remained popular until 1919, when South that conformed to the Garden City idea – which I am contending. The city of Adelaide, as planners sought to control social relations by utilis the population and encouraged people to form sm a model for many of the towns surveyed in South from the work of Wakefield and Bentham. It population in the City and control the supply and va elements would shape and control the in London. Much later, 1865, the South Aust visited Rowland Hill and his brot published in the Colonial Register 1837 al instigated the parklands, as the au left between the town and country”. It has also b Owen and Jeremy Bentham. Wakefield and Bentha colonisation of South Australia, and Bentham ad concentration with social and economic control”. space” and was similar to Bentham’s “industry-ho the Secretary to Colonisation Commissioners, ha had suggested the inclusion of the parklands, an Australia, Owen wrote about his ideas for self-su unity and mutual cooperation”. The idea was essen argued that towns should be provided with parks and gardens for “health and recreational purposes”. surveying team departed for Australia. For instan plan before the surveying team by its ‘Park Lands’. The city is built up. How do lands’ and establishing North Adelaide. And this is but improve upon, in The original plan for the City of Adelaide is st and layout of the main streets, the belt of Park

Condition and Integrity: 1) 16) A number of towns in New Zeal 17) The plan also influenced the Ga “Consider for a moment the case of a 15) The Adelaide plan, with its th 14) The Adelaide Park Lands may have been provided 12) There is some evidence that the Adelaide pl 13) The Commissioners were possibly

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5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

. , Heritage of the City y of Town Planning in ’ citation, above, has blishing Pty Limited, elaide Parklands, July Incorporated, Vol. 53, iversity Conservation Act 1999 Vol 35, No 2, 1998. of the City Adelaide ion for the Advancement of Science, 1958, p. elaide City Plan: Fiction and Fact, Wakefield nscious Purpose: A Histor Significance of the Ad stralian Metropolis: A Planning History, Allen Light: Founder of a City, Melbourne University Light: y, Volume LVI, 1966. sion - Today’s Reality”, Historic Environment, uth Australian Branch Australian Scholarly Pu ng of British colonial cities, E and FN Spon, Capital Cities, Cambridge University Press, 1989. , to be included on the National Heritage List a 1829-1857, Melbourne University Press, 1957. of Adelaide and its Council, 1878-1928, Wakefield stralian Landscape: A Study in the historical a and New Zealand”, The Geographical Review, integrity of the ‘Plan City Adelaide’, Man and his Environment, ed. Thomas, David, … all land between these major public streets, stered under the wider national umbrella w, Faber and Limited, London. ive View, McPhee Gribble, South Yarra, 1990. eated Australian Heritage Council, under the The John Hopkins University Press, 1990. stralian Planner, lia Felix, Oxford University Press, 1970. Planning in South Australia”, Reported in the Proceedings of the Metropolitan Adelaide”, Introducing South Australia, ed. Best, d Press, Adelaide, 1986. Environment Protection and Biod an Geographical Societ Nelson Publishing, 1967. Layout and Park Lands, South Terrace, Adelaide, SA Australian Heritage Council Act 2003 Press, Carlton, 1991. 267. & Unwin, Sydney, 2000. Rupert, pub. Australian and New Zealand Associat 1998. London, 1997. Press, Adelaide, 1986. Victoria, 2000. geography of Australia, Academic Press, 1974. Published by the Americ Press, Adelaide, 1999. South Australia, Wakefiel of Adelaide, 1996. pp.14-I7. Vol. 11, No.1, 1994, Session 1951 -52, p.79. London’s Green Belt, Faber and Faber, 1970. Royal Geographical Society of Australasia, So Dutton, Geoffrey and Elder, David, Colonel William Frost, Lionel, Australian Cities in Comparat Hamnett, Stephen & Freestone, Robert (ed.), The Au Hemming, Steve, A Report on the Indigenous Cultural Hart, Stuart, “Town Planning and Home, Robert, Of Planting and Planning: the maki Howard, Ebenezer, Garden Cities of Tomorro Hutchings, Alan & Bunker, Raymond (ed.), With Co Little, Charles E, Greenways for America, The Making of the South Au WilIiams, Michael, Williams, Michael, “Parkland Towns of Australi Jensen, RoIf, “Light’s Vision”, Planner, June 1987, pp.30-34. Johnson, Donald Leslie & Langmead, Donald, The Ad Marsden S., Stark P., & Sumerling (eds), Corporation Pike, Douglas, Paradise of Dissent South Australi Powell J. M., The Public Lands of Austra Proudfoot, Helen “Fraternal Twins?”, Au Rose, A J, Patterns of Cities, Russell, Ashley, “Adelaide City Squares: Light’s Vi Morton, Peter, After Light: A History of the City Statham, Pamela (ed.), The Origins of Australia’s Whitelock, Derek, Adelaide: A Sense of Difference, Stephenson, Gordon, “Environmental Design”, in Walkley, Gavin, “Town and Country City of Adelaide Historic

This citation focused upon the spatial design and as prepared by Light, and “specifically excluded and all buildings, structures plantings within the City of Adelaide”; thereby the physical Kaurna/Aboriginal and European. evidence of cultural heritage and meaning for both The ‘ subsequently been submitted to the newly cr Commonweath legislation of the Commonwealth (application # 105758) as set under and admini (application # 105758) as

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5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

(Hemming 1998, a have suffered to the preserved from further our ancestors of the responsibility for aide Park Lands and Squares are ntinuing alienation, oppression and the Indigenous Cultural Significance of tain our cultural strength ections for Adelaide’s Park Lands 2000-2037 aces. These places should be urna people. It was an important place for the are a suitable Statement of Cultural Significance On the Park Lands the Kaurn review the Kaurna and Aboriginal cultural onsultations with members of the Kaurna significance for us – the Kaurna people. Statement of Cultural Significance Tarndanyungga Kaurna Yerta us people. These injustices have been planted out on the Adelaide Adelaide was established. The Adel dispossession. Invasion has meant co walk on these places to main Adelaide and its Park Lands deprived Tarndanyungga Kaurna Yerta: A Report on (1997), was prepared: Park Lands Management Strategy Report: Dir Park Lands. The Park Lands have many culturally significant pl harassment for us and other indigeno part of this place and hold special cultural The setting-up of the City maintaining crucial, culturally meaningful places. present day as a result of this encroachment. We, as Kaurna people, must p. ii). This is the Red Kangaroo Dreaming place of Ka Kaurna long before the City of

5.7.2 Park Lands & Squares Kaurna As part of the (1999), Hemming, with Harris, was engaged to and Squares, prep heritage of the Park Lands The above Statement was prepared through c Community conducted by Steve Hemming and Rhondda Harris, July 1998). in consultation with the relevant Kaurna communities and organisations. The following Statement, included in the Adelaide Park Lands

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5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

entification with major century town planning ideals sation to the present. th he world. The essence of the plan essential component of William elaide Park Lands – A Preliminary ections for Adelaide’s Park Lands 2000-2037 icance because of their id ment of the holistic cultural heritage ural value to people and are a defining aspect of and the State from coloni ciates states, is preliminary in purpose and e Statement of Cultural Significance. The de its particular character and identity. , which remains a prime example of 19 mmense significance. They are an ement of Cultural Significance throughout South Australian and t The Cultural Significance of the Ad (Hemming 1998, p. iii). (Hemming 1998, p. iii). was prepared: , Park Lands Management Strategy Report: Dir (1999) The Adelaide Park Lands are of i Light’s plan of the City Adelaide that has had a profound influence remains intact and continues to give Adelai developments associated with the history of the City The Park Lands continue to be a place of great cult Adelaide’s special character The Park Lands include places of great heritage signif

5.7.3 Park Lands & Squares Stat As part of the (1999), Donovan & Associates, was engaged to review the European cultural heritage of the Squares, and prepare a suitabl Park Lands and following Statement, included in Assessment The Statement, as prepared by Donovan & Asso intent as it lacks a comprehensive survey and assess Squares. Park Lands and

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5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

Statement of y local flooding. y local flooding. (Hemming commitment to

bute to successful bird are evidence of the the eastern Park Lands, ecies were almost obliterated due ve been temporar tation types. Most of the Park mmitment to the protection of valued by visitors and neighbouring ough many birds have disappeared uction and management tal Significance s, native grasses and stands of dense shrubs. In ections for Adelaide’s Park Lands 2000-2037 est would have provided for a huge variety of fauna. ecies of indigenous plants and animals in the Park ee and native pine scrub dominated the landscape. m. The creeks would have been largely dry in (1998), was prepared: nagement and revegetation rrens and creek system in water and large trees contri ersity of Adelaide, was engaged to review the The following Statement, quoted from the rtaken habitat reconstr ral environment within the Park Lands and a portunity for habitat reconstruction and for increasing the frequency terholes. In winter there would ha ent of Environmen d. The mammal and reptile fauna sp Lands was dominated by three vege rd species have fared better, alth and settlement by the British Government, the vast majority of which often results in individual co s and birds in the Park Lands are highly Park Lands Management Strategy Report: Dir recognition of the significance natu 1998: iv). lands was grassy woodlands, accommodating spreading tree diversity and breeding. Recent community initiatives in land and water ma both protect existing biodiversity and unde the northern and western areas other Park lands, mall The original landscape of the Park The Riverine landscape, located along the River To The combination of swamps, woodlands, mallee and for As a consequence of colonisation original trees and shrubs were cleare to hunting and loss of habitat. Bi altogether. The conservation of populations the few remaining sp Lands is of local significance. The Park Lands represent a unique op of special encounters with nature environment. The presence of large tree residents. Along the River Torrens, the presence of featured River red gum and South Australian blue gu summer with a few more permanent wa The above Statement reflects a philosophical viewpoint that was seeking to encourage an ecological restoration of the Park Lands, returning much recreation lands to vegetative tracts of landscape much like what it might have been prior to European settlement. 5.7.4 Park Lands & Squares Statem As part of the Hugh Possingham of the Univ (1999), Professor environmental and biodiversity heritage of the Park Lands Squares, prepare a suitable Statement of Environmental Significance. the Environmental Significance of Adelaide Park Lands

1079 squares were laid out ey historical figures: Rundle, se the City east-west ndley Streets. The central streets in this res have been altered with the road ways Adelaide, is surrounded by primarily single setting for numerous public functions, and iding a continuous belt which encircle the al streets traverse the City east-west and six elaide are broken up intermittently by six pedestrians. It has retained a primarily public ngton, Halifax, Gilles, Gilbert, Start, Wright, in character from cultural landscapes, to eet as the major thoroughfare and Wellington fferent development on the edges. The form development on the edges. The form fferent which includes a former shop, Church en primarily by traffic changes, has changed , with the City centre encompassing one large lly wider than the others, to illustrate their rk Lands. Five squares, Victoria, Hurtle, rk Lands. Five squares, the city centre comprises 700 acres while ty. The Park Lands are visible from many parts jor roads: East Terrace, North West jor roads: ges reflect changing aesthetic tastes and numerous minor streets that were constructed eet which also defines name changes for the remaining 342 acres. Six rs are used primarily for sporting uses. ne streets which traver e not part of the original plan.

5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE reets are primarily named after k within the City of Adelaide. The city streets are organised into four blocks block, and North Adelaide three smaller blocks. The siting of the blocks reflects topography of the area, with main block situated on generally flat ground and the other three blocks, each at an angle with the others, on higher land in North Adelaide. The main block, the City centre, is defined by four ma Terrace and South Terrace. In total, eleven origin original streets traverse it north-south. Ni Str culminate in the centre at King William streets running east-west. The st Flinders, Wakefield, Angas, Carri Grenfell, Pine, Gouger, Grote, Franklin, Waymouth, Currie and Hi grid, Wakefield and Grote Streets are margina greater importance. The City also contains within a few years of survey, but wer North Adelaide comprises three smaller grids in which the majority of original streets run east-west. The major grid of North Adelaide is defined by Barton Terrace, Lefevre Ward Street and Hill Street, with O’Connell Str Square in the centre. The streets in both the City centre and North Ad town squares before they culminate at the Pa Whitmore, Hindmarsh and Light Squares are located within South Adelaide, while boundaries are still evident. South Adelaide, North Adelaide residential area covers the Wellington Square is in North Adelaide. Some squa around and through some of the squares changed, both from an urban design perspective and to address traffic management issues. The substantial design of each Square, except Victoria Square, remains intact. These chan requirements in the twentieth century. Each square retains a distinct character, with di of Victoria Square remains, but its design, driv markedly. It is no longer a focus for the City function with and office development around its perimeter. Hurtle Whitmore Squares are more residential, while Hindmarsh and Light Squares accommodate more commercial uses. Wellington Square, the only square in North storey development, but of a village character, and public house. The squares contribute to the public use of City, providing open green spaces for residents, workers and visitors who value them highly. prov comprise over 700 hectares The Park Lands City and North Adelaide. The Park Lands vary recreational landscapes, and natural landscapes. Some areas are laid out as formal gardens, other areas have a rural character and othe act as a buffer to the City Centre,The Park Lands and also provide both passive active recreational uses to the community. They are the serve an aesthetic function in defining the ci

ose directly as a result

aide. The City has a hierarchical grid street em the 'conservators' of the City and Park recreation and health', ar for inclusion of the Park Lands and Squares on de Parklands Preservation Society has lodged an inated with OUR Park Lands. The word 'park- rely surrounded by Park Lands. The city of committee) Trust proposed public Park Lands quoted verbatim including capitalisation, bold us, and informed comprehensive management of notes in December 1839 of OUR Park Lands. ut, South Tce, Adelaide, SA, Australia Municipal Corporation in Australia, (4th any d Statement of Cultural Significance , designed 1843 - officially opened 1847. , designed 1843 - officially (2007): Assessment Study Not Available 3/03/001/0279 3/03/001/0279 None Nominated place

105758 Historic National Heritage List 'dedicated' for the USE and RECREATION of citizens in perpetuity and paid for from the Emigration Fund - a circumstance which prevailed in no other country to that time. protecting the 'dedication' of 'places for public of the reservation/purchase by promissory boomed. NSW, WA, Tasmania and to New Zealand (1841), after which, Park reserves land' first appears in Robert Gouger's book South Australia 1837. 15th October, 1839. British colony), and the first modern Borough government after the passing of 1835 Municipal Corporations Reform Act, making th Lands. regions. 2. S.A. a public garden or park) The City of Adelaide is divided into two distinct sectors that straddle the River Torrens, City centre to the south, and suburban North Adel pattern, contains six town squares and is enti Adelaide was originally laid out as 1042 town acres and in some instances the original

and italics, the quotation has not been placed in italics like the typesetting convention used elsewhere in this 5.7.5 Park Lands & Squares Nominate the Adelaide Park Lands and Squares, the Adelai application with the Australian Heritage Council the National Heritage List for Australia, recognising that inclusion is a precursor to World Heritage nomination. The following citation is The Adelaide Park Lands and City Layo Photographs: List: Class: Legal Status: Place ID: Place File No: Significance: Nominator's Summary Statement of The three most significant World Heritage Values: 1. The Adelaide Park Lands are the oldest 'set apart' and 'dedicated' public park lands in the world -15th March, 1837 by Colonel William Light. - All of the Park Lands and Squares (excepting certain reserves for Government purposes), were - UK's oldest public park is Birkenhead - USA's oldest public park is Boston Common the garden section was first laid out in 1837. (Section 3 of the 1842 Imperial Waste Lands2. The FIRST PIECE OF LEGISLATION Act), - This Act was applied to all the other British Colonies around the world, including greater - Legislation enabling public parks was not passed in the UK until 1847. - The expressions 'Park Lands' (parklands*) orig defined. First (Citizens 3. CUSTODIANSHIP 1839. - Adelaide was the first City to have public Park Keepers - In August 1840 Adelaide became the first region with isolated or (* parkland (Macquarie) n. 1. a grassland grouped trees, usu. in temperate Official Values: Description: As part of its advocacy for World Heritage stat

1080 ersity of Adelaide and Royal ersity (1976: 7) because of its lightly- -1839) as Surveyor-General early in 1836. their traditional lands). In part the landscape e instability that land speculation and social rrens (within Adelaide City), Mitchell Gates uded seasonally burning of the land to reduce rtlock Library, , Art theory of systematic colonisation, believing would be overseen by the British Government and sought to find the right conditions for e, Old Mounted Police Barracks, veying, sketching and [an] interest in cities’ and promoted the establishment of South Australia er as a commercial venture. Established fifty when legislation was passed that provided for and much of the colony South Australia had ns Lake Weir and Footbridge, Rose Garden stration Building and Bays 1 - 6 Running Shed, entered in the South Australian Heritage Register. 1836, after the colonies of New South Wales, idge (road bridge), Schoolroom to Former Hospital Historic Buildings Group, North e colonisation of South Australia was carefully House, Catholic Chapel, Chapel to Former rrounding Walls, North Adelaide Conservation rrounding Walls, North emigration, labour and population matters managed Hartley Building, Torrens Training Depot, Training Hartley Building, Torrens ains were occupied by Kaurna people, (whose

5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE llery of South Australia, Univ aide plains, according to Ellis

House, Main Gates, Botanic Gardens, Watch Albert Br Destitute Asylum, Mitchell Building, Mounted Police Barracks, Historical Museum, Mo Hous Gallery of South Australia, Old Parliament (former), Powder Magazine (former) and Su Area, Victoria Square Conservation Area, River To and Fencing, , Admini South African War Memorial, Royal Adelaide Adelaide Railway Station, Old Grandstand, University Foot Bridge, Adelaide Torre Fountain and Botanic Garden Toolshed. Over 70 places in the Adelaide Park Lands are Most notably these include the institutions along North Terrace, including the Adelaide Railway Station, Old and New Parliament Houses, and buildings belonging to the State Library South Australian Museum, Art Ga Adelaide Hospital (SA Heritage Branch, 2005). History: Background At the time of settlement, Adelaide Pl descendants continue to maintain connections with was the result of Aboriginal occupation, which incl undergrowth and regenerate plant growth. The natural ecosystems which made up the country prior to European settlement were swamp, woodland, mallee, grasslands and forests. European settlers were attracted to the Adel timbered open grassland which resembled the English countryside. The colony of South Australia was founded in Western Australia and Tasmania had been established. Unlike the other colonies, South Australia was not established as penal settlement, but rath years after the colony of New South Wales, th considered by the British government. Edward Gibbon Wakefield was concerned about th problems had caused in these earlier settlements, success of new colonies. Wakefield developed his that careful planning would provide a balance between land, capital and labour and thus the conditions for economic and social stability. He as a model colony that would be settled on this basis. ideas were partially realised In 1834, Wakefield’s the establishment of South Australia. The colony through the Colonial Office, but with land, by a Board of Colonisation Commissioners. The was established in 1835 to expedite the sale of land in colony, been planned, advertised and sold before the colony was settled. (1807-1880), The Board of Colonisation Commissioners was formed in May 1835. GS Kingston civil engineer, architect and later politician, was employed as Deputy Surveyor. The Commissioners appointed Colonel William Light (1786 He had experience in ‘infantry, cavalry, navy, sur egister Nos: 6442 and egister Nos: 6442 and ng place for some Aboriginal people, er there is no evidence to suggest that any (Moorehouse) prevented an attempt by the yet they vary in character greatly from area and the City of Adelaide Historic Layout s alienated from the original Park Lands as the City. The visual character of the Park th the distant views of Adelaide Hills in Adelaide Oval Scoreboard, Yarrabee, River g of Aboriginal occupation and the pre- me for their aesthetic qualities, and as a place points for vistas through the City streets. They g (former), Bank of Adelaide Tropical Lands also accommodate many other, mostly Lands d lawns, informal parks of turf and trees, a No. 6396), Barr Smith Library (within the 36), Victoria Park Racecourse (Register No. Playhouse, the Convention Centre, Parade Park Lands with the exception of the stone ce/Stone of Remembrance (Register No. 14568), listed within the RNE: Zoological Gardens House and Grounds (Register No. 6328), Union ry, the SA Museum, Government House, by Light, such as the and National Estate (RNE) (R ed in West Terrace Cemetery, of areas where they camped prior to and since European settlement, many Aboriginal people are buri the area continues to be a contemporary meeti various stone artefacts have been found during heritage surveys conducted in the area, and on April 22nd, 1844 the Aboriginal Protector local Aboriginals to repeat their annual and traditional contest between the Encounter Bay and Murray tribes within the parklands (Adelaide City Council, #24, 2005).

• • • • • variety of sports fields, with associated buildings and facilities. The Adelaide Parklands have associated buildings and variety of sports fields, with been valued by many South Australians over ti of the City and North Adelaide and form end contribute to views out of the City, together wi the background, as well providing views into an varies with its many uses - formal gardens for recreation and other community activities. The Park Lands are described as a single feature, of these examples exist within the Adelaide artefacts. The Adelaide parklands continue to be significant Kaurna and other Aboriginal people because: to area. Some areas are laid out as formal gardens, others have a rural character and uses. The Park are used primarily for sporting public, uses in areas identified as reserves colonial landscape. This includes scarred trees, occupational sites, quarrying human remains and stone artefacts (Ellis, 1976: 1). Howev the Governor’s Domain, as well in other area defined by Light, such as the civic uses of North Terrace and Victoria Park Racecourse. Many cultural institutions occupying the park Lands: the Botanic Gardens, Zoo, State Library, Migration Museum, the Art Galle Parliament House, the Festival Theatre and Ground, the hospital, Adelaide University and High School. Other reserves include the , Government Walk, Parade Ground, Pioneer Women’s Gardens, the Adelaide Oval and two public golf courses. Today there is little physical evidence remainin 102551). The following places are individually Park Lands are listed in the Register of Park Lands are (Register Nos: 8593 and 18585), the Botanic Gardens No. 6433), Bandstand (Register No. 6351), the Women's War Memorial Gardens (Register No. 14568), the Adelaide Oval and Surrounds (Register No.192 Graham Nurses Home, Building Group, Margaret Torrens (outside Adelaide City), Institute Buildin The South Australian Old and New Parliament Houses is entered into the National Heritage List (Data Base No. 105710). The Adelaide Park Lands 18546), Art Gallery of South Australia (Register Elder Hall (Register No. 6367), Government University grounds) (Register No. 6365), Bonython Hall (within the University grounds) (Register No. 6368), Brookman Hall 6382), Catholic Chapel, West Terrace Cemetery (Register No. 6357), Cross of Sacrifi

1081 bly influenced by the social utopian and onsidered 'the best means of securing Open cratic access to public lands for health and 2004). The report found that there was a need mutual cooperation’. The idea was essentially ic Walks and Places of exercise' …to study 'the d Bentham. It has also been argued that South a colony applied the Wakefield principles of would shape and control the social relations ople to form small social groups within well- during and tangible evidence of that colonial ebuck campaigned against the enclosure of and capital. Instead of granting free land to 1834. Control of all the land was delegated to a s, and their hopes of developing a new, more uth Australia were different to those for New l request after Queen Adelaide) was planned as ans of exercise amusement to the middle and the last half century many enclosures of open ntham. Wakefield and Bentham had collaborated suggested that the park belt was intended to concentric zoning that was intended to shape social and economic control’. Around ten years ony of South Australia as a self-supporting land lations by utilising a town layout that maximised of cheap city sections, while the generous layout uth Australia, and Bentham advocated a ‘principle ce and little or no provision has been made for ce and little or no provision has s used to fund the emigration of free settlers and was similar to Bentham’s ‘industry-house

5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE lia (City Futures 2007 p. 183). provide protection from a perceived threat of attack by Aborigines. Social and economic context notes that the design of Adelaide was a The study by City Futures Research Centre (2007: p.183) crucial part of British planning for the new col settlement, and the city’s plan forms most en experiment. South Australia was the last of the colonies to be settled and was intended as a free settlement. British intentions for establishing So South Wales and Western Australia. The colony was founded by British legislation in Board of Colonization Commissioners with proceeds from the sale of land to be put towards an Emigration Fund. This new approach to planting systematic colonisation, concerning land, labour settlers, land was to be sold, and the proceed (labourers) to the colony. The scheme involved advanced planning, and controlled land survey before settlement. The new city (named by roya ‘bait’ to attract capitalist investors by purchase also reflected the aspirations of British reformer civilized, social order in Austra Australia’s planners sought to control social re the visibility of population and encouraged pe defined areas. Possibly it was used as a form of economic and social relationships. Providing demo recreation were other reasons. It has also been diameter, should entirely surround every town, save and excepting such sides as are washed by a river or lake’. He included the parklands for health, recreation and aesthetic reasons. In 1833 the House of Commons Select Committee c Spaces in the vicinity of Populous Towns, as Publ relationship between general health in densely populated towns and the psychological recreational value of public open spaces' (Johnson for more open spaces in cities, and that ‘during spaces in the vicinity of towns have taken pla public walks or open spaces, fitted to afford me like John Arthur Ro humbler classes’. Reformers traditional commons and argued that towns should be provided with parks gardens for ‘health and recreational purposes’. The Board of Colonisation Commissioners were possi utilitarian ideas of Robert Owen and Jeremy Be in developing ideas for the colonisation of So of spatial containment and concentration with before the settlement of South Australia, Owen wrote about his ideas for self-supporting of unity and cooperative communities or ‘villages for a ‘town in building set open space’ establishment’. In both instances, spatial elements within the town. The Adelaide Park Lands may have been provided as a form of enclosure that would concentrate the population in the City and control supply value of land, ideas that could work of Wakefield an have been derived from the . It had a under the A General Plan for Friend of Australia Kingston as surveying staff, and they arrived s laid out by social reformer Oglethorpe who mber of other towns in Georgia, a belt s been described as ‘a blueprint for successive one-acre lots. It was encircled by a belt of reets of ample width, and arrange them with da. It has been argued that the use of common an established planning convention for colonial public walks and quays’ (Johnson 2004:12-13). so developed in the late eighteenth and early parklands around the town. In 1794, a model to any new town precedent in America and and the beauty and salubrity of town; and new towns. Many of the new towns established say a belt of park about mile or two in which the town would be one mile square, with a obably had its origins in Roman military camps, had its origins in Roman obably became an established planning convention obably with the assistance of Captain Gother Governor of Upper Canada, Colonel John Graves on of Governor South Australia. BT Finniss s in the East Indies, America, or Elsewhere positioned squares and a sixth square that opened fficer Allen Gardiner published the Governor-General of Canada, Lord Dorchester, developed a model town ,

had initially been recommended for the positi (1807-1893) and H Nixon were also employed with in South Australia August 1836. for choosing the site of colony’s first town The Commissioners gave Light sole responsibility and clear instructions about its planning: ‘When you have determined the site of the first town you will proceed to lay it out in accordance with the Regulations…’ and ‘you will make the st reference to the convenience of inhabitants, you will make the necessary reserves for squares, The Commissioners also directed Light to ‘look Simcoe, promoted the use of Dorchester’s and Mann’s town designs, including the ‘park belt’ idea, as a model for the surveying of Upper Cana or reserved land for ‘enclosure and separation’ during this period. A number of model plans for new towns were al Canada’ for guidance. The grid plan was by then new towns in the English-speaking world. It pr and was first used by the English for fortified towns or bastides during twelfth thirteenth centuries, the grid pattern making it easy to collect property taxes. The grid plan was later evident in the plans developed for colonial in Upper Canada and the southern colonies of North America in the eighteenth century had Penn’s Philadelphia (1687) was followed and one or more town squares. William gridded plans by Charleston (1672). In Savannah (1733), and a nu to the waterfront. As with Dorchester’s model, it was provided with a belt of reserved land. This plan, which was not actually used for Toronto, ha new towns in Canada, Australia and New Zealand’. In the 1790s, newly appointed Lieutenant- a belt of nineteenth centuries with provision for outlined in plan was developed by the English social reformer Granville Sharp, encircling parkland was also provided. Savannah wa influenced Granville Sharp, a British anti-slavery campaigner and utopian who attempted to establish model towns for freed slaves in which he promoted the benefits of the grid and greenbelt (The Adelaide Review 2004:2). In around 1789 plan for use by surveyors in Upper Canada, pr Mann, a commander of the Royal Engineers in Upper Canada. The model for inland sites was one-mile square, with regularly spaced roads and reserved land that provided a barrier between the township and surrounding farm lots. In 1788, Mann prepared a plan for Toronto, in gridded system of streets, five symmetrically Laying Out Townships on the New Acquired Land gridded road pattern, a central square and strip of common land that surrounded the town lots. In 1830, retired English naval o name of TJ Maslen, outlining his idea a model town for the Australian colonies. He suggested that ‘a park [should] surround every town, like a belt one mile in width’ and that ‘all entrances to every town should be through a park, that is to

1082 (1902) to as Gawler, Mylor and the time (City Futures 2007 p. the time (City Futures 2007 ements were not novel but their Garden Cities of Tomorrow sical planning ideas and innovations of the led to more varied results. South Australia’s international impact. The plan of Adelaide that made up the ‘grand modell’ of era, ethorpe’s Savannah, as well more abstract of 1794 and T.J. Maslen’s ideal town in his rk for the development of the central city and e roads at right angles to each other, and with s essentially a one-off morphological design Based on ideas of cellular and constrained ration of planners (City Futures 2007 p. 184). sed on the Adelaide plan, including Wellington, out Adelaide as an exception to the usual de streets laid out in geometric, form, usually nt celebrated its originality. The leading . Hamilton, Alexandra, Clyde, Cromwell, Gore, on of town squares, and defining parkland, the sponse to site and opportunity, and represented fied, from ancient Roman camps to ideal city plans South Australia, such or town planning, in preference to dispersed ularly between 1864 and 1919. The government ularly between 1864 and 1919. J. Brown and H.M. Sherrard made the same J. Brown and H.M. Sherrard made ined popular until 1919, when South Australia’s the international and post-colonial planning on of the first botanic gardens plan (1850s) for ncluding the present Northern Territory) and In 1864, Surveyor-General G W Goyder provided Surveyor-General In 1864,

5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE lonial planning movement of Most of the Adelaide Plan’s el

(1830). 184). The Adelaide plan, with its three layers of town land, parkland and suburban was later used as a model for many of the towns surveyed in in their own right, dating from the preparati Australia (City Futures 2007 p.184). With a gridiron street pattern, systemic provisi 1837 city plan of Adelaide combined numerous phy colonial era. Many influences have been identi such as William Penn’s Philadelphia and James Ogl models including Granville Sharp’s ideal township The Friend of Australia arrangement on the ground was an inspired re the culmination of whole co Alawoona, and the Northern Territory, partic had a substantial role in creating and planning South Australia’s towns, unlike the other Australian colonies where speculative development surveyors provided some parkland in around half of the towns established prior to 1864, probably in imitation of the Adelaide plan. instructions to his staff that all new towns should have encircling parklands, and that town land should be laid out in the form of a square, with th The parkland town rema five public squares. newly appointed town planner, Charles Reade, recommended that it no longer be used. The Adelaide Plan displayed all of the key elements including: a policy of deliberate urbanisation, settlement; land rights allocated in a combination of town, suburban and country lots; the town planned and laid out in advance of settlement; wi on an area of one square mile; public square; spacious, standard–sized rectangular plots; plots reserved for public purposes; and a physical distinction between town and country, by common belt (City Futures 2007 p. 184). land or an encircling green The Adelaide Plan has provided a robust framewo has been an important influence on its attractive and scenic character. It was used as a model for in inland South Australia (i founding towns Christchurch in New Zealand. Whilst the Plan wa rather than a comprehensive urban plan, it was also lauded from the 19th century within modern town planning circles. The 1893 meeting of the Australian Association for Advancement Science recorded universal credit to Light for his selection of the site and the design of Adelaide. The early Australian planning moveme architect-planning advocate John Sulman singled prosaic planning of Australian towns, and A. assessment in their 1951 textbook for a later gene The Adelaide Plan was interconnected with movement when used in Ebenezer Howard’s manifesto, illustrate ‘the correct principle of a city’s growth’ expansion, Howard’s garden city movement had an was an undoubted influence on Howard’s thinking, and the connection underpins its planning p. 184). (City Futures 2007 heritage significance A number of towns in New Zealand were also ba Christchurch, Dunedin, Invercargill, Wanganui, nted Kingston Assistant Surveyor in 1835, on his Map of ‘The Port And Town d remain in those locations today, forming ting a town of 1,000 one-acre lots (the final re routes of roads through an encircling belt sm informing the placement of layout on ted the creation of new parks, boulevards and d departed in that year with a group of and these Town Acres are still recognized by capital. Light’s plan of 1837 included nine looked at other examples of the planting , railways and public recreational buildings, Plan, as well a significant designed element lan of Town’ by other surveying staff, Boyle r areas of the parklands have also since been d’s ideas as a model for city planning and y after careful reconnaissance. Light’s selection y after careful reconnaissance. Light’s selection referred to the Adelaide Park Lands in his ant roles in the historical development of South le of South Australia’s first Surveyor General, be spacious, with wide streets, squares and onal plan was used to raise funds for the new , there has been intense debate both about the vernment Reserves on the parklands. Two of acknowledgement of major contributions by ffect on town planning in the early twentieth arted to develop at the start of twentieth Plan. Another Government Reserve was indicated e present site of Government House), and the rnment was decided in December 1836, and the city rnment quipped communities, in line with the views of town acres (City Futures 2007 pp. 183-184). (1902). Munford believed that Howard had introduced Garden Cities of Tomorrow for a Botanic Gardens. Although these were established elsewhere in the parklands, they represent another feature of the original Adelaide significant elements of the surviving Adelaide was laid out in January-March 1837 with opportuni Adelaide’ (1837) which also delineated nine Go (West Terrace) Cemetery were used as designated, an In 1836, the Commissioners appointed Colonel William Light as Surveyor General, and In 1836, the Commissioners appointed Colonel William Light as instructed him to select the site and plan the new ‘Government Reserves’, and indicated the likely futu social reformers like Robert Owen and Edward Wakefield (Mumford 1961:586). The London based Garden City Association advanced Howar organisation. The City Beautiful movement promo street beautification by linking aesthetics with growth. The Garden City movement endorsed garden suburbs with generous open spaces amongst other characteristics. Influenced by Howard, the ideology of civic beautification st century in Australia (Sulman 1919). Reflecting the significance of Adelaide Plan plan’s origins, and its planners. The principal ro Colonel William Light, has been affirmed, with George Strickland Kingston. Light, as instructed, and he supervised preparation of a preliminary ‘P purchases’ of colony through ‘preliminary Light was appointed Surveyor General in 1836, an surveyors, including Kingston and Finniss. They were sent ahead of the first settlers to locate and lay out the new capital survey surrounding country lands in advance of other development. Light was given clear responsibility for selecting the site, but little said in his instructions about the plan except that it was to public reserves, and in accordance with ‘Regulations for the preliminary sales of colonial lands the country’. These included the requirement of crea the city’s planners (City Futures 2007 p. 184). The choice of site was critical, and done onl of the site capital city and seat gove the landscape. Light reserved encircling ‘Park Lands’ these, the Government Domain (including th of parklands to the port and country lands. Othe alienated for uses including new street alignments but most of these functions have played signific the Greek concept of colonisation by fully e towns of this kind for ideas about its layout, and several sources can be identified. The South Australian Colonization Commission in London appoi and Edward O’Brien. This noti Travers Finniss total, including the squares and places, was 1,042), Australia, and in terms of the Adelaide Plan, they have maintained, or increased, the intended public use of the parklands and squares (City Futures 2007 p. 183). Planning history The Garden City Movement had a profound e influential book century. Social reformer Ebenezer Howard had

1083 A Report this time, many eucalypts rticular significance for Aboriginal people as rticular significance for Aboriginal people in 1960 and the Festival Theatre complex in in 1960 and the e in the North Parklands in 1967, a par 3 golf e in the North Parklands 1967, a par 3 re implemented by Adelaide's Lord Mayor, Sir uding a large landscape garden (Veale Gardens) Australian Cricket Association began to exotics. By the late 1930s, much of present gnated Adelaide Park Lands, which is around gnated Adelaide Park Lands, tity, and its association with many Aboriginal 1971. The flag later became universally Council has the ‘care, control and management’ y one third of the original area has now been as, was first flown at Victoria Square, in as, was first flown Adelaide plains, according to Ellis (1976: 7) is evident in the boundaries of the City, European settlement were swamp, woodland, with their traditional lands. The natural public access has been occurring since they were Adelaide remain substantially intact and still of Park Lands, the squares and remnant town ciated with the Aboriginal Tent Embassy. s (RNE Nos. 18593 and 18585), the Botanic ll maintained (RNE No.102551: June 2001). New ll maintained (RNE No.102551: (1880) (Jones, 1998:36). At (1880) (Jones, 1998:36). ains were occupied by Kaurna people, whose ia Park Racecourse in 1847 (RNE No.18546). tablished in 1871 (RNE No.19236) and the South tablished in 1871 (RNE No.19236) John Ednie Brown proposed a planting design,

5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

A number of formal gardens, recreational facilities and sporting grounds were established in the A number of formal gardens, the Zoological Garden Parklands, including Gardens (RNE No. 6433), the Elder Park Bandstand No.6351) and Women's War The South Memorial Gardens (RNE No.14568). develop the Adelaide Oval after it was es Australian Jockey Club established Victor In the 1870s, large-scale tree planting schemes we Edwin Smith, to beautify the Parklands. places to gather and camp on the fringes of city. The Indigenous Flag designed by Harold Thom Adelaide, on National Aboriginal Day 12 July recognised as a representation of Aboriginal iden asso activists and protests, including its long The Adelaide Parklands have been valued by many South Australians over time for their aesthetic qualities, and as a place for recreation other community activities. The first community group, the Parklands Preservation League was formed in 1903, which succeeded by the Adelaide Parklands Preservation Association. Condition and Integrity: and the layout of City The Park Lands recognisable as the 1837 Plan. The original plan width and layout of the main streets, belt acres. The alienation of the Park Lands from general laid out, primarily for public uses. Approximatel alienated for other purposes. The Adelaide City of approximately 74 percent the originally desi these areas are generally we 1700 acres, and road routes, primarily through the Park Lands link City and North Adelaide with the suburbs. on a System of Planting the Adelaide Park Lands which included seasonally burning of the land to reduce undergrowth and regenerate plant growth. European settlers were attracted to the because its lightly-timbered open grassland resembled English countryside. With the establishment of Adelaide, the parklands gained pa were replaced with ashes, elms, poplar and other road network was in place, and roads now define the edges of Parklands. After World War II the use of Parklands intensified considerably. During the 1950s City Council initiated a number of projects to develop the Parklands, incl centr in the South Parklands 1958, a swimming course, a restaurant overlooking the River Torrens 1974. Elder Park in At the time of settlement, Adelaide Pl descendants continue to maintain connections ecosystems which made up the country prior to mallee, grasslands and forests. In part the landscape was result of Aboriginal occupation, nt building or other an example of existing city that developed at the turn of century. an Institute was created by Act of Parliament a crescent-shaped town belt was provided, by a continuous belt of parkland, now known the Parklands, including Hyatt Regency the 1850s Park Lands had been denuded s for the Park Lands, with provision for nine s for the Park Lands, with provision first game of Australian Rules football in South purposes (Adelaide: A brief History: 2-3). Since rth Adelaide. And this is the principle which it the Park Lands, were allocated as a government e Parklands to ensure that they remained intact ty is built up. How does it grow? It grows by ty is built up. How in April 1860. The Parklands were also used for d quarrying. From some of these activities, From d quarrying. de's first cemetery was established in the western High School. In recent times, a number of Centre, Museum, Botanical and Zoological of Adelaide, as the accompanying sketch map approximately one third of the 2300 acres. These aughterhouse was established in aughterhouse Australia which in some measure illustrates the 1860 seven sections of the area between North de, , Police Barracks, s for various governme ncil replanting program was commenced. , Ebenezer Howard cited Adelaide as Garden Cities of Tomorrow purposes’. These included the Government domain, Botanic Gardens, School, Store House, Guard House, Barracks, Hospital, Cemetery and Immigration Square. In 1839 Governor George Gawler purchased th ‘for the inhabitants of city’. The Parklands came under the care, control and management of the Adelaide City Council in 1849. At that time a large area had already been claimed for governmental functions. In 1856 the South Australi and it remained in operation until 1910. Adelai Parklands in 1837, and there is evidence that the Australia was played in the northern Parklands the pasturing of sheep, cattle and horses. Especially in the early days of the colony, Park Lands were under constant threat of land acquisition, and activities such as tree felling an and land sought for an Institute Building. In Gardens, State Library, University of Adelai Hotel and the Adelaide Convention Centre. During the first decades after European settlement, the Parklands accommodated stone quarries, clay and lime pits, a mill, extensive olive plantations rubbish dumps, all of which altered its original character and landform. In 1840, a sl substantial Council revenue was generated and by of trees to such an extent that a Cou Terrace and the River Torrens, originally part of reserve for various government and institutional then the total area alienated for all purposes is developments include the Art Gallery, Festival Observatory, the Railway Station and Adelaide commercial developments have been permitted in as the Adelaide Park Lands. The original plan for Adelaide set aside 2300 acre blocks to be ‘received out of the Park Land shows, is surrounded by its ‘Park Lands’. The ci shows, is surrounded by its ‘Park Lands’. leaping over the ‘park-lands’ and establishing No is intended to follow, but improve upon, in Garden City.’ History of the Adelaide Parklands The site for the City of Adelaide was selected by Colonel William Light, South Australia's first Surveyor General, in 1836. The city was laid out as two distinct sectors on either side of the River Torrens and the whole area was surrounded principle for which I am contending. The city that conformed to the Garden City idea. a moment the case of city in ‘Consider for and in conjunction with the harbour it encloses city separates it from the surrounding land. It remains substantially intact. The plan also influenced the Garden City movement Port Chalmers and New Plymouth. In Wellington, In

1084 , . 15 in the place:

, , in association

,

, , A Potted History 23 September 2005. rnment Agencies and West Terrace and South , Hodder and Stoughton, 58 and D58245 A20). 58 and D58245 A20). for Kuntingga (7) and Barnguttilla (8)’ ncommon.htm, cil/environment/clmp_draft_plans.htm ralian Museum 2004, ralian Museum nt Plan for Nanto Womma (6)’ nt Plan for Tambawodli (24)’ nt Plan for Wirranendi (23)’ nt Plan for Narnungga (25)’

http://www.adelaide-parklands.org/, Childers, Buxton, Gover, Molesworth, Tynte, t, Mills Terrace, Strangways Ward ria Square, Hindmarsh Hurtle Rundle, Grenfell, Pine, Flinders, Wakefield, Rundle, Grenfell, Pine, Flinders, er Place, Kermode Street, Pennington Terrace, d Australian National Railways (F14185 A22; ing the following major streets (including nagement of State Gove e of each road reserve) consisting of the City h Adelaide - Wellington Square, Palmer Gardens nn Terrace, MacKinnon Parade, Jerningham, nn Terrace, MacKinnon Parade, Jerningham, rdens (D66751 A101, A102), Botanic Park A102), Botanic rdens (D66751 A101, llowing streets running north-south: Morphett, t Terrace, North City east-west: Hindley, Currie, Waymouth, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne. m/boston/bosto c 2005, Comments on the Adelaide Park Lands F14184 A20; D56872 A A20; D56872 F14184 The Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens to Australian Companion Oxford The 2. above, the following areas are included Ground and Buildings (F38386 A23). Ground and Buildings (F38386 A23). 5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE ation Inc – South Aust cil.com/council/environment/clmp_draft_plans.htm cil.com/council/environment/clmp_draft_plans.htm cil.com/council/environment/clmp_draft_plans.htm cil.com/council/environment/clmp_draft_plans.htm cil.com/council/environment/clmp_draft_plans.htm : West Terrace Cemetery (Land ID F219057 A7), ‘Draft Community Land Manageme ‘Draft Community Land management Plan for Kandarilla (3), Kangattilla (4) and ‘Draft Community Land Management Plan ‘Draft Community Land manageme ‘Draft Community Land Manageme ‘Draft Community Land manageme vation Association Inc 2005, Booth's Drum The Salvation Army in Australia 1880-1980 http://www.adelaidecitycouncil.com/coun

, http://www.aviewoncities.co

http://www.ausflag.com.au/flags/ab.html http://www.adelaidecitycoun with the Australian Garden History Society, http://www.adelaidecitycoun September 2005. nomination to the National Heritage List. Sydney. Ngampa Yerta’ http://www.adelaidecitycoun http://www.adelaidecitycoun http://www.adelaidecitycoun Area 3: All land under the care, control and ma S1187), Adelaide Botanic Ga (H105100 S590, and Torrens Parade (H105100 S574) Instrumentalities, other than Old and New Parliament S755 and S757), Area 4: Government House and grounds (H105100 and S748). Houses and grounds (H105100 S747 Area 5: Land owned by Rail Track Corp Ltd an A23, A24 and A25; D15497 A29; F22072 3. Notwithstanding the areas excluded in (a) six squares and two gardens being: In Nort and Brougham Gardens in Adelaide - Victo Whitmore Square and , (b) the grid of major roads (including whol centre grid defined by four major roads: Eas Terrace; the following streets traversing the Franklin, Grote, Gouger, Wright, Sturt, Gilbert, and Gilles, the fo Angas, Carrington, Halifax Pulteney and Hutt; King William, (c) three smaller grids in North Adelaide includ whole of each road reserve): Barton Terrace Eas Street, Lefevre Terrace, Hill, Jeffcott, O’Connell, Barnard, Archer Streets, Brougham Place, Palm Kingston Terrace, Terrace East, Ma Stanley, and Melbourne Streets. Bibliography: Aitken, Richard & Looker, Michael (ed) 2002, Ausflag 1995, Adelaide City Council 2005, Adelaide Parklands Preservation Association In Adelaide Parklands Preservation Associ Bolton, Barbara 1980, Boston Common, Adelaide City Council 2005, Adelaide City Council 2005, Adelaide City Council 2005, Adelaide City Council 2005, Adelaide City Council 2005, Adelaide Parklands Preser . Few entire one acre ey Road, Dequetteville Lands to link Adelaide with the surrounding cKinnon Parade, Brougham Place, Sir Edwin eets constructed within a few years of survey, rton Terrace East, Lefevre Terrace, Kingston aligned in the early twentieth century to link ded into one-acre blocks ded med streets, such that each road reserve is Pennington Terrace, Palmer Place, Brougham re, the central and largest Square, are most enue, Burbridge Road, Goodwood Sir ct on views through the square. Hindmarsh, Light was extended from North Terrace down to the memorial along the River Torrens. Medindie memorial along the River Torrens. Medindie by roads. Whitmore Square and Wellington cluded. Areas 1. and 2. have boundaries that are Terrace (east), Hackn Terrace the centerlines of following streets: Park icance. The Railway Station, a hotel and convention itutional precinct along North Terrace contains changed to create a major thoroughfare from ce, South Terrace and West al plan. In addition, Frome Road was cut through the western

Road, Lefevre Main North Prospect Road and Jeffcott Street were all extended from North Adelaide through the Park Lands to link with suburbs. Of the six squares, changes to Victoria Squa blocks remain although it is possible to discern the original boundaries of town acres in some instances (particularly in North Adelaide where the town acres were often subdivided into four blocks). These sites tend to primarily be in the ownership of government and church, by schools and hospitals. including use The area now known as the cultural and inst institutions such as the University of Adelaide and the Art Gallery of South Australia which form a visual barrier between the northern and southern parts of the Light Plan. These institutions have also acquired heritage signif centre adjoining it were alienated from Park Lands in the western part of North Terrace. The City contains numerous minor north-south str that were not part of the origin part of the City in the 1960s, and runs from Angas Street to North Terrace. In other instances, streets were realigned or extended through the Park suburbs. For example, King William Street was re North Adelaide and the City, Kintore Avenue and the alignment of which leads to Light’s Vision, an outlook River Torrens point at North Adelaide over the City, was Morphett Street to Jeffcott Street. Numerous roads were built through the Park Lands to connect with the suburbs, including Glover Av Lewis Cohen Avenue, Peacock Road, Unley Hutt Wakefield Street and Rundle Road. War Memorial Drive was built as a war noticeable. Victoria Square was planned to be a focal point for the City but it has become surrounded by office development around its perimeter. The Square has been encroached upon by King William Street, which has had an impa and have also been subdivided are the most intact of squares. Location: Proposed final boundary: About 900ha in Adelaide and North Adelaide, defined as follows: 1. an area with outer boundary defined by Terrace, Fitzroy Robe Park The City and North Adelaide were originally divi included in the place: Area 1: North Terrace, East Terra Area 2: Barton Terrace West, O’Connell Street, Ba Terrace, Kingston Terrace East, Mann Ma Smith Avenue (originally named Roberts Place), Place, Montefiore Hill, Strangways Terrace, Mills Terrace. Terrace, Fullarton Road, Greenhill the Mile End Railway line and Port Road. 2. Within 1. above, the following areas are ex defined by the road reserve boundaries of na

1085 (eds)

, 29 , 15 Vol. 11, Urban Environment , 29 September 2005 , KAVHA,Norfolk The Garden A Celebration of A Celebration Garden The , 12 September 2005. , 29 September 2005. nion_story2.shtml , 16 September 2005. Australian Heritage Council Historic Environment, ' in Freestone, R, ed, , Savvas Publishing, Adelaide. Davison, G, Hirst J, & McIntre, S Davison, G, Hirst J, & McIntre, S lic&menu_code=300.300.400.200 , 23 September 2005. s, John (ed) 1979, , E & FN Spon, London. , Cambridge University Press, 1989. List (application # 105825) as set under and List (application # 105825) )" Australian Dictionary of Biography, Online es/2004_07/issuesandopi , SA’ citation, above, has been submitted to the , au/cguide/sy/surgen10.htm the City Beautiful Idea Beautiful the City . , Sydney Government Printer. brella legislation of the Commonwealth olicies/townbeltmgmt/index.html d gardens’ in Harri New Perspectives Publishing Ltd, London. 5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE http://www.srct.com.au/history.html Kingston Cemetery Study and Management Plan Light’s Vision — Today’s Reality’, Oxford Companion to Australian History, .au/pashow.php?ACTION=Pub http://home.vicnet.net.au/~pioneers/pppg5z.htm Oxford Companion to Australian History, ty Conservation Act 1999 ty Conservation Adelaide from Colony to Jubilee A Sense of Difference , Town Belt Management Plan The Origins of Australia’s Capital Cities http://www.records.nsw.gov. http://www.adelaidereview.com.au/archiv http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrens_System http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Commonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston Town Planning: A Sketch in Outline Oxford University Press, Oxford, 392. , 22 October 2007. , to be included on the National Heritage Oxford University Press, Oxford, 16-17. 1998 ,

http://www.environment.gov.au/cgibin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=1 05758 Island, vol 1, prepared for Australian Construction Services. http://www.wellington.govt.nz/plans/p One Thousand Years of British Gardening, 1998 (eds) September 2005. September 2005. Edition. No.1, 1994, pp 14-17. Planning in a Changing World the Twentieth Century Experience http://www.portarthur.org Common, 23 September 2005. Report Produced: Tue Oct 23 22:31:34 2007 Report Produced: Tue Oct 23 22:31:34 Source: ‘The Adelaide Park Lands, South Tce, Adelaide newly created Australian Heritage Council, under the Commonweath Act 2003 administered under the wider national um Protection and Biodiversi

Wainwright, Clive 1979 ‘Municipal parks an Wellington City Council Tropman & Tropman Architects 1994, Pretty, G 2006 "Wakefield, Edward Gibbon (1796-1862 Whitelock, Derek 1985, Wikipedia 2005a, Toole, Kellie, ‘William Light’ in Light’ Toole, Kellie, ‘William The Old Melbourne Cemetery, Prest, Wilfred, ‘Adelaide’ in Russell, Ashley, ‘Adelaide City Squares: Southern Regional Cemetery Trust 2005, Statham, Pamela (ed), Stelter, G A 2000, 'Rethinking the Significance of Sulman, J 1919, The Adelaide Review, Port Arthur, State Records NSW Wikipedia 2005b, , Allen & Planning Wakefield , 18-19 , July. 26 September Wakefield Press, The Corporation of Corporation The November. November. , 8 September 2005. 29 September 2005. stralia' in a Theoretical Park Lands’, Presented , Volumes 1 and 2. Penguin Books, . Melbourne University , 29 September 2005. Planning History, Planning : A , 14 September 2005. . silence/history.html, its Council. 1878-1928, s Management Strategy, , 22 September 2005. , Aitken & Looker (eds), published in 26 September 2005. , Arbor Day: Day of Trees Landscapes in South Au 26 September 2005.F l 2 (Eds. Aitken, Schapper, Ramsay and Looker). ety, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne. 2004 , Draft Report. ernor+Macquarie+decree+burial+ground+1811& ng the designer’s intentions’, Inaugural Lecture for

Nomination of the Adelaide , McPhee Gribble, South Yarra. The Adelaide City Plan: Fiction and Fact, http://www.english- The Australian Metropolis , of Adelaide and ncet/piercescreek/report/chap1.pdf With Conscious Purpose: A History of Town Planning in South , Frederick A Praeger Publishers. tlecathedral.org.au/history.html , 29 September 2005. story/foundations/BurialGround.html, , Thornton House, Adelaide. World Heritage-Listing, Management and Monitoring http://www.alsirat.com/

City Strategies Park Land Heritage of the City Adelaide June, pp 30-34. Colonel William Light: Founder of a City, Heritage of the City of Adelaide: An Illustrated Guide, Urban and Town Planning Thematic Heritage Study , House, Adelaide. Bland d product in the foundation and laying out of Adelaide’, Planner, Birkenhead Park History Park Birkenhead and Land Management 2005, The Park and the Town http://www.newcas ‘The Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Adelaide Plains – Book 1. Pre European Environment’ ‘The Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Adelaide Plains – Book. tone, Robert (ed.) 2000, Park Lands Management Strategy Patterns in Perpetuity of Adelaide 1999, of Adelaide of Adelaide 1996, of Adelaide History of the English Cemetery The City in History its origins, transformations, and its prospects, A Report on the Indigenous Cultural Significance of the Adelaide Parklands The Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens After Light: A History of the City http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/?id=dzieje.html Australian Cities in Comparative View http://www.answers.com/topic/cremation, A Brief History of Cemeteries, Decisions and Disasters . Wakefield Press, Adelaide. AHR, Adelaide. Press, Carlton. the University of Adelaide, 2/10/97. Adelaide. Harmondsworth. http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/ Australia, heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.00100200800e00d, btnG=Search&meta=cr%3DcountryAU 2005. Perspectives http://www.google.com.au/search?hl=en&q=Gov Press, Adelaide. Framework for Designed Landscapes in Australia vo November 2000, Canberra, ACT. association with the Australian Garden History Soci at the Australia ICOMOS Conference- the City of Adelaide.the City of http://www.wirral.gov.uk/er/birkenheadpark_history.htm Report for the Commonwealth Department of the Environment and Heritage. Heritage. and Environment of the Department Commonwealth for the Report http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/hi Unwin, Sydney.

Gazis-Sax, Joel, Jensen, Rolf 1987, ‘Light’s Vision’, Frost, Lionel 1990, Newcastle Cathedral 2005, Newcastle Cathedral Department of Conservation Daly, Jim 1987, Ellis, B, Houston, C 1976, Dutton, Geoffrey and Elder, David 1991, Ellis, B, Houston, C 1976, English Heritage 2005, English Heritage Brine, Prof Judith 1997, ‘Adelaide and Canberra: Guessi Bunker, Raymond 1998, ‘Process an Morton, Peter 1999, Mumford, Lewis 1961, National Capital Open Space System, Johnson, Donald Leslie & Landmead, Donald 1986, Hutchings, Alan & Bunker, Raymond (ed) 1986, Marsden, Stark, Sumerling (eds) 1990, Corporation of the City Corporation of Corporation of the City Corporation of Cremation 2005, Hamnett, Stephen & Frees Chadwick, George F 1966, Liverpool Pioneers Memorial Park, Jones, David 1998 'A Theoretical Framework for Designed Jones, David 2002, in Jones, David 2000, ‘Directions for the World Heritage Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, City Futures Research Centre (2007) Cheesman, Robert 1986, City of Sydney, Foundations for a City Hassell Pty Limited 1999, Hemming, Steve 1998, History of Krakow,

1086 , and there is iversity Conservation Act 1999 Administrative and Information Services, rtment of Housing and Construction, Adelaide, velopment Feasibility Study: Historic Landscape place is included on the National Heritage List ce Cemetery Conservation Plan’, unpublished Complex Conservation Study’, unpublished report and statement of cultural significance in Chapter Conservation Plan’, unpublished report, Adelaide,

5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE a & South Australian Museum Environment Protection and Biod .1995. unpublished report prepared for Department of Adelaide, 1998. prepared for SACON, Adelaide, 1991. Report’, unpublished report prepared for SACON, Adelaide, July 1980. 1992. report prepared for the South Australian Depa c in terms of the Parliament House complex, this National War Memorial National War Memorial Bruce Harry & Associates, ‘National War Memorial: Conservation Plan and Dilapidation Survey’ State Library of South Australi Danvers Architects, ‘State Library and Museum De la Motte, Ross, ‘South Australian Museum Rede Torrens Parade Ground McDougall & Vines, ‘Torrens Training Deport Cemetery West Terrace National Environmental Consultancy, ‘West Terra ¥ under the commonwealth’s a more detailed examination of this registration 6.4 below. , (2007). , unpublished report prepared Assessment Study Conservation Plan Administrative and Information Services, ralian Institute Building Conservation Study’, h Terrace, Adelaide’, unpublished report the Art Gallery of South Australia, North the Historical Museum (former Archives e Gaol Conservation Study’, unpublished report to (City East Campus), Government House which ents of cultural significance were prepared as Adelaide Oval, University of Adelaide (North de, Conservation Study’, unpublished report ervation & Maintenance Strategy: Conservation mmissioned to inform restoration, adaptation and Hackney Bus Depot’, unpublished report to Building Management, Adelaide, 2002. Centre: Conservation Management Plan’, respective histories have been incorporated, as sections of this onment and Planning, Adelaide. Adelaide Gaol Conservation Study: Report Historical Overview SACON, Adelaide, 1991. prepared for SACON, Adelaide, 1990. prepared for SACON, Adelaide, 1987. unpublished report prepared for Department of Adelaide. unpublished report to the Board of Centre, Adelaide, 1999. for the Department of Envir DAIS Building Management, Adelaide, 1989. Terrace, Adelaide’, unpublished report prepared for SACON, Adelaide, 1990. Building, former Government Store), Nort report to Transport SA, Adelaide, 2003 unpublished report prepared for SACON, Adelaide, 1989. Policies’, unpublished report to DAIS Policies’, unpublished

5.7.6 Other Statements of Cultural Significance Statements 5.7.6 Other Several other places within the Adelaide Park Lands and Squares, other than the Adelaide Botanic Garden, Adelaide Zoological Gardens, Terrace Campus), University of South Australia are summarised below, have been subject to cultural heritage review and assessment processes over the last 10 years. These reports were co alteration works to the place. Respective statem part of this process. There statements and necessary, within the These places include: Adelaide High School Architects (1998), Habitable Places & Phillips Pilkington Hackney Bus Depot McDougall & Vines, ‘Conservation Study of Woodhead International, ‘Adelaide Festival Adelaide Gaol Danvers Architects (1986), Flightpath Architects, ‘Adelaide Gaol – Cons Schwager Brooks and Partners Pty Ltd, ‘Adelaid Art Gallery of South Australia Le Messurier Architects, ‘Conservation Plan for Le Messurier Architects, ‘Conservation Plan for Hackney Road Bridge Habitable Places Architects, ‘Hackney Road Bridge Conservation Management Plan’, unpublished Institute Building David Le Messurier Architects, ‘Former South Aust Parliament House Complex ¥ Danvers Architects, ‘Parliament House, Adelai

1087 size, habit, and size, habit, and ures, the structure of ures, the structure

stas within the the within stas ic links with those rdens, and continues to the continuing scientific tical, social, and cultural lly in concert with kindred nks with natural features, nks with natural features, called through continuing advancing and communicating an important hinge to the city’s of colour, foliage olic town planning model and as the overall City of Adelaide plan iving eucalypts and general location central place the Garden holds in specimen trees, vi quasi-religious and socio-musical rms and constructed feat rms and constructed 2006, 5.6, pp.206-207).

ems having close histor ic botany), and botanical research (including the twentieth-century Romantic design principles within discuss and debate issues, ideals, rhetoric and furniture and statuary exemplary of the period in played as a venue for poli as a colonial city, especia other Australian botanic ga an education program promoting native plants for has played in directing, the Garden, a tradition maintained by all directors of es; such attributes include li include attributes es; such uth Australian history, re m and library, exemplifying in the Western Wild Garden and Mallee Garden. ing the high public regard for place. ornamental lake system within the Garden that water or lack of as a theme. ination of natural landfo ant works and structures), contrast contrast and structures), works ant es, as well as through several surv d the Adelaide Parklands as a symb represented by many it located along North Terrace, formed of maintenance, appropriate to the 5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE and clumped planting, beds lawns, ion the Garden and the Park play in s to perform today as a venue for (Aitken Jones & Morris & Jones (Aitken the Garden, and for the concerted effort placed in domestic and civic use. the established layout of the Garden, manifest a green belt to the city. gatherings for both Kaurna and European alike, to doctrine, a role that it continue entertainment and critique; of survey as prepared by Light an botanical education, experimentation (including econom State Herbarium) to the community; botanical and aesthetic settings. distinguishes its design and spatial character from display a keen sense of engagement with South Australia’s cultural heritage and reflect meanings to local Aboriginal peopl of water courses and other bodies of water (see below). importance of the institution and ‘cultural boulevard’. comb parkland, contiguous with links prominent in South Australian botany and horticulture. cultural and scientific institutions paths, landscape forms (including Garden, contribution made by signific by made contribution Garden, of plants appearance seasonal • Use of Australian plants generally throughout of • The accomplished implementation of Modernist and • For the historically instrumental role the Park has • For the historically instrumental role the Garden • For the significant role and posit • For continuing to engage in and display ornamental • For the creation and conservation of a major • For its continuing high standard • For its links with the pre-European phase of So • For its integral link with an associated herbariu attribut landscape of its beauty outstanding the • For • As an integral part of the development Adelaide

ting of the extant with the dedication of ry British and European for the incorporation of . particularly where such

y of specimen trees and the jewel- ural significance, especially for: fest in the layout of Botanic Park pally demonstrated in the spatial Other significant aspects of this the activities that it generates. tual framework of the Garden. homburgk (with the plan ion of a Gardenesque character; and the concept in providing the High Victorian quality to as, symmetrical plantings, statuary, and location t of designed vistas and ralian plants, initially demonstrated by Francis (in styles, to an Australian context, remnants of lm House, the Museum, and Araucaria Avenue. Garden devoted to differing horticultural, botanical he inception of the Garden Lily, which gave the Garden a signature focus in ent of Adelaide Botanic Garden from its earliest r subsequent directors, ildings and embellishments (Palm House, Museum, rly to mid-nineteenth-centu Ground, Experimental Garden, and Rose Garden); maldulensis and for the significant commitment to the hetic significance in an Australian context. The in Lake, including Fig Tree Avenue, individual nt of Environment and Heritage commissioned cess for the Adelaide Botanic Garden, the Board of exceptional cultural significance for: of high cultural significance for: (2006), was prepared by Aitken, Jones & Morris, and is diverse and steadily evolving cult k’s design contribution is princi n qualities of the Garden, making it an exceptional example a this building type worldwide. es, principally apparent in the displa the strong physical and concep ), and continued by Sc glass, a prominent feature of Adelaide Botanic Garden from its bric of the place itself as well as e Bicentennial Conservatory. pean design concepts. These were mani ural Significance was prepared: House, and statuary). www.deh.sa.gov.au/botanicgardens/intro.html#plans developments have evolved within arrangement of the Garden to the north of Ma compartment gardens (including the former Class the Australian Arboretum, the Palm Grove, Pa propagation and planting of Australian flora since t earliest years, is of exceptional historic and aest surviving landmark Palm House has an integral role specific garden areas for the exclusive growth of Aust his planting of four circular beds Australian Forest) and Lothian (with the establishment of the Mallee Garden). influences, particularly the rococco and Gardenesque for, and initial formation of, a system of lakes. mid-nineteenth-century Euro and the creation of discrete compartments within the and scientific concerns. Schomburg box like placement of Schomburgk’s individual bu location of the Victoria Garden and is a rare example of tradition survive from the flowering of Victoria 1860s to the construction of th years, enhances the High Victoria which are the Main Walk (including its planned vist of the Owen Fountain); Francis Lawn; the tradit botanic garden in this decorous style. Such qualities are imbued in the fa In particular, Adelaide Botanic Garden is • Retention of mature specimens Eucalyptus ca • Retention of Gardenesque qualiti Adelaide Botanic Garden is a place of • Development of its initial design from 1855–65; and • Extension and embellishment from 1865–91; • Maintenance and complementary development unde • The Francis plan, with its unique translation of ea • Schomburgk’s 1874 master plan, for its reinforcemen • The tradition of gardening under • The tradition of ornamentation, an integral compon 5.6 STATEMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Additionally, Adelaide Botanic Garden is

5.8 ADELAIDE BOTANIC GARDEN AND BOTANIC PARK As part of the 2005-2006 master planning pro of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens and Departme the preparation of a conservation study for the Adelaide Botanic Garden and Botanic Park. The Adelaide Botanic Garden Conservation Study published in full at: The following Statement of Cult

1088

5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE (Rick are not well represented ion to breeding Australian its work competently given the confidence that South the establishment of the It was a matter of civic pride, d in its contribution to the breeding Adelaide Zoological Gardens, and its future. Adelaide Zoo was stralia. It speaks of neteenth century that does wever, contain many buildings from the nineteenth mentioned and its contribut s best zoos for the reasons that it is located on a ablished in 1857, was created before Adelaide, tive Australian animals that Adelaide. Buenos Aires is perhaps the most intact oo design, there are other zoos in the world that are

ens and planting date from the only Australian zoo to be presented is Taronga study for the Adelaide Botanic Garden and (1993) was prepared by Rick Bzowy Architects. s and Department of Housing and Construction le seems destined only to increase in importance and culture and an indication of wealth. cities in the civilised world had one. ably the yellow footed “kangaroo”. For most part, Adelaide Zoo

has a good record of breeding Australian native animals and releasing century citizens had in the State ment planning process for the portant role in its educative function an ural Significance was prepared: Adelaide Zoo Conservation Plan its limitations. As a representative example of nineteenth century z more intact and contain exotic buildings than example of this kind zoo. Adelaide Zoo does, ho Zoo. In Australian terms only Melbourne Zoo, est Taronga Park was moved to its current site in 1916. Adelaide Zoo is very important to the state of South Au Australia’s prominent nineteenth established because all large and major a representation of solidity, permanence At present the Zoo plays an im century and much of the basic layout of paths, gard in other world zoos and because it them to the bush. In some sources Adelaide Zoo is of endangered native and exotic species. Its ro is one of a number of world zoos established in the ni In most of the literature written about world zoos, Park in Sydney. It is discussed as one of the world’ beautiful site, that it contains a good collection of na birds and marsupials mentioned, not Bzowy Architects 1993, p. 28).

5.8 ADELAIDE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS As part of the 1992-1993 manage the Board of Adelaide Zoological Garden commissioned the preparation of a conservation Botanic Park. The The following Statement of Cult

1089 stralia, possessing a rly settlers and the land left aesthetic, social and historical setting landscape design character, and strongly uth Australia, it is also architecturally most as accommodating and entertaining invited sit in 1901, whose main reason for the visit the present day continues to perform as an atic windows commissioned to commemorate the t of authority and the sovereign who ruled the l activities in South Au to accommodate the British monarch and esidence was a major venue for important South lf of the State Government. The house and ent of cultural significance the Domain: orical significance of the House. a Georgian mansion in the State. is a striking link between ea manner befitting of royalty.

5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE The house and all it represents, behind as well being emblematic of the sea British Isles. Apart from its political associations, the r Australian functions. Government House in important venue for South Australians as well interstate and overseas dignitaries on beha grounds have been sufficiently large enough accompanying entourage in a As well as being the oldest public building in So significant as the finest example of Of much heritage significance are the emblem occasion of the Duke and Duchess York’s vi to Australia was to celebrate the Federation of Australia. The Government House Domain is a significant venue for governance and symbolic vice rega dominant 1920s-40s Adelaide gardenesque and complements the architectural and hist The following statement is proposed as a statem

as representative of he present day, the residence, , unpublished report gister as item 10873 with the gister as item 10873 with Government House Grounds Management he home of all Governors, except Governor h to the present day, residence, in the social and political history of South the role of Governor s built in 1840 and designed by George S the social and political history of South use Government House has been primarily the stralia's twenty-seven Governors architecturally building in South Australia, it is also oned the preparation of a conservation assical Revival additions have created an 21/03/1978) on the Register of National from the statement of significance contained in the st example of a Georgian mansion in South (1986) by Danvers Associates: (1986) proposed the following statement of 001/0009) with the following statement of 001/0009) with process for the Government House Grounds, completion in 1840 through to t Government House, Adelaide, Landscape Conservation Study ificance was prepared by Jones (2003): ered on the State Heritage Re House and grounds: Government House, Adelaide Conservation Study , unpublished report prepared for the Government House, Adelaide, 1995. Because Government House has been primarily t Hindmarsh since its completion in 1840, throug Australia. As well as being the oldest public architecturally most significant as the fine Australia. grounds and its contents, figure prominently in Australia. This two-storey official residence of South Au evokes the colony's link with Britain and later Australia's Head of State, the King or Queen. mansion, its extensive cl Initially a Regency imposing structure befitting its role. The original portion of Government House wa Kingston in the Georgian/Regency style. Beca home of all Governors since its the grounds and its contents figure prominently

5.6 Statement of Cultural Significance 5.6 Statement The ‘Government House and Grounds’ is listed ( Estate as item 6328 (Place File No 3/03/ significance: prepared for DAIS, Adelaide, 1986. Manual Government House Conservation Study Government House Conservation Study significance for the following statement of significance, in part derived The ‘Government House’ is regist Government House (with unclear inclusion of the Grounds/’Domain’) SACON Heritage Unit & Adelaide Botanic Gardens,

Danvers Architects,

™

The following structures and components are included on the State Heritage Register: The following Statement of Cultural Sign 5.9 GOVERNMENT HOUSE & DOMAIN As part of the 2002-2003 management planning the Government House Grounds Committee commissi study for the Grounds or ‘Domain’. The (2003) was prepared by Jones. Prior to this report, two relevant studies had been prepared, as follows:

1090 ting activities of , John Creswell, are closely associated inctive setting, location t development, open space in the Park Lands, with Kaurna lands witnessed and rating significant design series at the Oval is significant the State’s earliest and central a Parri (River Torrens). Adelaide the leisure and spor ctor Richardson stadium, with buildings placed as he ground in 1871. A number of veloped from its relationship to the d other sports activities as well significance for Kaurna people. dings designed by notable South erlooking the setting of Oval’s buildings Score board, northern grassed mounds, Ficus or work of a person organisation

entative of particular construction entative John Reedman, and others the open and ‘park setting’ character of place. he green, open character of the Oval. The Oval still was formerly used for camping. After the arrival of ssive generations for its dist where Kaurna people celebrated life through public al activities. Visitors to tionship of the Oval’s buil logical significance, illust oo Dreaming place of the Kaurna people. Adelaide ribution made by its setting ion with the South Australian Cricket Association, s, gates, and other memorials in the grounds. l associations for the community or a group

of creative, aesthetic or technical of creative, aesthetic te of memorable cricket and football matches and their

yline” incident during the 1933 Test sociations with Adelaide Oval as c characteristics of the period. s, including Sir Edwin Smith, Vi the Oval have historically reflected in the world, with its character de

5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE he State since the establishment of t Park Lands, rather than an enclosed the northern banks of the Karra Wirr such is of spiritual and cultural the City of Adelaide tic value and contains several buil sual significance include: ts-minded South Australians. elaide Park Lands. Cricket, football, an al significance include: Internal view of the Oval itself, from all angles View from the Oval Grandstands towards the View from Montefiore Hill/ Light’s Vision – ov South-east view towards the Adelaide city skyline View east to Hills escarpment View along Victor Richardson Drive axis and Victor Richardson Gates

• • sp. Trees, and Cathedral and spires • and tree complex, towards • • • It has a special association with the life

Oval stands on the banks of the River Torrens, which participated in ‘public’ events on and views from and through the ground all contribute to Adelaide Oval is considered unique surrounding landscape setting. Places that are of high visu Places that are of moderate vi Adelaide Oval is located in the River Torrens valley, ceremonies, games, religious observances and other soci The setting in Adelaide’s Park Lands, the scale, rela The Oval site is of high aesthetic value for the cont The community has strong cultural as is located on the Red Kangar The City of Adelaide Oval is part of this place and as views to St Peters Cathedral, the Adelaide Hills and t retains its setting as a part of the free standing pavilions, separated by open space. The Oval site is of high aesthe Australian architects of architectural and/ or techno merit, innovation or exemplar stylisti sports venue within the Ad entertainment events associated with successive generations of spor Socially, the Adelaide Oval is a place revered by succe and use. It is held in esteem as the central si players - commemorated in part by the building Historically, Adelaide Oval has a special associat which has managed cricket within t famous sportsmen and administrator with the grounds. The infamous “Bod in the Oval’s sporting history. (e) It demonstrates a high degree accomplishment or is an outstanding repres techniques or design characteristics. (f) It has strong cultural or spiritua within it (g) an event of historical importance Mostyn Evan, Sir Donald Bradman, Phillip Ridings, Indigenous Statement of Significance Background

Adelaide t to assist in defining the 1930 period within was prepared by d, due to its setting and with famous sports people herited from the past, and grounds in Australia where significance as South periods of the state’s d established character. Adelaide Creswell Gardens are of landscape for the games of cricket, football since 1871 to the present day. State Heritage Significance are set cricket in the development of sport s include: the Mostyn Evan / George

e evolution or pattern of the State’s e evolution or pattern of the State’s particular class of places cultural the criteria set out in the Heritage Act 1993 for time, with the Oval considered illustrative of e highly significant ‘arts & crafts’ style mechanical eria are provided by the Ac gh integrity grandstand of statement of heritage value. The concise statement and its setting are of high cultural and landscape orts ground, one of five lopment of sport within South Australia since its al value which we have in ance due to its association (2001) sought to revise the original (2001) sought tional and international was prepared by Swanbury Penglase Architects formal development of the place, illustrated in the most picturesque in the worl City of Adelaide commissioned the preparation orts throughout successive he establishment of a cricket ground in the colony, the cess for the Adelaide Oval, the South Australian the forty hour week and a temperate climate gave Review Adelaide Oval Conservation Review cultural significance of Adelaide Oval and its setting within the icket venue because of its setting an monial entrance to the Oval complex. he assessment criteria for places of acent Pennington Gardens West and cket – with matches held at the Oval ion of items. Significant building represents the importance of the game l venue within the Park Lands of Adelaide (1991) prepared by Michael Brown and Robyn Taylor for Hassell.

It demonstrates important aspects of th of a It is an outstanding representative

out in Section 16 of the Heritage Act, 1993. The crit out in Section 16 of the Heritage Act, 1993. buildings and the commemorat what qualities a place may have - the special cultur which we intend to conserve and pass on future generations. both a concise and an extended The following provides summarises the extended statement; expressed in terms of the entry of a place in the State Heritage Register. and other sports. The place is of high social signific and events is held in high esteem by the community. The Oval’s history is reflected in the progressive, in Giffen / Sir Edwin Smith grandstand – the largest hi South Australia; several entrance gate structures and th open, informal character. The adj significance in design and as the cere development, from establishment to today. A sense of public ownership of the Oval has evolved over Australian lifestyle in which public holidays, opportunities for leisure. City of Adelaide Park Lands. T Scoreboard. Within the Park Lands context, the Oval, its vistas This Conservation Plan examines the na local, Adelaide Oval, established in 1871, is of Australia’s primary venue for cri Adelaide Oval has been the major focus for the deve inception, providing a centra value. The Oval is considered by many to be the Historically, Adelaide Oval South Australia. As the first official site for t Oval’s history illustrates the diversification of sp The Adelaide Oval is a significant cr Oval is renowned as Australia’s most picturesque sp Adelaide Oval Statement of Significance Concise Statement: (a) history (d) significance test cricket is regularly played. Oval Conservation Plan The following Statement of Cultural Significance (2001): Swanbury Penglase Architects (2001). This 5.9 ADELAIDE OVAL AND LEASEHOLD As part of the 2001-2002 master planning pro Cricket Association with the Corporation of of a conservation study for the Oval. The

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5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE ssively developed by le were involved in the herefore is of significance her Indigenous groups continued ting in part to the development of settler attitudes and available re established and progre ting venue, Indigenous peop where racial stereotyping can be overcome though the Adelaide Plains and t nous participation in sport at the Oval occurred he local history of Indigenous participation in sport. he local history of Indigenous able in the sport of football, with several revered the ‘country’. Kaurna people were displaced from a forum in which indigenous and non - indigenous participation and contest, irrespective of race. was established, the Kaurna and ot h centuries, but was limited due to site was known as a camping ground before the establishment of the he City and Park Lands we through sport and other events, contribu Adelaide Oval is located on part of the Kaurna land to the Kaurna peoples. The Oval For Indigenous people, Adelaide Oval provides a place Oval in 1871. The is also of note, reflecting t the ethos of sport, presenting an opportunity for Europeans and before Adelaide Oval their traditions of public performance for visitors to area along the River Torrens as t settlers. Following the establishment of Adelaide Oval as a spor opportunities. Indigenous involvement was most not Indigenous players of note. The Oval is considered people have been able to interact staging of two corroborrees at the Oval. Some Indige during the nineteenth and twentiet cultural relations between non indigenous and indigenous people. Significance Statement of

1092 ificant also for the use of Adelaide and whilst dings designed by Woods, (McDougall & Vines stralia and represents the ilt character of the university uent phases of construction have building was designed by architect ibility study was undertaken which manship, Union House is and design of Union House, noted The building, of high design, organ, and replacement with a new building was the work of William Woods Bagot Laybourne Smith and Woods earlier buildings. Sign the University's School of Music, founded in rode, Builder, who completed the contract in mid for more than a third of Century as the ive. The gate design is an excellent example of t building of the University that externally the complex is homogenous and ter developments on the site and makes a significant The earlier Georgian buil h developed a 'vernacular' adaptation of modernism. ersity. It retains an essential role within the boundary of the north terrace campus and are Mitchell Building, as prepared by Woodhead ng constructed in South Au 1940s have compromised the appreciation of spaces and extant and would be revealed by the removal of later e Mitchell Gates and Victoria Drive Fencing level of building crafts level of building buildings in the 1960s-70s by prominent South influence that firm had on the bu

ng campaigns between 1880 and about 1915 which have with the retention of all major architectural attributes, as 'a first tanding Colonial architects. Subseq the parameters for the structure still retains a central function within the University. The growth of in 1978 (Hassell & Partners, Architects) and its relationship to the 5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE building has won two Royal Australian Institute of Architects awards a teaching to a management focus. to demolished it in 1973 and a feas volved the removal of original construction of Bonython Hall. The w stands. The first section of the two major stages of development for the Adelaide University Union to gned by Walter Hervey Bagot, of (McDougall & Vines 2004, p. 26). (McDougall & Vines 2004, rth Terrace streetscape. (McDougall & Vines 2004, pp. 23-24). Laybourne-Smith reflect the

considered to be the culmination of a series Australian partnership of Dickson and Platten whic (Register Assessment Report). The Dickson Platten section of the (McDougall & Vines 2004, p. 29). Bagot, Jory and of timber in large-scale structures and in its high provide services and facilities for students on campus. campus. These subsequently provided for the quality of its internal spaces Irwin the University's architects This group of buildings represents allowed for the adaptation of hall, class modern concert hall'. This in one. This redevelopment took place individual room uses have changed, it the University is reflected in five buildi contributed to the complex as it no McMinn, one of Adelaide's most outs maintained design detail established by McMinn such formally complete. Internally alterations since the detail. However, the majority of original detail is temporary additions complementary to the formal streetscape of Victoria Dr decorative wrought iron work, desi Thomas Elder bequeathed £20,000 in 1897 to maintain 1884. Elder Hall was constructed in 1900 and served University's great hall prior to the F J Naish and the successful tenderer was Walter C To 1900. Note there was a proposal First opened in 1882, the Mitchell Building is firs The Mitchell Gates and fencing mark the northern 2004, p. 18). 2004, p. 18). The Mitchell Building is the first University Buildi intellectual endeavours and achievements of the Univ University, although changed from quality and physical integrity established a style for la contribution to the No The detailed Statement of Significance for the Hartley Building states: The summation Statement of Significance for the Union Building group, that includes Murray Building, The Cloisters, states: House, Lady Symon Building, George The summation Statement of Significance for the Elder Hall states: The summation Statement of Significance for th states: The summation Statement of Significance for the Australia (1987), states: (McDougall (McDougall

re built in 1932-1933, and other . Sir William H Bragg, one of the architecture of the International ts to assist in the conservation care and sity of Adelaide, and the Barr Smith Collection in reman stonecutter was H B Naylor. The design is iversities and is one of the more prestigious of the Architect, of the firm Woods, Bagot, Laybourne- brary. The building is a concrete framed, brick clad sting Buildings Inventory prepared by McDougall sting Buildings . The Georgian Revival style of the Barr Smith ervation assessments and associated reports. Robert Barr Smith. His philanthropy had helped and detailing, its direct evolution from the ralia in 1905, he and his son were awarded the Nobel Laboratories were built in the post war period Bagot of the firm Woods, Bagot, Laybourne-Smith Adelaide, was built in 1933-1936 to meet the need for Adelaide, was built in 1933-1936 to o was appointed to the Elder Chair of Mathematics in ed by a large donation from Sir John Langdon the time. The building has both historical and ting Statements of Significance as follows: nstructed between 1932 and 1933 using money which States. Designed by Hassell and McConnell, the 950s and early 1960s which arose from the Cold War State Heritage Register Assessment Report) h Terrace directly in line with Pulteney Street n Chemical Laboratories which we ate the centenary of the birth presentative of twentieth century (McDougall & Vines 2004, p. 10) management process for the University of Adelaide’s North Terrace

Barr Smith Library (original building) Barr Smith Library (original Bonython Hall Bragg Laboratories Elder Hall Hartley Building Mitchell Building Mitchell Gates and Victoria Drive Fencing Union Building Group Bonython Hall, the great hall of University & Vines 2004, p. 12). The building is named to commemor University of Adelaide's most revered scientists wh an assembly hall for the University. It was financ 1886 at the age of 23. Not long after he left Aust Georgian Revival style designed by Walter Hervey Bonython. It was designed by Walter Hervey Bagot, Smith and Irwin, built by H S C Jarvis. The fo based on the medieval structures of the old British Un University's buildings. It is located on Nort prize for physics. Constructed in 1962, the Bragg associated with the 'science boom' of the late 1 rivalry between the Soviet Union and United the Mitchell Building is nucleus of this original li and Irwin, who were the University Architects at laboratories are significant as a re The historic Barr Smith Library Building was co was a gift from the Barr Smith family in memory of establish and develop the original library at Univer architectural value represented in the building fabric original University Library in the Mitchell Building Library was continued in the Johnso buildings along Victoria Drive Movement in the style of Mies van der Rohe ( & Vines 2004, p. 15).

™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ The summation Statement of Significance for the Bonython Hall states: The summation Statement of Significance for the Bragg Laboratories states:

5.11 UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE (NORTH TERRACE CAMPUS) As part of the ongoing property campus, the University has commissioned various repor management of various buildings. The Heritage Li & Vines (2004) summarises the state of these cons The following structures and components are included on the State Heritage Register: McDougall & Vines (2004) also summarised exis The summation Statement of Significance for the Barr Smith Library states:

1093 bsequently extended to heritage registers. They e the construction of the areas such as stairhalls, ally) – was an integral s (the expanded Teachers architect, the Styles’ rarity in dings’ planning and architectural (Bruce Harry & Associates providing a protected escape route ntore Avenue and as a consequence ly landscaped space at Ground e adds some technological interest. was probably grassed for much of its rtley Building, nor any scientific me of which are also on gical features in regard to fire protection planning large houses in Adelaide’s establishment suburbs. g the growth in teacher training South at the time of Hartley Building’s erection, and es to make a positive contribution to the Kintore architectural student at the University of Adelaide. Lister buildings. He was known as a skilful and , was also formed in concrete, presumable as an whose life and work is commemorated by the award n the Hartley building (the original Adelaide s landmark qualities, despit ng, the precinct was largely open spaces until the entally to the context of Lawsons original design when Kintore Avenue was su en loggias serving as transitional spaces between the d the principal circulation rs in Adelaide, during the boom of 1920s, of its significance (extern tre and Madley Building building undertaken in the Inter War Mediterranean his discipline symmetry to the buil ross the eastern (open) side. It mbined with his noteworthiness as an hs located, indicate an open, simp ding is a prominent building in Ki concrete (walls, floors and ceilings), aeological significance to the Ha

5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE ape routes is unusual. This featur terest in understandin concept, as well as being a key element in the architectural style. table Adelaide buildings, so of the annual George Gavin Lawson scholarship to an His works included several no and detailing. For example, the architect has encase entries, loggias and passageways, in from the principal assembly rooms in the building to the exterior. The floor of the Assembly Hall though lined in jarrah additional fire precaution. While reinforced concrete technology was well-established was being extensively used in multi-storey skyscrape incorporation of concrete encased esc interest. However, the Hartley Buil does have environmental significance. When constructed, it was the first large Adelaide Style, and its landmark status was further enhanced join Victoria Drive. The Hartley Building retains it taller Schulz Building immediately behind, and continu Avenue streetscape. Lawson was a prominent South Australian architect include the Burnside Council offices, Edments and progressive architect and his commissions included many The Hartley Building contains several interesting technolo There would appear to be little arch The original Courtyard – enclosed on two sides by op The rigour with which Lawson applied massing is evident, and successful. Co South Australia gives this building a high architectural significance. Internally, the building is spartan. rigours of study (internally), and the contemplation component of the architects design The drawings, and the few photograp life. Beyond the courtyard, and around the Hartley Buildi major additions of 1961-63. The relationship betwee Teachers College) and the later Schulz, Scott Thea College complex), while of some in Australia, is so damaging aesthetically and environm concept, its removes any cultural significance they might otherwise possess 1992, pp. 40-44). Technical Interest Other Criteria The Precinct Floor level, retained by a stone wall ac

ey Buildings in the early until his retirement in main façade. It is an early and rst purpose-built Teachers t for its rarity as an example of ve architectural character (which d there, the Craft and values they rong group social values for them. large institutional building in laid much of the foundation for ng is a significant example of the pal Dr AJ Schulz (from the official , the Hartley Building is of high ning programme since 1909 when he essential reference point for achers College was expanded by the teachers training institution in Australia, to tion to educational buildings. For example, the in contrast to the usual asymmetrical form of responsible for the development of a separate purpose- an community values, the Hartley Building can be in South Australia, which role it was lz and remained Principal ated Scott Theatre and Madl h Australia from 1927-1992, the Hartley Building is h Australia from 1927-1992, the Hartley mantic styles, spartan materials and finishes (which ley Building shortly after completion of the new 12 d South Australian architect, who imposed a unique t where the Adelaide Teachers College was joined by 948) and the second Principal Dr HH Penny, a former as South Australia’s fi mestic architecture in South Australia. the symmetrical composition of its is embodied in the teachers traine nts at the ago of 25 years. He up the oldest continuing architectural composition, significan s College a distinctive identity). (1957), Western (1962), Bedford (1966) and Salisbury (1968). It him, oversaw the expansion of the College after Second World our teachers, and consequently has st sfer to the University of Adelaide Inter War Mediterranean Style in a of South Australia’s teacher trai requirements), and a new progressi our past and present, an ample of the type, Harley Buildi for the long tenure of its first Princi the State’s education system. was Dr HH Penny who determined that it was appropriate for the ign as Principal that the Adelaide Te learned there, and have passed on as they educated us. Consequently, as a link between understanding South Australian social development said to possess significant social interest. continuous use until its recent tran embedded in the psyche of many of As the first purpose-built Teachers Training College historical interest. It is of further historical interest opening on 21 March 1927 to his retirement in 1 As the principal home of Teacher Training in Sout Its relationship to the wider community The Hartley Building is a distinctive the Inter War Mediterranean Style and pupil and lecturer at the College who succeeded Schu unusual example of the use Adelaide, a style which was more common in do In addition to its rarity as an ex would give the new Adelaide Teacher War and the growth of teacher training to the poin symmetry upon the buildings plan and tectonic massing Style. Lawson’s motives seem apparent and related to the buildings function. His choice of the Inter War Mediterranean Style was particularly apt for its applica 1967. Schulz had been in charge teacher training in South Australia and was largely built College. Penny, who succeeded additional Colleges at Wattle Park was during Dr Penny’s re College was recognised by its renaming as the Hart storey (Schulz) Building. It individual buildings which then made be named after major figures in skills of its designer George Gavin Lawson, a note style is a balance of contemplative (Mission) and ro suit its higher circulation and use erection of the 12 storey Schulz Building and associ Historical Interest was appointed Superintendent of Stude 1960s. The historical significance of the Hartley Building Social Value Architectural Interest

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5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE . for the design of several (1999), proposed no l professions in the late , incorporating the needs of an in South Australia, building in ecturally significant example of the 2001, p. 31). Penglase Architects (2001), noting Heritage Places Act 2003 et al Urban Design Guidelines: City East Campus, s Owen-Smyth, who is noted ing’ industrial technica cess for the University of South Australia’s City ance was previously prepared for the Brookman an, Brookman Building Master Plan USTRALIA (CITY EAST CAMPUS) of ‘Federation Gothic’ architecture The building is also an archit (Swanbury Penglase ce and growth of technical education s in Adelaide. The Brookman Building is a well-executed example of (2006), was prepared by Swanbury Brookman Building Conservation Pl Brookman Building. early twentieth century technical school Owen-Smyth’s work – in the manner work of the Superintendent of public buildings Charle architecturally significant building The building illustrates the importan response to the need provide education for ‘emerg nineteenth and early twentieth century.

™

additional recommendations for registration under the state The following structures and components are included on the State Heritage Register: The following Statement of Cultural Signific Building:

5.11 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH A As part of the 2001-2002 master planning pro East campus, the University commissioned the preparation of an urban design study, ith a heritage review within, for its City East Campus. The University of South Australia the existing

1095 almost a full range of ant effects of growth this previously sparsely the least desirable place , such as St Lawrence’s in utional organisations and wards the River Torrens. at an oblique angle to the city, introduction. The street retains ing into the western Town Acres rows and single shops, forming a ntial houses soon followed. Prior in 1893 (during an economic individually and as groups, reflect which commenced in 1878 and then of activity, providing a commercial . The City Land Investment housing. A range of one and two (Conservation) Zone derived from rrace provided the wealthy with ‘views and airs’ ic transport and its signific of the physical character this part North ing the school, post office, institute, fire station, utions create a constrast in built form to the more ea is relatively flat, to he higher frontages to the Park Lands, such as s contain excellent examples of Street but did make the western Town Acres which t as the North Adelaide scarp, a steep rise from dential addresses, while narrower streets, such as the horse-drawn tramway along O’Connell Street in major religious and instit to afford buy land here horse-drawn tramways made eated by Light’s Plan in South Adelaide, with the in 1909. The advent of public transport established est of Wellington Square was sections of North Adelaide. As the colony grew, d the social composition of colonial population. ’s Priory in Molesworth Street ion of subtantial houses soon followed. many notable Adelaide community members. ounded by Park Lands. Its topography is characterised by the tion within North Adelaide, sitting by residential development expand re of one and two storeys, attached ll range of residential architecture from all periods of the city’s of the three discrete areas which make up the suburb of North accessible and construction of susbta id layout around Wellington Square. lopment which followed the tramways h route for the horse drawn tram, 5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE characteristic small scale worker iods of the city’s development, which, h Adelaide Residential Historic d housing development around them of Town Acres along Barnard and Molesworth Streets created a the local main streeet for Upper North Adelaide and retains major the northern suburbs and a major hub most common built form throughout the rest of the area. escarpment of the Torrens Valley, known at this poin Melbourne Street to Stanley Street, below which the ar development in the three distinct areas. All three area Upper North Adelaide is the largest Adelaide, and it repeats the land division pattern cr to this period the area of Upper North Adelaide w to live in the City. Several religious orders were able Lower North Adelaide is a discrete sec encompassing 86 Town Acres and surr served as the local main streets for the three discrete North Adelaide became the location for a number of their buildings, and for the residences of North Adelaide retains evidence of the expansion of publ settlement in the 1870s, demonstrated of Upper North Adelaide. The introduction of the settled area more accessible and construct The heritage character of the Nort residential architecture from all per the periods of economic prosperity city an Upper North Adelaide Historic Area Town Acres disposed in a regular gr Initially, Tynte Street served as community buidlings which reflect its early status, includ Baptist Church, and early shops. The introduction of 1878 drew commercial development away from Tynte were previously sparsely settled more Buxton Street in 1867 and St Dominic recession when land prices were low). These large instit intense residential subdivisions an Company subdivision of 1883-4 sequence of large residences which form an important part Adelaide. Upper North Adelaide contains a fu development, particularly of the 1870s and 1880s. T along LeFevre Terrace, Mills Terrace and Strangways Te for large mansions and were considered prestigious resi Margaret and Curtis Streets retain storey villas characterises the O’Connell Street was the north-sout replaced by the electric tramways ssytem introduced this street as the main link to and services focus for residential deve much traditional commercial architectu linear shopping strip. Lower North Adelaide .

the captial city over l growth and provsion of in South Adelaide, with City of Adelaide rn edge of the City ges to the Park Lands (2007). an essential and defining esidential addresses. By rt of the plan for Adelaide drawn City of Adelaide Development Plan gular subdivision particularly in parts of pment, which, individually and as he social composition of colonial (2004) was confined to the scope of the (2004) eet and Tynte Street particularly, as these streets Assessment Study converted to a cultural landscape which now reflects he subsequent development of e evidence of a different way life to that llage type settlement patterns, with shops and other llage type . The built form of North Adelaide is indicative stinct sections reflects the natural topography of the uth by a belt of parklands and gardens. As such it e embraced by this built form. Accordingly, and gardens which reflect both natural landscape and y from early settlement. The ridge of the Torrens ty of Adelaide. The existing historical character of ty of Adelaide. rn created by Light’s plan ugall & Vines in 2001 to revise these evidence of the creation colony, of the historical stages of the development of is historical housing Street and higher fronta ntial villages on the northe considered prestigious r and is a microcosm of development periods and eater emphasis on residentia were determined by its geography. Upper North s immediate setting, which includes the encompassing

980s and 1990s heritage assessments for the City of North Adelaide ge Value North Adelaide, which were developed with a high density of small rth Adelaide formed a distinctive pa ated within the initial plan for the city. The three separate sections are ic prosperity of the city and t ent patterns, North Adelaide contains excellent examples of a full om all periods of the city’s develo of the more susbtantial villas in re North Adelaide Heritage Survey (2007, pp. 88-90), was previously prepared for North Adelaide: Statement of Cultural Herita

North Adelaide provides strong cultural and historic North Adelaide is part of the historic plan the Ci establishment and consolidation of early settlment and t time. North Adelaide is essentially a group of three reside Adelaide, separated from the square mile of the city so has developed in paralell with the city but a gr services for immediate residents. No population. The diversity of scale and intregity th services. These remain in Kermode Street, Melbourne Str up by Colonel William Light, its form and layout the Town Acres disposed in a regular grid layout around Wellington Square. The physical divisions of North Adelaide into three di Park Lands, contains a number of significant parks historic planting traditions, incorpor Upper North Adelaide. As a cconsequence of this developm groups, reflect the periods of econom element of North Adelade’s cultural heritage value, housing styles in the State as a whole. North Adelaide also retains strong physcial evidence colony, most particualrly the typical 1850s to 1880s vi Adelaide in particualr repeats the land division patte area prior to settlement. North Adelaide and it linked by gardens and parks which were an extension of the park lands belt. With survey and settlement, the natural landscape was the division of weatlth and influence in the early colony range of residential architecture fr the social divisions and occupations of Adelaide societ Valley escarpment along Kingston Terrace/Stanley provided the wealthy with ‘views and airs’ were contrast, parts of Lower and Upper experienced by the residents 2.4 cottages and worker housing on small allotments provid NORTH ADELAIDE HERITAGE SURVEY

While the substance of this Development Plan As part of the 2001-2004 review early 1 of Adelaide, the Corporation commissioned McDo assessments and prepare recommendations for revisions to the built area of North Adelaide, its recommendations and statements have contextual relationship to the Park Lands and Squares that surround ar it is relevant to include the statements prepared in this 5.12 The following Statement of Cultural Heritage Value, also re-stated in the

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5.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE s with the rest the village centre for cated along this street, dences in minor streets.. with the two hospital sinesses scattered between elaide closer link d are indicative of the social Street and the frontages to ougham Place in the 1860s and comprised of new buildings, is [sic.] (McDougall & Vines 2004, y buildings remain. aide, and was initially rth Adelaide. The characteristic collection of e immediate vicinity, and the introduction of horse estates for development of more intensive residential tages and more modest resi d worker housing in the lower section down the scarp nstructed in 1869, together he establishment of manufactories such as the Lion velopment, and the philanthropic mews cottages along l shops other buildings such as St Cyprians church rth of the city and at an angle to Upper North trading Queens Head) were lo creating a distinctive topography, and contains 24 airs’ and were considered prestigious residential visually dominate this area, with residential street, with shops and bu ougham Court, provide a contrast with the more t’s Plan, it most pointedly reflects the process of Melbourne Street/Jerningham Street intersection, where Lion Hotel and brewer Streert, although most have now been converted to commercial use. 1878 gave this section of North Ad through Lower North Adel The creation of the road through Br ildings remaining in this area. y point to Upper North Adelaide. esidences along Pennington Terrace. St Mark’s College, much of which is Place and along Penningon Terrace an scarp along Kingston Terrace/Stanley introduction of horse drawn trams in This section of North Adelaide sits immediately no Adelaide. It slopes upward to the north and west, Town Acres, and serves as an entr St Peter’s Cathedral, the first section of which was co complexes to the east of King William Road, now developments located to the west. serving the immediate population. The ridge of the North Adelaide Park Lands provided the wealthy with ‘views and addresses. The high concentration of small cottages an reflects the early subdivisions of these Town Acres into forms, such as the speculative Chichester Gardens de the lower end of Stanley Street/Kingston Terrace. T Brewery in Lower North Adelaide provided work in th drawn trams, along Melbourne Street made the area an attractive location for workers to live. Melbourne Street is the main street the surrounding residential developments, with smal of the city. The node village was at the major two storey structures, including the Many houses remain along Melbourne These reflect the original settlement patterns of the residential buildings. grouped around substantial early r Until 1856, Kermode Street was the ‘High Street’ of No shops, a police station, church and hotel (the still and there are several pre 1850s bu Small cottages and worker housing, such as in Br substantive villas around Palmer divisions and occupations of Adelaide society from early settlement pp. 18-20). Due to the compact nature of this section Ligh Cathedral Historic Area construction of substantial houses on Park Lands fron