Congressional Record—Senate S11881
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History and Hybridity in the Trapeza Church Near Famagusta, Cyprus1
ALLAN LANGDALE Historian of Art and Architecture University of California at Santa Cruz History and Hybridity in the Trapeza Church near Famagusta, Cyprus1 I—Introduction The church at Trapeza has been largely neglected in the art historical literature on medieval and early modern Cyprus, garnering only occasional attention from scholars in the field.2 This is surprising because it is one of Cyprus's most intrigu- ing and challenging structures. Moreover, it contains a significant example of me- dieval Cypriot mural art that has gone largely unstudied: a fragmentary Pantocrator in the earlier of the two domes of the church, possibly dating from the fourteenth century. This extraordinary fresco, even if partially ruined, deserves to take its place among the masterworks of medieval Cypriot art. Perhaps one reason that the church's architectural features have been overlooked is that there has typically been greater consideration accorded those Cypriot churches that contain notewor- thy mural art, either in fresco or mosaic.3 If such pictorial remnants have justified ancillary discussions of architecture in earlier scholarship, then the revelation of the Trapeza Pantocrator supplies ample validation for a more comprehensive study of the church's architectural style and history. The Trapeza church is a fascinating conundrum and its somewhat ungainly hybridity may have dampened the enthusiasm of researchers of previous eras. Camille Enlart was so underwhelmed that he wrote only a cursory description of it.4 However, the syncretism that once affronted the aesthetic refinement of earlier 1. I would like to thank Benjamin Arbel and Annemarie Weyl Carr for their generosity and advice on this article. -
Bishop Porfyrios of Neapolis of the Church of Cyprus
Speech of His Grace Bishop Porfyrios of Neapolis “Religious Freedom in the Republic of Cyprus” at the event: “Human Rights within the European Union” (05-12-2018). In July 1974, as many of you will know, Turkey invaded Cyprus with a large military force, taking advantage of the coup d’état carried out by the military junta in Greece against Archbishop Makarios III, the elected President of the Republic of Cyprus. On August 16, the fighting stopped but 43 years on, the wounds to body of the island have still not healed. Some 37% of its territory remains occupied by the Turkish army, which maintains a force of 40,000 soldiers there. In so doing, it has made Cyprus one of the most heavily militarised places in the world. Some 180,000 Greek Cypriots were expelled from their homes and properties. Today, around 500 remain enclaved in the Karpas peninsula and the Maronite villages. In November 1983, the occupation regime declared the independence of the so-called “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus”, in a move that was condemned by the United Nations Security Council. No other country, apart from Turkey, has recognised the illegal entity. As a result of the invasion, Christian monuments and those of other faiths, sacred and archaeological sites were desecrated, looted and destroyed. Everything that adorned the 575 Orthodox churches in the occupied areas was stolen. Some 20,000 holy icons, wall paintings, mosaics, gospels, sacred vessels, manuscripts, old books, iconostases and, generally speaking, anything that could be stolen for material gain was looted and sold abroad. -
Security Council Distr.: General 4 June 2007
United Nations S/2007/328 Security Council Distr.: General 4 June 2007 Original: English Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Cyprus I. Introduction 1. The present report on the United Nations operation in Cyprus covers developments from 25 November 2006 to 25 May 2007, and brings up to date the record of activities carried out by the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) pursuant to Security Council resolution 186 (1964) and subsequent Council resolutions, the most recent being resolution 1728 (2006). 2. As at 30 April 2007, the strength of the military component stood at 856 all ranks and the strength of the police component stood at 64 (see annex). II. Mission of good offices and other developments 3. On 15 December, the Security Council adopted resolution 1728 (2006), by which, inter alia, it expressed full support for the process agreed upon by the Greek Cypriot leader, Tassos Papadopoulos, and the Turkish Cypriot leader, Mehmet Ali Talat, on 8 July 2006, and encouraged active participation in bicommunal discussions as described in the letter dated 15 November 2006 from the then Under-Secretary-General Ibrahim Gambari, to which both leaders had responded positively, under the auspices of my Special Representative. The Security Council called for the early completion of the preparatory phase so that a fully fledged good offices process might resume as soon as possible. At the same time, the Council regretted the continued lack of trust between the parties, which had prevented the implementation of the 8 July agreement. 4. Over the past six months, my Special Representative has continued efforts aimed at facilitating the implementation of the 8 July agreement (see S/2006/572) through intensive discussions with the two leaders and their representatives. -
The Ghosts of Famagusta
1 The Ghosts of Famagusta by Allan Langdale In the summer of 1974 Turkey invaded Cyprus, forcibly partitioning the Island into a northern, Turkish sector and a southern region known as Greek Cyprus. The international community interpreted the Turkish exploit as an illegal annexation rather than, as the Turks saw it, a justifiable intervention to prevent the ethnic cleansing of Turkish Cypriots. When the area declared itself the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) in 1983 the international community refused to recognize it. The occupation of the north meant that only the southern two-thirds of Cyprus continued to be recognized as the legitimate nation of Cyprus, while the north has persevered— propped up by subsidies and immigrants from Turkey—as a ‘military occupied zone’, a designation that has resulted in the region’s economic and cultural isolation for the past forty years. This has had innumerable political and social ramifications for Cyprus and Cypriots, both Greek and Turkish, but one of the more urgent issues is the preservation of archaeological and cultural sites in the north, many of which have been subject to neglect for four decades. The situation has become critical for many historical sites. The following is a report on some of the challenges faced by people trying to conserve the region’s incomparably rich archaeological and architectural past. We routinely hear about the U. S. economic embargos of Cuba and North Korea, but the embargo of northern Cyprus doesn’t get much press. Yet that four decade long prohibition, observed by the United States and by virtually all of the world’s nations, is one of the decisive factors impeding efforts to save the region’s numerous archaeological sites and historical works of architecture. -
A Biography of the Apostolos Andreas Monastery
CULTURAL HERITAGE AND THE CYPRUS CONFLICT: A BIOGRAPHY OF THE APOSTOLOS ANDREAS MONASTERY Maria Stefani CULTURAL HERITAGE AND THE CYPRUS CONFLICT: A BIOGRAPHY OF THE APOSTOLOS ANDREAS MONASTERY Author: Maria Stefani Student number: s1744569 Course and course code: 2021-HS Research Master Thesis Archaeology (1084VTH1Y_2021_HS) Supervisor: Prof. dr. J.C.A. (Jan) Kolen University of Leiden, Faculty of Archaeology Leiden, 30 October 2020 Final version 1 Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Cultural heritage in armed conflict: an old relationship ........................................... 5 1.2. Cultural heritage: 20th century concepts ................................................................ 6 1.2.1. Cultural heritage as a process and the Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD) ...... 6 1.2.2. Material agency ........................................................................................... 7 1.3. Recent theories of cultural heritage in the context of armed conflict and its aftermath . 8 1.4. Biography of place ............................................................................................. 9 1.5. Scope of the thesis ........................................................................................... 10 1.5.1. Armed conflict and cultural heritage: the case of Cyprus................................. 11 1.5.2. The Apostolos Andreas monastery .............................................................. -
7 ZAVAGNO Zlom.Qxp Sestava 1
Zavagno — Kızılduman, A Countryside in Transition: The Galinoporni-Kaleburnu Plain (Cyprus) ... 233–251 A Countryside in Transition: The Galinoporni-Kaleburnu Plain (Cyprus) in the Passage from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages (ca. 600 – ca. 850) Měnící se krajina: planina Galinoporni-Kaleburnu (SV Kypr) na přechodu mezi pozdní antikou a raným středověkem (ca 600 – ca 850) Luca Zavagno — Bülent Kızılduman Předloženo redakci v září 2016, upravená verze v dubnu 2018 This paper aims to both tip the chronologically-unbalanced rural surveys conducted on the island of Cyprus in the last decades (as focusing almost exclusively on the Roman and Late Antique period) and re-assess the traditional historiographical interpretation of the fate of local rural settlements and population in the passage from Late Antiquity to the early Middle Ages (i.e. between the late sixth to the early ninth century). Indeed, we cannot simply take for granted that at the time under scrutiny Cyprus was overwhelmed by Arab incursions turning the island into a no man’s land, severing commercial and shipping routes, bringing to an end any economic, social and cultural form of life in the countryside, causing massive depopulation and abandonment of prosperous rural villages along the coasts in favor of hastily built and fortified (often seasonal) hilltop settlements. In the light of the latter remark, the authors will use the preliminary results of a recent extensive rural survey conducted in the plain of Galinoporni/Kaleburnu on the Karpas peninsula to propose a picture of the Cypriot landscape as characterized by the early medieval resilience of the varied range of rural settlements (farms, hamlets and villages) dating back to previous centuries and by the lack of any catastrophic occupational gaps after the mid-seventh century. -
Dear Ms Romey
DOCUMENT WITH THE COMMENTS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF CYPRIOT ARCHAEOLOGISTS CONCERNING TURKEY’S REPORT ON THE ‘IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ‘INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS’ In 1974 the Turkish armed forces invaded Cyprus in violation of international law, including the UN Charter. Turkey still occupies over 36% of the territory of the Republic with 43,000 troops, and is therefore responsible for the actions of its army and the subordinate local administration. It is also pertinent to recall that in 1983 the then Turkish Cypriot leader Mr. Denktaş, declared the establishment of the so-called “TRNC” in the occupied part of Cyprus. This action was condemned by the UN Security Council in Resolutions 541(1983) and 550 (1984) which calls upon the international community neither to recognize such an entity nor to assist or in any way cooperate with it. As far as cultural heritage is concerned Turkey is a Party to the following Conventions: UN Conventions: 1. Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict with Regulations for the Execution of the Convention, The Hague, 14 May 1954 2. First Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, The Hague, 14 May 1954 1 3. Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, Paris, 14 November 1970 4. Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Paris, 16 November 1972 5. Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, Paris, 17 October 2003 Council of Europe Conventions 6. -
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International Perspectives
International Perspectives International Perspectives ON RELIGIOUS FREEDOM ON RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Proceedings of Conferences Proceedings of Conferences on Religious Freedom on Religious Freedom 2010 - 2012 2010 - 2012 Freedom of religion is a universal value. The freedom to profess and practice one’s faith, to believe, and the freedom of expression and behaviour in public life as believer, is a birth right of every human being. It is ingrained in every human heart. This is what we, Europeans believe. Those rights are justly recognised under international law. The promotion of international religious freedom is one of the priorities of the European People’s Party (EPP) Group at the European Parliament. It is a priority for me, as Vice- Chairman of the EPP Group responsible for interreligious dialogue and intercultural activities – Jan Olbrycht MEP As there can be no security in Europe unless there is also security in the Mediterranean; likewise, there can be no security in the Middle East and North Africa or any other part of the world unless there is (also security and) full respect for religious freedom between Muslim majorities and other religious minorities. It should be stated that this kind of interaction also applies to interactions between other religious majorities and religious minorities. The EU has got to take this on board. Indeed, “a closer inspection of the obvious can show us a way forward and help shape our approach to a given problem.” Getting to grips with this is vital in making progress towards a solution. “Seriously -
Karpasia, the Strategically Important 'Bit' of Cyprus
NKEW - Feature Karpasia, the Strategically Important 'Bit' of Cyprus Andrekos Varnava presents us his thoughts on the latest developments on the Cyprus issue. Are we really closer to a President solution and is new president Tassos Papadopoulos the one to elect Tassos secure it? Papadopoulos (left) in recent I was in Cyprus when the first Annan plan was presented, and National experienced the optimism, despair and resignation pervading the Council minds of many Greek-Cypriots. Some recognised the UN initiative discussions as an opportunity, while others opposed the unification of the with outgoing island on such a basis. One side wanted to negotiate; the other Glafkos wanted to walk away. I belonged to the former school, I still do, Clerides. but I have reservations. It was clear that only one side represents the interests of the Cypriots, while the other was guarding its strategic interests in the eastern Mediterranean. The developments of the past week, whether they bare any fruit or not, vindicates these suspicions. For Turkey, a solution to the Cyprus Problem based on the Annan proposals hinges on complete Turkish control of the Karpas Peninsula. Recently, Turkish leader Tayyip Erdogan dropped a bombshell when after meeting Kofi Annan in Ankara, he emphatically announced that Annan's new plan "will bring the solution we want and... we can wrap up the issue in March with referenda on both sides." What was so dramatically different in this plan to give Turkey the solution it wanted? According to reports, the only significant change in Annan's third and final plan is that the whole of the Karpas Peninsula will remain under Turkish-Cypriot control. -
Ecomhr-1999-Cyprus-V.-Turkey.Pdf
EUROPEAN COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Application No.25781/94 CYPRUS against TURKEY REPORT OF THE COMMISSION (adopted on 4 June 1999) 25781/94 - i - TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION (paras. 1-67) ............................................................................................................... 1 A. BACKGROUND (paras.1-17) ............................................................................................................. 1 1) Previous inter-State applications (paras.2-12) .......................................................................................................... 1 2) Individual applications (paras. 13-17) ...................................................................................................... 3 B. THE SUBSTANCE OF THE PRESENT APPLICATION (paras. 18-19) ........................................................................................................... 4 C. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION (paras.20-63) ............................................................................................................ 4 1) Proceedings on admissibility (paras. 21-25) ....................................................................................................... 4 2) Proceedings on the merits (paras.26-63) ........................................................................................................ 6 a) The respondent Government’s initial refusal to participate in the proceedings on the merits (paras.26-32) ........................ 6 b) Taking of evidence in Strasbourg -
Sacred and Mortuary Landscapes in Iron Age Cyprus: a GIS Analysis James P
The College of Wooster Libraries Open Works Senior Independent Study Theses 2015 Sacred and Mortuary Landscapes in Iron Age Cyprus: A GIS Analysis James P. Torpy The College of Wooster, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://openworks.wooster.edu/independentstudy Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Geographic Information Sciences Commons, and the Human Geography Commons Recommended Citation Torpy, James P., "Sacred and Mortuary Landscapes in Iron Age Cyprus: A GIS Analysis" (2015). Senior Independent Study Theses. Paper 6783. https://openworks.wooster.edu/independentstudy/6783 This Senior Independent Study Thesis Exemplar is brought to you by Open Works, a service of The oC llege of Wooster Libraries. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Independent Study Theses by an authorized administrator of Open Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Copyright 2015 James P. Torpy Sacred and Mortuary Landscapes in Iron Age Cyprus: A GIS Analysis by James Torpy A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements of Independent Study in Archaeology at The College of Wooster Archaeology 451-452 P. Nick Kardulias 22 March 2015 i ABSTRACT During the Archaic period (750-480 BC) the island of Cyprus underwent a dramatic transformation as new city-kingdoms rose to dominate the political landscape of the island. This shift resulted in increased competition for resources, establishment of political boundaries, and emergence of a pronounced social hierarchy within the new polities. While many of the large settlements that became centers of power during this time have been thoroughly studied, the manifestation of the large scale changes of the Archaic in the periphery have not been as fully investigated.