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Dongola : Ancient Tungul

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PCMA Archaeological Guides, 1 Partners in the Project Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw Qatar–Sudan Archaeological Project (QASP), Nubian Archaeological Development Organization With cooperation of Kazimierz Michałowski Foundation Włodzimierz Godlewski Dongola – ancient Tungul archaeological guide TIME & SPACE Guide to history and excavations All major sites and buildings excavated in ancient Dongola, their location, field coding and a handy reference to place in the text B.I Building I = “Palace of Ioannes” (Site SWN); late Building I B.II Building II (Site SWN) B.III Building III.1 = commemorative monument (Site SWN); Building III.2 = church (Site SWN) B.IV Building IV (Site SWN) B.V Building V = King’s Church (Site SWN) BX Building X (Site CC) CC.I Cruciform Church CC.II Second Cruciform Church DC Church D (Site D) EC.I First Cathedral = Church of the Stone Pavement EC.II Second Cathedral = Church of the Stone Pavement EDC Early Church D (Site D) FC Church F H.HC Monastic Church, Monastery of St. Anthony the Great (Kom H) H.NW Northwest Annex, Monastery of St. Anthony the Great (Kom H) (H.NW.BI, BII, BIII – constituent parts of the annex) H.SW Southwest Annex, Monastery of St. Anthony the Great (Kom H) House A.106 NW fortifications: Houses A, B, PCH.1 architecture on Site P MC.I First Mosaic Church MC.II Second Mosaic Church NC North Church NW fortifications Northwestern fortifications NWC Northwest Church OC Old Church PC Pillar Church RC.I Third Cathedral = Church of the Granite Columns RC.II Fourth Cathedral = Church of the Granite Columns RT.1, RT.2 Rock-cut tombs Site = Kom A Citadel Site C northwestern citadel area Site CC area around the Cruciform Church Site D northern outskirts of the town settlement Site=Kom H Monastery of Saint Anthony the Great Site P northern town agglomeration Site R pottery workshops Site XXX Iron-smelting furnaces SWN southwestern part of the Citadel TC Tower Church Throne Hall = Mosque Building Rise of the Kingdom of Makuria; El Ghaddar cemetery 7, 14, 18, 110, 111, 114 founding of Dongola Hammur cemetery 18 Citadel of Dongola 7ff., 15, 16, 17ff., 20,21ff ., 35, 39, 41, 52, 57, 5th–5th/6th century 67, 69, 76, 97–99, 108, 109, 111, 119, 135, 139–140 EARLY MAKURIA I MAKURIA EARLY Main center of the Kingdom Rock tombs (R.I and R.II) 111-113, 116 Old Church (OC) 7, 10, 14, 22, 53, 59–60, 64, 125, 130 6th–early 7th century Building X (BX) 7, 23, 49, 54, 59, 61–64, 116, 119 First Mosaic Church (MC.I) 59, 64–65 First Cathedral = Church of the Stone Pavement (EC.I) 9ff.,49–51 , 61, 65, 79, 124, 126 Site SWN: Building IV 24, 28, 126 Monastery of St. Anthony the Great (Kom H) 9f., 13, 14–15, 19, 47, EARLY MAKURIA II MAKURIA EARLY 52, 57, 59, 77, 78–95, 114, 116, 117, 124, 127–128, 135 Site R: Pottery workshops 123, 129 Iron-smelting furnaces 121–123 Center of Great Makuria Site SWN: Building I (“Palace of Ioannes”) 9, 10, 15, 23, 26–29, 30, 31, 32, 35, 38, 39, 69, 119, 120, 132, 135 early 7th–early 9th century Site SWN: Building III.1 — commemorative monument 10, 35–39, 41, 52, 69, 75, 124, 135 NW fortifications: House A.106 22, 97–99, 127, 130, 132 Second Cathedral = Church of the Stone Pavement (EC.II) 51–52, 66, 126 Third Cathedral = Church of the Granite Columns (RC.I) 7, 12, 17, 39, 48, 53–55, 68, 120, 127–128, 135, 138, 139 EARLY MAKURIA III MAKURIA EARLY Second Mosaic Church (MC.II) 52, 65–66, 126 Site D: Early Church (EDC) 59, 65 Site P: House PCH.1 and Houses A and B 11, 100, 101–107 Center of Great Makuria First Cruciform Church (CC.I) 6, 11, 14, 15,19, 35, 39–41, 49, 55, 61, 75, 116, 117, 120, 135, 136, 138 early 9th–mid 11th century Throne Hall 7, 12, 13, 23, 42–47, 49, 137 Fourth Cathedral = Church of the Granite Columns (RC.II) 55–57, 135, 138 Site SWN: Building V = King’s Church 69–70 Pillar Church (PC) 41, 67–69 MIDDLE MAKURIA Site D: Church (DC) 19, 46, 55, 70–71 Dotawo Kingdom Northwest Church (NWC) 19, 71, 73 Northwest Annex (Monastery of St. Anthony the Great) 78, 80, 84, mid 11th–end of 12th century 85–91, 92, 95, 116,117, 125 LATE MAKURIA I MAKURIA LATE Dotawo Kingdom New fortifications on the Citadel 136 Site SWN: Building II 23 13th–mid 14th century Second Cruciform Church (CC.II) 6, 75–76, 135, 136, 138 North Church (NC) 19, 73–74, 135 Tower Church (TC) 74–75, 135 Site SWN: Late Building I 135 LATE MAKURIA II MAKURIA LATE Site SWN: Building III.2 = church 75–77, 135 Mosque 13, 135, 136–137 Small Makuria New houses 136, 138 (Dotawo Kingdom); In Dongola: Palace of the Mek 140 Kingdom of Dongola Town Southern settlement, qubbas 13, 136 South Wall 136, 139 mid 14th–16th century LATE MAKURIA III MAKURIA LATE Funj Kingdom New houses 139, 140 17th century–1822 Southern settlement 13, 139 DOM J G In Dongola: Kingdom of IN UN Dongola Town F K TOWN HISTORY General Director of Sudan Antiquities, Dr. Nigm ed-Din Mohammed Sherif visiting with members of the Polish Mission during the excavations of the Cruciform Church in 1974 Town history 7 Dongola (Nubian Tungul, Arabic Dunqula) palaces and public buildings, and a place for was among the most important centers of concentrating economic resources. the medieval kingdom of Makuria (Godlewski The first rulers to reside in Dongola may 2004b). The town was situated on a rocky have been buried in rock-cut tombs erected eminence overlooking the eastern bank of the in the desert to the north of the town, at Nile, halfway between the Third and Fourth the southern extremity of the burial ground Cataracts, at the southern edge of the Letti near Gebel Ghaddar. Nothing but the burial Basin, which served the city as an economic chambers have been preserved, both with base. Contrary to earlier suggestions made broad steps leading down from the west. by egyptologists regarding the town’s impor- A new challenge came with the conver- tance already in the Napatan period, it now sion of the kingdom to Christianity in the mid appears that the city was not established 6th century. The citadel, which must have until the end of the 5th century. The founder been fully occupied already by the beginning was likely one of the first kings of Makuria. of the 6th century, could not hold all the He raised a huge fortress at a site away from churches that the missionaries and rulers the religious centers of the earlier kingdom of Makuria expected to erect. New temples of Kush (Napata), but located centrally in — the three-aisled Old Church with dwarf the new kingdom (see map of Early Makuria, transept and the commemorative cruciform page 9). The massive fortifications were built Building X inscribed into a rectangle — had of mud brick and broken ferruginous sand- to be constructed on more or less undevel- stone. oped ground to the north of the citadel (see This settlement was one of a series of the plan on page 18). newly established, heavily fortified sites The missionaries, whose task was to that the rulers of Makuria apparently Christianize Makuria, may have come from decided to build along the bank of the Nile. Constantinople and the first churches at The purpose appears to have been more Dongola had much in common with church socioeconomic than military, the idea being architecture in Palestine and Syria. By the presumably to foster a Byzantine-influenced 570s, a bishopric had been established in process of urbanization. Thus, the Dongolan Dongola. On the site of Building X, desecrated citadel became a center of power with royal by a torrential Nile flood, a cathedral was Citadel of Dongola, viewed from the Nile (from the north), the Throne Hall/Mosque rising on the left 8 Town history Location of Old Dongola and its environs, between the Letti Basin on the north and Tangasi Island on the south (After Jakobielski, Scholz [eds] 2001: Map on page VIII) Town history 9 erected. EC.I was a five-aisled columnar 1.5 km east of the citadel hill. The church, basilica, dubbed by the excavators the Church a three-aisled basilica with central tower of the Stone Pavement (see below, Cathe- supported on four stone pillars, is the only drals, pages 49ff.). Finely worked columns of part of the original foundation, which has pink granite supported a wooden ceiling. The been explored. As suggested by a funerary pastophoria and connecting corridor running stela of the archbishop Georgios (who was behind the apse formed a block arrangement also archimandrite) from 1113, discovered in the east end of the building, and a stone in the Northwest Annex to the west of the balustrade screened off the sanctuary with complex, the monastery was dedicated to table altar in the eastern end of the nave; the the Great Anthony. apse had a synthronon built into it. The new Having incorporated Nobadia at the turn building incorporated under the apse the of the 6th century and in the 7th century, two crypts which had been part of the earlier Makuria came into direct contact with commemorative structure. Buried in these Byzantine Egypt. Numerous finds of Egyptian crypts were two men, who are presumed to amphorae, identified as products of pottery be the apostles of the kingdom.
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