DOCSLIB.ORG

The Art of Distillation and the Dawn of the Hydrocarbon Society

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Art of Distillation and the Dawn of the Hydrocarbon Society ll. t. Ch. 24 ( 53 THE ART OF DISTILLATION AND THE DAWN OF THE HYDROCARBON SOCIETY Mrtn . Sltzn, rvdn Cll Of ll th thn pld n th lbrtr nn n bhlf f th Sn Ol Cpn. h ll frt h h n nnt ln tht f dtlltn. h prdd rd l n At 2,8, nd th th l frt f dtlltn r hrdd n ntt, bt ndtr bn n t td. Id rbll h rtnl b th Mddl A bd f ltrtr x rttn, hvr (: td drbn vr pt f th thn. h ...h dvlpnt f th Arn l ndtr d Enlpd f n drt (84, hh p nt bn, nl d, th th dvr prd n vntn vl fr 2, ntn f l n At, 8, nr tvll, nnlv n xtnv ntr n dtlltn th n rfrn n. tn dvr, l dtn th bnnn f t vr trt n th bjt. rb h pr r r rvltn, n f htr t dd prhp th t dfntv td f th bjt ldn hrt t. vr l r nd rv fr ntt thrh th nntnth ntr n h b ltn hv ln brnd. A Short History of h rt f th the Art of Distilla- l ndtr n tion (. b trd b t th frth n h prdt tr .C. n th tht t d Mddl Et. In tl t nd Mpt, tht td ptrl prd th dtlltn t r vl lhl. vr, bl fr bt nthr prdt, p n p, l trl, h hd fr prn, nd l rtr n brn r. n fr r tn t. h bnnn d b th f th hdrrbn Srn, t (2 ll Arn, nd td th th blnn ll drlld t ln fr tvll, nnl thr bt, rr vn, b Edn . tn t, r (8880 St Crtft f th Sn Ol Cpn 54 Bull. Hist. Chem. 24 (1999) t th dtlltn f rd l fnd n th rtn f n Alh (00, Srn htrn nd n f lttr (4): Many types of naft are water white by nature and so volatile that they cannot be stored in open vessels. Others are obtained from a kind of pitch in a turbid and dark condition, but by further treatment they can be made clear and white by distilling them like rose water. hr r n rprt n th Arb ltrtr f th dnl vl f nft rtv fr vr lln. Crd l ntnll rfnd n th Mddl Et, prtlrl n th rn rrndn th t f n prnt d Azrbjn fr th vnth ntr A nrd. trl p n th Untd Stt hd bn d vrd rl 62 n trn Yr nr th prnt tn f Cb. h bt t r fnd n t rn nnlvn ln tr pprprtl nd Ol Cr, nr th tn f tvll. h l p r dvrd b Mrvn nr, vd brr, n 68. h Sn hd bn n rd l fr dnl prp, nd t n b n t Edwin L. Drake f trd th th Erpn ttlr. hn rtnl nd n n br. h Eptn d btn n prrbd rd l n th frt prt f th nntnth thr ftn prdr. h trl b ntr r:: fr vrt f lln. tnd fr th d S hr h bll prdll hr r t jr prbl n th f p r t th rf. h Eptn trd ntrlld trl fr lhtn nd htn. rt, thr nt n b Arb h v th Arb n "nft" t th prd ffnt brnr fr th trl nd nd, ppl t, fr hh drvd th drn tr nphth. f rfnd prdt nt vlbl t cost pt ft b fr pn n th rnl f th tv th th thr fl vlbl. In 80 rn zntn nd Ml r nd nv, hh r rr A Arnd (080 nvntd brnr tht ntndn fr dnn n th rn n th th n prdd n ntnt f lht tht hd nvr bn p tr. It blvd tht th pn hh b nn bl bfr (. h Arnd brnr t xpnv th "Gr r" hv bn dtllt rthr t prd fr th rt, bt th dvlpnt n thn rd l. h pn d th rt fft th rl 80 n Atr f brnr th flt b th zntn t th ttl f Kz n 680 C n hh h hpr t prd lvd th frt hh th Ml flt ffrd nr lt prbl. h flt b th tndrd n r fr brnn. n lp nd lntrn fr tht t nrd nd h frt rrdd rfrn t dtlltn f rd tll prdd td n h th . l ppr n th rtn f Mhd lz In 80 n hd th h f vrt f ld (420, rn phn nd ht, n h fl f vrn lhtn blt nd pr. h bt was Book of Secrets. h pr drbd nvlv th d pr l, bt th Arn hln ndtr hd v lld n lb, hh h bn trnltrtd dtd th pr hl ppltn tht th t f nt Enlh lb. h lb b tn th prdt b prhbtv fr th nrl ppl drd p f pprt thrht th Mddl Et nd tn. n l, brnn fld, nd phn thn b Erp fr pl dtlltn (. 2. h dtllt l th prnpl fl. Cphn, xtr f pr z drbd t rbl rn, tht fr fd trpntn nd lhl, was very popular vn tn f rd l d fr htn nd lhtn nd th thh t prtlrl dnr b f th vl pt fr drlln th frt l ll. A ltr rfrn tlt f t pnnt nd rrd pl brnr. A ll. t. Ch. 24 ( 55 much better fuel was needed; and this was produced by mercial success (Fig.4). Having an excess of crude oil Abraham Gesner ( I 797-1864), a Canadian physician by in his possession, Kier turned his attention to its use as training but also a geologist, chemist, and inventor (6). an illuminant. Crude oil itself was unsatisfactory be- Sometime in 1845 Gesner began experiments to pro- cause of its odor and the smoke it produced when burned. duce a better fuel by dry distillation from a black min- Kier sought the advice of James C. Booth (1810-1888), eral named albertite found in New Brunswick. He ob- a consulting chemist in Philadelphia, who suggested he tained a liquid whose use as a fuel for lighting he dem- distill the crude. A small-scale refinery was built in Pitts- onstrated as early as 1846 in public lectures on Prince burgh in 1850; and Kier's product, which he named "car- Édward Island. bon oil," was a local success. That prompted this pio- A similar material could be obtained by dis- tillation of pitch found on the island of Trinidad (Fig. 3) and also of certain types of English fuel called can- nel coal. In 1853 Gesner moved to New York to su- perintend the construction of the first commercial plant to produce this new hydrocarbon fuel, generi- cally named rock oil. Gesner's patent (US Patent 70525, Jan. 29,1850) cov- ered a process to produce a volatile fraction to which he gave the name keroselain, Crlr Ud b Kr t Advrt trl Mdn from the Greek kerns for wax and elain for oil. For public relations reasons the nr oil refiner to build a larger scale plant outside Pitts- name was changed to kerosene so that it resembled the burgh. The major drawback to the use of Kier's product name camphene. Kerosene was shown to be a much was a disagreeable odor, but yet 1,183 barrels (each 31 better value for money than any other of its competi- 1/2 gallons) were sold at very high prices. Demand ex- tors. This even included coal gas, both in terms of the ceeded supply, but every attempt to produce more oil cost and the resulting brilliance of the illumination. by drilling additional salt wells proved a failure. The Kerosene became an instant success; by 1859 between value of hydrocarbon fuels for lighting and heating had fifty and sixty plants, representing an investment of four been well established; the major problems were still the million dollars, had been built. These were based on supply and the cost. The solution to this dilemma be- Gesner's process as well as a similar one that had been gan in the fall of 1853. invented and patented by the Scotsman James Young (1811-1883) in Britain and the United States (US Patent Francis B. Brewer (1820-1881), a physician and 8833, March 21, 1852) (7). No one, however, at this graduate of Dartmouth College, had moved to Titusville time was producing kerosene in any significant quanti- in 1851 to join the firm of Brewer, Watson, and Com- ties because of the lack of a supply of crude oil. pany, which had been established by Brewer's father Ebenezer in 1844 to produce lumber from a large tract In parts of Pennsylvania wells had been drilled for of land he owned on Oil Creek. After having completed some time which produced salt water as a source of salt. his medical studies at Jefferson Medical School in Phila- In many of these wells besides the salt water quantities delphia, Brewer began the practice of medicine in Barnet, of crude oil came to the surface. In 1849 Samuel Kier Vermont. He had used petroleum oil in his medical prac- (1813-1874) conceived the idea of selling oil from the tice beginning in 1848. In 1850 Brewer decided to give salt wells for medicinal purposes; but "Kier's Petroleum up the practice of medicine and become an active part- or Rock Oil," put up in half-pint bottles, was not a corn- 6 ll.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Extraction of Wax from Sorghum Bran •
    i EXTRACTION OF WAX FROM SORGHUM BRAN • 1 HSIEN-WEN HSU <& . ***£/ B. S., National Taiwan University, China, 1951 A THESIS » submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE - Department of Chemical Engineering KANSAS STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE - 1955 » k Lo i~i ii Q^cu^v^Js TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 PREVIOUS WORK 3 MATERIALS 6 GLASS SOXHLET EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS OF WAX AND OIL IN MISCELLA 7 Procedure of Using Soxhlet Extractor 7 Separation of Wax from Oil by the Acetone Method.. 8 Summary of Results 9 PILOT PLANT EXTRACTION 15 SEPARATION OF WAX AND OIL 16 Effect of Temperature in the Acetone Method 16 Urea Complex Method of Separation. 17 Theory 17 Experimental Procedure 22 Summary of Results 26 COST ESTIMATION OF A WAX RECOVERY PLANT 29 DISCUSSION 30 CONCLUSIONS 35 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 36 BIBLIOGRAPHY 37 APPENDIX 39 INTRODUCTION i One of the functions of the Agricultural Experiment Station is the never ending search for means of better and fuller utilization of the agri- cultural products that are of particular interest in the state of Kansas. In line with this broad objective, the extraction of economically valuable lipid materials from the sorghum bran has been studied in several theses in the Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry in recent years. Generally the emphasis has b. en placed upon either the chemical and physical properties of these lipides or the equipment design and performance for the solvent ex- traction operation. A brief review of the previous work is presented in the ensuing section.
    [Show full text]
  • The Separation of Three Azeotropes by Extractive Distillation by An-I Yeh A
    The separation of three azeotropes by extractive distillation by An-I Yeh A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Chemical Engineering Montana State University © Copyright by An-I Yeh (1983) Abstract: Several different kinds of extractive distillation agents were investigated to affect the separation of three binary liquid mixtures, isopropyl ether - acetone, methyl acetate - methanol, and isopropyl ether - methyl ethyl ketone. Because of the small size of the extractive distillation column, relative volatilities were assumed constant and the Fenske equation was used to calculate the relative volatilities and the number of minimum theoretical plates. Dimethyl sulfoxide was found to be a good extractive distillation agent. Extractive distillation when employing a proper agent not only negated the azeotropes of the above mixtures, but also improved the efficiency of separation. This process could reverse the relative volatility of isopropyl ether and acetone. This reversion was also found in the system of methyl acetate and methanol when nitrobenzene was the agent. However, normal distillation curves were obtained for the system of isopropyl ether and methyl ethyl ketone undergoing extractive distillation. In the system of methyl acetate and methanol, the relative volatility decreased as the agents' carbon number increased when glycols were used as the agents. In addition, the oxygen number and the locations of hydroxyl groups in the glycols used were believed to affect the values of relative volatility. An appreciable amount of agent must be maintained in the column to affect separation. When dimethyl sulfoxide was an agent for the three systems studied, the relative volatility increased as the addition rate increased.
    [Show full text]
  • Distillation 65 Chem 355 Jasperse DISTILLATION
    Distillation 65 Chem 355 Jasperse DISTILLATION Background Distillation is a widely used technique for purifying liquids. The basic distillation process involves heating a liquid such that liquid molecules vaporize. The vapors produced are subsequently passed through a water-cooled condenser. Upon cooling, the vapor returns to it’s liquid phase. The liquid can then be collected. The ability to separate mixtures of liquids depends on differences in volatility (the ability to vaporize). For separation to occur, the vapor that is condensed and collected must be more pure than the original liquid mix. Distillation can be used to remove a volatile solvent from a nonvolatile product; to separate a volatile product from nonvolatile impurities; or to separate two or more volatile products that have sufficiently different boiling points. Vaporization and Boiling When a liquid is placed in a closed container, some of the molecules evaporate into any unoccupied space in the container. Evaporation, which occurs at temperatures below the boiling point of a compound, involves the transition from liquid to vapor of only those molecules at the liquid surface. Evaporation continues until an equilibrium is reached between molecules entering and leaving the liquid and vapor states. The pressure exerted by these gaseous molecules on the walls of the container is the equilibrium vapor pressure. The magnitude of this vapor pressure depends on the physical characteristics of the compound and increases as temperature increases. In an open container, equilibrium is never established, the vapor can simply leave, and the liquid eventually disappears. But whether in an open or closed situation, evaporation occurs only from the surface of the liquid.
    [Show full text]
  • Standard Operating Procedures
    Standard Operating Procedures 1 Standard Operating Procedures OVERVIEW In the following laboratory exercises you will be introduced to some of the glassware and tech- niques used by chemists to isolate components from natural or synthetic mixtures and to purify the individual compounds and characterize them by determining some of their physical proper- ties. While working collaboratively with your group members you will become acquainted with: a) Volumetric glassware b) Liquid-liquid extraction apparatus c) Distillation apparatus OBJECTIVES After finishing these sessions and reporting your results to your mentor, you should be able to: • Prepare solutions of exact concentrations • Separate liquid-liquid mixtures • Purify compounds by recrystallization • Separate mixtures by simple and fractional distillation 2 EXPERIMENT 1 Glassware Calibration, Primary and Secondary Standards, and Manual Titrations PART 1. Volumetric Glassware Calibration Volumetric glassware is used to either contain or deliver liquids at a specified temperature. Glassware manufacturers indicate this by inscribing on the volumetric ware the initials TC (to contain) or TD (to deliver) along with the calibration temperature, which is usually 20°C1. Volumetric glassware must be scrupulously clean before use. The presence of streaks or droplets is an indication of the presence of a grease film. To eliminate grease from glassware, scrub with detergent solution, rinse with tap water, and finally rinse with a small portion of distilled water. Volumetric flasks (TC) A volumetric flask has a large round bottom with only one graduation mark positioned on the long narrow neck. Graduation Mark Stopper The position of the mark facilitates the accurate and precise reading of the meniscus. If the flask is used to prepare a solution starting with a solid compound, add small amounts of sol- vent until the entire solid dissolves.
    [Show full text]
  • Alchemist's Handbook-First Edition 1960 from One to Ten
    BY THE SAME AUTHOR wqt Drei NoveIlen (German) 1932 The Alchemist's Handbook-First Edition 1960 From One to Ten . .. .. 1966 Alrqtuttaf!i Praxis Spagyrica Philosophica 1966 The Seven Rays of the Q.B.L.-First Edition 1968 Praetische Alchemie irn Zwanzigsten Jahrundert 1970 ~aubhnnk (Practical Alchemy in the 20th Century-German) Der Mensch und die kosmischen Zyklen (German) 1971 (Manual for Practical Laboratory Alchemy) Men and the Cycles of the Universe 1971 Von Eins bis Zehn (From One to Ten-German) 1972 El Hombre y los Ciclos del Universo (Spanish) 1972 by Die Sieben Strahlen der Q.B.L. 1973 (The Seven Rays of the Q.B.L.-German) FRATER ALBERTUS SAMUEL WEISER New York CONTENTS Foreword 6 Preface to the First Edition 10 Preface to the Second Revised Edition 13 Chapter I Introduction to Alchemy 14 Samuel Weiser, Inc. Chapter 11 740 Broadway The Lesser Circulation 24 New York, N.Y. 10003 Chapter III First Published 1960 The Herbal Elixir Revised Edition 1974 Chapter IV Third Printing 1978 Medicinal Uses 43 Chapter V © 1974 Paracelsus Research Society Herbs and Stars 47 Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A. Chapter VI Symbols in Alchemy 56 ISBN 0 87728 181 5 Chapter VII Wisdom of the Sages 65 Conclusion 100 Alchemical Manifesto 120 ILLUSTRATIONS On the Way to the Temple 5 Soxhlet Extractor 34 Basement Laboratory 41 Essential Equipment 42 Printed in U.S.A. by Qabalistic Tree of Life 57 NOBLE OFFSET PRINTERS, INC. NEW YORK, N.Y. 10003 Alchemical Signs 58 ORIGINAL OIL PAINTING AT PARACELSUS RESEARCH SOCIETY ..
    [Show full text]
  • Laval University
    LAVAL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FORESTRY AND GEOMATICS Department of Wood and Forest Sciences Sponsored by the International Development Center (IDRC) Ottawa, Canada “The Hidden World that Feeds Us: the Living Soil” Seminars given at the International Institute for Trropical Agriculture (ITA) Univeristy of Ibadan, Nigeria at the International Centre of Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) Nairobi, Kenya and at the Ukrainian Academy of Agricultural Sciences Kiev, Ukraine by Professor Gilles Lemieux Department of Wood and Forestry Science ORIGINAL FRENCH PUBLICATION Nº 59b http://forestgeomat.ffg.ulaval.ca/brf/ edited by Coordination Group on Ramial Wood Depatment of Wood and Forestry Science Québec G1K 7P4 QUÉBEC CANADA TABLE OF CONTENTS I. A brief history: the evolution of ecosystems and man’s anthropocentric behaviour 1 II. The importance of the forest in tropical climates 2 III. The basic composition of wood 3 1. Lignin and its derivatives and their role in doil dynamic 5 IV. Stem wood and ramial wood 6 1. Stem wood and its lignin 6 2. Ramial wood and its lignin 6 3. Agricultural and forestry trials using ramial wood 7 V. “Organic Matter”, one of the basic principles in agriculture 9 1. Some a posteriori thoughts 10 2. The rationale for chipping 10 3. More like a food than a fertilizer 11 4. The principles behind chipping 11 VI. Lignin 13 1.The nutrients question 14 2.The biological cycling of water in tropical climates 15 3.“Chemical” nutrients 15 4.Nitrogen 15 5.Phosphorus 16 VII. A tentative theory 17 1.Too much or too little water 17 2.The soil-structuring role of lignin 17 3.The role of trophic web 18 4.Living beyond the soil’s chemical constraints 18 5.The major cause of tropical soils degradation.
    [Show full text]
  • B.Sc. III YEAR ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III
    BSCCH- 302 B.Sc. III YEAR ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III SCHOOL OF SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III BSCCH-302 BSCCH-302 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY III SCHOOL OF SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Phone No. 05946-261122, 261123 Toll free No. 18001804025 Fax No. 05946-264232, E. mail [email protected] htpp://uou.ac.in UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 1 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III BSCCH-302 Expert Committee Prof. B.S.Saraswat Prof. A.K. Pant Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry Indira Gandhi National Open University G.B.Pant Agriculture, University Maidan Garhi, New Delhi Pantnagar Prof. A. B. Melkani Prof. Diwan S Rawat Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry DSB Campus, Delhi University Kumaun University, Nainital Delhi Dr. Hemant Kandpal Dr. Charu Pant Assistant Professor Academic Consultant School of Health Science Department of Chemistry Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Uttarakhand Open University, Board of Studies Prof. A.B. Melkani Prof. G.C. Shah Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry DSB Campus, Kumaun University SSJ Campus, Kumaun University Nainital Nainital Prof. R.D.Kaushik Prof. P.D.Pant Department of Chemistry Director I/C, School of Sciences Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya Uttarakhand Open University Haridwar Haldwani Dr. Shalini Singh Dr. Charu Pant Assistant Professor Academic Consultant Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry School of Sciences School of Science Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Uttarakhand Open University, Programme Coordinator Dr. Shalini Singh Assistant Professor Department of Chemistry Uttarakhand Open University Haldwani UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 2 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III BSCCH-302 Unit Written By Unit No. Dr. Charu Pant 01, 02 & 03 Department of Chemistry Uttarakhand Open University Haldwani Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Destructive Distillation of Pine Sawdust
    Scholars' Mine Bachelors Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 1903 The destructive distillation of pine sawdust Frederick Hauenstein Herbert Arno Roesler Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/bachelors_theses Part of the Mining Engineering Commons Department: Mining Engineering Recommended Citation Hauenstein, Frederick and Roesler, Herbert Arno, "The destructive distillation of pine sawdust" (1903). Bachelors Theses. 238. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/bachelors_theses/238 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars' Mine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bachelors Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholars' Mine. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FOR THE - ttl ~d IN SUBJECT, ••The Destructive Distillation of P ine Sawdust:• F . HAUENSTEIN AND H . A. ROESLER. CLASS OF 1903. DISTILLATION In pine of the South, the operation of m.ills to immense quanti waste , such and sawdust.. The sawdust especially, is no practical in vast am,ounte; very difficult to the camp .. s :ls to util the be of commercial .. folloWing extraction turpentine .. of the acid th soda and treat- products .. t .. the t.he turpentine to in cells between , or by tissues to alcohol, a soap which a commercial t this would us too the rd:- hydrochloric was through supposition being that it d form & pinene hydro- which produced~ But instead the hydrochl , a dark unl<:nown compound was The fourth experiment, however, brought out a number of possibilities, a few of Which have been worked up.
    [Show full text]
  • Laboratory Rectifying Stills of Glass 2
    » LABORATORY RECTIFYING STILLS OF GLASS 2 By Johannes H. Bruun 3 and Sylvester T. Schicktanz 3 ABSTRACT A complete description is given of a set of all-glass rectifying stills, suitable for distillation at pressures ranging from atmospheric down to about 50 mm. The stills are provided with efficient bubbling-cap columns containing 30 to 60 plates. Adiabatic conditions around the column are maintained by surrounding it with a jacket provided with a series of independent electrical heating units. Suitable means are provided for adjusting or maintaining the reflux ratio at the top of the column. For the purpose of conveniently obtaining an accurate value of the true boiling points of the distillates a continuous boiling-point apparatus is incor- porated in the receiving system. An efficient still of the packed-column type for distillations under pressures less than 50 mm is also described. Methods of operation and efficiency tests are given for the stills. CONTENTS Page I. Introduction 852 II. General features of the still assembly 852 III. Still pot 853 IV. Filling tube and heater for the still pot 853 V. Rectifying column 856 1. General features 856 2. Large-size column 856 3. Medium-size column 858 4. Small-size column 858 VI. Column jacket 861 VII. Reflux regulator 861 1. With variable reflux ratio 861 2. With constant reflux ratio 863 VIII. The continuous boiling-point apparatus 863 IX. Condensers and receiver 867 X. The mounting of the still 867 XI. Manufacture and transportation of the bubbling-cap still 870 XII. Operation of the bubbling-cap still 870 XIII.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography of Wood Distillation
    Bibliography of WoodDistillation T.CL[). Compiled by Gerald A.Walls Arranged by Morrie Craig BibliographY 5 October 1966 For.stProductsResearch FOREST RESEARCHLABORATORY OREGON STATEUNIVERSITY Corvallis PROGRAM AND PURPOSE The Forest Research Laboratoryof the School of Forestry combines a well-equipped laboratory witha staff of forest and wood scientists in program designed to improve the forestresource and promote full uti- lization of forest products. Theextensive research done by the Labora tory is supported by the forest industryand by state and federal funds. The current report results fromstudies in forest products, where wood scientists and technologists,chemists, and engineers are con- cerned with properties, processing,utilization, and marketing of wood and of timber by-products. The PROGRAM of research includes identifying and developing chemicals fromwood, improving pulping of wood and woodresidues, investigating and improving manufacturingtechniques, extending life of wood by treating, developing better methods ofseasoning wood for higher quality and reduced costs, cooperating with forest scientists to determineeffects of growing conditionson wood properties, and evaluating engineering properties ofwood and wood- based materials and structures. The PURPOSE of researchon forest products is to expand markets, create new jobs, and bringmore dollar returns, thus advancing the interests of forestry and forestindustries, by > developing products from residuesand timber now wasted, and > improving treatment and designof present wood products. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 3 BOOKS 4 ARTICLES AND BULLETINS 5 PATENTS 46 Australia 46 Austria 46 Be1giun 46 Canada 47 Czechoslovakia 47 Denmark 47 France 47 Germany 51 Great Britain 52 India 55 Italy 55 Japan 55 Netherlands 56 Norway 56 Poland 56 Russia 56 Spain 57 Sweden 57 Switzerland 58 United States 59 Bibliography of Wood Distillation INTRODUCTION This bibliography is a revision and extension to1964 of Bibli- ography of Wood Distillation, 1907-1953published in 1955.
    [Show full text]
  • Fractional Distillation (Ideal) 1-Propanol/2-Propanol at 760 Torr
    Statistical Molecular Thermodynamics Christopher J. Cramer Video 10.7 Azeotropes and Immiscible Phases Fractional Distillation (Ideal) 1-propanol/2-propanol at 760 torr (from Video 10.5) bp as a function of composition x1−propanol(Solution) y1−propanol (Vapor) At 90 °C (between the two pure component boiling points) € the composition of the liquid is 59 mol% 1-propanol (point a) and the vapor is 45 mol% 1-propanol (point b) Fractional distillation: vapor is condensed and revaporized many times a to b to c to d to ... and finally you get to the pure lower boiling component at the top (the coolest point) of a distillation head! Fractional Distillation (Non-Ideal) benzene/ethanol at 760 torr Using Dalton’s/Raoult’s laws: * P2 x2P2 b b y = = a a 2 760 torr lim x2→1 760 torr d c d c and Dalton’s/Henry’s laws: f e e P2 x2kH,2 y2 = = 760 torr lim x2→0 760 torr bp as a function of composition Deviation from ideality permits the vapor phase to be enriched in either component depending on liquid composition. Distillation of benzene-rich mixture Distillation of ethanol-rich mixture Fractional distillation: vapor is condensed and revaporized many times a to b to c to d to e to f, but, irrespective of initial composition, ultimately an azeotropic composition is reached (about 55:45 above) that cannot be further separated by distillation! Self-assessment What purification can be accomplished for a liquid mixture that is not already at the azeotropic composition? Self-assessment Explained If not already at the azeotropic composition, the azeotrope at the top of b b a a the distillation head will be carrying away a greater fraction of one component than d is present in the liquid.
    [Show full text]
  • Crude Oil Distillation
    fact sheet Crude oil distillation Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbon molecules of all different shapes and lengths. This rich soup is where we get petrol for our cars, bitumen for our roads, and oils for our engines, amongst many other things. To create any of the thousands of useful things made from oil different hydrocarbons have to be separated. methane This is done by separating or refining using a distillation process. Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are molecules made from carbon and hydrogen atoms. With a chain of carbon as their ‘backbone’, hydrocarbons differ in their length and can form chains, branches or even rings. This backbone can range from just one carbon atom in length to more than 60 atoms. cyclohexane Methane has a single carbon atom; cyclohexane has six carbon atoms in a ring; and octane has eight carbon atoms in a chain. Even slight differences in length and structure of hydrocarbon molecules can give different chemical and physical properties. The refining process separates molecules according to their different boiling points. Hydrocarbons are jumbled together as thick black crude oil. The most efficient way to separate them into smaller fractions is by a process called fractional distillation. octane Hydrocarbons are found as solids, liquids and gases based on their length Short hydrocarbons (one to A backbone of five or more carbons Once a hydrocarbon gets so four carbons) are gases at room will give you a liquid hydrocarbon. large and cumbersome that it temperatures because they have Shorter liquid hydrocarbons will boil has a backbone of more than 20 such low boiling points.
    [Show full text]