(Entered at tbe Post Office of New York. N. Y., as Second Class Matter. Copyrhzbt.1OOO. by Munn & Co.] A WEEKLY JOURNAL OE J:lltACTICAL INFOHMATION. AnT, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTUltES.

Vol. LXXXIII.-No. 8.] [$3.00 A YEAH. ESTABLISHED 1845. NEW YORK, AUGUST 25, 1900. WEEKLY.

Detail ot the Panoramas. 'l'.Ile Wreck Scene in •. Ben Hur," S.Ilow.ing we SimpLe Mechanism Employed.

The Chariot Race in the CirCUli of Antioch-Ben Hur Destroys Melllala'lI Chariot and Winl the Race. SOltE OF THE STAGE J[ECRANISlIrl OF THE PRODUCTION OF "BEN HUR" AT THE BROADWAY THEATER, NEW YORX,-[See pal:e 119.) 114

jn its turn is raised to the upper level. Plans were alISO with the stipulation that if it undertakes to !'upply Jtitntifit �mtritan. inspected, which have been presented by Messrs. Morse armor, it shall receive a contract for the large amount & Brown, for two distinct designs of locks; one worked of 20,000 tons. This reservation is due to the very on a cable counterpoise system,and the other calling natural desire of the company to make sure that, as ESTABLISHED 1845 for a system of hydraulic-lift locks. The design provides soon as it erected its costly armor plate mills, it would MUNN & CO., EDITORS AND PROPRIETORS. for balancing one lock chamber with another which is be enabled to make sufficient armor to recoup itself for PUBLISHli;D WEEKLY AT exactly similar, the two being connected, not as in the the outlay. At the same time it was simply impossible for the government to tie itself up to a delay of twenty­ No. 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. case of the Dutton system by large air pipes, but by a number of wire cables which pass over a system of six months in the receipt of this particular consign� TERMS TO SUBS/'RIBERS sheaves and are provided with safety appliances to pre ment of armor. We sincerely trust that the new bids Une copy, one year. for the United Stutes. Canada. or Mexico ... , ..... $3.00 will include some provision which may include the One copy, one year. to any foreign country, postage prepaid. £0 16s. 00. 4.0'J vent a sudden drop in the case of the failure of any THE SCIENTIFIC A MERIOAN PUBLICATIONS. part of the balancing gear. The plans for the hydraulic Midvale plant and be mutuallY agreeable to the com­

...... ••.. Scientific American (E8tab1i�hed 1845). $.1.00 a year... lift call for two lock chambers, each of which is raised pany and the government. SCIenti-ficAmerican Supp)ement. \.I£stablished 18.6) ...... ':'.00 Scientific American Building Edition (Established 188.'))...... 2.50 and lowered by means of three hydraulic plungers and • •• • Scientific Americen Export Edition (Established 18i3), ...... '3.00 'The com ined su scription rates and rates to foreign countries will cylinders, the locks being arranged to counterbalance be furnishedb upon application.b LOWERING OF THE ATLANTIC RECORD. Remit y postal or express money order. or by ank draft or check. each othel' by means of the suitable manipulation of b b Not a little excitement is prevalent just now in ship­ MUNN &; CO.,361 Broadway. corner Franklin Street, New York. connections between the two sets of cylinders. There ping circles over the steady reduction which is being is also undel' consideration, by the Board, plans of Mr. made in the time of trans-Atlantic passage. The NEW YORK, SATURDAY, AUGUS'r 25, 1900, William R. Davis for a counterpoise lift lock, in which "Kaiser Wilhelm del' Grosse" and the new" Deutsch· a pair of counterbalancing tanks are raised and lowered land" have been cutting down the time of the passage PROGRESS OF THE NEW YORK RAPID TRANSIT upon a dozen steel towers. at the top of which are 24- between New York and the English ports by hours at TUNNEL. foot sprocket wheels, on which travel the flat link a t.rip. The former vessel. which prior to the advent Although fh'e months have passed since the contract chains which support the tanks. The latter, which of the"Deutschland," held all records across the At· for the construction of the New York Rapid Transit weigh about 5,500 tons each when loaded, are to be lantic, made a magnificent run on her last trip to Tunnel was signed, there is as yet but little evidence raised and lowered by electric power, which is to be the eastward. She left Sandy Hook at 12 : 23 P. M. of the general upheaval of the streets of this city, developed by turbine wheels operating under the head on Tuesday, August 7, and arrived at Cherbourg at which it was popularly supposed would follow imme­ of water due to the total difference of the level of the 12 ; 57 P. M. on the following Sunday, covering the diately upon that event. This has not been due to canals. One of the most important subjects under con­ course of 3,184 miles in five days nineteen hours and any lack of zeal upon the part of the contractor· in­ sideration by the Board is t.he question of the amount forty-four minutes, at an hourly average speed for the chief, or the sub-contractors, but it is to be laid to the of water and the total tillle wbich are required for whole trip of 22'79 knots an hour. On her best pre­ charge of the steel works which have undertaken the effecting the entire lift with locks of the different kinds vious record run her average hourly speed was 22'61 task of supplying the 78,000 tons of structural steel abov!l described. knots per hour. The "Deutschland," which, it will and steel rails which are necessary for the tunnel., Whether the proposed enlargement of the Erie Canal be remembered, on its first return trip attained a The plans of the tunnel call for a subway, the side is carried out or not, it would certainly be of enormous speed of exactly 23 knots an hour, left New York on wails and roof of which 'consist of steel posts and gir­ advantage to the canal system,as it now exists, if the Wednesday, August 8, passing Sandy Hook at 3: 35 ders embedded in and backed with Cl)ncrete. Wjth tile low-lift locks could be abolished at Cohoes and Lock­ P. M., and arrived at Plymouth at 8:30 A; M., on the exeepfion of three or four miles of straight rock tl1n­ port and a system of high-lift locks established. At following Monday, having covered the course' in five neling,' the whole of the excavation will lie so near the Lockport there are five locks with an average lift of 1172' days ele\'en and three-quarter hours, at an average surface that it will constitute what is known as cut­ feet, while at Cohoes there are no less than sixteen speed of 23'32 knots an hour. The best day's run was, and-cover work; that is to say, the excavation will be locks with an average lift of9 feet. At these two locks 552 knots. made froni the surface down, and the side walJs and alone iti� estjmated that over half a day is lost in the An interesting fact in connection with these rec:>rds, the roof will be built in the deep '.cut thus opened up passage of a singl� tow. . is that the "fi\'e- day-boat" is now an accomplished through the middle of the various thoroqghfares. As •••• fac't, for a speed of 23 32 knots an hour, if maintained work of this class demands more or less complete, sus­ RECENT ARMOR PLATE BIDS. over the route from Sandy Hook to Queenstown, would pension of traffic, a clause is inserted in the contract The Secretary of the Navy has rejected the bids bring the record down below five days, or to be exact, by which no section of the tunnel below Sixtieth which wet:e made for furnishing armor for the fourteen to four days twenty-three hours and six minutes. Street is to be kept open for more than thirty days at battleships and I,lrmored cruisers which are either The record over this route is now held by the "Lu­ a time. buildin g or authorized, and for the three- authorized cania," which covered the distance of 2,778 miles From the very nature of the construction of the tun­ cruisers of the protected tYl>e. Advertisements for in five days seven hours and twenty-three minutes. nel, it is necessary that the steel should be on the new bids have been issued, and the opening will take The "Lucan ia," however, is now a relat.ively "old ground if only thirty days is to elapse between th!) place within about a Illonth. The bids were rejected, boat," having been built in 1892-1893; and as the in­ breaking of the ground and the roofing in of the tun­ not on the question of price, but bec/tuse of the terva;l: between "Lucania" arid "Deutschland", is nel ; and it is mainly for this reason that the sub-con­ somewhat complicated nature of the three proposals about eight years, we may say that the reduction' in tractors have so far devoted their efforts merely to the which were submitted to the Department. The three the time of the trans-Atlantic passage has been pro­ lowering of the !'lewers, and the building of storage bidders were the Midvale Steel Company, and the ceeding at the approximate rate of an hour a year. sheds for the accumulation of the excavating and other Carnegie and Bethlehem Companies. The Midvale • I.,,, con'tractors' plants. It is stated by the engineer-in­ Steel Company stated that it would not accept a con· COMPRESSED AIR TRACTION IN NEW YORK CITY. chief for the contract.or, that the question of the tra:ct for less than 20,000 tons of armor, while the Car­ rapidity of the construction of the tunnel will be a negie and Bethlehem Companies stated that they each' An important change is being effected in the corn· qnestion of the rapidity of the delivery of the steel; would not accept a contract for less than 18,250 tons pressed air system of traction on certain lines in this an(j just as soon as this material begins to arrive in any of armor. As the total alllount of armor asked for by city, by the substitution of what is known as the qnantity the people of New York will see immediate the Department was about 35,000 tons, to give a con­ Hardie motors for those now in operation, whicb were evidence that this, the largest undertaking of its kind tract for 20,000 to the Midvale Company would· leave built under what are known as the Hoatlley patents. in the world. is being vigorously prosecuted. At the about 15,000 tons only to be divided between two Wha.t might be called the modern development ofcom­ present writing the whole of the sub-contracts have companies, who had each refused to accept a con­ pressed ail' traction in New York dates from about been let, and the work of lowering the various sewers, tract for less than 18,250 tons. This would have in­ the year 1897, when the promoters of the two types which at present intercept the line of the tunnel, is voh'ed that new bids for at least 15,000 tons must have of motor mentioned above were'-epgaged in activeex­ being pushed forward. The most important dh:ersion been advertised for. While this could have been perimental work,the Hardie system being tried on'the is t.hat of the Can,al Street sewer, whIch is more than done, and would have been more liable t.o satisfy the Third Avenue Railroad. and the other on the lines of half completed. The sewers at Mulberry Street, Department, there was a difficulty in the way due to the Metropolitan Street, Railway Company. Both Lll.'ecker Street, and Tenth a.nd Twenty-second Streets, the fact that the Midvale Company asked for twenty­ motors operate under extremely high pressures'of from have been lowered. while th'e change of the sewers at six months in which to perfect an armor plant, and 2,000 to 2, 500 pounds to the square inch; but .here One Hundred and Tenth Street, One Hundred and begin making deliveries. the difference ends. In the Hardie system two long-­ 'rwenty-fourth Street and One Hundred and �'ifty­ In view of the fact that the armor for the three stroke, single-expansion engines are employed, which seventh Street is approaching completion. In spite battleships of the" Maine" type will have to be· de­ are directly connected to one axle of the car, the of the serious delay which has already been occasioned livered at an early date if the Department is to avoid other axle being driven by side rods. The air, after by the non-delivery of steel, the contractors ex­ delay in their construction, it will be seen that the ac­ being reduced to the working pressqre by a reducing press t.hemselves as perf�ctly satisfied that the road ceptance of the bid of the Midvale Company was alto­ valve, passes through a tank of hot water, and is then will be finished before the contract date set for com­ gether out of the question. The Carnegie and Bethle­ led in a super-heated condition to the cylinders. The pletion. hem Companies agree to begin making deliveries of Hoadley motor differs from this mainly in the fact ... , . armor in six months from the date of the contract,and that a complete two-cylinder, compound' engine is HIGH-LIFT LOCKS FOR Tl'lE ERIE CANAL. the Department has, therefore, rejected all the bids carried on each truck and drives a slJaft which is Th,e question of the introduction of high-lift locks on in the hope that they will procure satisfactory bids for geared down to the car axie. Instead of passin� the tlieErie Canal, in place of the low-lift locks at present an amount smaller than 18,250 tons each from the last air bodily through the tank of hot water, a small jet in use, is being investigated by a special board of emd­ named companies. of water is sprayed into the air pipe between the re­ neers. Three different types have been considered. There is much satisfaction to be derived from the ducing valve and the cylinders. The first of these is the Dutton pneumatic balanced fact that the bidding carne well within the limit of the The Hoadley system was adopted by the Metropoli­ lock, illustrated in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN of Feb­ price laid down by Congress. The Secretary is author­ tan Street Railway Company, while the Hardie system ruary 3, 1900, which was reported upon favorably by ized tc! bpy the best armor procurable for $445 a ton, has been for some time in successful operation on, the the canal officials in 1896. This system contemplates but'if he could not get it at that rate, he might North Clark Street Railroad. Chicago. The recent amal­ the use of two balanced lock chambers, placed side accept a bid as high as $545 a ton, and if he could not gamation of the two companies has resulted in the aqop­ by side, with a lift in the case of the locks at' Cohoes of get it at the higher figure, he was authorized to tion of a motor designed chiefly upon the lines ot' tlhe 150 feet, and of the locks at Lockport of 6672' feet. erect a government armor factory. On opening the Hardie system, which wi1l shortly replace the iuotors Each lock chamber is carried on ahuge inverted air­ bids it was found that both the Bethlehem and now in use upon the crosstown lines of the Metr-opoli­ tight caisson, which works verticallv in an excavated 'asked the same price for their tan Street Railway system. The present compressing · Carnegie Companies chl!-Iriber filled with water. . The system is so arranged armor,namely, $490 a ton, with the royaHy paid by station. which is located at the foot of West Twel1ty­ that when one lock chamber is elevated to the upper the bidder, or $445. with the royalty paid by the fourth Street. will be utilized, and it is expected that level,the adjoining cha.mber is at the lower level. The government. This is a considerable and a very sa tis­ before very long the new motors will be in operation. aircalssons are connected by a system of pipes and in­ fact.ory drop frolH the $545 per ton formerly deman.ded Mr. Hardie, who is the chief engineer of the Consoli­ ter�ecting valve!',80 arranged that when an excess of by these two companies. The bid of the Midvale (Jom­ dated Compressed Air Company. which now has con­ weight is placed upon the upper tank,it will descend, pany was some,what less than that 'oIthe others. It is tro,l of the patents co\'eriug' both systern� is one of the driving the air from its own air caisson through the g-ratifying to know that a third large steel concern is oldest and most indefat.ig-able workers in the field of connecting pipes into thA adjoining caisson, which prepared to undertake the manufacture of armor plate compressed air traction, and the success of the new AUGUST 25, 1900. 115 venture will be wa tched wi th considerable interel!!t by Thes e figures give the complete tr ansmissio n system, an impure hydrocarbo n, conta iniD� a ve ry large pro ­ th e Metropolitan St reet Ra ilway Co mpany, to whom fro m engine sh aft to motor shaft, an effic ie ncy of portion of car bon relatively to the amou nt of hydrogen. th e developmen t of a really satisfactory in dependent 0'90 X 0'95 X 0'85 X 0'95 X 90 = 0'62. For each horse The smell of soot suggests ammon iacal compounds, and moto r for their crosstown lin es seems to be almost an po wer delivered at the motor shaft, the engi ne The London Lancet states that a recent analysis has im perati ve necessity. must, therefore, supply 1 ... 0'62 = 1 '61 brake horse shown that soot contains no less than 7'4 per cent of . ,., .. po wer, costing for fuel alone 3'75 X 1'61 = 6'03 dollars• ammonium salts . This fact amply accounts for the value LIlIITS OF ELECTRIC TRANSlIISSION. As the plant loc ated in a la rge city consumed fu el pl ac ed on soot for agricultural purposes . Soot on bu rn­ BY ALTON D. ADAMS. to a va lue of 11'25 dol lars per brake horse power ing in a confined area, as in a ch imney onfire . evol vf's The electric transmission of power at pressures that year, the saving as to fuel by the power transmission a characterist ically persistent an d nauseous smel l. render the conducting wires luminous, cau se hissing is 11'25 - 6'03 = 5'22 dollars per horse power year This characteristic is probably due to the presence of so unds, and produce a certa in sensation in the observer delivere d bv the motor. To effect this savin g in nitrogenous organic compounds. at several fee t distant, is being ably ex ploited. Refer­ the cost of fuel, the ca pacity of the steam plant has ••I • been increased 61 per cent and the entire electrica l ring to the subj ect, a recent writer has sai d: "The PARIS EXPOSITION NOTES. equipme nt added. Th e items of interest, depreci ation, most fundamental present question is the limit of prac­ The United States Publishers ' Building, which has and repairs sho uld now be computed for the se add i­ ticable vo lta ge." Again it is stated that, referr ing to been erected in the grounds adjoining the main buil d­ ti onal investments. As the idea seems to prevail, in experiments with electric transmission at high pres ­ ings of the Esplanade des Invalides, co ntains a num­ some quarters, th at electrical transmission on a grand su res, "The carrying out of such experiments has a ber of exhibits wh ic h characte riz e the printing an d vital interest far beyond the mere utilization of distant and general pl an will be commerc ially practical, if other in dust ries of this country. The building it sel f only a sufficiently high working voltage can be em­ water powers. It may, an d very possi bl y will, open presents a handsome exterior ; it is of square form, and up the way for the wholesale transmiss ion an d distri­ ployed to hold in bounds the weight and cost of line the differen t facades are constructed of a series of bu tion of power from co al." To fairly consider this conductors, the cost of connecting wires and supports ar ch es re sting upon columns. Two doors at each end qu estion, the clear distinct ion between the long dis­ is entirely omitted from the following estimate, th is give access to the interior. A number of exh ibits are being more favorable to the lo ng distance el ectric tauce transmission of power and its distribution should grouped in the center. surrounded by a passageway, be. held clearly in mind. transmission than any increase in pressure can possi­ le av ing sp ace for a considerab ie number of exhibits bly be. This omission is made with confidence that It may, for example, be shown that a cheap and dis· around the walls. The ce nter is occupied by the Pu h­ the necessary investments and lo sses, aside from the ta nt po we r is, or can be, transmitted to a center of lis hers' Headquarters, containing a number of desks population an d there distributed to consumers at a line, are so heavy as to forbid the delivery of electric and chairs for the use of publishers and others ; the power, fr om a gre at distance, incompet it ion with that profit ; but thi s is not the question at is sue. The real build ing is under the immediate charge of Mr. Charles from coal at ordinary price s. Counting the brake problem is whether the cheap and distant energy ca n Simms, Assistant Director of the Li beral Arts Section ; be delivered at one or more convenient pain ts, in or horse power capacity of the motor at the po int of de­ Mr. A. S. Capehart is Director of this departmen t. near th e center of populat ion, at a cost per unit that livery as one, the capacities of the several other ele­ Nearby is the installat ion of The Ne w Yo rk Ti llles, sh ows a saving oyer energy there generated from coal. ments in the electrical transmissio n are as follows : which prints a Par is edition on the large Goss print­ It is a well-know n and demonstrat ed fact that a cen­ Step·down transformer, 1 ... 0'90 = 1'11 ; ste p-up tr ans ­ ing press, dr iven by an electric motor in the base­ tral el ectr ic ge nerating station in or near a town or form er, 1'11 ... (0'98 X 0'85) :::� 1'38; dynamo, 1'38+0'95 = ment ; a model printing office is shown _ in actual city ca.n supply power to a great number of small con­ 1'45 ; and engine, 1'45 ... 0'90 = 1'61, as found above. operation , the most in teresting feature of which is the The combined capacity of the dynamo an d mot or in su mers on a sound 'e conomic basis for al l concerned, series of Morgenthaler linot ype machines ; th ere are because the generating stat ion can de yelop power fro m terms of the brake horse po wer delivered by the latter five of these inac t.ual operation, each being dri ven by is, ther efore, 1'45 + 1 = 2'45, and the combined capacity fuel at a much le ss cost per un it than can the small anelectric mo tor mounted directly upon the machine. user. It remains, however, to be prove d that energy of the transformers in the same terms is 1 '303+ 1'11 = To the right of the en t.r ance is the exh ib it of the Mutual from a cheap source, 100 or 200 miles distant, can be 2'49, so that 2'45 + 2'49 = 4'94 ti mes the rate of power Life Insurance Compa ny of New Yor k; the cases are fin­ tr ansmitted to this central station an d there used to delivery mnst be installed in capacity of electric al ap­ ished in hard wood and or namented with reliefs and drive the d namos for the lo cal serv ic e, thus displ acing paratus. A moderate price for the dynamos and mo­ y statuary ; the walls are lined with framed charts show­ tors in stalled with necess ary attachments is $25 per their engines, at a profit. If the transmitted power is ing either by figures or graphic ally the different sta­ horse power capacity, an d on this basis their cost per to be used in a great manufacturin g establish ment, tistics rel ative to insurance and kindred subjects, wi th the ques tion remains about the same as when it is brake horse power delivered at the motor shaft is charts showin g the growth of th e United States in its destined fo r a distributing plant, since in either ca se 2'45 X 25 = 61'25 dollars. Allowing $10 per horse power var ious resources. Near it is the exh ibit of the Equita­ po we r ca n be economically developed from coal at the capacity of transformers, installed, their total cost pe r ble :Li fe Insu rance Company, which also shows a num­ poi nt of delivery. del ivered horse po wer at tbe motor shaft is 2'49 X 10 = ber of charts, besides photographs of its various office When a source of cheap fuel invites the transmission 24'90 dollars, making the total in ve stment for electrical buildings. A nu mber of typewriters, includin g the f po wer ther e deve loped to gr eat. centers of distrib u­ equipment, apart from the line, 61'25+24'90=86'15 o Yost, Remingt on, Smith Premier an d Centu ry, are tion or consumption, the saving inthe co st ·o f fuel per dollars per avai lable horse power at the point of use or shown in actual operation. A number of pr inting unit of energy delivered over that produced at that center of distribution. But the engine at the generat ­ presses are also shown, most of which are ru nning; center is the ch ief ec onomic reason for the transmis­ in g pl a nt is sh own above to require a capac ity 1'61 among these are the Campbell, Babcock, the Mickle, sion. The real question of electric po wer transmissio n, ti mes that neilessary if it is lo cated where the power is which pri nts in colors, and others. Amongthe ph ono­ in large units, over great distances , is whether the sav ­ us ed or distributed to local lines, an d th e iu yes tment in graphs the American graphophone and th e Col umbia ing in fuel warrants the investment in line and ma­ ste am plant i�, therefore, increased 61 per cent to make Phonograph Co mpanies are representM, wi th a num­ chinery and their attendant losses. I n po w;er pro duc­ up for lo sses in the electrical transmiss ion. A fair price ber of machines. Th e United Stat esEx pres s Company tion, the cost of fuel is neither the only nor in most for a first-class steam po wer plant may be taken at has an exh ibit showi ng theo system by a number of cases the largest expense , and a part of the fuel cost is $60 per brake horse power capacity, exclusive of build­ photographs or charts , Otttside the ma in buil ding i8 all that can be saved by the electr ic transmiss ion. The ings, making the value of 0'61 horse po wer capacity a mode l stereotyping pavilion, containing the melting lo ng distance transmission of power is an undert aking 0'61 X 60 = 36'60 dollarI'!. The total ad ditional in vest­ furnaces, pr esses and all the necessary appliances. An ­ that involves a large investmen t, an d it is only fair ment for machinery equipment in a long distance el ec­ other small building co ntains the reading room ; most th at when the cost of po wer generate d near the point tric transmission system, ov er that for a lo cal plan t, of the princi pal American newspapers are on file, an d of us e is to be com pared wi th that of the tr ansmitted making no ch arge for line conductors or buildings , is the cas es conta in bound volumes of il lustrated j our­ po wel', figures should be ba sed on first-cl ass results in 86'15 + 36'60 = 122 75 dollars pe r each horse power de­ nals. All of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN publicat ions a loca l plant conducted on a large scale. Consider­ liver y capa city at the recei ving station. To compen­ ar e to be fo und here. ing two !lt eam plants, one at a long distance, where sate for this great increase of investment, there is a . '., . fuel is cheap, and the other at the center of use or dis­ yearly saving of 5'22 dollars per delivered horse power. tribution, an equal economy in the weight of fu el co n­ Assuming the very low figure of 16 pe � cent on the EXPERIMENTS WITH X-RAYS IN ELECTROSTATIC sumed per un it of energy developed should be assumed , investment, to cover de preciation, re pairs, insurance, FIELD. the cost of fuel in each case per unit of del ivered ener­ taxes, an d interes t, makes th e annual charge for these The well-known fact that light movable bodies, when gy computed, and the difference found. The pr ice of items 122'75 X 0'16 = 19'64 dollars for each horse power placed in a Cr ookes tube, enter in movement un de r steam co al that will develop a horse power hour at the ,deli vered at the point of use 01' distri buti on. As the the actio n of the catho de rays , is used to support the engine sh af t, in a first-class steam plant, on a consump­ amount saved in tl;Ie .;Valu ,e ()f coal consumed is only hypo theSis that these ra ys are formed of material par ­ tion of 2'5 pounds, is not more th a,n $& per ton of 2,000 5'22 dollars p�rr!!lelivered,horse power, the yearly out­ ticles moving with a certa in velocit y. Never the le ss, it pounds ill mo st ci ties of the Central an.dEastern St ates. la y of 19·64 is nearly four times the saving. . is remarked that the prese nce of cathode ra ys is Dot Allowing 3,000 wo rki ng hours per year, the cost of This compar ison is ye ry favorable to the trans mis­ necessaril y connected with the produc tion of the move ­ coal per horse power per year'is (2'5 X 3000 X 3) + 2000 = sion sys te III, beca use no charge is made for the addi­ ments, for these are observed to commence before the 11'25 dollars. If the steam generating plant is moved tional buildings necessary with it or for the Jin e. It rays appear, and to cease when the rarefaction is to the vicinity of the mine, this same qu ality of coal shou ld also be no ted that . while the labo r of operation pu she d to a certain point, even though the cathode can be had at a much lower figure, say $1 per to n, an d the for the ge nerating and receiving stations and the care ray s are sti ll ver y intense. It is more probable th at fuel cost per bra ke horse power hour will then be (2'5 X of the line wil l no doub t re quire more expense than the movements are due to elec tr ostat ic actio n, especially 3000 X 1) + 2000 = 3 75 do llars. The ap pa re nt saving in the labo r of operat ion in a steam plant at the place of if they are compared with those which have been fuel by this change of locat ion for th e generating use, no char ge has be en ma de for this increa se. As studied by Groety in the case of Roentgen rays. Th is plant cannot al l be re alize d, beca nse, to del iver one the total cost per brake horse power in a first -class experimenter disposes a very light mova ble body, ca r­ horse power at the point of use or center of distribu­ steam plant, using a fa ir grade of ste arn coal at $3 per ried on the point of a needle, between the two plates tion, mo re than th is rate of work mu st be maintai ned ton, about its cost inma ny ci ties, was found to be only of a charged condenser. In this constant fie ld th e at the shaft of generating engines to make up for 11'25 dollars per year. the extra expense resulting from body remains at rest, but when Roentgen ra ys are transmission lo sses. To determ ine these losses,. the the equipmen t for lo ng di st ance transmission from free brough t into the field, it enters into rotation, which elements of the electric tr ansmission system must be fuel is 19'64 -11'25 =8'39 dollars per delivered ho rse la sts as long as the rays con ti nue to act. With con­ conside red. To take power in the form of mechanical po wer per yl'ar. 'fhat is , if absolutely free fuel could densers of small dimensions and a mo vab le arra nge­ mo tion at one point and deliver it as mecha ni cal mo­ be had at a poi nt 100 miles from some of our grea t ment formed by two disks of coppor foil united by. an tion at anoth er po int a long distance from the first, by cities, the electri c transmission of stearn ge nerated insulati ng cros s· piece, the directio n of rotation is foun d electric mea ns, requires at the generatin g" station dy­ power from th is fuel to the cities would involve a to change with the direction of the electrostatiClfie ld. namos and ste p-u p transformers ; at the recei vin g sta­ yearl y lo ss per delivered horse power of mo re th an, 8'39 '1.'he position of th e tube emitting the ra ys also affec ts tio n, step ·down tran sformers and el ectric motors ; also dollars. So much for long distance transmi ssio n fro m the sense of rotation. The two plates of the condenser aline of conductors connecting the two statiolls. A the coal mines to great cities. are not indispensa ble in the ex periment; they may be good avera ge efficienc y un der the varyin g co nditions • • • replaced by a small sphere , or eyen suppressed al to­ of load for the dynamos and motors is 90 pe r cent each, TRE CHEMISTRY OF SOOT. gether, and the vanes plac ed in the air in the neighbor­ and for the t.r ansformers 95 pe r cent each. The effi­ The impressio n ge nerally prevails that soot is simply hoo d of a Crookes tub e. 'fhe ro ta ti on is not a di rect ciencyof the line will va ry inversel y wi th the ou tlay carbon. but although car bon is Its chief constituen t" effect of the Roen tge n ra ys, for it ceas es when a shee t of for conductors, bu t would seldom be more than 85 per there are present many other ele ments among which ebon ite or alulJliniulJI is placP(l be tween the tu be an d cent for a very long distauce transmission. are hydrogen a nd nitrogen. Soot may be considered as vanes , the ra ys still pa ssin g through th is sc reen. 116 AUGUST 25, 1900.

SUPER·HEATED WATER MOTOR FOR RAILROAD top, are indicated by a comparison of the conditions too Iowa temperature to permit the develolJment of TRACTION. which will exist in each system. steam. 'file rate of reduction from a certain pressure We present illustrations of a standard railroad car The reservoir or storage tank is in either case filled and temperature may be readily determined. now undergoing trials on the New York and Putnam with water at a certain temperature and pressure. It The processes and conditions when taking water frOlll Railway, which is equipped with a mot.or that is an in· is covered by non-conducting material so that there the bottom of a silIliiar reservoir are quite different. teresting development of the class of engines operated will be very little loss of heat by radiation. The first step is the withdrawal of a certain volume of by super-heated water. In the earlier systems, the Steam drawn from the top of such a reservoir must the heated water; but Ilone of this withdrawn water is storage tank was charged with water at a temperature have been developed by the vaporization of a part of expanded into steam inside the reservoir. The conver· corresponding to a pressure of several hundred pounds the stored water; and as successive volumes of steam sion occurs in the cylinder, where a portion of the water to the square inch, the steam are withdrawn there will be successive con· becomes steam and the other portion, cooled by the from this water bein� utilized versions of water into steam. abstraction of heat as above explained, is thrown away. in the cylinders of the motor None of the cuol water is in the same manner as t;team returned to the reservoir. from the locomotive boiL�r is The volume of water taken expanded down in the loco· from the reservoir at each 1lI0tive cylinders. 'fhe opera· withdrawal is small, and the tion of tho�e motors was based only steam in the reservoir upon the laws of temperature will be that which will OCCll PY and pressure which govern the space left vacant by the the vaporization of liquids, abstraction of the water. This and as the steam which forms volume is very mnch less at the top of the storage tank than the volume of steam is drawn off to the cylinders, taken out at each withdrawal the water in the tank boils at when, as in the first instance, the lower pressure, producing steam and not water is ab­ more steam to supply the loss. stracted. The only cooling The reduction of the tempera· process is, therefore, that ture and pressure proceeds due to the development of until the pressure falls to a the very small amount of point at which it is not avail· steam to fill the vuid-and as able for use in the motor, the temperature and pressure when the tank has to be under these circumstances re­ blown off and recharged. lllain high, substantially all In the operation of the the water may be taken out earlier storage motors it was of the res�rvoir at the bottom found that the number of leaving still a residue of steam heat·units that was actually at high pressure. a vailable in the cylinders was The mechanical features of considerably smaller than had the system which is now been anticipated. Indeed, it undergoing test, are shown was proved that when the clearly in the accompanying pressure had been run down drawings. The generator is a STEAM GENERATOR SECTIONAL VIEW OF HOT WATER TANK AND to about half its original FOR WP· modification of the water- PLYING ATER AT 700 COMPOUND CYLINDER. amount, three-quarters of the W tube boiler, and is composed POUNDS PRESSURE. original heat-units still re­ of a nest of tubes con pled mained in the reservoir, and into manifolds at the top and that something like nine-tenths of the water remained. When a definite weight of water is converted into bottom. The present working pressure is 700 pounds It was found tQat only about one-ninth of the total steam, the reSUlting volume of steam must hold in it­ to the square inch. From the generator, water is drawn ener�y contained in the heated water of the tank was self 1Il0re heat than was contained in the volume of off into three carefully insulated storage tanks, cal'l'ied available for useful work in the cylinders. water which was actually converted into steam. In beneath the car, who�e total capacity is 7,000 pounds. A few years ago it occurred to Mr. W. E. Prall that the case of a boiler with fire burning under it, this The water is led from the bottom of the tanks to two more economical results could be secured by wit.hdraw­ additional heat may be supplied by the fire; but water chambers, which are &rranged at each end of the ing the heat from the tank, not in the form of steam, when steam is drawn from the top of a reservoir of high·pressure cylinder, as shown in the accompanying but of water, ann allowing the hot water thus abo heated water with no extraneous supply of heat, this section. From these chambers it is fed into the cylin· stracted to give up its heat within the cylinders required heat for the production of steam will be abo der through three Tappet valves, each of which has a of the engine itself. In certain expE:rilllents carried stracted from the stored water. The temperature of screw and nut adjustment by which the alllount of out at Washington, D C., in 1888, it was found that the stored water will be correspondingly reduced and "feed may be regulated. As the piston travels through practical tests confil'llled the soundness of his theories. every �uccessive withdrawal of a volume of steam and its strokes, the water, under the decreasing pressure, The motors which now are being tried upon the Put· every consequent conversion of water into steam in· continually flashes into steam. From the high-pl·es· nam Railway cars are the first attempt to apply these side the reservoir further reduces the temperature of sure cylinder the steam, and that portion of the water theories to the operation of a standard railroad. the water still remaining. Even when beginning with which has not been evaporated, pass out through large The advantages of taking water from the bottom of high temperature and pressure, the water cools so ports Oil the bottom of the cylinder, and the water is a storage reservoir, instead of takin� steam from the rapidly under these conditions as to be very soon at drained off through suitable valves which arE! I'lCllteil

811PIlR·KIlAtIlD WAUR MOtOR, BK�WING ARRANGEMENT OF TANKS AND COMPOUND ENGINES, J Citutifit �mtritall. in the tower-face of the val ve-chest. The exhaust steam and 22,500 instruments. The subscription rates asked A Travelin� Central Statton. from the high-pressure cylinder is conducted in the or­ on the State lines rarely exceed $14, but on some According to the Technische Revue, there i� in use dinary way to the low-pressure cylinder, from which lines reach $25 ; in other cases the rates are as on the French railroads a traveling central station it is finally exhausted to the atmosphere. low as $2.80. The largest of the private companies is consisting of a rail way car bearing a dynamo and a The valves which control the admission of hot water the General Telephone Company, of Stockholm, whose petroleum motor, the latter serving for driving the to the motors are so constructed that water may be fed system in the city and suburbs covers a radius of 43 former. One of the axles of the car is fitted with an directly to both cylinders, when it is desired to exert an miles. The competition with the government lines electro-motor, which receives its current from the dy­ extra effort in stal·ting the namo, so that the auto-car car, a by-pass arrangement can go wherever there is bE'ingused which is some­ work to be done. There what similar to that adopt­ the current generated by ed in compound locomo­ the dynamo is used either tives of the usual type. for running machines or The method of mounting for illumination. It suffices the cylinders upon the for feeding four to six arc trucks is clearly shown in lamps or thirty to forty the accompanying engrav­ incandescent lam ps. This ings. The Stephenson " electric power house " has valve Illotion is used, and been found especially valu­ a common valve stem does able for working in rail­ duty for the pistou slide road tunnels. vah'e of each cylinder. • •• The car may be operated PROBLEMS OF THE CHI­ from both the front and NESE CAMPAIGN. the rear platforms, the BY WALDON FAWCETT. starting, stopping or re­ The military campaign versing of the engines and in China will encounter putting on the brakes graver engineering prob­ being performed by means lems, particularly in con­ of three superimposed nection with the mainte­ haud-wheels, arranged just nanceof an adequate trans­ above the dashboard of port system, than have ap­ the car. Oue of these peared in any similar op­ wheels connects through erations in recent years. a central shaft with a pair In the first place, the of miter wheels, one of water transportation of which is keyed to the verti­ troops, animals, and sup­ cal shaft, and the other UNITED STATES LEGATION AT PEKING. plies to the base of op- attached to the outer end erations is a work con­ of a length of flexible shafting. The other end of the has brought about a reduction of rates, which accounts siderably more arduous than was the correspond­ flexible shaft is looped to a rod, on which is a worm for the extensive use of the telephone in Stockholm, ing task in either the Boer or the Spanish-American that engages a segment of a worm wheel, which in and the region has no less than 30,000 telephone posts. war. Russia. through the use of the new Trans­ its turn operates the reversing lever. A second hand Siberian Railway, has perhaps the best means of access ... ' . wheel operates through a similar arrangement of to the scene of conflict ; but the United States, Great miter wheels, flexible shafting, worm and worm wheel A New Photographic Plate. Britain, Germany, and all the other nations participat­ segment upon the throttle, the details of the throttle An invention has recently been patented in England ing in the movement, find it necessary to transport aud worm wheel segment being shown in the accom­ for a photographic plate or film which has the de­ nearly all oC their troops and practically all supplies panying sectional view of the cylinders. The third veloper;or the developer and fixeron the plate, so that distances equal to from one-third to one-half the cir­ hand-wheel operates a brake and gear of usual pat­ it is only necessary to place it in water to obtain a de­ cumference oC the earth. tern. Each truck is equipped with two compound en­ veloped, or a developed and fixed negative. The de­ In so far as this phasp, of the case is concerned, the gines which are coupled upon a common crankshaft, veloper is applied to the plate in dry form and is then experience of the quatermasters' departments of the with the crank set at 90° , A pinion at the crank­ protected by an air-tight covering, the chemical not American and British armies in the recent wars is of shaft engages a smaller pinion on the shaft of the becoming active until the plate is put into a bath of great value. Not only has a knowledge of the economical driving wheel axle. It is estimated that with the water. The combined developing and fixing methods conduct of a transport system been acquired, but the three tanks charged with water at 700 pounds pres­ give the best results. The ingredients are mixed with troopships, fitted up to meet the emergencies of the sure, at a corresponding temperature of 5000, the car a strong solution of sugar or dextrine. The solution past few years and remaining in service, formed the will be capable of running for forty miles at a speed may be applied to the back f the plate and then pro­ nucleus of a fleet which, under less favorable circum­ of from thirty to forty miles an hour. tected with paper or soluble gelatine, or it may be stances, would have re1uired months for assemblage. coated upon a paper backing sheath or envelop It early became apparent that, owing to the length of Telephone In S-wedeu.. which protect!! the plate. The material can also be the voyage to be mad�, it would be necessary to Sweden is the country in which the use of the tele­ applied to the back of the film and can be cut up with provide a good sized fle t of transports ; and the vari­ phone is the o u s nations, III 0 s t widely therefore, lost extended. The no tim e in fi r s t long-dis­ charte rin g tance line was practically all established by the vessels on the State in the Pac i fi c 1889, between available for Stockholm and such purposes. Got henbur g, Perhaps a :.JOO miles dis­ word shonld tance. Sinc e be said with theu the nUIll­ reference to ber of lines has the transport been constant­ service of the ly increasing, United States and at the end War Depart­ of 1898 the ment upon the Ion g est dis­ Western ocean, tance covered since it would was 2,000 miles, appear to be between Hop­ nearly model a ra n do and in almost all Y s t 0 d. The respects. The pro g res s is fleet now in shown by the use for service fact t hat in between t his 1890 there were country, Chi­ 7,680 miles of na. and the lines 126 sta­ Philip pi nes tions, and 4,950 con sis t s of inst ruments ; thirty-four ves­ in 1897 this had sels, aggregat­ increase d to ing nearly 135,- 4.'>, 180 mile s, 000 ton s bur- 7 3 4 stations, WHARVES AT TIEN-TSIN-BASE OF SUPPLIES OF AMERICAN ARMY. den. Of th is and 32,890 in- number four- struments. The rapid development of the State the film for development. The process of development teen vessels of 60, 500 aggregate tonnage are owned telephone lines has not prevented the extension of merely consists in placipg the plate in water, which outright by the government and are regularly in its the systems installed and maintained by private softens the covering and dissolves the developer. A service, the remaining score of steamers, the tonnage of co mpanies, as will be observed by the fact that in similar process has been applied to printing papers by which is in excess of 75,000 tons, are chartered from pri­ 1896 there were 25,200 miles of lines, 387 stations, tbe inventors. vate firms and individuals, and more than haIf of tbem 118 tir.uiifit �lUtritau� AUGUST 25, 1<)00. J have been secured since the outbreak of trouble in they not been compelled to put the road along which Selenee Notes. China. For these craft the Transportation Bureau of they were advancing in passable condition. The Formosa produces by far the greatest quantity of the Quartermaster·General's Department pays about first sections of the roads, moreover, are much the camphor. The annual output amounts to between six $11,000 per month, or in the neighborhood of $550 per best, being nearly level ; whereas the highway, as it million and seven million pounds, while the Japanese day. All of the transports which are owned by the approaches Peking. winds among hills and its frequently annual production is about three hundred thousand, government and which, between original purchase cut between bll-nks from ten to twenty feet high. Here and that of China two hundred and twenty thousand price and the outlay for refitting, have cost $10,000,000, careful scouting is necessary, owing to the excellent pounds. are employed in carrying troops ; but all save two of opportunities presented for ambuscades. Dr. S. Adolph Knopf has won a prize of 4.000 marks the chartered steamers are used either as freight ships According to the best informed military authorities offered by t.he Tuberculosis Congress for the best essay or for the transportation of animals. who have visited the Chinese capital, the defenses of on the subject "How to Fight Tuberculosis as a Disease '£ he Navy Department in its preparations has been Peking have been greatly overestimated. The famous of the Masses." Eighty·one essays were offered in com­ confronted with almost as many difficulties as have wall which surrounds the city is of great height and petition. The award was made by a committee com­ the army officers. There is no satisfactory naval base thickness ; but it is composed mainly of earth dug posed of several of the leading German physicians and within a reasonable distance from the scene of opera­ from the adj acent moat, and this mass, although faced two or three State dignitaries. tions. Manila is more than two thousand miles from with brick and stone, would prove by no means im­ A letter has been published in Moscow from Svep Taku ; and in case of a naval war the ordinary Chinese pregnable to modern engines of war. The defenses Anders Hedin, a traveler, in which he mentions an ex­ ports would be closed. About the only solution pos· of the sixteen gateways are inadequate, and at some cursion into Thibet in a direction never before at· sible is a joint use of the coaling-station at Chefoo, places painted cannon have been utilized to give a tempted by Europeans. He succeeded in reaching with the British, or of the naval base at Port Arthur, semblance of strength. Lake Lobnor, on the shores of which he discovered the with the Russians. The great danger to the health of the foreign troops remains of an ancient city. The ruins were magnifi· In a land campaign, much of which may have to be is found in the radical changes in tem perature. From cent and were intersected by broad roads. carried on in the dead of winter, with the thermometer the intense heat of the summer there is a quick tran­ The ice hahit is making rapid progress in Great below the zero mark, fuel will naturally be a primary sition to the dampness of the rainy season. This, too, Britain largely owing to the calls of Americans. To·day requisite, but it is planned to resort to _ the scheme is followed by a period of cold nights, and finally by the all first class establishments put ice upon the tables in which proved successful in the Spanish· American war winter season of bitter cold days and nights. Had small tubs and guests pick out as much as they desire when the nation suffered from the same lack of coaling _ not precautions been taken the drinking water would with ice tongs. Though few saloons and restaurants stations which now threatens to embarrass it. A fleet have constituted a source of great danger to the health have refrigerators, many private houses are now pro· of colliers was then pressed into service to carry coal. of the soldiery ; but the United States government at vided with them. The consumption of ice would Fortunately, a number of these vessels are still in the the outset expended the SUID of $14,000 in the purchase be much greater if regular companies distributed it, possession of the War and Navy Departments. The of a distilling and sterilizing plant especially for use but the business is now largely in the hands of fish· fierce competition for tonnage on the Pacific for war in China, which plant has a capacity of 32,000 gallons mongers. The yearly consumption of ice in England uses has, however, had its effect and the government of pure water per day, so that the wants of the soldiero is 450,000 tons and in London 160,000 tons. Much of is paying $9 per ton for the transportation of fuel to of this nation at least are well provided for. the ice is brought from Norway and a considerahle the Orient, whereas a few months ago the service was The arrangements are the best possible under quantity is manufactured. performed for $7 per ton. the circumstances. Owi�g to the fact that China has In anticipation of a further advance in the freight never signed the Geneva treaty guaranteeing the con­ London is at last to have a complete ambulance ser· rates to a practically prohibitive point the government sideration of Red Cross nurses as non·combatants, it is vice. There is no place in the world where it is so much has fitted out the colliers which were purchased dur­ unlikely that any female nurses will be detailed for needed. The Metropolitan corps of the St. John Am­ ing the Spanish-American war, and which have since duty in the interior ; but the United States hospital bulance Brigade does excellent work, but their chief been out of eommission. The same plan has been fol· ships " Solace" and "Relief," the hospital ship " Maine " surgeon, Mr. S. Osborn, recolI1ll1ends that the service lowed with water· ships, disinfecting barges and other fitted out in England for use in South Africa, and other should be under the control of the London County adj uncts of warfare upon the sea. There are about similar craft are stationed at Taku and other ports to Council. His idea is to graft an ambulance system for twenty vessell,; in the collier fleet. care for the wounded. Each of these vessels can accom­ London on to the Metropolitan Fire Brigade, by whom All the reports thus far received by the government modate from three hundred to follr hundred patients it can be easily horsed, housed and supplied with emphasize the difficulties of unloading pack and cav· at a time. alarm cal ls. '£ he London Fire Department does not aIry animals and supplies at Taku . The necessity The rail way and teillgraph systems of China are not have any too many horses now for prompt responding for a change of the base of operations from Nagasaki likely to play a very important part. in the present to calls, and it would necessitate an increase of the to Taku consumed no little time ; and some confusion campaign. If hostilities are prolonged to any extent number of houses if the new scheme is adopted. has doubtless been induced by the strenuous effort they will almost certainly be destroyed beyond all hope It has for a long time been supposed that the mon­ to land every ton of fuel and supplies possible, owing of speedy repair. There are only 350 miles of railroad goose was immune to snake bite, but an official report to the fact that the rivers and bays in north China in the Empire. of R. H. Elliot states that the creature is not immune freeze as early as November 1. Prior to their destruction during the past summer, in the fullest sense of the expre�sion, as it may suc­ Alchough the authorities at Washington early de­ telegraph lines connected Peking with the capitals of cumb to a snake bite, if sufficiently severe, the same cided to make use of the Pei·Ho River for conveying practically all of the provinces and extended far into as any other animal. His researches show, however, supplies to the successive camps of the American forces the dependencies, connecting also with the ocean that the mongoose enjoys a partial and comparative on their march to Peking and authorized Gen. Chaffee cables and with the Russian Trans·Siberian telegraph immunity frOID snake poison. That is to say, a mon­ to purchase all the steam launches, drawing three feet lines. The total length of the lines, according to statis­ goose req u ires from ten to twenty-five times as much of water or less, for the tl'ansportation of both troops tics that were compiled but a fe w months ago, ex­ cobra venom to kill it as a rabbit doe�, and from five and supplies, the value of this waterway as an avenue ceeded four thousand miles. to ten times as much as a dog. The mongoose was in· of communication is at best uncertain. Above Tien­ .. I.' • troduced into Guadeloupe and Barbadoes twenty·five Tsin-it is navigable only for light draught vessels ; and The Present Positio n oC Roentgen-Ray Work. years ago, and iu this period there has been a very ap' the windings are so numerous and the bends so sharp At the recent meeting of the Roentgen Society, Mr. preciable reduction of the animal's resistance to snake that hawsers must be resorted to continually in order Wilson Noble, in the course of his presidential address, venom. to facilitate the progress of the larger craft. Water said no very striking discovery with regard to the rays M. Pietro Pellegrini, an Italian scientist, has lately transport via this river was, however, employed by the had to be recorded, but a steady improvement had published the results of his researches npon mush­ Anglo-French force in 1860, and the allies found at Taku taken place in general practice. It was now possible rooms of the poisonous variety, of which the following and Tien-Tsin a large number of specially constructed to shorten exposures and to get far better definition, resume may be given : The poison of mushrooUls dis­ junks and light draught tugs which have proven well both in sciagrams and on the screen. In the latter solves easily in water and the aqueous extract keeps its adapted for the purpose at hand. case there was much greater clearness, and, what was toxic properties for a long time, these haVing been The roads of China vary greatly in character, and of even more importance, an absolutely steady image. strongly marked at the end of eleven months. The the eight-six mile stretch between Tien-'l'sin an,1 It was also possible to iocalize foreign bodies with poisonous action is not diminished by the drying of Peking which constitutes the pathway of the allies is certainty, and the importance of stereoscopic radio­ the mushrooms by heat. Mammals and birds show a in some respects one of the best in the land. It follows scopy, seeing objects in relief on the screen, was an great sensibility to the poison, even in feeble doses, the Pei·Ho River closely, and during the rainy season, accomplished fact. There were many things difficult but on the contrary it is without effect upon cold· which does not end until well into September, is nearly to see, or, at all events, to distinguish with certainty, blooded animals. The action is shown very clearly impassible in places, a circumstance which is by no when seen as a flat surface, but which came out with when it is injected under the skin ; animals, when sub­ means strange when it is reinembered that the rainfall wonderful clearness when seen in relief. One had jected to frequent injections of this kind, acquire a frequently exceeds ten inches per day. With the only to look at an ordinary stereoscopic slide, first with­ certain immunity, and the serum of these animals may rainy season past, travelers on the road have the ter­ out and then with a stereoscope, to appreciate this. be used as a remedy in cases of poisoning. rific dust storms to bear. Much of the country is open ; More particularly was this the case with objects show­ the soil is sandy, and the heavy "':raffic over the thor­ ing but little contrast and ill-defined; such, for in­ Mr. Joseph Jaubert has addressed the following note oughfare grinds the light soil into a fine dust that fills stance, as the early patches of tuberculosis in the to the Academie des Sciences, relating to a halo of ex­ nose and eyes and mouth, and at times almost prevents lung. He could not but think that the diagnosis of traordinary appearance observed on the 22d of June travel. this disease would be enormously facilitated when at 10h. 45m., at the Observatory of Montsouris, Paris. The whole tract of country between the seacoast and sterescopic radiography became general. Many minor Messrs. Besson and Dutheil observed an irised arc at the Chinese capital is usually flooded during the improvements had been brought before the society the interior of the ordinary halo of 22° radius, of which autumn, and this year the usual inundations were during the past year. One noticeable feature of the the upper half was then visible. This arc appeared greatly increased by the breaking of dikes on the present practice was the adoption of the influence to belong to a circumference having the sun as a cen­ Pei-Ho River by natives who sought to impede the pro· machine by many workers. It was too soon to say ter ; about three·eighths of the circumference was gress of the invading army. This circumstance has whether that machine would ever supersede the coil. represented. The two observers made drawings sepa· entailed no little inconvenience upon the allied forces, In South Africa the rays had rendered admirable ser­ rately, which were found to be concordant. According since it not only obliterated many roads and destroyed vice. It was a fortunate circumstance that the work to one of these, the radiq.s of the exterior halo was 17°; bridges. but destroyed a considerable portion of the for which they were most wanted on the battlefield­ the second gave 17'5°. The duration oJ the pheno· crops in the territory between Tien-Tsin and Peking, a i. e. , for the localization of foreign b/)dies-was the menon was about 10 minutes. From 18h. to sunset tract which has been denominated one vast truck gar­ easiest to perform, for the employment of the rays any­ were 8.1so observed, besides the two ordinary parhelia, den, and which, under ordinary conditions, would have where than at a well appointed base hospital was ac­ brilliantly colored ; the summit of the halo of 22° ra­ afforded ample sustenance for an army of almost any companied with enormous difficulty. The number of diuG crowned by a mass of white light ; the halo of 46° size. oases constantly coming in, the necessity for hurrying radius, of which the whole of the upper half was visi· It wa.!, onquestionably, the wretched Chinese roads through them, and the constant impossibility of keep­ ble at 18h. 20 m.; and finally a luminous column which which forced Admiral Seymoor, the British command­ ing the tube in good workhig condition, the difficulty was already perceptible at 19h. and which acquired at er, to abandon his effort to relieve Peking before the of charging the acculliulators, and many other serious 19h. 30m. a length of nearly 20°. It disappe'tredbefore middle of the summer. His soldiers might have inconveniences. made it a marvel how any satisfactory sunset, on account of the thickening and alteration of overcome the resistance which they encountered had work could be done.-British Journal of Photography. the layer of cirro-stratus to which it was due. AUGUST 25, 1900. J !meritJII. titutifit SOliE STAGE EFFECTS IN "BEN HUB." horse. This is accomplished by means of a treadmill, To make the illusion complete, Mr. Hagen ha� pro­ For years the public has been uemanding more and which the horses themselves actuate. In "Ben Hur," vided an exceedingly ingenious means for re presenting more realism in plays. Managers have found great many radical improvements have been introduced, the ground, causing the chariots to appear to be actu­ difficulty in satisfying this demand, owing to the time even in this part of the performance. - Reference to our ally moving over it. This illusion is effected by a num­ rer::!.uired to set elaborate scenery. The public dislikes engravings will give an idea of the mechanism. ber of narrow, endless canvas belts, painted in low long waits, and more than once a play or opera has A large part of the illusion depends upon the back­ tones to represent the ground and placed edgewise on proved a fai lure on this accou nt ; but after one has ground, which gives the idea of positive motion, and the stage between and in front of the chariots and ex­ seen the production of an elaborate play from behind the one shown in our engraving, invented by Mr. tending across the stage. On being driven tow81'd the the scenes, he will never again be impatient at the Hagen, is very novel. It embodies means for mount­ rear of th� chariot it appears to the spectator that the Ipngth of the e/l tr'acte. '1' he only wonder is that the ing and driving traveling aprons at the rear and sides chariots are lIloving over the ground. To give proper elaborate setting can be gotten ready in the five to of the stage, so as to prevent any bl'eak in the scene, perspective to this effect the speed at which the belts fifteen minutes between the falling of the curtain at and this, of course, gives the audience the impression are driven is gradually decreased toward the rear of the close of one act and the raising of the curtain at of change of scenery. as in the illusion the spectator the stage. Suitable gearing is provided for driving the beginning of the next act. An excellent piece of follows the racing horses. At the rear of the stage is these belts, which are actuated by an independent work of this kind is shown in "Ben Hur, " in which the an endless apron, flanked on each side by smaller end motor shown at the right of the picture. The belts �cenery is shifted, in the dark, in from five to thirty less aprons, each of which is complete in itsllif, but are themselves are carried on pulleys which are mounted seconds. operated in unison. When not in use the side aprons on housings which may be readily placed in position "Ben Hur : A Tale of Gh rist," by Gen. Lew Wal lace, may be folded back against the real'apron ; but while when the scene is set. For connecting the pulleys was first published in 1880, and has attained It wider the scene is being " set " for the chariot race t.hey are which carry the belts with the gear for driving them, sale than probably any other American wOl'k of fiction, extended to the position indicated in our engraving. couplings are provided which pass through the floor of with the exception of •. Uncle Tom's Cabin." N otwith­ Upon thet!<:l aprons are painted representations of the the stage and which may be readily taken up when standing this fact, twenty years elapsed before it was background of the scene ; in this case representing the the chariots are removed, leaving a clear and uninter­ dramatized. We present some illustrations of scenes antique circus at Antioch filled with spectators. The rupted stage. We now come to the chariots them­ from •• Ben Hur," as played at the Broadway Theater, lllechani�m will be understood by reference to our en­ selves. New York. They represent some of the latest phases of gmving. Directly below the chariots will be seen the The tread mills are placed immediately beneath the good stage 11leciJanism, and the chariot-race scene is electric motor which actuates all three aprons of the stage and are covered by sections of planking which probably unrivaled. Our readers are doubtless fam iliar panorama. It .is a five-horse power Lundell motor, are removed and carried out to the wings when the with the story. It will be remembered that Bt:-n Hur, and is operated at the propel' time by the assistant, race is to take place. There are eight treadmills, one the hero of the play, by accident dislodges a tile from who stands at tpe switchboard and who receives the, for each horse, and the horses are brought up from the the roof of the palace of Hur, in Jerusalem. The tile signal of the stage manager by a flash of a colored stables, a few blocks away , a short time before they falls upon Valerius Gratus, the new Procurator of electric lamp. The motor is started manually. A are needed, and they take their places with the artists Judea, injuring him. The young prince is betrayed twisted belt imparts motion to a vertical shaft upon and supernumeraries awaiting their cue to go upon the by Messala, his one-time friend, and he is hurried away wl dch are three pulleys, one to receive the power from stage. They seem to take huge delight in the perform­ to the gal leys, while his family are thrown into pl'isOll ance, and seem to know to the minute the time when and their possessions confiscated. The second act they are to run. The chariots are two in number and opens with the interior of the cabin of a Roman galley, each is supposed to be drawn by four hon'es, and each or, rather, trireme. In the center sits the tribune, chariot i� provided with a pole. The chariot of BplI Arrius, on a raised dais, while in front of him sits the Hur is not a trick chariot, but that of Messala is ar­ sailor whose office it is to strike a sounding-board with ranged to go to pieces when Ben Hur is supposed to gavels, keeping time for the rowers. Along the sides strike his chariot, throwing him and causing him to of the cabin are rows of benches, which are really a Jose the race. The chariot wheels do not rest upon the succession of rising banks, and here are the galley floor of the stage, but al'e supported upon metal yokes slaves, who are each pulling at an immense oar. The which' are' not lloticed by the audience. The wheels tribune is impressed with the appearance of young are actuated by a sillall electric motor inside the body, Ben Hur, who is now a galley slave, and he gi ves orders and can be switched on by the drivers. Both chariots that when they go into battle Ben Hur shall not, like have these motors, and current is obtained by the aid the other galley slaves, be chained,- for in case of the of plugs which are inserted in the floor, The chariot boat sinking, the slaves would all be drowned. Then of Messala i� arranged so that at the critical moment comes an action with the pirates, in which the galley is, when Ben Hur strikes Messala's chariot by dropping a sunk. The crash and gl'inding of the timbers are ad­ catch, powerful springs on the axle throw the wheels mirably rendered hy what is known in stage parlance off and the body of the chariot drops upon a yoke as a "cmsh " machine. 'I.' he lights are then turned which is provided with springs. Of course, it is neces­ out and in an instant they are lighted again, showing sal'y to make one of the chariots appear to go ahead of t.he wreck scene, which is rllproduced in our upper the other. This could, of course, be manageu bY' allow­ eng-raving. The side scenes fold up instantly when ing the horses to really advance. but with four horses the change is made and drop to the floor. The rowers' this might prove dangerous. The same. Ineans is ac­ benches are pushed out of the way aud the borders complished by having the four treadmills and 'the "lace and back-drop are raised from view, The galley slaves upon which Messala's chariot �e8ts on an independent wit.h their oars drop to the floor. and the men from the section of the flooring, which can b'e moved back' a dis­ rear draw forward a painted cloth which represents tance of 15 feet. Underneath the stage joists support the sea ; it is secured to a batten and is laid down just this movable section and it slides ' directly on top of back of tile footlights. Men now step forward carry­ these joists. Curtains simUlating the color of the �tage ing the cloth which covers the raft, which rests UDon close the aperture at both ··end�, so that it is not visi \,)!e the tribune's seat. The back-drop scene was in place to the audience. At the extreme rIght of our engrav­ before the back ·drop of the galley was raised. It will ing, behind the side of the panorarlla, will be seen mell be remembered that the galley slaves are lying upon working at a winch. This wincb winds up a wire rope the floor and they now throw up and down the canvas which is carried over a pulley at the extreme left under­ cloth, producing a most realistic imitation of waves. TRICK CHARIOT IN .. BEN HUR." neath the stage, and is connected with the entire mov­ They are assisted by a number of men in the wings, able section carrying :Messala's chariot and horses, and who pull the cloth in unison. The raft itself consists the countershaft and the others to transmit the power three men move the whole affair back with ease and of two cradles, which are each w hinged that a rocking to the two enus to vertical shafts, which each ca rry a give the appearance of Ben Hur winn ing the race. motion is given in two dil·ections. This is done by cylindl'ical drum, around which the aprons are passed. A stop is provided so· that the treadmill cannot be Ben Hur and Arrius themselves. The raft is in posi­ T heir rotation causes the apron to travel continuously, operated by the horses until the panorama has beg-Ill. tion in the previous scene, but is not allowed to move, and gear-wheels Itre provided, as shown in our upper to move and the curtain is ready for operation. The being held by pins, which are removed by those left-hand engraving, which impart motion to the side horses al'e very securely fastened, so that there is little behind. With an electrical sun and proper elec­ aprons, so that they are all driven in the saUl e direc­ danger of an accident. To simulate the dust raised by trical effects, the scene is very realistic, and is interest­ tion, and to the spectator the three aprons ap pear to the chariot wheels, a com bination of powders is forced ing as showing how simply a good stage effect can be be a-continuous, unbroken scene. Notwithstanding out underneath the horses' feet and behind the chariot produced. the fact that the panorama is 96 fept wide and 25 feet wheels. This is accomplished by a blower in the cellar, It will not be necessary to rehearse the subsequent high, the three panoramas are all rotated at a speed of driven by the saUle electric motor which actuates the adventures of Ben Hur, but in his wanderings he comes 2.000 feet, per minute by a tW9· horse power motor. belts. The dust is fed into a hopper and is blown across his enemy, :Messala, and decides to humble him The ease with which this enormous extent of canvas is t.hrough fourteen ducts arranged at proper intervals to and ruin him by a chariot race in the circus at Antioch, driven is largely owing to the method of suspension, produce the desired result. The " dust " is a com­ and this scene is one of the most realistic ever pro­ which is also shown by a slllall inset in ollr upper left­ bination of vegetabie products arranged so as to imi­ d uced. It is a com bination of several effects, some of hand engraving. There is an endless track mounted tate the dllEt of a road having the buoyancy of natural them old and many of them entirely new. The new rigidly on ami extending bet ween the outrigger-struct­ dust without its grit. effpcts were im'ented by :Mr. Claude L. Hagen, of the ures at the two ends, and upon this wheels or rollers It requires about eight minutes to set this scene, and finn of McDonald & Hagen, New York city, who is are mounted to run on the tracks. The wheels or roll­ in that time the side panoramas are folded out into also the master mach inist of this splendid production ers al'e secured to hangers which are attached to a belt position, the sections of floors are removed, and the of " Ben Hur." When firstin troduced upon the stage, which runs around the upper portions of the drum to chariots are rolled into position and adjusted. The the horse race was a decided novelty, and it is doubt­ which the panorama apron is fastened. By these horses are hitched to the chariots, connections are ful if any stage illusion is more ingenious. The two means the apron is suspended in the proper position, made with the belts for giving the effect of moving principal plays in which the horse race has been tlsed and it is caused to turn true around the drums without ground, and the dust arrangements are put in place. are Neil Burgess' production of the popular play " The crinkling or being subjected to other distortion. The . I. I. Country Fair " and the French play presented in Paris lower edges of the aprons are provided with a belt THE telegraph was first est.ablished in Japan in 1869, called "Paris Port de Mer." In both of these plays mechanism, similar to that at the top, which serves to when a line was built between Yokohama and Tokio three horses, each ridden by a jockey, race upon the keep the bot tOlD edge of the apron in a proper position. by English engineers. In 1873 the Government Tele­ stage without going out of sight of the spectai,ors. We These belts also serve to receive the power transmitted graph Department was organized. In 1879 the Empire have in these plays an illusion true to nature ; the by the drums, which arrangement avoids straining the joined the International Telegraph Union. There are horses, appearing to be free from all restraint, are apron, as would be t he case were the apron engaged now 1,267 offices in Japan proper and 112 in Formosa, really galloping, the ground disappearing under their directly with the drulDs_ These hangers are shaped as and there are 144,570 miles of line in service. In 18!m feet and the landsca pe as well as the fences fly past i n frustums of a cone and are mounted by ball bea rings these lines transmitted 224,000 foreign and 15,275,623 the direction contrary to the lOl'ward motion of the on the spindles which carry them. domestic messages. 120 J jmtritau. ,itutifit THE PARIS lIETlt.OPOLITAN UNDEBGBOQD end to the project, it revised its decision and substi­ :8oulevard Diderot, and runs parallel with the Vin­ RAILROAD. tuted the normal gage, but with this restriction, cennes road till it reaches the gate of the same llame. The opening of the first section of the Paris Metro­ namely, that the cars should be smaller than those of Of the two other lines in course of construction, the politan Railway, on July 19, marks an interesting the companies. and that the tunnels should be of such most importan� is that running from Place de l'Etoil to event in the history of rapid transit, for certainly no size that the cars of the Metropolitan could circulate the Trocadero. This has a junction with the first­ city in the world has been so behindhand in trans­ only on the city system. In this way the city will mentioned line, so that passengers from the Bastille portation matters or which will so soon be adequately always be master of the line, and the companies, if and Rue de Rivoli can take the train directly for the provided. It is true that it was possible for any one they intend to connect with the city line, will have to Trocadero. The third line starts at the Porte Dau­ to travel by the Ceinture Railroad from one great rail­ make their time-tables according to its wishes. This phine, and runs under Avenues Hugeaud and Victor way station to the others, but the changes were numer­ condition may become illusionary, however, for when Hugo to Place I'Etoile. It is the beginning of the great ous and the line did not affect the transit problem. the State gave the concession to the city. it reserved circular railway. The Place de l'Etoile is a kind of cen­ Paris is very closely built, and large sections of it the right of letting the railroad companies make con­ tral station. Under its roadway the tracks branch out depend entirely upon omnibuses and street railways, nections with each other in Paris if they found it con­ in all directions. but for many years the �ervice Las been slow and en­ venient. When the three lines which constitute the first sec­ tirely inadequate. The Parisians understood the need The Municipal Council approved the project on July tion of the Metropoiitan Railway are entirely com­ for some rapid system of transportation, and in 1856 a 9, 1897, and on March 30. 1898, a law was promulgated pleted. the total length of them will be 26 miles. but at project was agitated for connecting the center of Paris making the work one of public utility. The law of present only the Porte Maillot and Porte de Vin­ with the circumference. It was not until 1871 that the April 4, 1898, authorized the city to borrow 165,000,000 cennes Lines have been finished, and tht'ext ensions to authorities began to study seriously the problem. A francs and the modification in width required this sum the Porte Dauphine and the Place du Trocadero are remarkable report was issued, and the scheme, as out­ to be raised to 180,000, 000 francs_ only partly completed. The total length of the main lined. has been followed to-day as regards the main Only a smal l section of the projected system has been line and the two branches is 8% miles, the main line ideas. In 1889 the need of a new line was strongly completed and not all the trunk-lines and branches being 7 miles long. The main line calls for eighteen felt, and when the Exposition of 1900 was resolved have been authorized. stations, but now eight only are being used. 'r here upon the necessity for haste was apparent. In 1896 Following is a list of the lines in the order of construc­ are three stations on the line which runs from the plans were forllJulated for supplying the insufficiency tion : 1. From the Porte de Vincennes to the Porte Place de l' Etiole to the Porte Dauphine, and four on

Tunnel, lhowing Third Rail Vinoennel Station ano. Tunnels.

Station on Metropolitan, showing Bridge Across Tracks. Rolling Stook in Car Yard.

THE NEW FARIS UNDERGROUND RAILWAY. in transportation facilities and also to attempt to build Dauphine, with a connection to the Porte Maillot. 2. the Trocadero branch. In reality there are in all up outlying quarters. The gage was to be of such a Circular line starting from I'Etoile and following the twenty-three stations only. for the central station on dimension as would insure the ,autonomy of the line. outside boulevards. 3. 'Menilmontant to the Porte the Place de l'Etoile is really a single station composed Electric traction was to be used. The tunnels. via­ Maillot. It separates 'from the two preceding lines at of three distinct parts. The stations are of five differ· ducts, etc .• were to be built by the city of Paris, and the Rue de Constantinople and passes through the Rue ent types. One station is open, seven stations have other expenses were to be paid for by a concessionaire. de Rome. the Boulevard Hanssmann, the Rues Auber, metallic ceilings, and seventeen stations are vaulted. One condition of success of the Metropolitan seemed Quatre Septembl'e, Reau mur, Turbigo. and Temple. At the terminal stations the trains go around a loop, to be the connection of its lines with the railroad sta­ 4. From the Porte d'Orleans to the Porte Clignancourt. so that no switching is necessary. The ordinary tun­ tions of Paris. Such connection would offer great ad­ This is the north-south transverse line. 5. Boulevard nel sections have a maximum width of 23 feet 4 inches, vantages, as it would permit travelers to cross the city de Strasbourg to Pont d' Austerlitz. It connects the and the clear space above the rails is 14 feet 9 inches. without going out of the stations, and would thus Place de la Bastille to the circular line. 6. Boulevard The stations are 246 feet long and 45 feet wide. 'fhe effect a great saving of time. The greatest advantage de Vincennes to Place de l'Halie. 7. From the Place platforms are 13 feet wide. and are raised 3 feet. above was doubtless the possibility of going from any point Valhubert to the Quay de Conti. 8. Palais Royal to the level of the tracks. The total width of the cars is in the city to the different stations of the suburb s with­ the Place de la Danube by the Rne Lafayette. 9. From 7 feet 10� inches, the gage being 4 feet 8� inches. out changing cars. This argument should have I'Opera to Auteuil by the Place de la Concorde and the At the Bastille Station, where the Metropolitan caused the Municipal Council to dt'cide upon a junc­ Invalides. crosses the St. Martin Canal, there is an open cut tion, but it had the opposite effect. The Council feared All the lines comprise two systems. a number of and an open station, but with this exception the line that if the Parisians had such inducements for living in transverse lines and a circular line, with other short runs entirely underground. The ticket. offices are the suburbs, the population would decrease. and their lines connecting them together at various points. reached by stairs from the street. and all the pl\ssages. octroi, or municipal tax, would diminish. It also feared The part now actual ly finished consists of one com­ halls. etc .• and the chief stations, are lined with white that the raUroad companies would some day have too plete line and the beginning of two other lines. The vitrified brick. The stations are well lighted, and the decisive a voice regarding the Metropolitan, and would first is the main transverse east· west line, which con­ tunnel is also lighted throughout its extent. Some of th us become the managers after having been evicted nects the Bois de Boulogne with the Bois de Vincennes. the stations have their platforms connected by over· as tenants. After having decided upon a track one It passes under the avenues of the Grande-Armee and head bridges. The rate of fare on the road is five cents meter in whitb, which woula have altoiether put an the Champs ElYiees, follows the Rue de Rivoli and the for first-class aud three cents for second-class. tickets. AUGUST 25, 1900. J �mtri,au. 121 Citutific Return second-claes ticket. are ilsued at an expenle down the 11,000 volt current to 860 volts. Three rotary When the gun i8 in its firingposition, with the levers of four cents. There are no first"class return tickets, transformers of 750 kilowatts each will feed current to vertical, the counterweight, hanging freely by its up­ and even the use of the second-class tickets must be the line at a pressure of 600 volts. '1' he sub-station per end, from the main axle, lies in front of the gun commenced before nine o'clock in the morning, as they equipment also includes a battery of 250 Tudor ac­ levers, and is kept separated from them a distance of are intended for the ut!e of workmen. The · distance cumulators of 1,800 ampere-hour capacity. about twenty inches by the telescopic spring cylinders. is covered in about thirty-five minutes,including stops, The total expense of the tunnels, viaducts, stations, The hydraulic cylinder lies between the telescopic which average twenty to twenty-five seconds. The etc., has been $7,400,000, and the company which has cylinders on the under side of the counterweight box, trains will leave about every ten minutes, and each the con<>ession has also spent a considerable sum. The and is journaled to it by suitable bearings. The piston train has one motor car and two traiffirs. concession is to run for thirty-fiveyears. of this cylinder is attached to a cross shaft joinin� the The motor car is given up to second-class passengers. The construction of the railroad is fully described in ends of the levers, and in this position is withdrawn It accommodates twenty-eight persons and the trailers the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, Nos. 1211, from the cylinder about twenty inches. accommodate forty persons. The motor cars are pro­ 1226, and 1243. The general operation of the carriage is as follows : vided with two hundred horse power motors, enabling ------.�'H.�'�.�------On firing, rotation of the system takes place about the a quick start to be made and a high-sustained speed THE HOWELL DISAPPEARING CARRIAGE. main axle ; the gun moves to the rear and downward, while running through the tunnel. 'The track weighs The work at the Sandy Hook Proving Ground is by the gun levers being caught by a ratchet when the 106 pounds to the yard_ The current is conveyed by a no means confined to the mere test of the balIistic loading position is reached. The lower end of the third rail. The conductor rail is supported by insu- qualities of the army guns ; but considerable time is levers moves forward and upward, compressing the lators secured to spring cylinders, every t h i r d or and forcing in the fourth tie. The piston of the hy­ cars are brilliantly draulic cylinder, lighted by electri­ thus transmitting city. The trailers their rotation to have ten lamps the counter­ and the mot0 r weight. The rela� cars eight lamps tive motion of and two head or about twenty signal lights. At iuches allows the presen t twenty­ counterweight to two motor cars gradually acquire have been deliv­ the full velocity ered and more of r e c 0 i I and than double that greatly red u c e s n u IIIber have been the shock due to ordered. The the sudden accel­ Illotor cars hllve eration of so large the u sua1 fuse a mass. boxes, lining', ar­ In the firing po­ resters, etc. West­ sition nearl y the i n g h 0 use air­ total mass of the brakes are used counterweight is and the compress­ suspended fro m ors are run by an the main axle, but e I e c t r i c motor. during the recoil Contact is obtain­ of the system, as ed with a third the lever arllJS ro­ rail by means of tate from the vet·­ two 8h03s, and in tical position, the the car yards over­ weight is gradu­ head wi res are ally transferred to used . A four­ them until in the wheeled trolley horizontal po s i - carl'iage running tion they carry 011 the wire re­ TEN-INCH RIFLE ON . HOWELL ,D.ISAPPEARING GUN CARRIAGE ; FIRING POSITION. practically the ceives the current whole mass. and delivers it to a motor car by mealAS of a cable arid expended on the "arious gun-carriages that are sub­ When the gun is loaded the nJ tchet holding the gun plug. mitted to the War- Depart ment. The mount is of only le\'ers is released, the counterweight, due to its pre­ The electric power by which the cars are driven will less importance than the gun, particularly in that class ponderance over the gun, moves downward and back­ be generated in a central power- house between the of mount which is designed to withdraw the gun be­ ward, carrying the system into the firingposition ; as Quai de la Rap�e and the Rue de Bercy. The boilers, hind shelter immediately upon its being fired. the gun levers approach the vertical, the mass of the engines, dynamos and auxiliary machinery have all The' disappearing gun-carriage, which forms the sub· counterweight is again transferred to the main axle, been built by Schneider & Company, of Creuwt. Tile ject of our illustrations, is now undergoing tests at and the telescopic springs force the lever arms away Bercy power house will directly supply current for Sandy Hook and has given fairly good results. It be­ from the counterweight. that portion of the road lying between Vincennes and longs to that type in which the gun is mounted on the The main recoil cylinder is mounted in trunnion the Louvre station. The other portion will also re­ extremities of two gun levers that rotate about a fixed bearings between the chassis below the main axle ; itti ceive current from the main power house, but through axis. To the other extremity of the levers is attached piston being attached to the counterweight. Whell the mediuinof a transforming sub-station at the Place a coun terweight, which brings the gun from the load­ the gUll is fired the piston is withurawn ; the oil passes de I'Etoile. The central station will consist of three ing to the firing position and assists in checking recoil through ports in the piston head from front to rear, batteries of six boilers each ; a group of 1,500 kilowatt when the gun is fil·ed. forllling the hydraulic brake, which absorbs the greater generators furnishing a direct current at a pressure of The principal parts of the carriage are : Lower roller portion of the energy of recoil due to firing. 600 volts ; four groups of 1,500 kilowatt generators, fur­ path, rollers, upper roller path, chassis, main axle, gun '.r wo independent chains of gearing mounted on the nishing a three-phase current of 5,000 volts and 25 levers, counterweight, main recoil cylinder, auxiliary two cheeks of the chassis engage in circular racks on periods; various auxiliary machines, exciters, trans­ recoil cylinder, elevating gear, retraction gear, tm verse the gun levers and serve as a means of lowering the formers, and a battery of accumulators. Normally, the circle and traversing gear. gun from firing to loading position during practice direct current is used for the Vincennes-Louvre sec­ The distinctive feature of the cart'iage is the method drills. tion ; but, if necessary, the three-phase systemalso can of attaching the counterweight, there being an hy­ The gun is elevated and depressed, either ill the be called into requisition. In the SUb-station, nine draulic and two telescopic spring cylinders, interposed loading or firingpo sition, by means of a band and two static transformers of 250 kilowatts each will step- between the bottoms of the levers and the weight. arms connected with two racks ; the racks, actuated by

HOWELL DISAPPEARING GUN ; GUN DEPRESSED. FRONT VIEW. 122 AUGUST 25, I(}OO. spur gears, mQve in �uides fastened to the inner faces whole series of treatment that has beeo explained. At tioo, or preferably a fixing bath of 1,000 parts water, of the cheeks. last, the chemist had the satisfaction, after a treat­ 11S0 parts hypo, 50 of sulphite of soda, and 50 of com­ In their report of the tests which have already been ment of boiling sulphuric acid, of flnding a deposit mon salt ; the fixinglasts about ten or fifteen minutes, Illade, in which 26 rounds were fired with a lO-inch gun that could not be attacked. after whic'h the plates are washed, as usual, and dried.

llJounted on a carriage of this type, the Board states The residue finally obtained with so much trouble e1.,.. that, in the final firings for rapidity and accuracy, the fell to the bottom of a vessel filled with a heavy liquid Incandescent Gas Light. general working of the carriage was satisfactory, al­ as methyliodide. With the aid of a strong microscope, The Photographische Chronik warns its readers, says l hough the loading angle was too great and the minute, transparent octahedrons were discovered, which Traversing mechanism was too slow and uncertain. burned on a leaf of platina, and in a current of oxygen, The Bl'itish Journal of Photography, against tables of The retraction mechanism was also criticised as being disengaging carbon, and almost without leaving ·ash. the comparative chemical action of various kinds of too slow, while the height of parapet required is twice The proof was ample. M. Rossel had really discovered light, when an incandescent mantel is used for a stand­ as great as that of the service gun. " The great merit diamonds in steel. ard light. ., Lux," a Dutch contemporary, has given of the carriage," says the report, "is the absence of The higher the temperature at which the steel has the following information concerning the solutions used sliding parts." been made, the more diamonds it contains. This ac­ for the preparation of gas mantels, and it will be seen • ' . I • cords with the noted experiments of M. Moissan. It that the light varies considerably according to the salts used. A SIMPLE ROTARY PUMP FOR LIGHT SERVICE. is probable also that the hardness of the metal in­ FOR WHITE LIGHT. The Taber rotary pump, made by the Taber Pump creases with the number of diamonds it contains; in Zirconium oxide ...... , ...... 40 per cent. Company, of Buffalo, N. Y., is an ingenious pumping reality, they are the cause of its hardness. It is curi­ .. ' Lantbanum oxide " ... • ..... " ...... 40 apparatus which is intended for light service where a ous to observe that these diamond octahedrons are 'f horium oxide ...... 20 large alllount of liquid is to be pUllJped against mod­ easily broken, so that in the steels worked, forged or FOR ORANGE LIGHT. erate pressure. It performs its work with but a small rolled, only the debris of crystals were found. Lanthanum oxide ...... 40 per ceut. expenditure of power and in a comparatively short In a still more interesting trial, M. Rossel believes he Thorium oxide ...... 30 time. has ascertained that the ordinary casting is not the Zirconium oxide ...... 27 Didymium oxide ... .. ,...... 3 The pump consists essentially of an outer shell in­ best dissolvent of the carbon and that, in view of the closing a piston-cylinder which is provided with open results, the method suggested by M. Moissan can be FOR YELLOW LIGHT. Lanthanum oxide...... 40 per ceut. ways or valve slots. Sliding valves, which are con­ improved and perfected. The trial to which we allude H rrhoriulli oxide • ...... •••••••• •••...... •..•... 28

took place on a loup, that is to say, on a block of .. .. structed with overlapping inner arms, are arranged in Zircouium oxide ...... 30 the ways so that they are forced through the piston by metal mingled with scoria, which is formed' at the Cerium oxide...... 2 contact with the abutment and do not drop by gravity. lower part of the blast furuace when the operation if! FOR GREEN LIGHT. Hence the pump can be operated at very slow speed not perfect. This loup has been brought from a fur. Thorium oxide ...... :...... 50 per cent. \\ to pump correspondingly as much liquid as at maxi· nace of the factory of Esch·sur, I'Alzette in Luxem bourg. Lanthanum oxide ... ••••....•.•• ...... •..•...•••... �O mum speed. It contained, among other things, a large quantity of Erbium oxide ...... 30 Owing to the peculiar construction of the valves crystalized graphite, and the washings isolated a large The mantel is afterward stiffened with a solu· there can be no back lash and no lateral Illotion ; as number of diamonds ; all much larger than those tion of water glass. Concerning the intensity of the the driving shaft rotates, the valves pass in and out, that had been found in ordinary steel. One, that re- light which may be obtained with gas mantels, if we back and forth through the cylinder, follow­ take 60 candles as the equivalent of a man­ ing the lines of the interior of the shell and tel, 1020 candle power may be had from 17 creating a vacuum. The pistons are self-ad­ mantels, which, with suitable reflectors, lllay justing and cOlllpensating, and their opera­ be increased tenfold, say ]0,000 candles in tion is not dependent upon springs, cam�, or round numbers. By diffusing the light with si Illilar devices. paraffin paper screens a loss of 20 per ceut. A noteworthy feature in the construction results, but if we place two rows of 6 man­ is the absence of all gearing, the power being tels each On One side of the sitter, and a row directly applied to the driving shaft through of 5 mantels on the shadow side, there still the mediul11 of a belt and pulley or directly· remains sufficient light to obtain full ex­ attached engine or motor. The pump is posure fn a few seconds. positive in its action and does not depend ••••• upon speed to create the necessary vacuul11. Aerial Telegraphy. So large are the valve openings that the M. Tomassina, who has been making a clogging of the 1110ving parts is well-nigh number of experiments in aerial telegraphy, impossible. has invented a device to prevent the inter­ Pumps of this type are capable of dis­ ception of a message by an intermediate ap­ charging from 25 to 600 gallons per minute, paratus, and has cOlll lll unicated his results depending upon the size of the pump, char­ to the Academie des Sciences. The fact that acter of the liquid. and height to which it is the message may be intercepted constitutes to be forced. The pumps are adapted for one of the chief drawbacks of the system. use in connection with hot 'or cold, thick or M. Tomassina proposes to overcome the diffi­ thin liquids, and have been long success, culty by using a meth.od based on the fact fully used in breweries, chemical works, soap that the distance to which the electric waves factories, tanneries, creameries, oil mills, and may travel depends upon the interval be­ packing houses. tween the two spheres of the oscillator, and by thus regulating the length of spark the 'I' he DiaDlonds of St eel. limiting distance of the signals may be de­ It has not hitherto been suspected that termined beforehand. To the first. trans­ our great metallurgic establishments were mitter is added a second, whose manipulator manufacturing precious stones. Yet nothing ROTARY PUMP FOR LIGHT SERVICE. sends an irregular series of waves quite out ' is more certain. It is true this has been of connection with the waves sent by the done without intention, and without knowledge at ceived the pompous name of the ,. Star of Luxembourg," first I ransmitter ; the second set of waves is regUlated the time. measures more than five·tenthsof a millimeter in thick­ for a zone of action which is somewhat smaller than Its possibility, however, might have been anticipated nees. Half a millimeter, perhaps, cannot yet compete that of the first. In this way a receiver placed on the when M. Mcissan made his experiments, ending 'with with the " Star of the South," or with the " Regent " ; zone of the second set will receive only a confusion of the artificial production of the diamond. He obt.ained but it must not be forgotten that it is a diamond pro­ ' signals, and the message cannot be read. It is only this gein by suddenly cooling under high pressure the cured artificially. Before long the blast furnaces of possible to read the signals of the first transmitter cast metal saturated with carbon. The same coudi­ Luxembourg may be able to vie successfully with the when the receiver is placed outside the zone of action tions are realized to a greater or less extent in the blast cOlumonplace mines of the Transvaal, where they are of the second. The security will be greater as the two furnaces for manufacturing special steels, by sudden content to pick up what nature has already provided. Zones approach each other. cooling of the fused Illetal under elevated pressure. In -Le Diamant. . 1.I • this class of steels there must be diamonds, microscopic •••• • Discovery of. Standard Weigh ts of Ancient Kome • without doubt, and Prof. A. Rossel, of the Univertiity Utilization of Photographic Plates. The excavations that have been in progress for some of Berne, has beeu conducting experiments in the The following method has been giveu by which pho­ months past upon the site of the ancient forum at laboratory of inorganic chemistry for the purpose of tographic plates, which have been fogged or accident­ Rome have resulted in quite a curious discovery. ascertaining whether such dialnonds rtlally exist. ally exposed to the light, may be utilized for making Under a large, square flagstone there were found three Already his coneIusiolls have been presented to the glass positives or lantern slides. A solution is made up weights of twenty, thirty, and one hundred Roman Academy of Sciences, but one of his principal col­ of 100 parts distilled water, 6 parts bromide of potassi­ pounds dating from at least two centuries before our laborators, M. Leon Franck, has recently prepared a um, and 50 parts chloride of copper. The plate is era. These weights, which are of irregular elliptical detailed statement of the methods employed and the exposed for one or two minutes at one foot distance form, are of dark green marble and provided with a results obtained. from an ordinat·y gas flameand by orange or red light, bronze handle in order to facilitate their'tnanipulation. A considerable number of steels of various produc­ is placed in the preceding solution for eight or ten In the opinion of Signor Giacomo Boni, who is super­ tiun have beeu examined and treated in the same man­ minutes, then washed fifteen minutes in water ana intending the excavations, these are the most ancHmt ner. They all yield the same evidence. From a piece dried in the dark. Under the action of the bath, the specimens ·of standard Roman weights known, and, ; of co IIIpact steel a portion of about three hundred bromide of silver in the plate is changed to chloro-bro­ sin�e they are perfectly well preserved, without the gralll llles was cut out and treated with nitric acid. The mide. The plate is then printed under a negative for least fracture, they will permit archreologists to re­ insoluble residue consisted principally of carbon, es­ twenty to thirty seconds in daylight, or from two to establish 'the entire metrology of primitive Rome. pecially in the state of I;raphite, combinations of sili­ five minutes at one foot frol11 a gas flame ; it is then They have already been compared with the weights ( ' cium, etc. It was washed with water and then boiled developed in the following bath : now in use, and it has been found that the ancient three times with fuming nitric acid, which partially Water. " ...... 1,000parts. Latin pound Was exactly 325 grammes (10 ounces and .. dissolved it. They even obtained a dilution of the Hydroquiuoue...... 75 graills). The weights, moreover, are well prolJor­ ...... 10' deDsity of l'M by washing 'and successive additions Sodium carbonate ...... , ...... 100 .. tioned according to the numerical indications that are 10 of fluor-hydric acid ; then of fuming sulphuric acid. Bromide, per cent solution ...... • .. .l to 3 .. engraved upon the stone and that are still legible. There remained only graphite, which was washed, The ingredients are dissolved in the order indicated. The 20·pound weight represents exactly two-thirds dried, and dissolved with potassium chlorate. This If desired, an ordinary hydroquinone developer may be that of the 30-pound one and one·fifth of the largest, long series of operations was commenced again, for it used, adding a considerable amonnt of bromide. After which weighs 30 kilogrammes and 250 grammes (about wasdeemed necessary to pass the residue through the development, rinse and fix in a 15 per cent hypo solu- 66� pounds)..-La Nature. AUGUST 25, 1<)00. titutifit �mtti,au. J GATHERING AND CURING CRUDE It.UZBER. tration, the pungent fumes issuing tbrough the small precipitate was filtered, dried, and burned in an old Crude rubber is imported into this country from aperture at the top servilJ� to .. cure " the rubber, iron ladle ; it was then a heavy brown powder. To many widely separated sections of the globe, and in a which is passed slowly through the hot smoke. this I added twice its weight of pearl-ash, and after wonderful variety of forms, the chemical characteristics To form the biscuits, the natives take long stakes of much mixing in a mortar, put into a crucible and sub­ of the su bstance changing widely under varying con­ wood, sometimes pointed at the end, and quite fre­ mitted to a strong heat for an hour, and this gold was ditions of harvesting, curing, etc. quently shaped like a paddle, dip them into the sap in the bottom of the crucible and weighs � ounce troy. The first knowledge of rubber is said to have been buckets or basins, holding them in the smoke after I had it flattened out to what you see, just in the secured through La Condamine, a French philosopher, each dipping, until the successive films of rubber state in which gold· beatel's use in the manufacture of who in 1730 was sent by his government to Pem to solidify around them. A biscuit of Para !"Ubber, gold leaf. The alllount of gold reco\'ered I estimate t.t) lUeasure an arc be 70 per cent of of the meridian, the twen'ty - fuur the specimens he 15'grain tube s secured going to bought. I ex­ form museum ex­ pected to h a v e hibits. Sout. h found some silver America produces from the albu­ the best rubber in menized pape r the world, as well toned, but I did as the most of it. not. The gold by The 'Amazon Val­ ass a y is 23% ley, embracing carats of fine, or rubber forests in 996 in 1,000. Brazil, Bolivia, 'l' his is a button and Peru, is the similar to center of the in­ the first, only n ustry, the pro­ heavier. Of silver duct being ex­ residues I h a v e ported frolll the saved only the city of Para, first washings and whence the name trimmings of al­ Para rubber. bumenized paper. The tree which Common salt was produces rubber, used as a precipi­ or caoutchouc, as tate, and treated it is called by the g e n eraII y the natives of South same as the gold ; America, is found it weigbed OVt'r chieflyin the trop­ CURING PARA RUBBER WITH THE FUMES OF THE URUCURU GATHERING PARA RUBBER IN THE UPPER 11 ounces when it ical zone. The NUT, UPPER AMAZON RIVER. AMAZON RIVER. was put into the rubber trees on erucible, now it the Amazon rise without branches to a height of from therefore, represents the slow and laborious accumula­ weighs nearly 5 ounces. 'f hese products prove most 50 to 60 feet, being topped oft by deep green leave� six tion of hllndl'eds of dipping-s, so that quite a stretch of conclusively the value of residues. or seven inches in length. Peru's product, lower in the imagination wou ld be necessary to arrive at the • • • grade than Para, is known as "Caucho. " The rubber number of dipping s required to form the huge Para 'r be '\)'eloreolo::;l"al Exlolblt of the Department trees of Nicaraugua and other Centr'al American biscuit illustrated herewith, which weighs 1,120 pounds of Fine Arts. States, also found in Ecuador, Venezuela, Colombia, and measures 4 feet 5 inches in height, 3 feet 5 inehes The archreological exhibit of the Department of Fine and Mexico, produce rubber known as "centrals." in diameter, and 9 feet 4 inches in circumference. Arts at the Paris Exposition shows the different expe· The Atlantic States of Brazil, south of Para, produce Such irumense masses of crude rubber are said to actu­ ditions which have been made by the French Govern­ rubber trees from which come the grades known as ally represent a loss to the grower, being used princi­ ment. The Archreologica'l College of Athens has been "Mangabeira, " ., Pernambuco," an(1 ;. Ceara." pally by importers for exhibition purposes. Sume­ for sOUle time engaged in excavations at Delphi, and Africa comes next to South America in the amount of times the natives use a stone as a nucleus, and, to pre· the present state of the work is shown. The sanctuary rubber produced, and in the interior of that country vent this method of securing an illegitimate profit, the of Apollo has been almost entirely uncovered : it in­ there are great rubber forests as yet untouched. Rub­ biscuits are split in halves before shipment so as to re­ cludes the maiu telllple. theater, and. a p:reat Dumber ber is to be found on the east and west coasts and also veal the stake hole rUllllillg"thr ough the middle. of �urroullding structures. But little remains, how­ on the Island of Madagascar. The East Indies furnish • ·e· • ever, above the foundations, as is shown by a large comparatively little I"I1bber, the first exported coming Residues, and "'hat to Do With Tbem.* water· color sketch of the ruins ; another sketch shows from Assam, one of the rubber trees of which district Briefly, I may tell you that I found the residues of the restoration ; the temple is surrounded by a nUIII- is shown in the ber of small build- accompanying il­ jngs or pavilions, lustration. which contain The rubber the offerings lIIaue from the Camer­ by the differeut oons is in the nations. The fa­ shape of lit tIe c;ade of 0 ne d black baIls, while these, belungiil,' that from districts to Cnidos, is re­ farther up the. Af­ produced in actu­ rican coast comes al size, b e i n g in the shape of about 20 feet long flat, ugly frag­ and 25 feet high. ments, known as The portico is up­ " oysters." held by two carya­ Fine Para mb­ tides of singular ber reaches this form, somewhat country in the in the arch a i c for m of "bis­ sty Ie, standing cuits," the excel­ upon square ped­ lence of this grade estals; the cornice being due in a has reliefs repre­ large Ineasure to senting bat tIe the natives' meth­ scenes ; those of ods of gathering the entablature and curing it. represent a num­ They make a lon­ ber of figures gitudinal gash in seated. Two ar­ the bark of the chaic statues of tree with a nar­ Apollo are shown, row hatchet, in­ and several fig· serting a wedge to ures of a more keep the gash recent style. The open, and placing HUGE BISCUIT FINE PARA. RUBBER RUBBER TREES IN THE ASSAM DISTRICT OF column and the EAST INDIA. a small earthen or WEIGHING 1,120 POUNDS. s phi n x of the clay cup beneath N axians and an the gash to catch the thick, white, oily liquid the gold toning bath so much resembling the residues acanthus column surmounted by three female figures which flows from the wound. In a few hours the I had to do with in my business of a goldsmith, that I are shown in full size. A number of other col!ec­ milk ceases to flow, each wound yielding fmm three determined to find what the value of the old toning tions are shown, including that of the expedition of to five tablespoonfuls. The " Sering-ero," or gath­ baths really were. To that end I dissolved 2 ounces of M. de Sarzec in Chaldea, completing the large col­ erer, then empties the contents of the cups into an sulphate of iron in a quart of hot water. This I put lection already at the Louvre. earthern vessel, as indicated in the accompanying illus­ into a two·p:allon jar, and as the baths were used up •.• I., trations. As the milk soon coagulates the gathering is they wp-re poured into the jar after two years. The THE Trans-Siberian Railroad will be completed at the quickly followed by t.hecur ing procesi, which is done present rate of working in about two years, the cost * Paper read at the Photograpbic Convention of the United Kingdom, by building a tire of Urucuru nuts, over which is placed July., 1900, by S. B. Webber, reported In The BrItish Journal of Pho­ probably considerably exceeding the original estimate the bottomless earthen jar or pot shown in the illus- tography. of $176,500,000. tieutifit �tUeritau. AUGUST 25, 1900• J The Ra ilroads or Europe 18'75-1899. contain approximately 4 grains of kachin, 26 grains expolilure of many times the normal may be converted The table which follows has been com piled and con­ (22 +-4) of sodium sulphite, and 22 grains of sodium into satisfactory, and even brilliant, negatives by the verted from l'Economiste European, of Paris, by the carbonate. judicious use of borax in the developer. Philadelphia Commercial Museum : Another formula, given in a little book entitled •••• • "How to Develop with Kachin," is as follows : Bulldlng Loan Associations. RAILROADS OF EUROPE ON JANUARY 1, 1875, AND The secretary of the United States League of Local JANUARY 1, 1899. Blitish System. Metric System. Kachin . _... ..•...... 160 grains (avoir. 9 grammes. Building and Loan Associations has compiled the fol­ Miles, 1875, Miles l899, A. ) 62'5 per Million of per Mij lion of Sodium sulphite (cryst.)... 2J1! ounces. lowing statistics for 1899, which will be found interest­ Inhabitants. Total. Inhabitants. Total. . . . 20 up to 20 c. c. Water np to ...... fiuid ounces. ing, as no data of this nature is collected through any France ...... , . 352 12,898 670 25.891 B. Sodinm carbonate (cryst ). 2 ounces. 5Ogrammes. 30,776 other source from year to year. It should be remem­ Germany ...... • .. . .. 381 16,109 563 Water up to ...... 20 fiuid ounces. up to 500 c. c. .. 527 21,528 England ...... • 0 •••• 499 16,449 bered that the figures do not include " national " asso­ Austria-Hungary .. _ . . . 273 10,08� 483 21,805 For use, take equal parts of A and B. More diluted ciations ; only those that are local and truly co-opera­ 324 2,131 560 3,781 Belgium ...... developer gives softer results '.r he solutions should tive : Bulgaria ...... 324 2,131 178 616 m u States Associations 669 be used at a te perat re of 60° to 65° Fahr. Assuming . Members. Assets. Denmark ...... : ...... 339 635 1,617 Pennsylvania ...... 1,174 281,456 $12,120,436 Spain .... ••••• ••••• 0 211 3,484 445 8,102 exposure to have been correct, with this solutl<;>n the Ohio ...... 773 287,477 ID'l,400,699 . . 591 Greece . ' ...... 4 7 232 image commences to appear in about one minute, and, Illinois ...... 599 100,000 54,104,602 Italy ...... 166 4,578 305 9,759 when full density is required, development is com­ New Jersey ...... 335 90,100 46,100,000 Luxemburg ...... 827 169 1,210 270 pleted in from four to six minutes. Softer effects are New york...... 299 89,409 37.25:1,725 Netherlands ...... 261 984 329 1,694 ...... 424 109,043 31,435,587 280 obtained in from three to four Ill inutes. Indiana...... Portugal ...... ];17 641 1,466 Massachusetts ...... 125 68,349 26,744,647 Ronmania •...... •...•. _ 150 166 332 1,894 For stand development, the plates are placed, a California . .. ' ...... 151 37,780 20,285,454 RuBsia ...... 0 •••••••• 126 9,665 232 24,808 dozen or more at a time, in a grooved trough contain­ Missouri ...... 191 38,000 13,635,817 FlUland ...... 249 465 604 1,605 ing the develope)', and development continues with a Michigan ...... 72 32,775 10,159,562 Servia ...... 249 465 144 353 i npon the strength of the solution. Iowa...... 79 23,000 5,72:1,7£9 Sweden ...... 514 2,235 1,247 6,359 rap dity depending Connecticut ...... 15 12,773 3,774,526 Norway ...... 22 311 571 1,230 With the following solution norm al development is Wisconsin ...... 52 13,450 358,902 Switzerland ...... 371 1,011 730 2,302 completed in about ten to fifteen minutes. To pro­ . . . . . 46 12,000 2,880,764 154 Kaneas ...... Tnrkey ...... 111 !J53 978 long development add more water : Nebraska ...... 60 13,813 3,33)),181 Isles of Malta ...... British System. Metric System. Maine 32 8,115 2,975.716 J eroey and Mltn ...... 211 68 ' ...... o •••• ••_ ••••••• 4,795 2,874,097 Kachin ...... 115 grains. 7 5 grammes. Tennessee 26 . 5,317 83,680 10,676 167,439 36 ...... •.•• , •••• 46 7.500 2,848, 179 Total ...... Sodium sulphite (cryst.)...... 560 Minnesota . 17 4,950 1,921.927 ------.. �,-..-�------­ Potassium ferrocyanide ...... , J40 9 New Hampshire ...... 7 1,000 364,180 'rhe Kacltin Developer. bromide ...... 23 1'5 North Dakota...... 962 97,137,800 . . . 1.150 75 other States 267,800 We have submitted, says Photography, the new carbonate ...... Water up to...... 70 fluid ounces. up to 2 liters. kachin developer to a most vigorous test ; we have de­ Totals ... 5,485 1,503,625 $581,857,170 .. '., .. veloped over a hundred negatives with it, using the Throughout these experiments we employed no bro­ The Current Supplelnent. formula given . below. One cannot wish for a more mide or other form of restrainer whatever. Our plates, b e ) The current SUPPLEMENT, No, 1286, is an satisfactory developer. It does not stain the plates or having been exposed (on all sorts of su j cts with an unusually the fingers, and has no injurious action upon the skin. exposure meter and not by guesswork, were all cor­ interesting issue. There is an excellent portrait of King It gives good brownish-black negatives, qu ite free rectly exposed, and ho wever much they differed in the Humbert, and also portraits of the present King froUl fog, without the necessity of employing any bro­ nature of the subject they developed up well with the and Qlleen of Italy. "The Borsig Engine " at the Paris xposit m i de or other re."trainer whate\·er. Development with very simple solution we have named. Bromides seem E ion gives a full-page engraving of this great engine. .. it took about si x to ten minu tes to complete, ample to have little effect on kachin . This is well shown by The Future of the Automobile " out­ v d lines suggested improvelllents. density being obtained very easily. the fact that three or foul'pla tes can be de elope one "Excavations at Tell­ el· hesy, The formula which we adopted to secnre so excellent after another in the same solution without any marked the Site of Ancient Lachish, Syria," is an elaborately illustr a result is a simple one. Three solutions, each ten pel' prolongation of t he time of development. With most ated article. "Microbes--What Are They ?" cent, are required : One of sod i u lll carbonate, one of developers, as our readers well know, this is not so. is by Dr. Henry G. Graham. from the plate into the sodium sulphite, and one of kachin. In making up '.r he soluble bromide liberated Content�. the ten per cent solution of kachin, instead of water liquid durin g development acts as a restrainer, and (IHustrated articles are marked with an ast.erisk.) . . 123 next plate Archreological. exhibits. Paris . Railroads of Europe . . , ...•..., ... 124 retards the action of the solution upon the . . some of the ten pel' cent sodiuUl sulph ite solution is Ar�no.r plate bIds ...... : .. : ...... 114 Record, lowering of Atlantic . . .. 114 that is put into it. With each plate that is developed BUlldlng and loan aSSOCiatIons .. 12-t Residues and what to do WIth used. For each ounce of developer we took : Ca�riage, dhmI�pearlllg* ...... 121 tbem...... 123 . Chlllese CampaH!n* ...... 117 Ruentgen ray work, present ...... • ...... •. 40 it will be seen, then, that the developer is not only get­ po. Kachin (ten per cent solution) minims...... C�rrent Supplement... . . 124 sitlOn of ...... 118 Dlam�nds In st�el. .. . ', ' ...... 122 . Sodium carbonate (ten per cent solution) ...... J1! ounce. ting weaker in the active agent, but is also getting , . . Rubber g-atbering and curing* . 123 �l . 115 ...... ect!,lctr� nsmlsslOn. Ilmlts of. Science notes ...... 118 Sodium sulphite (ten per cent solutioll ...... 122 ..... ) ...... J1! onnce. stronger in restrainer. has hgh�, Inca�descent : . . . Soot, chemistry of ...... 115 . . . Gun carrlag�, dlsappearmg* . . 121 Stage eft'ects, Ben Hur* ...... 113. 119 ...... 125 We got, as will be seen, a trifle more than an exact On the subj ect of restrainers it has been found that Invent�ons, Index of ...... Station . a traveling central...... 117 . 124 .nventlOlls recently patented .. . Sweden, telepbone in ...... 117 I ...... 114 ounce, but such a difference is unimportant, and the a four per cent solution of ordinary borax used with ...oc,ks, canaL : ...... 'l' elegraphy. aeriaL ...... 122 Parts EXPOSItIon notes ...... 115 'rractioll , compressed air ...... 114 i Plate, pbo ...... composition of the developer is eas er remembered in kachin in the proportion of ten to thirty drops to each tograpbl�, a n�� . . . 117 Tunnel. rapid transit ...... 114- Plate.s, photographlc utllIzatIOn Water motor for this way. fluid ounce results in the production of enormously . railroad trac- Pu :'�ota:ry*;: : :: .' w t 'h� :'st as ' �� .':: ::.:.':::.'.'.' i� e � : aiid�'r'd : :::::::: ::::::: l� '.rhe solution, we finally used it, will be seen to increased contrast. Plates which have received an Hallroads. Pans underground*. . 120 X-rays. experiments with ...... 115

RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS, to render the boxes magnetic an insulated wire is wound me ability, are not lost. The invention is also adapted to used, which are fiashed by inserting plugs in proper around the circuit-wire. The box is provided with two separate paramagnetic substances of different degrees openings. In order to prevent mistakes, the plugs are Agricultural and Logging Implements. to diaphragms between which a variable- resistance medium of magnetic permeability. For, by regulating the in­ made fit only the contact plates for which they are in­ GUIDE AND SUPPORT FOR DRAG-SAWS.­ is suspended. A small bulb is nsed to increase or tensity of the magnetic field and the time during tended. And in order still further to guard against mis. EDGAR F. LAFAYETTE, Sedro, Wash. This invention decrease tbe air-pressure in the box and thus to regnlate wbich the material is a�ted upon, a snbstance having takes, plugs of like shape are connected by strings. is a smal l device adapted for attachment to logs or felled the amplitude of movement of the variable_resistance a certain degree of magnetic permeability can be ob­ Hence the operator can nut inad vertently leave one pIng trees for guiding or supporting a drag-saw while they are medium. The two diaphragms, as they vibrate in op­ tained. of a set in a contact-plate; for the entire set mnst be reo unaercut. 1'he device embodies spikes hinged to a bar posite directIOns in response to the vocal impulses, CURTAIN FOR DUST-COLLECTING APPA­ moved before the connecting·string can be taken off the anrt adapted to be driven into the log, and a slide ad­ angment the effecton the resistance medium one hundred RATUS.-ARTHUR S. DWIGHT, Kansas City, Mo., and switchboard. j:1st.able along the bar to support the saw in proper per cent. 'rhe fiuctuations are electrically transmitted. RUDOLF RUETSCHI, Argentine, Kans. In order me­ VENTILATED BOOT OR SHOE.-JAMES J. PEAR' "" sltion. The spikes can be folded fiat npon the bar to TIRE-SEPARATOR.-DELORE J. LAHAY, Nadeau, ch"nically precipitate and collect metallic fumes and SON, 40 Wall Street, Manhattan, New York clt.y. 'l' his .0 that the entire device occupies but little space. Mich. Ordinarily the two sections of a double tube tire, flue-dust in metallurgical establishments, the inventors ventilated shoe is provided with a ventilating mat inter­ PLOW. - RICHARD H. PURNELL, Rosedale, Miss. adhere to eacb other so tenaciously that their separation employ curtains, the members of which present oblique posed between a perforated insole and the outer sole. The beam of the plow is made of metal tubing. The is a matter of no little difficulty. The present invention surfaces or facets to the longitudinal currents of the 'rhe mat is of elastic rll bber and b connected witb a cultivating devices are calTied by a standard formed provides means whereby this separation can be eastly gases between adjacent curtains, so as to divide the cur­ challnel leading to the heel-vent of the shoe for the in­ witb a concave or semiCIrcular upper edge in which tbe accomplished. The means in question comprise a frame rent into a larger number of smaller oblique currents and gress and egress of air. The most prominent feature of beam fits. The beam end semicircular portion of the or body portion capable of encircling tbe inner tube and to form eddies or whirls near the facets. Thue is insured tbe invention, a feature, which, it is claimed, is Dot pos­ standard are boulld together by a coupling-band. The or provided with anti-friction wheels rollers upon which a thorongh and rapid mechanical precipitation of the solid sessed by any similar shoe, is the impossibility of entrap­ entire arrangement is such that great rigidity is secured, the tire is compressed. The separator is movable be­ matter in the gases on the surfaces or facets. The in­ ping air in the sole. The air circulation is free, longitud­ as well as lightness and simplicity. tween the two tubes to force tbem apart. ventors obtain a large frictional snrface for a very short inally and laterally. The cushioned tread, reinforcing fiue, and therein resides one of the merits of their device. devices, and cheapness of manufacture are other features to Electrical Apparatus. Vellicles, Harness, Etc. which deserve be mentioned. Hallway-Appliances. ELECTROLYTIC APPARATUS. - ANDREW !'LE­ DRAFT-EQUALIZER. - JOHN A. BELTZ, Buxton, COMBINED HEATER-SHIELD AND VENTILA­ CHER, Habersham and Second Streets, Savaunah, Ga. N. D. This draft-equalizer, compri.ing broadly two SPRING-SEAT.-WILLIAM BORCHERT, Carson, Nev. TOR.-ALLAN B. SHANTZ, Walkertown, Ontario, Can­ is This apparatus is to be used for eleotrically decomposing doubletrees held to rock upon each other and also upon The seat is particularly adapted for use in locomotive­ ada. Much danger bcurred by improper ventilation any liquid into its constituent gaRes and especially for a wagon-pole, prevents any animal in a four-horse team cahs. It is provided with such equalizing devices that and especially by arrangements which draw air into a decomposing water into hydrogen and oxygen. The ap­ from shirking his duty; for the pull of one horse will be it will always be parallel to the base, so that all springs room from a point near the ground, since the gases aris­ paratns is spheroidal in shape and consists of two separ­ thrown upon the neck of tlte delinquent animal. The will be equally compressed whether a man sit on a cor­ ing from decaying animal and vegetable matter must also ate� closed cells having registering openings by which draft-strain i. entirely disposed at the rear end of the ner or edge. The seat is, therefore, comfortable nnder all be drawn in. The present invention provides an appara­ they communicate. An encompassing band or jacket p'ole, so that the animals pull with greater effect in mov­ conditions. tns by which air is received from an elevated point, the completely encircles and holds them together. The cells ing the loaded wagon than is otherwise possible. The lower impure strata being withdrawn from the room. of are provided with electrodC!s, circuit-wires, and gas-dis­ device is so constructed that the forward pair of animals Miscellaneous Inventions. The novel feature the invention is an ingenions charging pipes. 'l'he inventor has been particularly control the side movement of the wagon-pole together SASH-HOLDER.-JOHN BOHLEN, Big RapIds, Mich . douille-walled shield used in connection with a beater. so careful to construct his apparatus that it can be witb. the rear pair of animals and must pull equally with The sash-holder is designed to ee used in connection TAPE-MEASURE ATTACHMENT.-CORNELIUS H. readily transported, that the greatest possible electrode them, an arrangement particularly serviceable in round­ with a rack of any kind and is 80 constructed that it can ELKSKAMP, Telluride, Colo. The inventor has busied surface is obtained, and that repairs can be easily made ing corners. be locked in or out of engagement with the rack and himself with tbe production of an attachment for the w hen desired. of to BIT.-MICHAEL McNALLEY, St. Louis, Mo. The bit supported in such a manner that the window to which it end a tape, which attachment can be readily applied or so GAS-BATTERY. - ANDREW PLECHER, Habersham invented by Dr. McNalley is designed to induce a horse is applird may be conveniently operated when the latch a floor, stake, post, tbe like, that the tape can be of and Second Streets, Savannah, Ga. The surface action to carry his head outwRrd and away from trie chest 'is out engagement )vith the rack. readily run ant. The end of tbe tape is provided witb an eye in which a link is held pivoted in a post of such of sponge · platinum causes two gases (oxygen and hy­ rather than to drop his cbin in the direction of the chest. LOCK. _ 'rHOMAS CHURCHILL, Hampton, Va. Mr. it into a floor, drogtll) to unite, as every ODe knows, anj to heat the 'rhe bit is simple and durable, and is so made that it will Cburchill has already patented a lock in which the ontcr construction that can be readily driven hot so or o platinum red that the gases are automatically not irritate the hor.e tend to injure the jaw or knob is made incapable of turning the spindle except tree, r the like. to ignited. It is Mr. Plecher'. purpose prevent the pro­ mouth. when temporarily locked thereto by " key which is in- PICTURE -FRAME.-ALBERT F. MESSINGER, Pbre­ duction of heat attending the union of the gases and to Berted concentrically through the knob and is made to nix, Arizona Territory. The inventor has devised a get its equivalent in electric ClllTent. In a porous cell Industrial Al)paratus. act upon clutch devices which cause the knob to be novel construction which enables him to mount ext:-:>r­ finely-divided platinum is placed. To one side of the MAGNETIC SEPARATOR.-CHARLES F. COURTNEY coupled to the spindle. Tbe present invention com pre- iorly on the frame a picture representing a bnilding, and cell hydrogen is conducted ; to the other, of oxygen. When and ROBERT BUTTERWORTH, Broken Hill, New South hends further improvements relating more especially to II to move this picture out sight so that a second pictnre or the bydrogen and oxygen unite through the action of the Wales. Comminuted are or other mixture is passed the locking clutch mechanism which connects tbe knob is made to appear, which r�presents the interior of the to platinnm, suitably placed electrodes will gather the through a highly-concentrated magnetic field in the form with ihe spindle and which is applicabl� any of the building shown on the first picture. The device is par­ liberated forces of opposite polarity as nnion takes place for of a film, so as to prevent the paramagnetic particles ordinary forms of locks, having the nsnal squared ticularly uBefnl advertising purposes, since it com­ and r.a ITY them off through tbe conducting wires of an of from becoming prematnrely detached from tbe magnetic spindle. bines in one arrangement views the exterior and in- extraneous Circuit. poles and swept away by contact with the ]la"sing stream SIGN OR SIGNAL FOR CALLING CABS.-ARTHUR terio]' of a business establishment. ELECTROMAGNETIC TELEPHONE. - ANDREW of matter of lower magnetic permeability with which G. R. NICHOL, Manhattan, New York city. 'rhe inven- DUPLEX PENHOLDER. - HARVEY and FRANK PLECHER, Habersham and Second Streets, Savannah, they are associated. The material is prevented from tion provides a simple means whereby a clerk in a hotel LONGENECKER, Beamsville, Ohio. This penholder con­ Ga. The telephone includes in its construction an Iron , falling freely until it enters the magnetic field, so or theater may call cabs or otber carriages successively tains a simple mechanism which permits a ready pro­ box to which an iron circuit-wire is I1ttached. In order I that tlte particles, however low their magnetic per- or simultaneously. Electric lamps of various colors are jection of oue pen-Bocket and at the ;sametime causeD 125

to the retraction of another socket to enable the writer TECHNOLOGISCHES LEXIKON. Hand- Churn, A. B. Johnson...... 655,871 . . 655,765 make nse of separate pens for different inks, without Churn power. J. S. Dickey ...... buch fUr alle Industrien und Gewerbe. Cigar holder, J. W. New...... 656,036 one pen interfering with the other. In the case of the Redigirt von Louis Edgar Andes. CIgar. self·lighting, B. Heiman...... 655,864 • • • • ••• • • • ••• _ ..•.• 656. 105 penholder a right and left hand screw is mounted, the Marine Iron Works. Chicago. Catalogue free. Circuit breaker, F. W. Garrett . .. Illustrated. Parts 2-5. Vienna : A. Clasp. See Garment clasp. threads of which are engaged by pen.sockets. When For logging engines. J. S. Mundy, Newark, N. J. Hartleben. Large Octavo. Price, Clipping machine, J. K. Priest ...... 655,796 Clock striking apparatus. R. J. Rudd ...... 655,801 one socket is moved in one direction, the other is cansed u U. 8." 70 l\letal Polish. Indianapolis, Samples free. per part, cents. Clothes line proP. W. T. Shalfer...... 656 053 & 655.9 2 to travel in an opposite direction. Yankee Notions. Waterbury Button Co., Waterb'y, Ct. Clutch, Hakewessell Helln ...... 7 The parts of this new lexicon wbicb lie before us ex­ Clutch, J. A. Moore ...... 655.006 & 655,973 FEED-RACK.-JAMES MORRIS, Westchester, Bronx, Handle & Spoke Mchy. Ober Mfg. Co., 10 Be)) St., Clutch mechanism. pin. Hakewessell Henn. .. tend from "Arsenhiittenbetrieb " to " Eichenholzfiirbun­ Comb. See Hair drying comb. New York city, This rack is so constructed that it can Chagrin F'aJ\s, O. . :, . 655.816 gen ." Long articles are to be found under the beadings Comb, H. P. De Vogel ...... J. .918 be easily put up in a stall and taken down and folded for Most durable, convenient Metal Workers' Crayon is Confection molding machine, C. Walier ...... 6.::;"1) " Ausdebnungskoeffizienten verschiedener KOrper," Convertible tub, Levy & Holt ...... 655.980 transportation, thus particularly adapting it for racing 656. 114 made by D. M. Steward Mfg. Co., Chattanooga, Tenn. " Baumwollgewebe," H Bleigewinnnng," U Desinfek­ Cord fastener, C. J. W. Hayes...... 651;.725 stables, in which it is desirable that each horse sbould Cork extractor. L. C. Mumford ...... Inventions developed and perfected. Designing and tion," etc. The illustrations which accompany tbe text Corn sheller. H. A. Adams ...... fi>5.94fi have bis own rack to aVOId danger of contagiollB dis­ Y. 65li,107 machine work. Garvin Machine Co., 141 Varick St.. N. are, for the most part, exce'Hent woodcuts. The parts Cotton cleaning mechanism, seed, H. W. Graber. cou r pipe coupling. Car coupling. caeeA. U. Ferrac.ute l\Brooklyn, New York city. A lock­ DORF- HUN Separat-Abdruck Dyc, sulfonated anthraquinone, O. Bally...... •... 656,081 . . . 656,015 ing device has b<'en provided by tbe inventor in whicb a der "Sch weizerischen Bauzeitung." Dyeing. F. Dommer ...... Dyeing khaki. Comber & Chorley...... 655.854 catch-button bas a rocking and guided movement on a Zurich : Ed. Rascher, Meyer uud Electric current registering device, V. G. Fuller . . 655,703 1900. . . . . 655.780 member of th e frame. The button can be released from Zeller's N achfolger. Elect.ric furnace. W. S. Harry ...... Electric lighting. manufacture of incandescent a locking stud or studs on any number of members of HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. materials for, G. Alefeld ...... 656'<177 Electric machine, dynamo, J. D. Spence ...... 656,127 the frame by a simple rocking movement from one side Names and. Address Electric machines, regulating dynamo, J. D. mu.t accompany all letten; TO INVENTORS...... 656.128 to anotber or by an npward movement, or no atteutlOn will be paid tbereto. '['blS is for our Spence. . An experience of over fifty years, and the prepara­ Electric motor, P. J. Comns ...... 655,852 information and not for publication. Electrical party lines, system for individual ser- BREAD OR CAKE-PAN.·- MARIE VOSSBECK, Trini­ References to former articles or answers sbonld tion of more than one hundred thousand applications vice on. W. '1'orst. Jr...... 655.916 dad, Colo_ The pan is made so tbat tbe parts can be Ilive date of paper and plll(e or number of question. for patents at home and abroad, enable us to understand ElectriCity meter. P. Eiblg ...... : ...... � ...... 656,100 G quickly and conveniently detacbed, buttered, and as­ Inquiries not answered in reasonable time should the laws and practice OIl both continents, and to possess Electromedical vacuum, apparatus, .. W. Winck· ...... 7 be repeated ; corresl'ondents will bear in mind that field 655.74 sembled. When tbe loaves bave been baked tbe body unequaled faCIlIties for procurIng patents everywhere. E. . 655,836 some answers reqUIre not 3 httle research, and, Elevator safety appliance, A. A. Sterzing .... . and bottom of tbe pan can be removed from engage­ though we endeavor to reply to all eitilerby letter A synopsis of the patent laws of the United States and Engine. See Explosive engine. Gas engine. all foreign countries may be had on application, and per· Steam engine. Traction engine. ment witb tbe partitions, whicb parti tions serve to bold or in this department, each must take bls turn. Engine cylinder. compound steam . F. G. Burley.. 655,685 Ruyers wishing to purchase any article not advertised & 655,857 tbc baked loaves apart and yet permit them rapidly to sons contemplating the securlng of patents, either at Engine indicator. steam. Doran Tajlgart...... In our columns will be furnisbed with addresses of home or abroad, are invited to write to this Office for Eng-illes, apparatus for charging and,feeding fuel cool. houses manufacturing or carl'ying the same. to steam. E. Et"raD...... 655,700 prices, which are low, in accordance with the times and Special Written Info rmation on matters of Engines. incandescent i:;miter for /las, A. G. New lititi.14·\ CIGAR-WRAPPER. - FRANCISCO E. FONSECA, 22 6fi;;.'ifil personal ratber tban ,general , illterest cannot be our extensive facilities for conducting the business. Engraving machine. pantogra[JIJ, M. Barr ...... Excavating machine, V. Brophy ...... 655.%�) Fulton Street, Manhattan, New York city. Mr. Fonseca expected witbout remuneration. Address MUNN & CO., office SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, L. Excavator, A. E. Cheney et a1 . .•••.....•••.•.•.••.. 6.I)5,7f>.� 361 has received a patent for a novel paper cigar wrap­ Scientific American Supplements referred Broadway. New York. Excavator, G. W. King ...... 655.784 10 to may be had at the office. Price cents each. Exhauster and blower, C. H. Keeney ...... 6[)ti.U2:i per, the ends of whicb extend beyond the cigar and Books referred to promptly supplied on receipt of Explosive and making same, Ross & Cairney ...... 65ti.048 ...... ••..... 656.101 are twisted to form cords wbich are wound back upon price. Explosive engine, O. J. Fairchild MlneJ'al s sent for examination sbould be distinctly Extractor. See Cork extractor. the cover and secured. No matter how roughly tbe INDEX OF INVENTIONS Eyeglasses, F. M. Daniels .....•...... 656.153 marked or labeled. cigar may be handled, the wrapper will �lways maintain Eye shade, H. E. Newton ...... 656,038 For which Letters Patent of the Fabric. See Carpet fabric. its position to protect the cigar. The twisted ends serve �·an. revolvin!! and, Behrendt & Mayer ...... 655.919 (7940) asks : b 655,ti96 as cushions, wbich prevent' the cigar from being dam­ O. R. If it were possible to United States were Issued Fastener. W. B. H. Dowse...... F' eed mill. A. 'I'. Foster ...... 655.9till build a tower 100miles bigh and from the top of such a aged. One object of tbe invention is to enable the for the Week Ending Feed water strainer. locomotive. R. B. Paxton ... 655.795 be .•..... 655,760 manufacturer to print descriptive matter on the wrapper. tower a ball dropped, would the ball strike the eartb Fence machine, wire. 'I'. M. & T. M. Conner Fifth wheel. N. C. Smith ...... •.. 655,836 exactly toward the ceilter of The invention has been practically applied and seems gravity ? Would··tbe' mo­ AUGUST 14. 1900. File box, L. E. Reynolds ...... ; ...... '" ...... 655.799 W...... : ...... : .... 656.043 to fulfill its inventor's expectations. For presentation tion of,tbe earth Imparted to tbe ball throw the·ball out of Filter, Paterton Filter, H. B. Watson et al.. ..•••...... •.••••.•....•.. 655.841 tbis cigar is specially adapted. Eacb cigar may bear a direct line toward tbe center, not considering the attrac­ AND BACH BBARING THAT DATB, F'ire escape. C. O. Dutton ...... 655.\123 A. 6.� .776 the name of botb the donor and recipient. tion the tower bas for the ball. A ball dropped from Fire extinguisher and alarm, S. Haltene ...... Fire hydrant. R. Hughes ...... 655. i81 a height strikes tbe earth to the east of the vertical line I See note at end of list abouL copies of theBe patents. I P...... • ...... 655.965 FIRE - BRA Fii'e sbutter, Ebner EXTINGUISHER. - JOHN UN WALDER, D. 655.951 in whicb it started. All parts of the earth move with tbe Flagstalfbracket. E. Bates...... Davenport, Iowa. Tbis fire-extinguisher is of a t.ype in Iflask. See Molder's ftask. . . 656,131 same angular velOCIty, but not witb tbe same linear ve­ Advertising device. P. E. White ...... Flower stand. W. �'. Kessler...... •...... 655.715 which a container 656,147 for an extinguishing liquid is designed Air compressor, hydraulic, J. W. Van Brocklin .. Folding box. E. H. Overton...... ti5.5.939 locit.y. The smaller tbe circle of rotation tbe slower tbe W...... 655,997 9 to be broken so that tbe Iiqnid can escape. The inven­ Air pipe coupling. automatic. J. Spurlock Forgings. apparatus fol' handHng, J. JoJanz...... 655.71 velocity of motion. As the ball drops it maintains tbe Alarm. See Burglar alarm. Forgings, preparing and handling, J. Lanz ..... '" 655,720 . 655,763 tion seeks to furnish a means for brea&ing tbe container, Annunciator. W. M. Davis ...... e s in ,061 velocity of motion toward the east, whicb tbe point had s r b : 656 wbich means are actuated by fire. Tbese means consist ! ����:��. §: ��B�� irir�:c�� �i;cdic�c�����: from which it was dropped. As it approacbes the cen­ t��o��ti��. �ys? �r �f����� :::::::·:::::::::::: �:�� Liquid fuel furnace. of a powder-cbamber and a fuse. Wbee tbe fuse is ig­ Automobile vehicles. power mechanism for. Furnace, F. Clayto·n ...... 655.759 ter of tbe eartb, it comes to points whicb have a slower Allyne & Pomeroy...... 655,749 65.1�'i'79 nited, tbe powder will eventually be exploded and the ...... 656.03.'1 Furnaces, control of electric. W. S. Horry ...... it to A wning. I. Miller. ... Game apparatus. Eynon & Duckett ...... •...... 655,768 velocity than bas. It will, therefore, be mOVing the 718 liquid-container shattered. Axle swag-ing apparatus, J. Lanz ...... 655, Game. educational, J. R. Hughes...... 650.117 656.041 east faster than tbe place to which it bas come, This Back pedal brake or coaster. J. N. Parks ...... Game scoring apparatus. A. M. Goulding ...... 655,862 VIOLIN.-LoUIS H. HALL, Hartford, Conn. The in a I ...... •..••...... 655,882 bas been proved by dropping balls into deep mines. e Garment clasp, H. A. MaxweH �:li�n� g:� . f  tt';;r di�h���� .�� . body of the violin consists of a rim or ribs, to which a : : ::::::::::::::: m:���,028 (794J) Bale tie. L. R. Lantz ...... 656 a������ h�S;��rp�b�o�ttf�����.�::::::::::::::: �:� W. G. asks .: 1. Oould -h inch ...... 655,9!JS top and a bottom are secured. The edge-portions of tbe Baling press. G. '1'aylor...... C...... ••. . 656.020 1;55.�40 Gas engine, Hautier brass be Barrel cap holder, Richardson & Colcord ...... 656.008 top and bottom at certain points are nnder a strain and used instead of l. incb for tbe spool of the ...... , 655.956 Gas generator, acetylene, T. E. E. Bartlett .... . Bath cabinet, L. L. Cahoon Gas generator, acetylene, Post & O'Brien ...... •• 655,7:12 ammeter SUPPLEMENT, tend to separate from the ribs. This tension is beueficial described in No. 1215. A, Any Battery. See Storage battery. Gas lighter, automatIC, Jones & Barrett...... 656.118 Battery plate. secondary. J. B. Conrad ...... 656.095 ...... 656.042 It thickness of brass can be nsed wbicb will bold tbe wire 655.883 Gas meter. coin freed, B. Paterson in more than one respect. improves tbe tone; it op­ Battery receptacle. secondary. J. Middleby, Jr ... Gas producer charginl/: hopper, G. R. Hislop ...... 655,931 2. 655 71 poses the pressnre produced by the bridge and strings witbout bending. How many pounds of No. 31 cop­ Bearing, shaft thrust, E. G. Hoffmann...... , 1 Gas regulating tip for burners, J. W. Hentz ...... 656,136 Bed or crib, folding. J. P. Balser...... •.•. 655.950 per wire does it take for tbe high tension transformer . 65."),893 Gate. See Railway gate. and, tberefore, strengthens the body of tbe instrument; Bed. spring, W. F. Ade, Jr...... 656,184 . 655.8ilO Gate. H. G. Davis ...... and it enables the inventor to vary tbe quality of the described in SUPPLEMENT, No. 1087 ? A. About 48 Bicycle. A. Prager ...... Gate operating mechanism. W. R. Pitt ...... 645.391 Bicycle. W. C. Dunn ...... €55.697 pounds by calculation. You will probably not get so Generator.. See Gas generator. tone simply by giving more or Jess cnrve to the bottom Bicycle pump. O. Keen...... 656.122 · 3. pump, W. M. Reason...... •.•...... and top. mucb in as you cannot wind it perfectly true. How Bicycle a��1 �rJj,�\v�'t��n:::::::::.::::·:::::::::::·::::::: �:� Bicycle support, O.Weston ...... •...... •...... many Governor, speed, C. E. Duryea ...... 655.92'.l layers is there on the secondary of bigh frequency cue tip, J. Prince...... •.....•...... •...... 655.800 AMIDOSIILFONIC ACID.-JOSEPH TURNER, Hud­ Billiard Grain dump and eJevator. J. Rocke transformer. A. One. Bit. See Bridle bit. Grain separator, O. O. Fjeld...... 656.102 dersfield. York, England. ' Amidosulfonic acids, accord­ Block. See Buildinl!' block. Sheet leader block. Grain shocking machine, Wo01ey & Fox...... 655,748 (7942) B. U. I e K e n ing to this invention, are produced from nitro bodies of S. writes : desire to know : ii 3 655,993 �� r� f�. f,. u. tfh.;r'cl\���:�� ::::::::::: �:ij� Hair drying comb. Cooper & 'rhompson ...... ••.. 655.895 2, 1887. . . . 90 . phenols, are slightly solu ble in alcobol, insoluble in ben­ 9590 inclusive of July r wish to change to 500 Bolster, collapsible. J. E. Long...... , .. 61>5.7 Hammer. pneumatiC, Co H. Johnson ...... 655.002 Hammering press, H. H. Hamlett...... 656,135 zin. form crystallized diazo volt motor. Have you a SUPPLEMENT with this informa- · compounds witb nitrons �gg�: ���t(li�·g�:fe�� 'D:B: Keli;ney::::::::::: �:�J Hanger. See Door hangero Scaffold hanger. ,11,846. 11.841 ...... 655,859 acid and all the sodinm salts, and are very soluble in tion ? A. It is not feasible to cbange the eight Iigbt Book. separable, F. H. Gilson (reissue) ... .. Harrow. vineyard, J. } . Fay ...... b Harvesting seed from corn. etc., machine for. R. amo into a motor 500 water. dyn to run upon a volt circnit. The �gr�ll,l�9J, . J�b;�;��:.�·. ::.:-���.��.���:::::::::::: ��J:g¥� C. Wilson ...... 656.073 e t Bottle carrier. holder. or han!,er claw, C. A. Law G5b,722 Head and shoulder rest. Go M. Sellinger...... (jD5.912 BABY·EXERCISER.-CHARLES E. commutator could not stand it. You would n ed o LATSHAW, Lin­ o i b Heater. See Lunch beater. H wind each of the armature coils ... .. Q" • •••••••••• �6!)'1.812 coln, Neb. 'l'he exerciser is a baby-jumper," consist­ witb about 40 turns of No. ��m�·�� s�;:;fJ!� �e![:e�t:C;;:. Yo;col;;;O;': ::::::::: �:M� Hinge, spring, Stump & Brucker 28 le s h ie Hitching device, S. F. }Jttinger...... 65.�.858 wire and use a resistance of about 400 ohms with the �g · ·er· box:" 655 ,792 ing of a spring-suspended frame o f novel construction, �. �� ��r:brg�� Wo�dr�i�t;. te·tt Hoe. L. E. Mease ...... 655.98:1 present field. This is not figured out accurately because Box machine. honey, C. Mondeng...... 655,!)38 Hoisting & 65tl.Oti7 in which 'tbe baby is. supported. The elastic support : apparatus, Watson Stevenson...... it is not desirable to make tbe change. It would be far Bra ee Flagstalf bracket. Steel tower Hook. See Garment hook. Plumber's shave enables the cbild to use its legs freely in springing or �� �ket� hOOk. better to build a new machine...... 655.847 jumping, tbus combining tbc benefits of exercise aUll Brake. See Back pedalin" brake. Rail way brake. Hook and eye, J. A. Brunner...... Vehicle brake. Wagon brake. HOOk and eye, V. O. Mills ...... 655,884 amusement without requiring close watcbing. Brake application valve for tram pipes, J. J. Sul- Hopper or storage bin gate and cut·otf, R. P. , ...... livan ...... 656.058 Feltoll...... 655)lG7 - NEW BOOKS. ETC. . . . . NON-REFILLABLE BOTTLE. JosE M. URGELLES, Brake mechanism. differentia1. Brili & Adams. . .. 655.754 Horseshoe, cushioned. T. Lovett ...... 655,827, tjOO,h'2!J ... 655.740 J. . 8� Ricla Brick mold sanding machine, H. Schoonmaker Horseshoe nail finishing machine, H. A. WiJI- Street, Havana, Cuba. Two balls are beld in a ErN I" ENKBARER FLUGAPPARAT. Vo . . 656.056 ...... H.r,.j�81R n BrICk press. C. M. Steele...... iams. . v�1 ve-scat arranged to be locked in tbe neck beneatb tbe Dr. Oonstantin Danilewsky. Char­ Bridle bit. M. H. Sims ...... 00.5.913 Horseshoe pad, J. Kronenberg ...... ti56.026 Brush. L. Roth ...... � ...... 655.8�. Horseshoe. soft tread. H. D. Palmer...... f�&:.H4 cark. The larger ball acts as a valve to permit tbe out­ 1900. . kow, Rus�ia : Author's Edition. Brush holder. Erben & Potter ...... 655.824 Horseshoe soft tread attachment, rI'. J. Lovett . . . 6fib.H2H fiow of liquid, and the smaller acts as a back bearing to Octavo; 82 pages. Illustrated. Price, Bug"y top attachment. H. C. Stockton ...... 655.806 Hose tip. G. W. Lisk...... H5b.879 Buggy top raiser. J. C. �'ord ...... 655�770 Hub. C. C. Mimin ...... , ...... 6.55.!lli4 follow up and bold tbe larger ball to its seat. paper 75 cents. Building block, W. A. Johnston ...... fJ5t? ,l:l8 Hydraulic motor regulating means . . 1. D. Ifricot . . f)SH.I04 · Burglar alarm , W. Rough ...... 65;',834 If...... 6.1)5 .942 TRUNK-HANDLE. - BERTNIE M. WILHITE J. Hydrocarbon burner, B. Weber and Danilewsky's experiments in aerial navigation bave BUrner. See Hydrocarbon burner. Smoke and Ice chipping tool. Dana & Snook...... _ ...... ti55,692 A. FRANK HOYT, Gordon,Neb. In the handling of trunks, already been described in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. gas burner. Ice cream molding and cutting machine, G. M. Cables. manufacture of chain. J. Verity ...... 655.814 Pinkerton ...... 656,044 "inching the of tbe fingers between the handle and tbe The present monograph contains a very thorough, and it CalciuIIl, etc., producing carbid of, W. S. Horry . . 656,156 Indicator. See Engine indicator.: � Ink ribbon mechanism, S. A. Neidich ...... ••..••.. 655,985 trunk body is frequently experienced. To prevent this, must be confessed, convincing acrount of the pos-ibili­ Can. See Oil can. Can opener. C. Kempf...... 656.139 Insect screen. G. Sattler ...... •... 65f::i.050 the bandle above noted is so connected by its ends tbat ties of mechanical fiight. Dr. DaniJewsky writes with Canopy frame, J. rr. Johnson...... 656,875 Insulated banger for arc lamps. G. Cutter • . ••..... 65:),76'2 . . 655.873 N...... ••. 655,838 when gripped it slides ontward in diagonal slots in the Canopy frame or support. J. T. Johnson...... Insulating electric conductors, Tesla tbe confidence of one thoroughly versed in bis science. Canopy support. J. T. Johnson ...... 655. 874 Iron. See Sad iroIl. securing devices and so as to stand out from tbe trunk He claims much for his experi ments, bllt not too much. Canteen, W. Lanz ...... 655,979 Jack. See Lifting jack. F. . 655,755 body. Car coupling. J. Buckholtz ...... Joint. See Railway rail joint. His monograph is valuable because it contains the only Car coupling. R. P. Nort.on...... 655.886 Journal bearing, G. Fulton ...... •••••••••.•... 656.017 Car. factory. W. CroSRley...... 655.691 Kneading board. A. A. Cushman ...... 655.855 TRAP. - THOMAS H. TAYLOR. Luzerne, N. Y. Tbis exba\ls!ive account of wbat be bas really accomplished. Car, grain, G. Doulida�.•...... 6.:,)5,767 Knife. See Pocket knife. trap is designed to kill small animals instantly, and to SYMBOLISM OF THE HUICHOL INDIANS. Car loader, J. L. Roberts ...... 655,831 Knitting machine, circular. A. J. Gu1ich ..••....•.. 65fl.155 Car, parlor compartment. B. Strauss ...... 655.892 this end the inventor provides a pivoted bait� J. plate with By Oarl Lumholtz. Memoirs of the Car replacer, J. D. IIoover...... 655,778 �g��:e��Hi;gr:y �·�ar�T����l��.::.:: :::::::.::.�::: �:� .9H .....•...... •... one end turned up to form a jaw, and a spring frame American Musenm of Natural His­ Car roof. D. C. Ross ...... 655 Label and label holder. L. Weigel . 655.l'"H Car sand box. A. W. Ham ...... 655,868 LaCing book setting "lJachine, W. O' �r.ien ...... · . . ti5.Il!9S7 which, when the trap closes, will sprIng downward, torv. Volnme III. Anthropology Car seat, F. Bennett...... 65.5.682 J,amp. C. �'. Allen ...... : ...... liIiti.!105 655 7 .•.. striking tbe animal and causing it to be caugbt between II., May, 1900. Quarto. Pp. 228, Car seat. M. N. (I'orney...... , 71 Lamp, acetylenp gas, Van Tassel & H;ipple... � 655.840 Car spring. W. Robinson...... •.• 655.738 Lamp. acetylene gas generatin�, A. Winch ...... 653.94.4 the frame of and tbe jaw the bait-plate. plates and ill �stratio()s. Car step. J. B. Thacher ...... 655.839 Lamp, electric arc, B. A. Stowe ...... � . . 0·•••••••• 65b.SOS Carbon, manufacture of, W. J. Burke ...... 655.920 Lamp holder. G. Grimm ...... 6.J6.110 During tbe years 1890 to 1898 ' tbe author made three Carbonating apparatus. E. E. Murpby...... 655.721 Lamp. incandescent, C. Hoelscher ...... 656.115 Designs. Carpet fabric, ingrain. H. Hardwick ...... 656.113 ToJamp shade supporter and protector, L. Y. expedition. to Mexico undEr the auspices of the Museum. Carpet sweeper. S. E. Davis ...... 655.896 Cowl...... , ...... 656.096 - ...... 656,006 ..••..... 655,728 PLATE. ARTHUR S. HIGGINS, Manbattan, New Tbe author spent ten months among tbe Huichols in Carriage body, S. R. Bailey ...... JoJ amp shades, constructing. O. A. Mygatt . 656.1f>O York city. The border of the plate is a ribbon of tnlips 1S95 Carrier. See Bottle carrier. Package carrier. Lamp. vapor. W. T. Wood ...... and obtained valuable information on .tbe state of Cartridge sheUs, implement for extracting, P. Lantern. D. ��. Van Riper ...... •••..... 655,917 656.009 ..'" ...... 656,153 with tbeir leaves. A second aud inner border of fancy tbeir c lture. The bas produce!! ' most'�oJid er s · · ···· ········ ···· ···· Lard relining apparatus. C. Kempf. � au�hOr. ,a : OckdOwiicas e: ·· B. foliate figures is also empioyed. cas:. � � il:� Latch for adjustment levers, thumb, A. Ken· and satlsfantory contrlbutlOll to etbnologIcal research Ceilings and walls for buildings, etc., construc- nedy...... •..... lillti.140 ...... 656.024 bbO.ll86 NOTE.-Coples of aily of theee patents can be fur­ and th e Museum is specially to be commended for tbe tion of. F. Kemnltz J,athe. R. M. Nuttall...... e r Launch. electriC, J. C. Chamberlain ...... tillti.012 nished by Munn & Co. for ten cents each. Please state substantial and sumptuons manner in which tbe book 3:��A�� .;a� ���'h����\#.·3: �mh��:::::::::::�::: �:31i IoJRvatory lock, coin controlled, F. J. BeaumOJ).t.. 666,082 Re !ng Lawll sweeper, J. 1. Caruthers...... •... 656..093 the name of tbe patentee, title of tbe invention, and date bas been clothed. 'fbe illustrations are good anil the CI hair. See volv chair. of this paper. plates are'speclally fl'oe. 8����: *.';:��:i���. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: �SI2 (Continued on paye 126.) AUGUST 25. l<)OO. 4 manufacture of enameleBOSTON, MASS. B. &, ,J. F. R t ho s exclusively taught. e ea fieIS �[()tor. ::-:ee ]1�lectric motot.r. September 26th. Catalo ue on !ication. LO Net, ba other, Holloway & Jacobs ...... 655.976 Style 61. S i g "Il:f. o , for Amat u s. e i s it or ca ri ached. Also B e r O nt t lock. art le ...... {)5ti .151. 650.1;')2 n;: ������tt���tj� .7t:ci'� lli4 f.Jlt St����, ��'J'.�iUrash'i'i::l�:! a��? ' o Ftk Nut M. B y o O·leS, St S T aps and Machinists. St c s �ut H. A. Gage ...... [ 704 E DC k & r d lock...... 6 15. , ' :'-ill! lOCk. A. W. Webb ...... H5H 068 Clean and dorless will not absorb moisture. st . , � l� co s call. 1'. \V all ...... 65fi,(0) O �����!!'!'!!!!!!!��!!!!!!!!!� � jS i8t u N::l Oil Can be packed in small space when not In use. EVER.Y BOY tlIS OWNds Toys, TOY rIAKER.. Oil from . Tens how to make all kin ��tg t ufi �e d� waste, rn:lchine for recovering. J. B. Steam F�ngines, Photo Ca er s Re on ...... H8� a-- Send for Illustrated m a , t � F �g over; nt ...... G55. Cataloone. in once passinii'!: :.\'l aier...... 6 �.8BO Windmills. Microscopes. Electric the ro . Organ. C. . . . . 5. d 1'hreads of Oven ventilator. \V. L. Cu ve 6.j5.7til I Telegraphs, Telephones. Magie Lan­ S. and W w r l r ...... •...... from a U. hH 0 tb Package a r e , aner MECHANICAL FABRIC CO., PROVIDENCE, R. terns, JEolian Harps, Hoats standards 1-16 ill. c r i r C. A. S ...... '. t; ;')o.04!1 a s ho ner also to e ve device. C. rowboat to c o i Kites, 1}2" in. dia eter. l'ackag-e receiving and d li ring E. s m Ask Huxley...... 655.901 ������SBo��!d'Ar����p GJri)l. Die stock cataloQ. machine, B. \V . A n t 656 0bO for Painting- ug s ine .....•...... S is h n l'ack e.Rabbit Pan. See Baking pan. Slings, tilts, F ' g ly The rratt & Ct.,Whitney U.S.A. Co. Paper box making ach e, J. W. Denmead...... 655,fi95 O Hartford, m in �!ri�d���P�ia�lI;�h�:� ��i ''''''=- ,h ,,'.:r ,�.. '\' a e manufact.ure of, W. i b r P p r for electriC printinlO{. ��e sr l, make t.hem. 20fl hand ��m ill us. 'l'his gleat book Friese�Greene...... 655 .970 a i so e . . .. . _ ...... by mail. 10c., 3 C. DEPUY. Pub., S r � Y. THE B. F. BARN ES Paper or pasteboard.. manufacture of. II. Cohn .. ti55,850 for 25c. y acu e. N. Paper registering instrument, 1'. C. Dexter. This cutUPRICHT shows our :W-inch.. ORIgri ll; theLLS. first of the 655.\162. 655.9ti4 Paper winding machine. \Y . P. WOOd . . .. 656.14H line and the best 20-inch drill on t.he m!l.rket. Will ...... o l paint Paving- composition of matter for, C. A. h oklu 01 helps lor user,. that I n n t a t a = � roads. C. A r ;�tiL 1��:e�si �e� oE ���t:�� ��i,�; �i,� �� De ea udem berg ...... 65H,CfJ-f shouid be ead by everyone who pays for "ljuallyu�:� good, embodying the best results o� ma- 2.� Pen, fountain. P. ]1:. Pierce ...... ro;) .7:U paint; mailed free. Tells all about t h r t e '! = e Pen. E. Reiser ...... ' ...... t)55.7aH Patton's SUIl Proof' Paints. l i I;II;{�� fountain. t ...... H5 5.8!}4 ����)��, ��n �le���eJ� �;n�:ti� ��I\It.:xln :I � Pens. etc.. package for, F. H. Burdsall EX tl'U inducement mid a,qency to dealers. i, " 'rI, thoroughly mO:l:llalllcal, modern, up-to-date e a b a G. D. Leadbetter ...... 655.767 � P r m ul tor...... E. tools. The be�t drtllM made. Rather strong ho ro c apparat.us, If. . 655 712 Jas. Patton Co., P toch mscopi E. [ves ...... l.LillJS whkh we are prepared to make good. I for Lege & . \ Photography, apparatus color, Eng· ua�.��"�.a ke St·,w;o � Printed matter on the 20-inch drill is now ...... 655.789 land ...... IP YOU HAVE A SHOTGUN ready. Shall we send it to you 1 Pipe bo er. J. Kaine ...... 65ti, 121 use it of en, you now le ds il and t k the barrel 51 a "-the fric­ H. F. BARNES CO., Roekfo rd, Ill. Pipe wrench, C. L. Dunham...... 656. 154 tion leaves a lead depost which causes "pits" and means Pipe wrench, Garner & Wade ...... 655.774 expense. You t e deposit. but you can � ...... can't 8tOP h reo Planter, corn, W. :\1.Frank ...... , ...... tJ;J;J,ii3 MAXIMUM POW ER-MINIMUM COST. Plow attachment. A. ��. Jackson...... 655.870 If yo for 5 84 u use a pump Plow .riding attachment. \V . H. Brackney...... 65 . 1) THE BICYCLE : ITS INFLUENCE IN beer, ar acids, starch, Plumoer's shave hook. W. 'Yaylan ...... 655 8 7 Hea t n D sease.- By G. M. val­ l d. J...... 1 l b a d i Hammond. M.D. A p.etro leuIll , brewer's Pocket knife. J. H. Cables ...... 65t i.092 uable and interesting paper in wbich the subject is ex- mash, t ne � liquor, Post D. H...... 656,102 s e a fo o a d an r card. Buft'...... cottonseed oil ' or fluids, Pot. See Glue· pot . . �t� ��� �� t��: ;:� !b�� e���ns I� ii��fiIi': � ������ hot ur o d. or thin Powder. blasting. Hoss & C r ey rJ5 .� .832 the by persons diseased. Contained in SCIENTIFICJi c l thick ai n ...... •...... cycle you want to Power. See ur power. AMERICA" SUPPLEMENT, ]002. 10 nts get the Ch n e No. PrIce ce ...... 655 842 o and ro all newsdealers. TABER ROTARY PUMP Prepayment meter. F. \Y eegmann ...... , �lih t�! TOMLINSON CLEANER. �� :;J To be hartat this office f m which does the most work at Press. See Baling press. Brick press. Hammer- quickly all lead, rust or other foreign lnatter.�� It� won't the least expense. Simply ing press. Printing press. injure tbe barrel, as the brass wire gauze is softer than constructed. Can be run at Pressure relieving device, C. Kuhlewind ...... 65t�.141 B . d a ti e a The Standard. any erfe Printer s stick. T. Griffin ...... , ...... 6.10.109 ���t ��� b� � � � � �r ii� �g on y .. Dripless " desired speed. P ct­ Printing' cylmder, Russell ...... 115;').802 r���a �: l� 'ii : t�� :� :! The l ly durable. All parts. are inLerchangeabl e. Needs no W. W. tool. In gaugesS to 20. Fitanyrod. Alldeafers.Price $l. 'rea and Coffeebtrain­ wo km n. Decects a an e . Printing press, J. D. La wel l ...... ti.�tl.142 Booklet free. "'Used everywhere in the civilized . No drip to lin­ skilled r a gu r te d CataloQue free. ss ...... 655.H;')R world )} er. soil TABE.R PUMP CO., Wells St., Buffalo, N.Y., U. S. A. Propeller. screw. J. Carlsson The G. T. Tomlinson Co., S. Baker St., Syracuse,N.Y. en. No falling oft'. 32 Propeller. 8hip's. W. W. Edwards ...... " .. ro5.tiH9 1 00 Nickel plated. Mailed Propelling mecbanism, bqat. R. Sheen ...... 0;')5.742 on receipt of cent . n D. J is 25 s For Continuous Work ��gf;;;�:��: W��. 6�!\;}!t.� �·. �:. :.�� �::::.::: Standard Strainer Co. Heavy MaterialsGAS andEN BlueGINE Prints. CASTIWrite forNGS. C t o Dept. 37 Malden Pruning implement. C. C. Newell ...... 6.)6.037ili�:�1� a al g-. K, eta , A. \V. Goddard ...... 65ti,l06 & WEED, 129·1,1 West 31st St., York. Lane, New York. Puncb, m l ...... PARSELl, New Punching machine. multiple. C. E. Blechschmidt 6;j 5.752 Puzzle.Pyroxylin T. J. compounds.Nolan ...... stuffing...... machine for 6.16.039 manufacturing rods tubes from. G. C , and • �� GIllmore...... tlt):. >.,Oh.. . M trey ...... 655,793 Quartz miJI. A. '1\ rcMur. Rack. See Display ack Daus' "TipSHARP AND-Top" DISTINCT COPIES Dupli IN BLACKcator e s idt...... fi.56.12a 100 Rail bond. track. H. �'. A. Kl in chm FROM PEN AND COPIES FROM TYPEWRITER Railway brake, W. P. Bullivant ...... 656,000 60 Railway gate. electrically operated. Burton & NO WASHING, NO PRINTERS' INK. NO STENCIL. Price, Complete, Steiner...... 656.001 $7.50. DA YS' TRIAL TO RESPONSIBLE PA RTIES Railway bead. A. W. Mathewson ...... 65.\9:14 SENT ON TEN jomt. C. Whitmore ...... 6.�f-i 07 Railway rail ...... , 1 The "TIP-Top " reproduces the handwriting so exceedingly faithful that copies duplica.tedin Bla.ck Railway track sandiug pipes. pneumatic device Ink on this apparatus are often for ordimLry written letters and not duplicates...... 11,845 taken for clearing. J. H. Hanlon (reissue) ...... The Felix Daus Duplicator Co. (Inc.), 1 to Hanover St" New York Railways. electriC automatic controller and indi- F. 5 cator for. V. Leto...... 6{)(j .029 Ratcbet wrench. W. H. Morse ...... f-i.�5.908 Reaping and binding machines. conveyer and elevator for. 1\ Hanrahan...... 656 2 ...... ,11 Receptacle. col]ap::;!ible,S. Bachmann ...... 65.�, MERIo TORIOUSd INVENTIONSn ...... 680 a l per or writings. apparatus for, . � �� nf s�I 5 C3f��� to� ��i�� Recording pa s T �. r e r s Jansen et al ...... "" formed� � � : �t; ��: ���ri��!t.ro cur d. Stocfs and ...... � ...... 6.1;),fll, and infiuential directors p e gist r. See \V a. . m n d a e r er. ... bondR sold. We transact all businesB on comm ssion Re e tch a s i ll ss egist No a van PETER WHITNEY, 100 Regulator. See Speed regu' lator. strictly. d ce fees. I re u ng device, automatic, G. II. . Broadway, �ew York. RECEIPTS. Resistancet d ci 12,500 708 PAGES. Rev�����.lJ�U.�eB�()�.:::::::: R o v g h r 1e bec r:: ...... :::::: ::::::::.::::... �:�!65..�.701 Price, in Cloth ; in Sheep ; in ev l in c ai , J. El n ke $5.00 $6.00 $6.50 Riveting machine. h ydraulic. "V . H. Derbyshire. 656.ro7 R r See S de ol r. Half Morocco, Postpaid. olle . ba r le Prepa d to any address. Roofing plates. machine for edging metallic. W. SENT iON t n ...... 65., 004 Telepholnnes,m Mar i ...... t r t Roofingplates, machine for edging sheet metal. , �II!� ��� Jgt� ,*��. �;�� �ur� ; W. Martin...... 655.00:{ prices, cataloJlue,etc., with testimonials T:o�� h���; Ropes. makin wood or rattan. A. H. Ordway . ... 656.040 and references. Estimates cbeerfully been on the mar­ Rove stop mechanism,g J. Fraser et al...... 655.860 furnishEd. Agents wantec1. ket for nearly Coggeshall Patent Steam ub C e n . Sad iron. Brown & Donnelly ...... 65ti.OSS six years, and T e l a er Saw jointer, S...... 655 823 Doug-aid...... THE SIMPLEX INTERIOR the demand forit CLEANER THAT CLEANS CLEAN Saw set,. Kemper & Rader ...... 65b,714 CO., THE ure k i Sawing machine, wood. . Herman ...... " ... o5.�,708 TELEPHONE has been so great rc��� , q�A� l�' end. :o� :!t'i!'i�: J. E. Main St., Cincinnati, Ohio. that twelve edi­ N 0 ��a�s i� �� Scaffold hanger. J. F. BarroH ...... 656.007 43 1 The Coggeshall Mfg. Co., Liberty St., New York. tions haye been 123 called for, Scale.��:l:: weIghing��:��: b: �:and t;�n�:: recor::ding;:::.-::: R.:::::. P. F::::::::::el ton ...... ::: �:�i8655.96ti The work may pr ce. Co b n ...... 656.013 The " Wolverine " Three Scale,Screen. weh See!ht Iusect and screen.i C. r i NICKEAND L be regarded as Cylinder Gasoline Ma­ Stamp mill screen. the product of Screen cOIlstrUCtlon, combined storm and tly. J. Electro· Plating rine Engine. G. Ralph ...... 65.�.!¥.n the studies and self· Seal, O. F...... 651>.713 practicaL ex­ The only rever!ling and Jordan ...... Apparatus THEand Material. st.:lrting gasol ne engine Oil SealIng'compound. vessel. G. W. Mawbey...... 65.�.935 perience of the i Dikeman � 7 the market. Lightest engine Seat post, binder, J. S...... 6..).. . tl6 & VanWinkle ablest chemists for the power built. Practi Separating and bolting macbine. W. C. Marmon .. 655,881 Co" and workers in cally no vibration. Abso!utt' Separator. See Grain ep tor. s ara all parts of the Iy safe. Single, double and Shade roller. extension ..J. Allard...... 655,ti7R Newnrk. l'i. J. 13ti ibe St., N. Y. world; the infor­ triple marine and stationa1"\ Shade support or holder, claw, C. A. Law ...... 65.�.728 L rty motors from to 30 H. P 32 St mation "ivcn be­ .• Shaft or pole end guard. S. G. Preston ...... f x,.7!l4 30 & S. Canal WOLVERINEI}£ Sheave. baH Donobue ...... 6.56,016 ing of the high­ bearing. J. T...... Cblc8.l

A. �tove,w ood fuel. J. Kendall ...... 656,005 Street sweeper. C. C. Gardner...... fJ55,971 Sugar dryiug apparatus, L. Hirt ...... 655,710 Saves Time ! Sa ves Cloth ing ! Sa ves Room ! Swalonn� Rnicles of varying cross section. J. Support Lanz ...... 100,721 Syringe, W. S. Valentine ...... •. , ...... " .. ti55.74t 'l'anning apparatus. A. E. Vidal...... ti5tj,(lf:k), 106,01>4 Yourself rrelegraphic relay. I. Kitsee ...... tiil5.71ti 'J'elephone bell cut·out,. L. F. CObb ...... ti.�\84!) A While �l elephone exchange system, Stromberg & Davi�. OOODFORM CLOSET SET ti.j.1.8ltl. 1);)5.811 the wife's time in putting the Telephone receiver, 'V. .Y. Murdock ...... ti55,7:!ti SI.-"(V68clothes away. Learning a Telephone receiver indicating device, \\' . H. ltathvon ...... fitl5.HB2 SlH'CS your tinle in finding them. The are always place and 1'elephone toll apparatus. \V. A. Foss ...... t);)';"),'i'i2 clothes in their Profession Thill couplin!l, J. C. Perry...... ti5Ii,1-t;) can be located at a glance. c i J). �� a� ��:�tl Y��fl a 'l'biBcouplIng'. M. Sechler...... li55,S04 hy keeping it ill i o e Thill or sbaft, vehicle, C, H... & A. k. Brown ...... fi5ti.OSi the clothing good Mechanical Engineer, J Savesf Architect. Threshing'machine. Thomas & Caldwell ...... t;:>5,!l15 ornI, taking out the wnnkles and Write for our new Tie. See Bale tie. giving it a stylish appearance. "Support Yourself While Learning a plate cleaning. burllishing, or polislJing ma- feBSlOn." Sent free. 'rillchine, J. W. Bryson ...... fiijG.08H SaWN money hy saving yonr clothing INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS, 'n re and rim. vehicle wheel. \V . F. ltae ...... " .. j�·>ti,045 (reducing your tailor's bills). Box 942, Scranton, Pa, Tire pumping attachment, pneumatic. H. La- '.'� ,'" room hy dOllbling the capacity 200,000 . /);)<) 1,--,2 SaveR students and graduates. Bend for cirou­ viers.•...... of a closet. .J. 65H,OS;-) lar. stating 8ubject in which interested. 'rire.puncture proof pneumatic, A. Befl.cer.. .. Tire valve protector and fastener. Plleumatic, Two Styles-Ladies' and Gentlemen's. W. E. Smith...... , ...... 115Il.!i"-l Tires, rim for detachable pneumatic. C . . J. Palm- Larlies'-12 skirt hangers, ]2 garment 1 er...... t1::'5,S!JO yokes, shelf hars. closet loop. 'l'iree to wheels. means for securing resilient, F. 2 J. Trench...... (i5ti.OIiO Mcn's-6 trouser hangers, ]2 gannent Tobacco pouch, D. H. Allen ...... 1)56,078 yokes, 2 shelf bars, 1 closet loop. L. Tobacco, treating leaf. I�ove ...... , ..., .... ti.5il.791 -" 1:t.RIC}� per �et, two !!OetM *S.OO; to ont.' u(1. 'l'ongueattachment, sled, C. M. Watt...... 6.)6.002 � , ' dre��, '5.o(�, exvre",,, vrevoltl. If Your. dealer 'rractionengine, D. C. Cn w ley ...... , ...... f.ifi5,t-i8h . .. liS. 'fraction engine, H. C()utant�Dujour ...... t;5;),lifl() / .."., .. " ...... ",.... does not have them, remit to . ti5.I),724 time we wi l 'l'raction engine, J. Liebau ...... SIX 1I0X1'JlS' 1'nIAI�. Try a s t, and if not perfe(,tly salisfadOl'Y rd-urn t.o us at any within six months, ami l Trap. See Mole trap. refund your money. \\'ritt� for }' I�EEe ROOKI�ET··--gi\'tJs (:(llllviete s i t on ot both sets. Trolley for electrically driven vehicles. L. Lom� t n p i bard·Gerin...... 65fj ,O;-)O d 'I·ruck. wheel, and armature pxchange for street CHICAGO FO RM COMPANY, 101-125 La Salle St., CHICAGO. or otber railway cars, W. H. Cornner.,...... 656.1;);'; Letters copied while Writing. 'I'russ. L. A. Deuther...... 655,961 No press; no water; no brush; no fJ'ub. See Convertible tub. work. Any ink; any pen; any paper. 1' urbine. Scovel & Ross ...... {;5f;.051 An Up -to-Date Wa rdrobe Necessity ! Our Pen-Carbon never smuts; our cHpbvlds 'l'urntable. J. A. Beamer ...... 655.681 paper firm. Write with no extra pressure, 'I'ypewriter. G. C. Blickensderfer...... t)5ti,086 and our Pen-Carbon Letter Book pro­ 'l'ypewriting macbine. G. C. Bhckensderfer...... t)5ti,085 duces a perJect copy. For letters, bills, etc. Valve, J. J. Rylands ...... t):)5.9H6 · f r Can be used anywbere. If your stationer Valve. J. C. Scott ...... !>5.).;41 n.nven t Ion 0 G rea timport ance or a e. does not keep it, write for free speCimen of Valve and stop cock. combined check, H. M. Pill� AAn apparatus I In very large demand, having largeS sales I work. Address Department 1. ney...... ti5ti,146 all over the world. It carrIes a handsome prot1t and PEN-CARBON MANIFOLD CO Valve, aut<:>lDat!cair. \V. D. Kl�pfe1...... t for lts ' It itS •• C. D. , .. t!:!�'�7�!�? �� requileH hut few simple tools production. 143-7-9 Centre Street, New York. ':alve, en�lOe pIston, P. GIbson ...... 1 COID- \. J. far awa�' ahead of anythinlo{of its kind, and has no alve. flUId �ctuated: . • B. Rhodes ...... t���\ 4:�! petition. 'l'his i� a real chaliCe for anyone wanting to Valve gear, C. D. P. Glb80f!...... (�,!.�::j manufacture a cut and dried article. Sells at about $50. 'Calvegea�. petro!eum,engme. ,1.1. A. Bertheau . .. t!?],/g� 'I Appiy to PA'l'EN'I" care lnternational. News Company, C. D...... V alv:e.reclproc�tlng, P. Gibson ...... ! � Chancery Lane, 1£. C .• l ng. .. £§:.?,y�H6a.1, 4,s6 5 Bream Bui1dings, London, 4:': VehIcle, G. Latllno ...... & EXPERIMENTAL WORK. Vehicle. �'. P. Stone., ...... 655.80i' Vebicle brake, It. H. \Vhite ...... t).)t).mo Inventiolls developed. Special Machinery. Vehicle. motor, P. J. ColJinfo\...... t.i5;),85:; CHICAGO REPRESENTATION. E. V. BAILLARD. Fox Bldg Franklin Square, New York. Active business man. a�e 43, with bhrhest references, MODELS .• Vehicle spindle, M. \V alker ...... 65tj,t;6ti large Chwaeo acquaiutance, and well equipped office, Vehicle top re.,t. folding, ",' . Y. Armstrong...... ti.55.mtl Vehicle wbeel. :1>1. M. Bailey...... 655 .948. 655.!14!1 t�]ephone, etc., win represent, ill Chica�o, EastE-rnman w F. �1. UfHCtUl'lllg concern on a commission basis. Win give Vehicle wheel, Ihlton et al...... t;55.70tl entire time to a busines8 which bas la,rge possibilities, Vent and com bined tap. automatic. D. Rirch· n ly e THE Camera enough ...... f> 55,H,i3 ���te�� l�i:�;i�� s�Wclte�� �dg�:s:S'�iWIl��iJN� Ventilator. See Oven ventilator. & Ventilator, M. Gaul...... '. 655.861 l'ATIVE," care of LORD THO�lAS, Chica�o . .JJ' for .:t­ Vessel hulls, protective armor for. R. �'. R. Walsb ...... 656,001 Vessel. marine. P. U. & A. M. J. Riess ...... 655.994 all around Voltaic cell, E. M. Fishell...... ti55.9ti8 YEARS' Wagon. W. O. Shadbolt ...... !;55.1>l5 50 illake IU odels of Any ill achine to Orde.·. Wagon brake, E. �'. Meyer ...... {)55.936 EXPERIENCE IIVQiJWJ;!�mltWJIJ_i'll\I work. E. 656,047 Wa"on brake. H. Rolph ...... with a GOOD CAMERA \V agon platform. C. Arnuld ...... 655,947 Begin Warming sponge. raising bread, etc., apparatus for. H.. K Pedigo ...... ti56,126 and learn how to use Washboard, R. B. Coffman...... 655.687 it. \\' asbmg fibrous or loose material, machine for, AUTOMATIC MACHINERY BUILT ROCHESTER OPTICA L CO. K. Koppelmann...... 655,717 to order. Our facilities and e erience in this line are \Vasre pipe cleaning and llusbing apparatus, W. t w e correspondence South St., Rochester, N.Y. �t��i�) ���:�� 30 '1'. O'Neil ...... , ...... 655.888 �:�:OTT.i����� MERGENTHALJ'r:�f�� deER COMPANY, Watchman's dialless regiSTer, J. A. Demuth ...... 655.694 Water closet bowl attachment. Coleman & TRADE MARKS Incorpurated, Baltimore, Md. �loore ...... ,...... 655,688 DESIGNS ------Water tube boiler. Hallett & Halliday...... 656,OHJ lu i e t Water tube boiler. R. Schulz ...... 655,803 COPYRIGHTS &C. FOR SALE-���:�iIie� ��i? s:g �� �r��s �:t��� : 65&.924 Weed ...... metal core boxes, etc., with shop right. Patents also AcetyleneACETYL numberENE of the SCIENTIF APPAIC AMERICARATUS '\.', Sup­ cutter, J. G. J:t.:vans ...... d C PL}<;Mll;NT, describing, with fun Ulustrations. the most Weighing machine. J. Orcutt ...... 655,794 qU1g�·1�1l:S������f ;J?{���lfor i f��� �!lht���e�:� for sale. No experimental work-ready to manufacture. recent, simple or home made and commercial apparatus '"V eIl augers. derrick attachment for bandling invention is probablyj}atentable. Communica­ Address LOUIS HECK, 35 N, J. R.R. Ave.,Newark, N.J. for �enerating acetylene on the large Rnd �mall scale. drill rod sections of. \V. K Thomas ...... 65;,).74;; tions strictI v confidential. Handbook on Patents l'he JlaBas made for snd used by the microscopist and Wel1 tubes, combined vise and apparatus for sent free. Olciest ag-en'cy for securing patents. m S. . mi in r ri b & WANT TO GET lo �" £':i:'�:a�:���a �� student; its use in the magic lantern. The new French l i:" 655,oo'l Patents taken through Munn Co. receive I table lamp making its own acetylene. Contained in Wb��I� ge� t,� ftt ��e�� ���o�:���ee ire: special notice, without charg-e, in the royalty. Canadian patent for sal_e. Address SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. No. 1057. hide wheel. V. G. HIGGIN,,", Fortnna, Cal. Price 10 cents prepaid hy mai1. For other numerous Wheel and axle. F'. Hall ...... 656, 111 valuable articles on tbis SUb ect we refer you to pa�re 21 Wheel holder. P. S. Stepbens ...... 656.057 a \V inder, bobbin. K ssel & NageL ...... 655.877 Sci¢ntific Jlm¢rican. ew t e t/�� to any i O. L.H OLOEN �a3�s� J��£��.�� Br������ 'J:� . s . A handsomely illustrated weekly. Largest cir· ��fppie:::::::::: :: : :: :: 1 culatlOn of any scientific journal. Terms, a 5 1336 BtACH 51. PHILADELPHIA PA . ����g::\Vire cloth �'. stretching t. machine. Souie: : &::: Geeck: ::::: ... �:i�l65.5.g14 year ; four months. $1. Sold by all newsdeal$3ers. ir i . B Oad ay w s�1g�1.1�.���.��.��.������ .�� ����: �': .���� 655.005 r W , " Wire stretcher, J. Peoples ...... �� 655,tJ89 ew 5[[ FIRST PA E. 5<.IENTlf1C AMERtCAN SlPT. 2 lag� Wood impregnating- apparatus, G. F. Lebioda .... 655,788 MUNNBranch &Office. CO.3b'25 61F Bt..Washing Nton, D.Yo C. rk REGEALEo. ICE MACHINES a g ay w· ,;;,ch: ··· 65.>,B8� E ���gcg� g�� pi�e I�;r�I��; Raich·,;i r I Wrench, E. N. GIlford...... 655,900 V OTIN G MACHI N ES � � E. Wringer, C. P. Searles ...... No. 1"07,445 for two candidates. No. 618.705 adju.table�� �� for 656.052 any number of candidates and any number of votes; also for cumulative or non·cumulative votinJjt. Shows . Y. CAMERA EXCHA E how many votes unused. Registers votes automati· N 50% Saved on all makes of CamerasNG .' , ca]]y. Absolute secrecy and certainty. No spoilt DESIGNS. a o votes po�sib)e. Canadian Patent also for sale. L . . an���c���:��: �:m� �r���'f:�J��:: Address E. J. MEAD, TOTNES, ENGLAND. :c.�j . J�g�6'��hi�:. ·.·:: . .. Large a,ssortment aiways on hand. Bicycle�:���: mud guard brace,.. F. N. Stevens: . .: ...... ::: ...... �,��: aa,082lljUl:t; Developing, Printing, etc. Brusb, H. A. Hamilton ...... 33.070 Photo supplies of every description whole 'history of the Button. J. C. Hilton...... 3.3.064 at lowest prices. HE Button hooks. etc.• handle for. W. H. Saart...... 3.3 ,06S Send 2c. stamp for baroain Card mount, J. P. Odgers ...... 3:).059 list.� Chimney cap support� F. Ziegel...... aa.078 Address world is written and pic­ & N. Y. CAMERA EXCHANGE. Fulton St., NEW YORK T Engine frame. Pamell Weed ...... 33.087 114 F'abric. woven. C. Franz...... • ...... - .. 33.093 Game board. C. B. Pennell...... 33.057 tured week by week Colliees Hair shedder. W. Herrick ...... 33.088 Astronomical in Hinge leaf, U. E. Lemon ...... 33.077 A"D Hoof pad, W. J. Kent. " ...... 3;;.089 Manufactory Established 1761. Horseshoe frame, S. S. Kurtz ...... 3.').000 Engineering Weekly. So well written and Hose coupling member, M. S. Levering...... 33.086 LEAD PENCILS, COLORI'lD PENCILS, SLATE 3:1 .066 Instruments Inkstand, M. Ganter ...... PENCILS, WRITING SLATES. STEEL PENS, GOLD l�abel, N. Wltsch ...... •...... 33.058 so well pictured that it is now Lantern body. P. H. '·erbeek ...... 3.3.0" PENS, INKS, PENCIL CASES IN SILVER AND IN Napl

1# Th e Pe rfecred American Wa tcn ", · an illustratea hook of interesting information ahout watcnes, will he sent free upon request. American Wa ltnam Wa tcn Co mpany, Wa ltnam, Ma ss.

AU varietlesRt lowest prtces. Rest Railroad - n o BARNES' 1y:�kl� O Wa���' VISE, DRILL, �S�� �rtr�le�� i�CI��A�S TIle Kingof tne Boaa COMBINATION TOOL;"g,6 Sewing Machines, BicycleFl.'f ouls. etc. Savn Money. Lists Free. ·C IJl(,AGO "l A L>: CO . CbIC8j/,'o. Ill. speed, CLAMP, Etc. � forty, for safe­and AA'2g '� Scalos strength! Also otber Com- A" U UPCompleteRIGH line, rangingT DRIfrom LijlhtLLFric­ S �f;n; S undoubt- bination Tools. .I1l�- tion Disk Drill to 42" Back Geared Self­ Feed. Send jor New Catalogue. AC ETYLtbe ENE WINTON pr DO YOU KNOW tbat most ligbt, least trouble, """ �� � t s r ,. "'n. W. JOHN BA�NES CO. �F�: �is�°gtIr��rC�� �� s� MOTOR lar S. A. - ,�_ l>l:b F. & cents.lJ5. ���ir 6,�OO& J�1j1: bsJ. � Write, inclosing 25 for sample. THE BROADBROOKS TOOL COMPANY, Batavia, N. 1999 Ruby Street, ROCK FORO. ILL. ST A TE UNE TALC CO., Cbattanooga, Tenn., A. CARRIAGE Y. U, S. the acknowledged leader among tbe best of tbe auto- S o Pl'ice o A"ent8. :'¥�I�� i>a�e �o'i\'� .�����������������������������������. self, running$1,200. fast or N slow. No danger. Hvdro-Carbon System. Prompt delivery assured. Write for Catalog. THE WINTON MOTOR CARRIAGE CO., Cleveland, Ohio. Department, Broadway, New York I

SOLD EVERYWHERE. Williams' Shaving Stick, Oenuine Yankee Shaving Soap,25<:. Luxury Shaving Tablet, tOe. Swiss Violet Shaving Cream,25c. De�I�N-��UT�N "M Wil ia s' Shaving Soap SOC. �T�R�TT�" 15 THE STANDARD AUTOMOBILE��. l m RoundCakea, I Ib., 40(;. Exquisite(Barbers'), .lao lor IoU.t. MOTOR OF THE WORLD. TriAl cake (01' 'le. str.mp. TAt only filln itt (nt' 1DOf'ld mding a SHA VING Soapll �t'ci(Jlt¥0/ OVER !lO,OOO IN ACTUAL USE. (i\astonbury. Don't expprl· THBLONDON J. B. WILLIAMSPARIS DRESDEN CO., SYDNEYCto ment-Pura · cbase DeDione �.ii�a'te&ro�� a success. Motors. motor supplies and batteries in • FOR TOOLS.STE SAWSE LT ETHB\YTR-C. Y stock. JEW� JESSSSOOP & SONSP'S C2 91 JOHN ST. NEW YORK also ufactureWe man­ Tl'icycles, Bristol's Patent Steel Belt Lacing. les Quadl'i­ ::�f !rf��r���t cycles, �gJ'Fastentn� Fo r all kinds "Motor­ �fe. n Sam- ettee." 8�� f,:.". GENERAL I'ACTORY ANI) OFFICES : The Bristol Co. LANE " 37th ST., BROOKLYN·NEW YORK. CHURCH Waterb1lrJ Oonll.