Roșia Montană Mining Landscape

Nomination for Inclusion in the World Heritage List Roșia Montană Mining Landscape

Nomination Document

stiripesurse.ro stiripesurse.ro Roșia Montană Mining Landscape

Nomination for Inclusion in the World Heritage List

stiripesurse.ro stiripesurse.ro

Path to Rosia Montana © Daniel Vrăbioiu Foreword

It is with great pleasure and honour that I support and promote Roșia Montană Mining Cultural Landscape to be part of the UNESCO World Heritage List. There are a great many things which recommend Roșia Montană. Not only was it the most active mining hub in our Carpathians, but also the one with the greatest longevity in the documented history of mankind. Mining activity has occurred practically uninterrupted since the Bronze Age, it blossomed in the Antiquity, further developed in the Middle Ages, sustained during the Modern Era, and was recently suspended. One thing that strikes me is how, until the communist regime nationalized private properties – in 1948 – that mining activity was entirely traditional. The industrialisation phenomenon in the area is thus quite recent. For thousands of years, mining in the region served the families living there. This type of mining – provided by minimal, yet consistent incursions - has led to a unique landscape, which now fosters a distinct area and identity, shaped by the symbiotic interaction between hu- mans and nature. What we are witnessing is a gradual, meticulous modelling of the natural habitat, generation by generation, in such depth that the people living there bear the mark of the very thing they have been trying to possess. One must tread lightly when it comes to striking the right balance between the economic development agenda and the environmental one. My government strived to achieve this equilibrium focused on sustainability, therefore I believe the mining landscape can serve as a prime example of how society and the local comunity can gracefully beneit from the two. Roșia Montană is the irst industry-related heritage site that Romania nominates to be part of the World Heritage family. This is no small feat. Having gone through intensive, anachronistic industrialisation during the communist regime, modern Romania has disconnected itself from the cultural value of its industrial sites, associating them with planned economy and authoritarian rule. It is now time for our country to make amends with its past and learn from it. This is why Roșia Montană is the most remarkable and complex case Romania can present to the world in this sense. Regardless of the signature at the end, this letter voices the resolution of the Romanian people to give humanity an archeological gem and my government's commitment to this nomination to UNESCO, in an efort to ensure that Roșia Montană may not only be forever in our hearts, but so too in those of our global community.

Dacian Cioloș stiripesurse.roPrime Minister Contents

Section 1 7 Identiication of the Property

1.a State Party and Country 7 1.b Region 7 1.c Name of the Property 7 1.d Geographical Co-Ordinates to the Nearest Second 7 1.e Maps and Plans Showing Boundaries 7 of the Property 1.f Area of the Property 7

Section 2 13 Description

2.a Description of the Property 13 2.b History and Development 68

Section 3 83 Justiication for Inscription

3.1.a Brief Synthesis 83 3.1.b Criteria Under Which Inscription 84 is Proposed and Justification 3.1.c Statement of Integrity 86 3.1.d Statement of Authenticity 87 3.1.e Protection and Management Requirements 88 3.2 Comparative Analysis 89 3.3 Proposed Statement of 109 Outstanding Universal Value

Section 4 115 State of Conservation and Factors Afecting the Property

4.a Present State of Conservation 115 4.b Factors Affecting the Property 117

Section 5 125 Protection and Management of the Property

5.a Ownership 125 5.b Protective Designations 125 5.c Means of Implementing Protective Measures 127 5.d Existing Plans Related to Municipality and Region 129 in Which the Proposed Property is Located 5.e Property Management Plan 130 5.f Sources and Levels of Finance 131 5.g Sources of Expertise and Training in Conservation 131 and Management Techniques 5.h Visitor Facilities and Statistics 132 stiripesurse.ro 5.i Policies and Programmes Related to the Presentation 133 and Promotion of the Property 5.j Staffing Levels (Professional,Technical 133 and Maintenance) Section 6 135 Monitoring

6.a Key Indicators for Measuring 135 State of Conservation 6.b Administrative Arrangements for 136 Monitoring the Property 6.c Results of Previous Reporting Exercises 136

Section 7 137 Documentation

7.a Photographs, Slides, Image Inventory and 137 Authorisation Table and Other Audiovisual Materials 7.b Texts Relating to Protective Designation, Copies of 144 Property Management Plans or Documented Management Systems and Extracts of Other Plans Relevant to the Property 7.c Form and Date of Most Recent Records or Inventory 146 of the Property 7.d Address Where Inventory, Records and Archives are Held 146 7.e Bibliography 146

Section 8 151 Contact Information

8.a Preparer 151 8.b Official Local Institution/Agency 151 8.c Other Local Institutions 151 8.d Official Web Address 151

Section 9 152 Signature on Behalf of the State Party

Section 10 153 Acknowledgements stiripesurse.ro stiripesurse.ro 8 9 andbuffer zone ofthenominatedproperty boundaries 1.e 1.b 1.a

stiripesurse.ro Mapsandplans,showing the Municipalities Roșia Montană of andAbrud County Alba Romania onr adSaePryi ifrn)NameofProperty State, Province orRegion Partyifdifferent) (andState Country Pl. 8 Pl. 2 Pl. 1 Pl. 7 Pl. 6 Pl. 5 Pl. 4 Pl. 3 nominated property Cadastral plansofthe NO. 1. nominated property the bufer zone andthetechnicalcharacterization ofthe planshowingCadastral ofthenominatedproperty, theboundary County Map showing thelocationof property withinRomania andAlba within Europe Map showing thelocationof property nominated property the bufer zone andindicatinglegalprotection areas withinthe planshowingCadastral ofthenominatedproperty, theboundary the bufer zone. Photoplan showing ofthenominatedproperty theboundary and and thebufer zone planshowingCadastral ofthenominatedproperty theboundary the bufer zone. Photoplan showing ofthenominatedproperty theboundary and and thebufer zone planshowingCadastral ofthenominatedproperty theboundary MAP /PLAN of the of Identiication Property andproposed buffer zone (ha.) 1.f 1.d 1.c Area ofnominatedproperty (ha.) E 23° 7’ 50” 7’ E 23° 22” 18’ N 46° Roșia Montană Mining Landscape Geographical coordinates Total: 2005.08 ha ha Bufer 341.42 zone: ha 1663.65 Property: 1/5000 1/5000 CL COMMENT SCALE nomination (folded large format) - annexed, atthebackof nomination (folded large format) - annexed, atthebackof A4 A4 A3 A3 A4 A4 stiripesurse.ro stiripesurse.ro

Roman Catholic Church and Cemetery, in the historic centre of Roșia Montană (© Radu Sălcudean) Cadastral plan showing the boundary of the nominated property and the bufer zone stiripesurse.ro stiripesurse.ro Overview inTăul Mare, Roșia Montană Photoplan showing the boundary of the (© Radu Sălcudean) nominated property and the bufer zone.

stiripesurse.ro 1515 stiripesurse.ro 2. province inEurope called Golden Quadrilateral theRomania’s of Western -therichest Carpathians precious metals Transylvania present-day The site in the central of Romania. represents part the centre the so- of valleys inthe Metalliferous range Mountains, the Apuseni of located inthe historical region of . Location andsetting A 2.a B 2.a Attributes a 2 E. E. D. C. B. A. This sectionisdividedinto: 1 Mining Exploitation: Underground MiningExploitation: 1 CATEGORY CODE 1.1.3 1.1.2 1.1.1 1.1 Flora Geological settingandMineralisation Landscape character andSurface 3. 2. 1. Attributes: Location andsetting Mining Exploitation: UndergroundMining Exploitation: and Surface Roșia Montană issituated inanatural amphitheatre massifs andradiating of Description ofPropertyDescription The property isnominatedasacultural landscape. underground minenetworks. gold mininglandscapeofRoșia togetherwithitshistoric Montană Roșia Montană MiningLandscape Description Built heritage featuresBuilt heritage Archaeological Areas UndergroundMining Exploitation: NAME Cetate MassifRomanCetate miningfeatures Roman Galleries Lety Monulești Massif Roman Cătălina Galleries: Massif RomanCârnic Galleries isasinglearea the thatcomprises p. p. p. p. p. p. p . 13 67 66 53 43 34 16 1.1.4 Orlea Roman Galleries

1.1.5 Cârnic Roman fire-setting complex

1.1.6 Cârnic Early Modern Galleries

1.1.7 Cătălina Monulești Early Modern Galleries

1.1.8 Cetate Early Modern Galleries

1.1.9 Văidoaia Massif: Early Modern underground workings

1.2 Mining exploitation: Surface

1.2.1 Cârnic Roman Openworks

1.2.2 Cetate Roman Open Pit

1.3 Ore-processing features: Header Ponds

1.3.1 Tăul Mare

1.3.2 Tăul Ţarina

1.3.3 Tăul Corna

1.3.4 Tăul Brazi

1.3.5 Tăul Anghel

1.3.6 Tăul Cartuș

1.3.7 Tăul Ţapului

1.3.8 Tăul Găuri

1.3.9 Ore Rail

1.4 Mining administration

1.4.1 State Mining Headquarters (18th – 20th centuries)

1.4.2 Miners’ Dormitory (early 20th century)

1.4.3 Mining Professional School (late 19th century)

2 Archaeological Areas

2.1 Roman archaeology

2.1.1 Hăbad Sacred Area

2.1.2 Găuri – habitation

2.1.3 Hăbad – habitation

2.1.4 Tăul Ţapului

2.1.5 Hop Necropolis

2.1.6 Nanului Valley Sacred Space stiripesurse.ro2 2.1.7 Carpeni Zone

2.1.8 Jig-Piciorag Area 16 17 Descriptionstiripesurse.ro 3.1.1.e 3.1.1.a 3.1.1 3.1 BuiltHeritage Features 3 2.1.12 2.1.11 2.1.10 2.1.9 3.1.1.f 3.1.1.b 3.1.8.a 3.1.8 3.1.7 3.1.6 3.1.5 3.1.4 3.1.3 3.1.2 3.1.1.c 3.1.8.b 3.1.8.c 3.1.1.d 3.1.10.a 3.1.10 3.1.9 3.1.10.b 3.1.10.c 3.2.2 3.2.1 3.2 cluster egbuho nteuprzn Square cluster neighbourhood intheupperzone cluster cluster egbuho nteuprzn Orlea Sosași cluster Berk neighbourhood intheupperzone Văidoaia neighbourhood intheupperzone Tăul Brazi neighbourhood intheupperzone Ieruga neighbourhood intheupperzone Brazi neighbourhood intheupperzone neighbourhood intheupperzone neighbourhood intheupperzone cluster oentw ilg Roșia (Modern) Montană Modern town /Village cluster cluster cluster egbuho ntelwrzn Vercheș Gura Minei cluster neighbourhood inthelower zone neighbourhood inthelower zone cluster on/VlaeCorna(Modern) Town / Village Balmoșești -IslazAreaBalmoșești Tăul Cornei-CornaSatZone Pârâul Porcului -Tăul Secuilor Ţarina Necropolis The Casino (1880-1900),The Casino no. 329, andSummer Garden (late 18 Townhouses withcommercial ground floors; no. 323-328, 388 The former Administrative Palace (1896), no. 310 “Sicilian Street” 19th no. century), 135 Greek-Catholic Church andparishensemble(1720, 1741, mid Roman-Catholic Church andparishensemble(18 century), no.century), 175 Orthodox Church andparish ensemble(1781, mid19th The administrative centre. Town Hall (1796, 18 Unitarian Church andparishensemble 19 251), Gritta House(no.251), Gritta 258), Miner households House, laterMiners’Aitaj Club(no. 242), Maternityward (no. Blocks offlatsthe1960s schoolandkindergarten;State no. 274 (1905-1915) Greek-Catholic Church (19 Orthodox Church (1719), no. 707 th , early 20 , early th – early 19 –early th -middle19 th century) th century) th cent,1933) th century), no. century), 692 th -middle 3.2.3 Miners households

3.3 Town / Village Ţarina (Modern)

3.3.1 Traditional farmhouse (19th century), Ţarina no. 1248

Traditional farmhouse (20th century), with polygonal stable, 3.3.2 Ţarina no. 1254

3.4 Town / Village Balmoșești, Blidești (Modern)

1 Mining exploitation: Underground and Surface

1.1 Mining exploitation: Underground

Undergroundstiripesurse.ro mining networks in Cârnic (MNIR Archives). 2 1. Recent works, 2. Unaccesible works, 3. Mine entrance, 4. Recent pillar room, 5. Modern gallery, 6. Vertical Modern site, 7. Horizontal Modern site, 8. Roman gallery, 9. Roman site. 18 19 Descriptionstiripesurse.ro ings –alllikely alittle made over withinthespace of years. 60 revealed asystematic highlyengineered, consistency uniform, work anddistribution of inshape cluding –thebroad 3Dscanning layout theRomanminingworks reconstructed. of This could be approximate proportions: tigation estimated), km (out 150 of witharchaeologists assigning atimebracket inthefollowing ground Romangold miningcomplex currently knownintheworld. far –stillmeans that Roșia Montană represents themostextensive andtechnically diverse under workings, inevitably leading integrity. to aloss of What survives –andindeed what isrecorded so and insitu for later miners). Most Romanworkings are therefore commonly intersected bylater were heavily selective thehighest-grade of ores, leaving a resource proitable of values exposed generationsby subsequent miners of during (‘Roman’ themedieval periods andmodern miners Such backill, however, was commonly not“ancient”, mostancientworkings having reopened been mining practice that indeed hasaided features thestructuralpreservation certain of andartefacts. Massifs). All such workings were encountered in a condition as back-illed, described a common the targeted massifs (with greatest emphasis placed ontheinvestigation theCârnicandCetate of → → → → in thehumid levels themine. of covery intheRomanworld anditsremains have recorded been andleft inastate preservation of recorded inRomania by archaeologists. Inarelatively state conservation, itisarare good of dis very signiicant in the ensemble. property This was the irst s munication galleries. typology, inotherRomanmines,A fourth inside arecom seen stepped andoutside Romania, of spiral staircase galleries; cutinreverse vertical stopes withroofs stopes. stairs; andpillar-supported mining that are unparalleled elsewhere, including withinotherRomannetworks inRoșia Montană: in theRomanEmpire. TheRomangalleries inCârniccontain three technical major of typologies Based on a meticulous inter-disciplinary approach, and some modern technology approach, modern andsome –in Based onameticulous inter-disciplinary The Romanworkings recorded are notasingle network butatotal identiied across all A precious discovery was that aRomanhydraulic of system mine, inthePăru a Carpeni (MNIR Archives) Well-preserved Roman level, (re-excavated) withmodern level 70 underground of km works have far so surveyed been during recent inves mite powered andmodern equipment. “Recent” works and20thcenturies) (19th excavated (76%) km 53 bydyna- blasting withblack powder; “Modern” (14%) 10 km workings centuries) and18th excavated (17th by and/or ire; (10%)“Ancient”7 km workings excavated byhandwithiron tools This is the most extensive and signiicant mining system recorded anywhere 1.1.1 1.1.1 Cârnic MassifRomanCârnic Galleries uch example found to be and properly ------Roman level crossed by modern level (MNIR Archives)

stiripesurse.ro2 Blackened wall markings indicating positions of lamp niches (MNIR Archives) 20 21 Description stiripesurse.roRoman aditlevel (MNIR Archives) (MNIR Archives) Roman galleries withevidence for ire-setting (MNIR Archives) Roman galleries intersected workings bymodern Păru Carpeni: Cumulative cross-section of the two levels with four water wheel chambers for drainage (B. Cauuet)

Păru Carpeni:stiripesurse.ro Water wheel chamber with monoxyle 2 ladder - as discovered in situ. (© B. Cauuet) 22 23 Descriptionstiripesurse.ro underground carrying loads ontheirbacks. (©B. Cauuet) suggest that ore andwaste rock was removed from ramps, andlarger steps ladders climbed withwooden that routes stairwaystransport for miners include stone-cut and inCătălina stope Monuleștistepped, Mine. Well-organised state preservation of perfect inside thebackill avertical, of A monoxyle notched ladder (4.90 mlength) discovered ina Roman Galleries. the other,upon itrepresents thesame design asthat discovered mineinCârnic inPăru Carpeni Monulești during archaeological investigations inthe2000s,installed inmultiple chambers, one discovered have recorded been andleft insitu. humidity contexts. conditionsous are of Thespeciic ideal for preservation andmany artefacts and containsLaurenţiu, much pristine archaeology, including dated Roman in woodwork vari → discharged via a short adit. (© C. Tămaș) (©C. discharged adit. viaashort mines) were found installed inmultiple chambers, theother, oneupon andwhich eventually complex treadmill-powered wheel systems water-dipping (Cătălina Monulești, andPăru Carpeni Waterwheel hub –stillinconnection withitsspokes –discovered inCătălina Monulești Mine. Two A remarkable treadmill-powered wheel system water-dipping was discovered inCătălina This network includes the galleries Cătălina of Monulești, Sf. Iosif and Sf 1.1.2 Cătălina Monulești Roman Monulești Galleries Cătălina Lety MassifRoman Galleries: waterwheel inCătălina Monulești Mine. Tamas) (©C. water from thestilladjacent remainstheupper of Launder (wooden water-channel) that received - → 1.1.3 Cetate Massif Roman mining features

Cetate Massif has been subject to archaeological excavations (Zeus Area, Găuri Area), but most of the Roman mining features have not been yet addressed. An important part of the Cetate Massif has been compromised in terms of integrity by the incursion of modern workings. Still, under the modern exploitation level there is an area of great potential, poorly or never researched to date. Cetate-Zeus Area. Roman works (MNIR Archives) (MNIR Roman works Area. Cetate-Zeus

→ 1.1.4 Orlea Roman Galleries

Orlea Massif has only been subject to preliminary archaeological investigation – both underground and at surface where it is thought that there are likely concealed Roman entrances to mine workings. A wooden notched ladder was found in the Roman galleries and radiocarbon dated to the 2nd century CE. The quality of Roman mining engineering is apparent in the perfectly carved trapezoidal-section galleries and stepped inclined shafts of the Orlea Galleries, open to visitors since the communist period in the 1970s when the mining museum was irst established. Some authenticity has been partially impacted in the provision of access, but this is partly reversible, as is some rather obtrusive cabling infrastructure.

stiripesurse.ro2

Roman galleries with trapezoidal cross-section (© L. Niculae) Roman mining works – room with pillars (© L. Niculae) 24 25 Description stiripesurse.roCârnic. Romangallery (MNIR Archives) Fire-setting complex (MNIR Archives) → → 1.1.6 1.1.5 Cârnic EarlyModern Galleries Cârnic RomanCârnic fire-setting complex (MNIR Archives) Cârnic Early Modern Gallery Cârnic Modern works – “caverns” (© I. Rous)

→ 1.1.7 Cătălina Monulești Early Modern Galleries

stiripesurse.ro2

Cătălina Monulești. Modern pillar alongside Roman gallery (© C. Tămaș) 26 27 Description stiripesurse.roCetate Early Modern galleries (MNIR Archives) Văidoaia. Niculae) works medieval open (©L. andmodern → ings along veins andinextraction chambers. Alllevels are interconnected byshafts and caverns. Beneath Cetate of theloor pit there underground isamodern network work of 1.1.8 Cetate EarlyModernGalleries Cetate - → 1.1.9 Văidoaia Massif: Early Modern underground workings

Mining works in Văidoaia Massif are thought to be Medieval or Early Modern. Also, surface Roman exploitations vestiges can be expected to be detected.

1.2 Mining exploitation: Surface

→ 1.2.1 Cârnic Roman Openworks

Intensive archaeological excavations have been conducted at Cârnic Massif in Piatra Corbului area where vestiges of surface Roman exploitations are in evidence. Cârnic-Piatra Corpbului Roman slope-side works Corpbului works Roman slope-side Cârnic-Piatra (© H. Ciugudean) opened and water with ire

→ 1.2.2 Cetate Roman Open Pit

Intensive archaeological excavations have been conducted at Cârnic Massif in Piatra Corbului area where vestiges of surface Roman exploitations are in evidence.

stiripesurse.ro2 Cetate - Găuri Area: Roman works opened Roman works Area: - Găuri Cetate Archives) (MNIR and water with ire 28 29 Description Tăul Sălcudean) Mare (©R. stiripesurse.ro Management Plan. problemes aserious Property addressed to for intheforthcoming itsconservation, be anissue tectural for early typical detailing, industrial architecture inthearea. enlarged, reinforced andrepaired several times, from thelate century, 18th and1929. to in1779, 1913 an area 40,000 of m2 and retains 200,000 It m high. has waterbeen m dam, 25 m3 of a 110 behind itcoversthe irst (re)built m, to be It 1025 issetat century, of analtitude inthe18th in1733. starting contribute signiicantly to thecharacter theentire of property. and agricultural landscape anddeveloped ecosystems speciic highnatural of signiicance. They ponds, and survive in good condition. andsurvive condition. ponds, ingood outlets at theirbase. water Sophisticated supply control mechanisms were installed inthelarger lined andfaced withstone, architecture sometimes withparticular elements to deine thesluice Ţarina,Corna, Brazi, Anghel, Găuri embankments –are substantial earth built of well-engineered streams, from rain andmelting snow, dams. kept Thedamsthelarger byartiicial of –Mare, ponds themountains surroundingslopes of Roșia Montană theygather andCorna, water from springs and century. in theirst 18th half of starting ponds, into favourable Set pre-existing on the positions → 1.3 Today thedam isovergrown withhighvegetation, which hides itfrom viewandpos Its onitskeystone, dated sluice outlet 1913 portal, isamongtheexamples inearchi of After the cessation traditional of mining they were abandoned, absorbed into the natur Header PondsHeader Ore-processing features: 1.3.1 The largest alltheheader inRoșia ponds of Montană, An extensive network header was created, of ponds probably incorporating Tăul Mare Tăul Mare is also among among isalso al al - - Tăul Mare after the reinforcement works in 1929 works (Postcard) the reinforcement after Mare Tăul

→ 1.3.2 Tăul Ţarina

Set high above Roșia Montană, on the slopes of Ţarina, at an altitude of 950 m, it covers 8,500 m2 and has a capacity of 25,000 m3 of water. Its dam is made of earth, clad in stone. The sluice outlet chamber opens at the base of the dam through a ine stone portal. It was enlarged in 1779. Of its repairs, the most important happened in 1914. Now it is covered by young forest vegetation. Upstream from it there are several other smaller ponds, gathering the waters from the surrounding slopes and lowing in a cascade from one to the next.

stiripesurse.ro2 30 Tăul Ţarina (© L. Niculae) Ţarina Tăul 31 Description stiripesurse.roTăul Corna(©S. Florian) at theslopes closing therim of Roșia Valley,of above just theminingtown. of thelast houses vegetation subject andwillbe to conservation management. the mostelaborate architectural at itssluice Like outlet. portal theothers, itisovergrown with Cârnic -Piatra Ghergheleu Corbului, andCitera, isdeined byitssinusoidal thepond dam,with Tăul Brazi (A.O. Bach) that will be dealt with in the forthcoming Property Management Plan. dealtthat Property willbe withintheforthcoming for recreational aestival activity. to theore processing water management theminingsite. of → → Tăul Anghel Tăul Brazi had a small wooden control hadasmallwooden cabin Today now onitsdam, lost. isused thepond 1.3.5 1.3.4 1.3.3 The two header are ponds one next to theother, at set the upper, eastern end above m, the village bellow of the peaks 965 at Corna, of Set of analtitude ishighlyovergrown, which makes itless visible andraises conservation issues Tăul Brazi Tăul Corna Tăul Anghel Tăul Brazi , at 950 m. Together m. , at 950 theyillustrate thenetwork approach Tăul Anghel ishigher, at set m, 990 Tăul Brazi and Tăul Anghel (© R. Anghel Sălcudean) and Tăul Brazi Tăul

→ 1.3.6 Tăul Cartuș Tăul Cartuș Archives) (MNIR Tăul

→ 1.3.7 Tăul Ţapului

2 Tăul Ţapului (MNIR Archives) (MNIR Ţapului Tăul stiripesurse.ro 32 33 Description Holy Cross ore railway (V. 1927 Zotinca) stiripesurse.ro → → sioned in2006andthetrack removed. However, mostsubstantial remains. engineering structure isterminatedwhere theproperty as integrity iscompromised beyond. Thelinewas decommis integrity are including theimpressive high, inclined plane that section descends to the current road century)19th from theminingarea to theformer thesite ore-processing Authenticity of plant. and Tăul Găuri (MNIR Archives) 1.3.8 The property boundary has been extended boundary hasbeen to include theOreThe property (mid Railway 1.3.9 Ore Railway Tăul Găuri - Ore railway incline (NLR Archives) incline railway Ore

1.4 Mining administration

→ 1.4.1 State Mining Headquarters (18th – 20th centuries) Roșia Montană no. 178

The headquarters were established here from the moment when the Habsburg government took over the organization of the underground mining and developed it on a large scale. It is therefore important for the modern history of mining in Roșia Montană. The present buildings are transformed mid-19th century and again at the turn of 20th century, on the background of the 18th century structures. The headquarters include the roll-call house with the mine entrance shaft, oices and housing for the higher staf, along with ancillary buildings. Set apart from these, lies the house of the mine leader. The architecture is restrained but distinctive, with several features speciic to early industrial architecture in the area. It incorporates in the former roll-call house a descent into the “Holy Cross” master gallery, dug in the time of Empress Maria Theresa. This unites all major operating systems underground. Today it is still the headquarters of the state mine, hosting as well the local mining museum.

stiripesurse.ro2 State Mining Headquarters. Roll-call Headquarters. and room Mining State Zotinca) (v. the mines to leading shaft 34 35 Descriptionstiripesurse.ro Mining (INP Archive) Professional School Miners’ dormitory (INPArchives) → → 1.4.3 1.4.2 Roșia no. Montană 208 Mining Professional School(late19th century) Roșia no. Montană 185 Miners’ (early 20th dormitory century) 2 Archaeological Areas

2.1 Roman archaeological areas

Ancient archaeological monuments have been grouped into three typologies:

→ Residential areas with accompanying infrastructure (Hop-Găuri, Hăbad, Tăul Ţapului, Carpeni Hill);

→ Sacred areas with temples (Hăbad, Nanului Valley and possibly Carpeni);

→ Zone funeral (cremation necropolises - Hop, Tăul Corna, Jig-Piciorag, Ţarina Pârâul Porcului - Tăul Secuilor and groups of graves in the Nanului Valley and Carpeni Hill).

The funerary practices of the ancient populations that were colonised at Alburnus Maior by the Romans feature strongly in archaeological revelations: notably 7 necropolises (Hop Găuri, Tăul Corna, Ţarina, Pârâul Porcului / Tăul Secuilor, Jig Piciorag, Carpeni and Szekely) and an outstanding Roman funerary precinct at Tăul Găuri, with more than 1,450 cremation graves. Apart from signiicances conferred upon individual archaeological sites, the characteristics and distribution in the landscape of necropolises on the slopes and plateaus, as well as habitat and sacred places, provides data to help reconstruct an ancient local topography that was intimately associated with ancient gold mining and processing areas. Remains of habitations, sacred areas, necropolises and funerary areas, together with evidence of ore-processing activities integrated within dwellings, and paved Roman roads, are buried beneath a shallow earth veneer and are more or less well preserved. Artefacts discovered (particularly during preventive archaeological campaigns) include an astonishing more than 70 votive altars in 2001–02, alone. The artefact collection also includes everyday Roman ceramics and pieces of funerary architecture – over 10,000 items, their conservation undertaken by specialised staf in the laboratories of a number of Romanian museums. Much has been published, and new interpretations that have emerged from the discoveries at Roșia Montană have laid foundations in deining new directions for the research of Roman Dacia.

→ 2.1.1 Hăbad Sacred Area

This is the site that comprises the remains of buildings that are associated with inscribed altars that provide information on the mining community and its religious beliefs, as well as ancient toponyms on guild organisations (collegia).

stiripesurse.ro2 Bulding in the sacred area of Hăbad (MNIR Archives) (MNIR of Hăbad area in the sacred Bulding 36 37 Description stiripesurse.roHăbad votive altars (MNIR Archives) → (MNIR Archives) theroman road of crossingA section thesite intheGăuri area. 2.1.2 Găuri –habitation General theexcavation viewof area inHăbad (MNIR Archives) Roman pottery recovered from inside the dwelling in the Găuri Plan of dwelling in the “Găuri” section “Găuri” section (MNIR Archives) (MNIR Archives)

Detail of dwelling in the “Găuri” section Excavated habitat structures in Găuri area (MNIR Archives) (MNIR Archives)

→ 2.1.3 Hăbad – habitation

stiripesurse.ro2 Roman pottery recovered from the dwelling from Roman pottery recovered section Archives) (MNIR in the “Hăbad” 38 39 Description (MNIR Archives) Plan Romandwelling of in“Hăbad” section

(MNIR Archives) Plan Building of no. 1-Building no. 2at Tăul Ţapului stiripesurse.ro → 2.1.4 archaeological area Tăul Ţapului → 2.1.5 Hop Necropolis

The discovery, restoration and conservation in situ of the Tăul Găuri circular funerary monument remains a rare example in Romania. It is a stone circular mausoleum, with a drum of ashlar blocks enclosing a low tumulus over two phases of primary cremation burials. Circular monument in the foreground with Hop Necropolis with Hop in the foreground monument Circular Archives) (MNIR in the background

→ 2.1.6 Nanului Valley Sacred Zone

Extensive archaeological excavations have taken place in the Nanului Valley and sacred places (‘temple’ complexes) have been identiied at Szekely, Tomuș, Drumuș and Dalea, with a Funerary Area at Drumuș – Szekely. Nanului Valey general view of TII worship ediice view of TII worship general Valey Nanului Archives) (MNIR

stiripesurse.ro2 40 General view of Dalea sacred space in Nanului valley valley in Nanului space sacred view of Dalea General Archives) (MNIR 41 Description recovered from Nanului Valey–Dalea (MNIR Archives) Roman altars are andpottery amongst theprincipal artefacts stiripesurse.ro → 2.1.7 Carpeni Zone

Carpeni Hill has been the target of preliminary archaeological excavations and in situ preservation of the entire area (surface and underground). A habitation area identiied on the hill comprises a series of Roman public buildings with hypocaustum (e.g. Bisericuţă and Tomuș) that emphasise a potential administrative role and are to be considered in relationship with a possible sacred area and a funerary zone in the western sector. Artefacts recovered from Carpeni from Trajan Hill: recovered Artefacts Minor Asia Province, in Caria minted coins Archives) (MNIR Silver buckle from Carpeni from roof buckle tile Ceramic Silver Hill; with stamp Leg. Archives) XIII Gemina (MNIR

→ 2.1.8 Jig-Piciorag Area

There is a Roman cremation necropolis, and an ancient primary ore-processing site at Jig Piciorag. Artefacts recovered include Roman pottery and costume adornments.

stiripesurse.ro2 42

General view from the east of the point Bara (MNIR Archives) General view of the properties Gomboș and Bara, from the north (MNIR Archives) 43 Descriptionstiripesurse.ro (MNIR Archives) Funerary precint from Ţarina area costume adornments, coins andglassware. Artefacts recovered include Romanaltars, pottery, elaborate funerary architectural elements, graves excavated. identiied and277 Therelationship withotherbuildings nearby isasyet unclear. Tăul Secuilor. the2ndcentury ARomannecropolis of → → and funerary enclosures. mation graves or (on-the-spot (MNIR Archives) Funerary precint from Pârâul Porcului –Tăul area Secuilor In thepresent state research of there have identiied andexcavated been cre Extensive archaeological excavations have taken place at Pârâul Porcului - 2.1.10 2.1.9 ad ustrina ustrina ad Tăul Tarina Pârâul Porcului –Tăul Secuilor cremation withelements funerary types), of architecture CE was cremation discovered, with287 (MNIR Archives) Decoration from thefunerary precint inţarina - → 2.1.10 Tăul Cornei – Corna Sat Zone

Extensive archaeological excavations have taken place in Tăul Cornei and Corna village area. A Roman cremation necropolis was located close to Tăul Cornei.Artefacts discovered include Roman altars, pottery, funerary architectural elements, costumes, coins and glassware Tăul Corna. Overview of Corna. the necropolis. Overview Tăul Archives). (MNIR View Budeștilor of Citera

→ 2.1.11 Balmoșești – Islaz Area

Preliminary archaeological evaluation, the character of archaeological research being conined to surveys, does not provide suicient data for more than a preliminary assessment of cultural resources. However, earlier archaeological investigations suggested a Bronze Age date for several features, and possible Roman date for others. This area has been prudently included within the property for its archaeological potential, particularly the perceived linkages between gold and local Bronze Age culture.

stiripesurse.ro2

Islaz Fortiication (MNIR Archives) 44 45 Descriptionstiripesurse.ro dealt with in the Property Managementdealt Plan. withintheProperty integrated and perfectly cement taking place the shingle.soft of wooden to be This is an aspect renders takingtheplace often thebright whitewashed of limeplaster, andtinoreven corrugated the materiality its architecture. of This,however, haschanged during thepastdecades, withcement processing installations andspaces oreven intheirbackyards. mineaditsopening combine common agricultural areas andannexes andgardens –barnsandpens –withtraditional the mining-and-agro-pastoral suburbs which are represented groups households which of by loose tural withastrong ensemble representational character, theurban gradually structure dilutes into from the Square, where Starting houses. the public activities were concentr ‘cultured’ do goldtheconspicuous andso lifebustling of mining, features thestreet of façades of numerous now-abandoned public functionsset into thetown the centre prosperity andof of speak and Cetate massifs, the other one – the historic centre – between Jig-Văidoaia, Lety and Cârnic. The extractiontion of areas, withtwo mainnuclei, one–theadministrative centre between –set Orlea the mainstreet. surrounded by two storey buildings, in compact fronts, as an amp is here clearly visible bythescale andpreciousness thearchitecture. of without tracing strict boundaries onethnic orreligious means. However, demarcation thesocial Unitarian), inthislimited grouped area, deines theimage areligious society andcosmopolitan of ministrative centre the locality. of The presence three of churches (Roman Catholic, Calvinist and inhabited “Piaţa” (the Square) theformer anditsimmediate economic andad neighbourhood, the 18th to earlythe 18th 20thcentury, later withfew conspicuous additions. historicalon thenational listof monuments. Theexisting historic building stock dates mostlyfrom 3.1 3 → → Central area withthree churches: Unitarian Protestant (centre), (left), RomanCatholic (right) (postcard) The overall image asabuilt thetown, landscape, of isdeined to aconsiderable degree by The former theweekly site fair of hasanirregular shape, withslightly sloping level, The general thetown anditsstreet of structure pattern respond to theterritorial distribu An ethnically mixed population belonging to the economic an In Roșia Montană there are currently (2016) 43 architectural 43 In Roșia Montană placed structures there are currently (2016) 3.1.1 Neighbourhoods Roșia (Modern) Montană Town /village: featuresBuilt heritage Square hitheatre at the eastern end of ated in an urban architec d social elitesd social - - - → 3.1.1 cluster: Townhouses with commercial a ground floors; no. 323–328, 388 (late 18th - early 19th century).

This group of houses with urban aspect on the north-eastern and south-eastern fronts of the Square generates one of the main landmarks of Roșia Montană. With commercial – shops, pubs, workshops – spaces to the ground loor and living spaces on the irst loor, opening up towards the Square through many shop-windows and windows, with their facades decorated with insignia and historicist stuccos at the irst loor, they lend to this upper nucleus of the locality the character of a typical small town in the time of the Austrian and Austrian-Hungarian Empire. Despite being to a large extent inscribed in the local typology, with a porch to the courtyard, all these houses exhibit an elaborate decor facing the street, like an urban scenography set against a mostly rural background. Four of the houses – nos. 324, 326, 327, 328 – are individually listed as historical monuments North-east 1940s of (Silviu Bocaniciu the Square front early Sr.)

→ 3.1.1 cluster: “Sicilian Street” b

The street, its starting point in the Square, follows a sinuous path with the same urban character - continued fronts of two-storey houses. It is narrow and without sidewalks, and preserves (under the recent asphalt) the historic cobblestone pavement. Basalt blocks protect the facades against the vehicles. Houses no. 390, 391, 393, 395, 397, 398, are all individually listed as historical monuments. In spite of this, house no. 393 collapsed through neglect.

→ 3.1.1 cluster: Roman-Catholic Church and parish ensemble c (18th - middle 19th, early 20th century)

The church, no. 549; 1866: historical monument – the largest among the places of worship in Roșia Montană dominates the historical centre from a high plateau at the south-east of the Square, looming its white, stern neoclassical silhouette on the slopes of Cârnic mountain marked by mining. A cultural landscape shaped by mining: the Roman-Catholic Church at the foot of Carnic Massif stiripesurse.roand a backdrop of a steep scree of mined waste rock. Surrounding it, the cemetery (no. 2 549B), dressed in dense trees, descends to the Square and contains the Chapel (no. 549A) that marks the site of the irst Catholic church. Recent archaeological excavations have revealed that

the terrace behind the church is an old dump. Near the church there is the Catholic rectory (no. 46 47 Descriptionstiripesurse.ro order anddecorations. m above thestreet level, itdominates theentrance to byitsclassicized theSquare proportions, the last investments major administration imperial of inRoșia Montană. Sittingonaterrace to 2-3 proximity to theSquare. Together withtheState andkindergarten school (no. 274), itisamong high trees, alleys andplatforms are stillpreserved. brass have bandwould played inagazebo, onthehigherplatform thissmallpublic park. of The until recently, when itwas abandoned. Themainhallpreserves board vaulted awooden ceiling. SicilianStreet. of point eastern theSquare, at corner of thestarting bell-ringer’s deine bytheirmassive, silhouettes, thecrossroad particular (no. 553) inthe house posite side. Theexact date 1796, isrecorded itsreconstruction, of inaninscription. church inadialog withtheRoman-Catholic dominates from theSquare thenortheast, to theop of stone andbrickof masonry. has, traditionally, theirst level instone level buildings andthesecond these are inwood, entirely are large buildings revealing from urban andstructure. Apart thebell-ringer’s aspect which house, –recently collapsed andlater (no. 319 demolished)house andtheteachers’ They (no. 320). house 317), –now thepublic theParish cultural centre), andculture school hall(no. 318 thebell-ringer’s voluminous, double structure. On theside sloped baroque facing the courtyard there isagenerous itted with “roștele” -iron bars withrich loral no. decorations. 407 thehouse of keeps Theroof the andplastered, beams wooden of containing upto To 6rooms. thelarge thestreet, windows are miners. Houses have walls and vaults stone and brick of at the irst level level and high second built preferred dwelling, of bythewealthy type theyrepresent families aparticular around 1875, of 409), form thecompact eastern frontalittle square of where theIeruga to be. Built mineused featuresfrom theSquare, thisneighbourhood three Baroque allure massive of houses, (nos.407- and tree lines. street pattern andstreetscape –withcobbled steep andrugged streets, fenced bydrystone walls historicalThey are into allset fabric, adifuse withmostlyhistorical buildings, anotmuch altered with Baroque andClassical character, andmany others characteristic for theInterwar period. the Square, towards theBrazi header It pond. comprises several outstandinghistoric dwellings, → → → → → On itsside andto therear theCasino connects to theonce Summergarden, where a The Unitarian Parish andthechorister’s (no. House 391) aswell (no. 390) asthe house The headquarters of all the public services of thevillage, allthepublicThe headquarters services of of islocated inclose The Casino served asabar, ball-room andgeneral cinema, place celebration of -setonaplateau, The Unitarian no. 530 church rebuilt Century; 1796), (16th 3.1.3 3.1.2 f 3.1.1 e 3.1.1 d 3.1.1 A particular small group of houses, concentrated houses, smallgroup of A particular around acrossroads upstreet The area spreads along afew ridgelines ascending of andvalleys, south-east no. 310 The former Administrative Palace (1896), no. 329, andsummergarden (1880–1900),The Casino parish ensemble cluster: Church Unitarian and Ieruga neighbourhood Brazi neighbourhood - porch (Ro. târnaţ). House and annexes surround the courtyard paved with stone slabs. In the yard no. 408, an underground cavity appears to be an old entrance to a mine gallery. The obstructed arch at the base of the façade indicates a former channel, which crossed the cellar to feed an ore washing basin (“jomp”). The sidewall, supported by buttresses contribute to the particular, un- mistakable appearance of this area. The smaller houses’ position on the parcel is dependent on parcels’ shape and the characteristics of the land, which often needs to be levelled, terraced and strengthened with dry stone walls (“maur”). On the north side of the little square, House no. 406 features the speciic Interwar period traits – larger windows, gable roofs with trelliswork – and bears on the facade the year of building (1937) along with the mining insignia of the crossed hammers.

→ 3.1.4 Tăul Brazi neighbourhood © Daniel Vrăbioiu © Daniel

→ 3.1.5 Văidoaia neighbourhood © Ștefan Bâlici © Ștefan

→ 3.1.6 Berk neighbourhood © Lorin Niculae

→ 3.1.7 Sosași neighbourhood

stiripesurse.ro2 48 © Ștefan Bâlici © Ștefan 49 Descriptionstiripesurse.ro → → imposing local historic local imposing igure. parish SimionBalint, memorial priest of at Revolution, thisChurch themost andleader the1848 of Inthecemetery theGreek stood isthetomb and Catholic confessional1918, built school in1868. between surrounding households through Nearby, age, both on theplot. andposition size until Montană from any viewing angle. Thereby, the parish rectory tower, pyramidal withitsstepped, eruptsfrom roof thislow to position dominate theimageRoșia of around itthematerial andimmaterial thispredominantly values of Romanianarea. Thehighbell nial area gold Thechurch of mining. shares thelower, western core thelocality, of concentrating stands onaterrace descending tono. thevalley 135, Roșia Orlea at of of thefoot Massif, millen (R. Slotta, V. Slotta, (R. Vollmann, I.Dordea) The Greek-Catholic Church theDormition of (V. Zotinca) ChurchThe Orthotox Cetate withMt. inBackground, Roșia Montană a 3.1.8 3.1.8 b 3.1.8 The Greek-Catholic Church theDormition(1720, 1741, of century), mid19th and parishensemble cluster: Greek-Catholic Church neighbourhood Orlea parish ensemble Orthodox Church and cluster: (1815, 1854), no. 137, 1854), distinguishes (1815, - → 3.1.8 cluster: administrative centre – c Town Hall

The administrative centre, Town Hall (INP Archives)

→ 3.1.9 Gura Minei neighbourhood

Gura Minei Neighbourhood, 1927 (V. Zotinca)

→ 3.1.10 Vercheș neighbourhood

3.1.10 cluster: representative houses a along the main street

It includes the Ajtai House, later Miners’ Club, the house used as Maternity ward, a pair of rural vernacular houses and the imposing Gritta House. The street front is loose, the houses alternating with wide empty spaces - orchards, gardens, pastures.

→ 3.1.10 State school and kindergarten; b no. 274 (1905–1915)

The ensemble occupies a large plot, unlike the small parcels of the neighbouring households, midway between the two centres of the village – the lower one around the Orthodox and Greekstiripesurse.ro catholic churches and the upper, surrounding the Square. It is a large building, following 2 an oicial architectural program and marks the last signiicant economic and demographic boom of the community. It is now under restoration, with signiicant changes to its historical layout

(complete change of roof structure) and with the works interrupted 50 51 Descriptionstiripesurse.ro churches Mountains. theApuseni of smaller than the other churches in the area, illustrates but it also the stone-built of the typology It dates century, from landmark the19th thevillage. for thelandscape of an important being It is ings’ nucleus, thechurch issituated plateau onasmall,sloped inthewider area theCornaValley. of scattered thearea. of village type but undecorated, with a traditional structure, and their po centre thepublic Theappearance andprivate and afew of otherhouses. plastered constructions, tions, together andpublic withtheparish buildings house such asthekindergarten orthecultural Mountainsin theApuseni century. since the18th aless compact of construc nucleus It of ispart lat theCornaValley. plot inthewidening of itillustrates Built in1719, thechurch present typology quarry, Cârnic Massif andPiatra Corbului. ture. Its skyline is deined by the presence the churches, of pit mining works the open on the Cetate functions. Asintherest thearea, terrain thesloped of determines struc adaptations thehouse of by thelack street acontinuous front of andthealternation andgardens houses of withdiferent area, for enhancingtherural themountainous istypical the household appearance characterized paths andwereintertwining built indirect relation to thehistorical miningactivity. Thelayout of third nucleus close houses, of to Tăul The last Corna. two nuclei are the village of the village. of consists the part the pathsof part connecting The upper to the upper two churches andseveral otherpublic functions,below Tăul withplots distributed along Cartuș, several consistsus along of thecommunal houses road. nucleus Asecond isformed around the more compact nuclei, close to the two header and ponds the communal road. The lo thehouseholds are of scatteredWhile some ontheslopes, therest thebuildings of gather around 3.2 → → → → Surrounded bythecemetery andmore detached from thevillage centre build This istheoldest church inthearea Roșia Montană, anditoccupies of alarge This isavillage situated theCornaValley. of in theupper, part more open, Blocks lats of inthesixties Apostol) (©Claudia c 3.1.10 3.2.3 3.2.2 3.2.1 Corna (Modern) in thesixties cluster: Blocks offlats Miners households Greek-Catholic Church Orthodox Church sition within the plots, is closer to the connected by a network of west nucle - - - - Upper nucleus in Corna village (© Lorin Nicolae) in Corna village Upper nucleus

3.3 Ţarina (Modern)

Ţarina is a village located near the eastern part of Mt. Orlea and its mineield, covering an area deined by hills with rather high slopes. This proximity to the mineiled had inluenced the activities and generated the inhabitation of the territory in a very peculiar way. The Josephine Land Survey of the 18th century presents the settlement as a string of houses along the stream that comes from Ţarina header pond. The village followed the stream until it reaches Foieș (Roșia stream). Its location had favoured the construction of traditional houses, typical for miners: rather small constructions with ground loor made of stone masonry, while the single upper level was built of wooden beam construction, plastered on the inside. The connection with the stream permitted the rise and use of stamping mills on both sides. Its natural hilly landscape had also been favourable for the other type of habitat: the typical mountain household. Ţarina is composed of three deined areas gathered along the main paths that historically linked Roșia Montană to Câmpeni and other villages from the north. The main paths have a northwest orientation, the easiest way the mountain could be crossed with oxen and carts. The hierarchy of the paths leading to Tarina is influenced by the proximity to the Market Square. Few traditional miners’ households can be seen in the landscape close to the stream. The other two areas are more recent, with modern houses that relect a peasant way of life.

→ 3.3.1 Traditional farmhouse (19th century), Ţarina no. 1248

A representative example of a traditional house in Ţarina, house no. 1248, built in the late nineteenth century. It has a spatial and functional structure typical for the area: the living part consists of two rooms accessible by the corridor and an annex – kitchen – added on one side of the house. The main level rises above a cellar which adjusts to the slope. The building system is also locally speciic, representing a version of a widespread solution in the Apuseni. The ‘Blockbau’ system (log construction) with walls composed of horizontal beams arranged in crowns is applied here instiripesurse.ro a version with urban remnants. The basement walls are made of stone masonry and lime 2 mortar, like the vault that used to cover the space. The roof is hipped and covered with shingles. 52 53 Descriptionstiripesurse.ro used asahay stockpile.used toresponse harsh windy weather conditions. for It sheep andcattle. was used was Thehighloft whichof onehasapolygonal shape. Thisfeature inspired issaid to be byrural architecture, asa astraditional rendering. used preserves paint, blue levelupper is accessible from the traditional corridor, ex storeys. Thecellar stone ismade masonry, of having two covered rooms The beams. withwooden rocks from presents theexploitation, vernacular thehouse andminingfeatures. It isbuilt withtwo © Ștefan Bâlici Traditional farmhouse withpolygonal stable © Ștefan Bâlici century Traditional19th farmhouse, Ţarina → stamping mill could be readstamping millcould be intheterrain coniguration. to retainsin used thewater for washing ore theprocessed during winter aprevious time. Signsof In the middle of the one room basement stands themining‘jomp’, basement theoneroom In themiddle of asmallshallow ba Close to the house is the old stable, a peculiar wooden construction withfour istheold sides, construction to stable, thehouse wooden Close apeculiar Located onthefringe theOrlea of miningield, where miners gathered the 3.3.2 with polygonal stable Traditional farmhouse century), (20th posing two rooms. The outside plaster still - 3.4 Balmoșești - Blidești (Modern)

Balmoșești, one of the smallest satellite-villages of Roșia Montană, is located on the northern slopes of Roșia valley, west of Mt. Orlea. Its importance lays in adding a rural layer to the mining area. This settlement is formed of simple scattered houses with modern appearance (modern vernacular style), built mainly in the 20th century. The households are close to the main path, an unpaved road that follows the slopes of the mountain. The path leaves Roșia Montană, near the Mining Enterprise ensemble, going around Orlea quarry and ascending towards northwest. The settlement is approximately at half the distance from the starting point to the top of the mountainside. A small artiicial lake lays over the settlement, as a sign of a possible small-scale mining background.

Blidești (Modern)

Another satellite village of Roșia Montană, Blidești stands on the western section of the southern slopes that deine Roșia valley. Hidden from the daily routes, Blidești is linked with Corna valley through a northwest oriented path. It comprises three groups of scattered buildings. Of all Roșia Montană valley this settlement has the fewest households, being inhabited by a small number of families as their houses with annexes show.

stiripesurse.ro2 54 55 Description © EdmondKreibic Piatra protected Corbului, area national of interest stiripesurse.ro C 2.a characterisation Landscape

2 stiripesurse.ro 56 57 Descriptionstiripesurse.ro © Radu Sălcudean © Radu onPiatraView Corbului andCârnicMassif slope -Southern situated at 1100–1150 m altitude, with an aspect of black of maltitude, withanaspect basalt. situated at 1100–1150 surrounded to theeast andwest roads that go to Roșia Poieni miningarea. Thenatural reserve is millionyearsapproximately ago. 15–20 a volcanic explosion from the Ore theNeogene Mountains of inthelast produced phase period the dacite rock CârnicMassif. of It isbelieved that thestone block gained itscurrent location after ferent from thegeology anandesite thearea, being of block, weighing several tonnes, located over Montană, between CârnicandCetate block andhasisolated peaks resistant of aspect to erosion. Plan- III-Protected Areas. Section uments andwere deined byLaw no. 5/2000 -Law theapproval National of of Spatial Development Piatra Corbului (Raven’s Stone), are protected areas national of interest (ZNPIN) andnatural mon Montană commune. gravity-low minedrainage enters therivers asdo tributaries Roșia andCorna, from theRoșia inthepastto serve thestreamsand theheader used ponds for thestampmills. Groundwater theland.shape hardness rocks, of andcomposition erosion andhuman activitieshascontributed extensively to (1050m) and Coltău to differences Hill Due (1094m). in heigh BrădeţelCetate, (1187m), Ghipidele Rotundul Cārnic(1807m), Ghergheleu (1011m), (1157m), work andthegeological themountains: of structure landscape anddryvalleys. Thegeographical onthehydrographic landscape ismodelled also net maltitude)perspectives withmeadow bytheforestland andmeadows andthevalleys (500-800 maltitude) depth withamplitude, andilteredthe geographical are landscape (900–1100 thepeaks Piatra situated Corbului withanarea 5ha, between of Ghergheleu andCurmătura peaks, The site was declared Its geological a“natural composition isdif monument” in1954. Piatra Despicată, with an area 0.25 of hectares, is located southwest Roșia 1 km of Both sites were theQuaternary. formed at of thebeginning The hydrological network isformed bystreams lowing into theRoșia andCornaValley The landforms dominate bytheTile (918m), theterritory east andnorth to thesouth, There are two protected geological sites: Piatra Despicată (Cleft Stone) and of Nature Reserves and Monuments The altitude ranges between 600–1200m andthephysical rangesThe altitude elements that deine between 600–1200m t of 700-800m and different 700-800m t of - - - Landscape character types: Agro-pastoral landscape Overview of Roșia Montană Mining Landscape Mining of Montană Roșia Overview Mortu © Petru

Land management, for industrial and agro-pastoral practices, takes places on plateaus and steep slopes. Consists of: pastures, hay-meadows, meadows adjacent to the village, orchards, interspersed with small patches of arable land. It is widespread in the territory and also on perimeter settlements. Human intervention in this landscape is of considerably lower intensity compared to other similar areas in the Apuseni mountains. Thus, pastures, orchards and meadows have been continually maintained with a low intensity land use and traditional practice that is highly beneicial for species richness. Cattle grazing and crop rotation biennial or triennial systems (ploughing one year and fallow for two or three years) and soil terracing sustains land fertility. View of Tăul Mare and Roșia Valley. Field patterns: spatial spatial patterns: Field Valley. and Roșia Mare View of Tăul and shape of elements plots. landscape of the keys arrangement © Radu Sălcudean

Hay-meadows adjacent to the pastures are colourful and species-rich with the presence of “6520 Mountain hay-meadows” (Annexe 1 of the EU Habitats Directive), ‘High Nature Value’ meadow habitat. Lower ields around the settlements receive more fertilization, in the form of animalstiripesurse.ro dung, than the other with more nutrient-poor hay-meadows. The pastures near the ponds 2 are “6230 Species-rich Nardus grassland, on siliceous substrates in mountain areas” listed as a priority habitat in Annexe 1 of the EU Habitats Directive. 58 59 Description stiripesurse.ro Mihaela Sălcudean, Hărmănescu© Radu andcrosses tomasonry delineate ormark boundaries Small trees hedge withindividual trees, fences anddry stone Sălcudean © Radu Rough grazings withterraced ield andshrubs succesion inthebackground cess characteristics andinrelation to thesettlement. and miningexploitation areas, to are pro deined due bydistinctive andtypologies morphologies Inventory meadows of (2003). protected andrare plants cited intheRedList Plants of in Romania and Romanian rare vulnerable Montană, Ţarina). es (“mauri”), ordrystone for masonry example inthemeadows around thesettlements (Roșia theagro-pastoral landscape are boundaries, byplantation of bounded (sub-units) fenc property is more fragmented andindustrial andinterspersed landscapes. withthewoodland Diferent types is less fragmented to anddominant thegeographical due characteristics theCornaValley, of where tation isvisible between theŢarina, Balmoșești, Blidești areas, where theagro-pastoral landscape value and biodiversity potential, (© Radu Sălcudean) andbiodiversityvalue (©Radu potential, usage orhistoricalparticular tradition gain signiicance; aspeciic highcultural andhistorical oncattleView stable facility withaagro-pastoral production trees withsolitary which through There are ields to theslope. elongated Adiference thetexture of perpendicular fragmen The agro-pastoral landscape, thehydrological woodland, network, archaeological sites Landscape value is stateenhanced by preservationthe Landscape good plantof speciic habitats, of - - - Rocks and stony ground landscape

On the highest slopes toward the top of the hill, inside the pastures areas there are rocks and stony ground characterized by “natural rock gardens” where vegetation is inluenced by the secondary efects of metalliferous mineralisation. “Natural rock gardens”, (© Daniel vrăbioiu) (© Daniel gardens”, rock “Natural

Woodland / Forest landscape

Woodland occupies the altitudinal area between 600 - 1200 m, with a distinctive substrate and micro-climate sometimes leading to the phenomena of vegetation inversion. The landscape is characterized by the deciduous and coniferous forests and the woodlands stretch over small fragmented areas with diferent utilities. The spread of deciduous trees is inside the inhabited area and on the southern slopes of the Jig and Văidoaia massifs, in the eastern part de- limiting the settlement and Tăul Mare. Due to characteristic processes, the background southeast of Roșia Montană is heavily vegetated with coniferous woodland (on Cârnic), linking historic extraction and agro-pastoral landscapes. Woodland is also characterized by deciduous stands. Along with the presence of species and training for ixing the sterile soil (junipers), vegetable groups punctuate the whole area near Roșia Montană - becoming stronger environmental elements. Conifers, massive trees and resinous shrubs are spread on rocky substrate on the north slope of Cârnic, in Tăul Brazi and Corna areas. These create a natural reinforcement of the soil against erosion, landslides and the formation of debris. They also contribute to soil formation.

stiripesurse.ro2 Forest in relation with mining exploitation with high historical and with high historical with mining exploitation in relation Forest potential value and high ecological cultural 60 61 Description stiripesurse.roroads, ensure erosion protection andimprove Sălcudean) (©Radu landscape Living fences created asrows shrubs to of delineate boundaries, and ponds pattern which land uses, of was carefully adapted to topographical conditions. households) through linear plantations. activity. Grouped trees shrubs anddeciduous mark diferent (meadows, thelimitsof properties posite onwatercourses that andnear therelation theponds conirm between nature andmining Tăul Corna) geographical have landmarks. important become its interaction withthenatural environment. Meanwhile, (Tăul themainponds Mare, Tăul Brazi, facilities these of isgivencultural bymore (medieval) importance harmonious and miningactivity onAnnexe EUHabitats 1of Directive).vegetation The (7110 acidbog with distinctive andunique anthropogenic and natural elements), characterized by “High Natural Value” and rare aquatic ment while generating lower wetland speciic landscape (characterized by the relation between elements, arranged throughout the territory, were p control fundamentally androuting, changed thehydrology withinthelandscape. artiicial These derive Theyalso landscapeagro-pastoral andwoodland. from miningactivitiesandwater management. Tăul Brazi Sălcudean) (©Radu landscape The resulting patchwork ields, of meadows, wetlands created andwoodlands aunique Another characteristic are thewoodland thetrees of withdistinctive vegetation com The hydro-technical made ensemble byheader and the installation ponds, water of Flushes and mires Wetland landscape/ These areasThese are deined along rivers, streams andare andponds inrelation set to the artially absorbed intoartially the natural environ - - Former header ponds with water retention retention ponds with water header Former (© Radufunction and speciic lora Sălcudean)

Archaeological landscape

The archaeological heritage, through the way to adapt to the natural environment, is currently building a speciic landscape: Necropolises, sacred areas and housing areas are subordinate to the natural environment through their arrangement on the terracing of slopes or high points with a broad perspective on the valley; probably directly related to mountain ranges and the place of gold ore exploitation.

→ The necropolises are located on slopes or on plateaus oriented towards the valleys, following the same script, where the southern orientation is favourable. There are seven necropolises: Tăul Cornei, Carpeni-Balea, Hop-Găuri, Valea Nanului, Pârâul Porcului, Ţarina and Jig-Piciorag.

→ The sacred buildings are built on heights and probably were connected with entries to galleries. Sacred spaces were identiied in ive points: Hăbad- Oprișa, Hăbad-Brădoaia, Dalea, Szekely and Drumuș points.

→ Ancient habitat structure has housing systems typical for mountain areas and in direct relation with the mining activities.

→ The ore processing zone (at Jig-Piciorag Point) conirms that the ancient habitat is connected with the historical centre of Roșia Montană and Cârnic Massif (underground exploitation).

The representative landscape of archaeological sites scattered difusely throughout the entire territory provides a comprehensive and accurate picture of the land topography and the ancient habitat both at micro scale by type and their position and large scale by the built landscape history as a whole.

stiripesurse.ro2 Overview of Roșia valley from Balmoșești (MNIR Archive) (MNIR Balmoșești from of valley Roșia Overview 62 63 Description Mount Cârnic–vestiges prehistoric of works andRoman slope-side Sălcudean) withire andwater opened Radu (©Horia Ciucudean, stiripesurse.ro century) mineentrances miningintheform of androcky slopes devoid vegetation. of infrastructure that formerly Roșia Valley thestampmills supplied inCorna, Ţarina. of andpart traces these human have activity mining, of mellowed into thenatural landscape. structure create distinctive features within the mining la bareponds, mountains,mineopenings andthesites stampmills andwater of management infra preindustrialand of ore processing. Montană. Medieval testimonies andmodern are signiicant underground interms of developments in which thelargest oneof known underground Romanminingcomplexes developed at Roșia located medieval mining, atRoman, andmodern theedge thesettlement andbeyond. of Overall theTăul viewof Mare Sălcudean) (©Radu andmininglandscape Rocks anddebris from miningoperations are characterized habitats. byspeciic thehydro-technicalThe landscape of system characterized isalso byastream andpond Preindustrial exploitation profoundly thenatural impacted upon landscape: header evidence issigniicantRoman period testimony around 50years, of to efort aconcerted Mining landscape mining exploitation: ofsurfaceLandscape Cârnic and Cetate massifs traces bear traditional of (late and modern 20th Important preserved mininglandscapes testimonies bear Important to thehistory of ndscape. After the cessation traditional of - Mining exploitation underground network

The underground network is characterised by Roman galleries and early modern galleries. Roman galleries form a dense network excavated into the following massifs: Orlea, Carpeni, Cetate, Cârnic and Letea. Exploration, transport, ventilation and drainage galleries con- verge on mineral extraction areas. Traces of habitation and sacred areas highlighted on the south side of Rosia Valley (Carpeni and Valea Nan) link with the areas of ore exploitation of the Cetate and Orlea massifs.

Built–up (architectural) landscape

This landscape contains built–up elements: from ponds and their mining heaps to settlement and buildings. The typology and morphological structure of human settlements are in relation to natural elements and main activities. The following types are distinguished:

→ linearly developed along watercourses, valleys and the main roads, with interdependent relationships with water in the past (former stamp mills, in Roșia Montană, Corna, Ţarina)

→ in the proximity of mining activities: mine accesses in Jig massif, Cârnic and Letea, mining heaps, historic earthworks, etc. inluenced the settlement structure in the two main cores (the valley and historic centre)

→ in the proximity of woodlands, as an “extension” of the natural element (Blidești, Corna)

→ in the proximity of agro-pastoral landscape (Blidești, Balmoșești) with dif- fuse limits and types of the settlement.

Roșia Montană (550–580 m altitude) Rural - urban type settlement with mixed structure related to geomorphology and topography: nuclei include the churches, various buildings, and areas of mining exploitation, and the core of Roșia Valley with the Roșia River (its use correlated with former stamp mills). Mountain massifs, that are places of ore exploitation, constrain a settlement structure that ties in with the linear structure of the valley: Cetate and Orlea lanking the lower pole, with churches in the valley; and Jig Văidoaia, Letea and Cârnic around the higher pole of the historical centre. Anthropogenic changes in the landscape shaped for industrial purposes become a signiicant deining factor in the urban structure of settlement.

stiripesurse.ro2 Overview of Roșia Montană settlement settlement of Montană Roșia Overview © Radu Sălcudean 64 65 Description stiripesurse.roCross, century, 19th located ontheroad to Tăul Brazi Postăvaru) (©Iozeina (©Ioanfrom Andron) the1960s; Cross Mihail of Gritta, 1837, marks thegrave therich of churches, mineranddonor of today overlaid bythestreet withblocks lats of dating Cross “from Ghenoveva”, located close century); to (19th theSquare, nearby theCasino, Postăvaru) (©Iozeina attached no. 331 to house (©Iozeina Postăvaru) c.1910) school, (professional Monument World of War located next to aMemorial 1930; I,ca. Cross, thebuildings infront theminingadministration oneof of of natural elements andare indirect relation to theminingactivities. another, related to the agro-pastoral activities andinthevalley area. Thelimitsare deined by andallow thelimitsarehighland passage area difuse to thesettlement, from of oneproperty Corna Valley, whilst otherconcentrations are located around thechurches Inthe andtheponds. memorial andfuneral monuments adding historical symbolic, spaces. to value associated stampsmills were to paveof used theroads, delimitation material. properties andconstruction topography.uneven, sinuous Stones extracted during the mining exploitation and stone ground the Roman to modern period (© Radu Sălcudean) (©Radu period the Romanto modern Peaks inthebackground, miningexploitations from onCornachurchesView withCârnicandCetate The crossroads, public spaces and settlement boundary are marked by crosses, votive, Street network isnot regular, small streets winding through following properties, the Rural settlement withmixed structure. Onelinear nucleus emerges along Corna altitude) (600–800m Overrview on Corna Valley dwelling, among the on Corna Valley Overrview Angelescu) (© Ștefan Corna brook

Ţarina(1004 m altitude) Situated near the eastern part of Orlea Massif has also a mixt structure. The dwellings, close to Roșia Montană, were related to mining activities. In its upper part it is a scattered hamlet with agro-pastoral activities. View on the Tăul Ţarina and Ţarina hamlet with hamlet and Ţarina Ţarina View on the Tăul dispersed (© Radu on the hills households Sălcudean)

Balmoșești (846 m altitude) and Blidești (825m altitude) are rural/vernacular settlements (hamlets) with difuse and scattered structure and natural limits, and rural households that are related to agro-pastoral activities. The hamlets’ structure is typical for Apuseni Mountains’ rural settlements: the households and outbuildings are situated in the middle or as extension of the property, perpendicular with the road and depending on the relief. Dispersed, the hamlets are settlements form with no communal facilities, and weak infrastructure. stiripesurse.roHouseholds are spread on the hills and their inhabitants are called “side – settlers” (“lă- 2 tureni”), their main occupation being agriculture and cattle breeding. There is a temporary form of living of the hayields where cattle stable and one-room buildings are situated. 66 67 Description stiripesurse.roSingle farmstead facility production withaagro-pastoral (© → → → → → → Priorities for management for diferent landscape types reference to appropriate(heritage, archaeology, biodiversity, etc) strategies identity support maintenance constitutive of elements landscape characteristics of that preservation thecharacter of thelandscape of diversity lowers of the ield margins low intensity of agro-pastoral land that contains a often historical evolution landmarks, enclosures, singular elements that contains testimonials the of maintenance constitutive of landscape elements such asboundaries, vation theirhabitats of landscapes agro-pastoral andthepreser-maintenance traditional of of use Radu Sălcudean) 2.a Geological setting D and Mineralisation

Geological setting

Roșia Montană is situated in the Apuseni Mountains, located in the heart of the Romanian Carpathians. Three main ore deposit districts are known in the Metalliferous Range, a very rich gold-silver province worked since the Roman period, and likely before (a selection of mines found within this province are listed in the annexe of the national comparative analysis). It is known as the Golden Quadrilateral, and for over two millennia it was one of Europe’s principal goldields. The precious metals deposits (gold-silver) are epithermal in origin – deposited from warm waters at comparatively shallow depths under conditions of comparatively low temperature and pressure. The Roșia Montană deposit relates to two major events of Neogene volcanism/magma- tism: Cetate dacite (13.5 - 1.1 million years ago) and andesites (9.3 – 0.47 million years ago). The bulk of the gold-silver in the deposit is concentrated within two adjacent dacitic intrusives: Cetate and Cârnic; which appear to join at depth. Two main types of gold-silver mineralisation are present with the deposits - disseminated (within dacite) and breccia. Within the Cetate and Cârnic intrusives the highest-grade mineralisation is conined to sub-vertical breccia pipe structures (often containing fragments of crystalline basement). Two (Cetate and Carpeni) are located within the Cetate intrusive, and four (Napoleon, Corhuri, Cănţăliște and Piatra Corbului) are located within the Cârnic intrusive. Amongst these common breccia pipes, the largest is the Cetate Breccia that was mined at surface by the Romans (and possibly in prehistoric times, also) as evidenced by numerous historic photographs of the large opencast (the “Citadel”), mined-out during open pit operations from 1972 to 2006 for the low-grade gold the Romans left behind. Surrounding the dacitic intrusives is a unit of volcanoclastic sediments that also hosts precious metal mineralisation. Situated between the Cetate and Cârnic intrusives, and extending along the southern boundary of the Cetate intrusive, is a breccia body known as the Black Breccia.

Mineralisation

Roșia Montană Mining Landscape is centred on a world-class gold deposit (with a low - intermediate sulphidation state). It comprises various types of ore bodies: veins, breccia structures (breccia pipes and breccia dykes), stockworks, and impregnations. The geological age of mineralisation is indicated around 12.7 million years ago. Gold occurs as free gold, and in electrum (natural gold – silver alloy). In addition, silver minerals occur (argentite, proustite, polybasite), sulphides (common pyrite, and uncommon chal- copyrite, sphalerite, galena, tetrahedrite, arsenopyrite) and tellurides (hessite, sylvanite, petzite, altaite and Te-bearing argyrodite). Gold grades decrease with depth, and a horizon of maximum concentration occurs. Geological investigations evidenced the skill of Roman period miners who chased high-grade gold values, only, restricting ‘dead’ work in barren ground only where necessary for access and transport, drainage and ventilation – and only then if they were not able to drive in mineralised ground.

Reserves and Monuments of Nature

There are two “Reserves and Monuments of Nature” within Roșia Montană Mining Landscape, comprising two rare geological formations, Piatra Corbului (Raven Stone) and Piatra Despicată (Cleft Stone). The Raven Stone was declared a “monument of nature” in 1969 and placed within a protected area of 5 hectares. It is a mostly sheer-faced crag located at an altitude of 950 metres on the southern slope of Cârnic Massif, and in which Roman mining (and even possibly prehistoric mining) was conducted, including the use of primitive methods using ire, water and vinegar. The name ofstiripesurse.ro the monument comes from the shape of the stone, suggesting a raven’s head, but also 2 perhaps from the large number of ravens that nest in the area. The Cleft Stone was declared a “natural monument” in 1954. Its geological composition

is diferent from the geology of the area, being an andesite block, weighing several tonnes, located 68 69 Descriptionstiripesurse.ro Habitats Directive listings shown where relevant, after Akeroyd, 2006): and otherplant that species are Red-listed inRomania. with wildlowers) andmires -listed theEUHabitats inAnnexe Iof Directive, together withorchids grasslands (oligotrophic pastures andmesotrophic hay-meadows, traditionally farmed andlush area Roșia Montană of village. Inclose proximity are semi-natural habitats HighNature of Value elevations, forest (coniferous anddeciduous), mountainmeadows andhayields, andthebuilt-up sifs strewn with metalliferous mine debris, lakes (former header ponds) that the higher occupy approximately –20millionyearsperiod 15 ago. after avolcanic explosion from theOre theNeogene Mountains inthelast of produced phase over thedacite rock CârnicMassif. of It isbelieved that thestone block gained itscurrent location a relict Bronze Age landscape, highaesthetic that amongscenery set isof value. Indeed, alack modernisation of intraditional agro-pastoral practice preserves what isefectively ecosystem lacks biodiversity; thesituation isquite at –especially theopposite thelandscape scale. ruptive thebiogeography actionupon theproperty. of But that does notmean that thecurrent a distinctive territory characterised byawide variety typologies. of and hydrographical factors, together with prolonged anthropogenic interventions, hav tinctive habitat for rich diversity. botanical Geographical geology, position, mineralogy, climate, soil E 2.a cdmr Drosera rotundifolia Woodland edge Acid mire Base-rich mire meadows hay-species-rich Mesotrophic, montane, shrub, heaths montane Oligotrophic, dwarf locally species-rich Oligotrophic pastures, species Metallophyte minedebris Metal-rich SPECIES rockMetal-rich outcrops HABITAT The following signiicant plant communities are present at Roșia Montană (Annexe IEU The property ischaracterisedThe property byadistinctive natural mosaic of rocky mas andexposed Two and more, millennia, substantial gold cumulative of imposed mining activity dis Roșia Montană Mining isacultural Landscape landscape that provides adis Geological setting Flora ‘Alluvial forestsof the Alnion incanae’ Priority habitat EU91E0 Priorityhabitat ‘Alluvial forestsof theAlnionincanae’ Alnus incanaandTelekia speciosa– sedge fen) Eriophorum latifolium (Central European yellow- EU 6230 Priorityhabitat ‘Acidophilous Nardus mountain pastures’ Scleranthion’ ‘Silceous rock withpioneervegetation oftheSedo- Threatened).listed asNear subsp.septentrionale andSilenenutans Dubia(Red with Aspleniumadiantum-nigram, Asplenium offissures‘Dacian communities ofsiliceousrocks Silene dubiasubsp. Dubia. Asplenium septentrionale EU 7110 EU 6520 hay-meadows Mountain Roman Galleries Lety Monulești MassifRoman Cătălina Galleries: EU 8230 LISTING e produced e produced - - - 2 History and Development b Traditional mining lanscape in early 1940s mining lanscape ( Silviu Bocaniciu in early Sr.) Traditional

Introduction

Ancient Alburnus Maior, medieval Rubeo Flumine, Verespatak, Goldbach, Rotbach, Roșia de Munte and Roșia Montană: they are all the same place. Here an evolution almost exclusively determined by people’s quest to exploit gold spans more than two millennia; perhaps even twice that. What is certain is that today we ind a socio-technical palimpsest created by successive empires and cultures that has unparalleled time-depth, above and below ground. The landscape displays signiicant natural assets – some that determined the path of cultural interaction, and some that developed as a direct result of it. These attributes combine with cultural richness to produce a type of countryside that not only conveys authentic Romanian rural culture, but which also represents a traditional scene that has disappeared across much of Europe. This landscape, and the processes that shaped and sustain it, is not just property with an inventory. It gives us a point of entry into a common emotional ground of memory and belonging. It is a precious asset that needs to be fully understood in order to value it, and then one might hope to share in the knowledge of those that truly care for it. That the highest values must be assigned to Roșia Montană as an ancient gold mining centre of the Roman Empire is well known amongst top academics and experts in the ield. There are, however, substantial visible marks of uninterrupted habitation and mining operations for at least 700 years from the 13th century CE. The combination of evidence for underground gold mining exploitation, surface ore-processing, and related, often integrated, surface habitation, cemeteries, sacred places and other remains, together constitute an ancient mining landscape that is rare for the Roman Empire, and extremely rare for Romania. The signiicance of this cultural landscape is elevated further by intensivestiripesurse.ro and well-resourced archaeological investigation, tight radiocarbon dating and by the 2 discoveries of numerous wooden artefacts and mining implements within the galleries, some of which have been dated by dendrochronology. 70 71 Descriptionstiripesurse.ro A 2.b civilisation Pârvan (1882–1927) that Pârvan (1882–1927) elucidatesHistory Romania, Museum Romanianhistorian of theopinionof andarchaeologist Vasile Archaeological research during the 2000s, by multi-nation natural resources and,once Hispania breathed gold-rich exhaustion, signs of Dacia was fair game. sensitive method. Like Greeks, theRomans tobegan theirrise power withvery little gold in their of theDanube ingoldof that specialised exploitation. Dalmatian-Illyrianthe presence of colonists, andothers from regions Hellenistic of tradition south This sectionisdividedinto: The Mures delimits the River their gold.seize Heredotus remarks that: were “they highly delighted with large gold.” amounts of the Agathyrsi the Maris - a on branchthe banks of living (Mures the Scythians of River) in order to also took place. In 513 place. took also In513 likely that shallow hard-rock surface mining(trenches along thesurface exposures gold of veins) and which entered Californian It Gold international Rush. isalso miningvocabulary inthe1848 to alluvial, from rivers, theword derived from Catalan andSpanish meaning ashoal orsand bar, exceptional of number gold artefacts dating have to thisperiod found intheregion. been The cultural landscape holds much knowledge yet discovered, to be in good Small-scale placer gold recovery isbelieved to have Placer inthisperiod. refers started , a frontier place that incorporated several temporary and p E. E. © Horia Ciugudean Prehistoric surface miningworks along aseam D. D. F. F. C. C. B. A. Pre-Roman The earliest elements thesite, of however, date back to theBronze Age, anda BCE Alburnus Maior Heredotus wrote thePersian of kingDarius awar against who started Golden Quadrilateral 20 18 21 Medieval andEarlyModern(to17 Roman (106–170 CE) Pre-Roman st th th century and19 century was, inancienttimes: a th centuries in the south. inthesouth. al teams coordinated by the National Californian town of international th century) ermanent areas related to time and by p. p. p. p. p. p . 69 . 81 79 75 75 70 In 218 – 202 BCE, the Romans gained access to the gold mining region of Spain during the second Punic War with Carthage, and recovered gold by alluvial and hard rock methods. In 50 BCE the Romans began the issue of a gold coin called the Aureus.

2.b Roman B (106–170 CE)

Wax Tablet XI (MNIR Archives)

Votive altar dedicated to Janus. Hop Găuri Area (MNIR Archives)

stiripesurse.ro2

Roman funerary monuments, Funerary Monument, Mining Museum, Drumuș Area (MNIR Archives) Roșia Montană (© Lorin Niculae) 72 73 Description stiripesurse.roMonument at Hop Găuri (©Virgil Apostol) theCircular of FuneraryReconstuction during the Roman period (2ndcenturyduring theRomanperiod meaning “one having ultimately derives pay”) from the Romanword mediately following Dacia of theRomanconquest in106 in one of themininggalleriesin oneof isdated February 6th,131 in the new Roman province. Its irst attestation, wax-coated on a wooden writing tablet discovered 100 CE–400CE. together withthe laid byHermias, Dacia’s asearly Trajan Emperor asthereign conquest, proved (as of seemingly bytheinscription Dacian kings, theRomanstate theirdirectof took place passing into theproperty immediately after as great metalworkers. Inpre-Roman Dacia, where gold mines were very probably of theproperty place: gold andsilver ascoinage to pay itsighters; theterm soldier(Medieval Latin military force andtrade. devoid Rome–essentially precious metals of on itsown territory –needed lasting aremarkable period imperial 1,500 years. Ultimately what creates empires andsustains is methods, extracting anestimated 500tonnes gold of rule. during their166-year gold of in 97CEonepound cost 3,962 dr.; CEitcost at most3,800dr. by127 his Forum andColumn inRome. gold Theprice of intheEmpire sank during the following years: announcing over 100 days games treasury of and,withaboosted Dacia, built from of thespoils Dacian gold to transported Rome by their conquerors. Emperor Trajan celebrated his vict in theDacian thesaurus. to doctor Trajan) Emperor Kriton wrote (private huge about amounts of Alburnus Maior What precious metals isnow Roșia miningcentre Montană themostimportant became The Italic civilization of Ancient RomewasThe Italic amongst of civilization themostremarkable intheworld, its After occupation the Romans improved the organisation gold of mining and processing that gold tonnesAncient sourcestheRomansfound of theequivalent over report of 165 By August 106CEthewar was over andDacia was upasaRomanprovince. set libertus metalla Illyrici metalla There was major gold mining and socio-economic activity inRoșia activity Montană There gold was major miningandsocio-economic . of theemperor, of presented therichest metals source of intheentire Empire during CE procurator aurariarum ). Theirst underground date mines intheproperty im CE CE . It records also the theRomannameof . Dacians were to known theRomans ). solidus (Latin for “solid”), soldarius Aurariae Dacicae , literally ory by - , the name of the Late Empire gold coin. And in terms of trade, Rome became the largest city in the world in ancient times – a gigantic emporium of luxury goods such as silk, pearls, ivory and spices - imported from India, China and elsewhere and paid for in gold. Gold was also something the citizens of Rome deeply desired: for jewellery, and to simply convey sheer wealth. Trajan’s sights fell on Dacia at a time when he wanted to defend his Roman frontiers, but also a time when precious metal mining under Imperial control in Hispania had peaked in the irst century CE. Whether it is coincidence, or not, it is certain that after the Dacian Conquest, gold mining began immediately and a procurator was brought to the Carpathian province, more likely directly from Rome rather than from Dalmatia - as presupposed on the basis of his wife’s name Salonia (liberta from Salona). The mining exploitation and organisation forms based on the Dalmatian and Illyrian model suggest that the Romans adapted the iscal administration to speciically Roman organisational forms. In this a series of local (foreign) institutions were meant to provide economic and demographical prosperity to such provinces. The importance of the Dacian gold territory, especially of Alburnus Maior, in the framework of the customs system is relected in the presupposition of the existence of a customs station. Roșia Montană is un-paralleled as a Roman mining centre in terms of its documented epigraphy, an exceptional contribution to the authenticity of our understanding of the place. The wax-coated wooden writing tablets are irst-rate sources of legal, socio-economic, demographic and linguistic information - not only regarding Alburnus Maior, but the entire Dacian province and, implicitly, the Roman Empire. The tablets reveal explicit details of mining organisation, sale and purchase contracts, receipts of loans with interest, and the sale of slaves. The evidence attests not only Illyrians, but also Greek and Latin migrants hired to work in the mines and organised in associations (e.g. collegia aurariorum, societas danistaria). The writing tablets are also correlated with an unparalleled number of stone epigraphic monuments, votive and funerary. Most epigraphs seem to derive from the settlement on “Carpeni” and the cemetery at “Ţarina”. They were made of the Orlea gritstone. Those emerged before the recent archaeological campaigns were discovered by chance, without systematic and scientiic research, which facilitated their migration to various collections; others vanished altogether. Many sculptural monuments of medallions and reliefs bear decorative and symbolic elements that evidence the intensive colonisation of mining technicians and specialists from Dalmatia. A number of the epigraphs have been preserved at the mining museum in Roșia Montană, whilst others are in the care of museum collections in Cluj-Napoca, Turda, Alba Iulia, Deva and Bucharest.

Roman mining techniques

Roman knowledge of geology was rudimentary, and they possessed limited technical mining skills. They were soldiers and farmers irst, and never real miners. When they extended their dominion by conquest they made use of the submissive skill of the conquered peoples in the mining regions they overran. They had a tendency to retain, whenever possible, inherited “barbarian” socio-technical forms of mineral exploitation. In the case of Roșia Montană, hard rock mining expertise may have been limited, or absent, however, as it is known that skilled migrant Illyrian-Dalmatian miners were imported to exploit gold in such ways that suited the technical nature of the deposit. The pre-eminent underground Roman mining network that survives at Roșia Montană possesses outstanding technical attributes that provide exceptional testimony to the difusion and further development of precious metals mining technology during the expansion of the Roman Empire in the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE. Archaeological investigation has revealed important aspects that contribute to the global history of mining. Such extensive perfectly carved trapezoidal-section galleries, helicoidal shafts and inclined communication galleries with stairways cut into the bedrock, and vertical extraction areas (stopes) superimposed above one another with the roof carved out in steps, are unknown elsewhere from such an early era and, further, are not described in known literature. Features such as multiple chambers for treadmill-powered water-dipper wheels (and the wooden remains of such equipment), whilst recorded but mostly destroyed elsewhere in the Romanstiripesurse.ro world by subsequent modern mining, are preserved at Roșia Montană. These are of 2 exceptional value due to their rarity, extent and state of conservation. The Roman period did not involve revolutionary technology, it involved adequate, and

appropriate, technology applied to the extraction and processing of ores and metals – suicient to 74 75 Description stiripesurse.roRoman galleries inCârnicMassif (©Ivan Rous) encountered. Many ancientlamps have recovered. been steeply inclined. Lighting was lamps, byrush andniches inthesidewalls levels of are commonly stopes, and illing with waste was another method for preventing collapse. Many entries were Tinto mines). Rio Pillars rock of case of in larger forwere the roof sometimes left as supports by uprights are evidencedcross supported in morebeams dangerous ground (the same as in the was rarely inRoșia Montanătheinclinedsupport used shafts because andlevels were small; but was likely also used. Screw, orcochlea, which was brought from theirrigation ditches to Spain themines Egypt of of treads Examples with their feet. have these of discovered been at Roșia Montană. The Archimedean treadmill-powered wheels, water-dipping inpairs andinseries, worked bymenwho pushed the hoisting them with a hemp rope.used, Drainage adits were in combination used with wooden and underground galleries. devices Crude such astarred baskets andbuckets for bailingwere Under Augustus, existingoutput. mines expanded using extensiveand new mines opened, shafts in methods exploitation of and is characterized by the exten cation that which of already existed inGreek andRomanrepublican times, rather thaninnovation meet ahighlevel demand, at of afordable brought prices. period intensii TheRomanImperial Mining was done byhandusingiron tools: picks, hammers andchisels. for Timbering © Lorin Niculae © Lorin Roman Mining Gallery inOrlea Massif t of operationst of and the quantity of - Roman Gallery in Cârnic Massif, Roșia Montană Roman works with evidence for ire-setting © Ivan Rous © Radu Sălcudean

Roman ore processing (gold and gold-silver ores), concentration and smelting

The Romans commonly used cupellation, an ancient technique where a gold-silver alloy (electrum) is treated under high temperatures under a controlled operation to separate the noble metals from any base metals that might be present in the ore. Precious metals do not oxidize or react chemically like the base metals that form slags or other compounds. The Romans also developed advanced methods of parting gold and silver (the removal of silver from gold, therefore increasing the purity of gold). Ore containing precious metals was irst roasted in order to oxidise any minor sulphides present; this also helped to better disintegrate harder rock. It was then crushed using hammers or mechanical stamps, then ground into a ine powder with pestle and mortar, or with rotary grinders like a grain mill. Crushing and grinding workshops have been discovered in Roșia Montană during several recent archaeological campaigns. The ore is then concentrated by water and gravity, either by panning, or on inclined wooden boards using some material to collect the heavy gold (the origin of the “Golden Fleece”). The concentrate is then charged in crucibles with speciic additives, like lead metal or lead oxide, to facilitate the smelting process and to extract the two noble metals. Gold and silver pass into the lead metal and then, the lead-gold-silver mixture is poured into moulds and subjected to cupellation to separate the noble metals from the alloy by oxidising the lead. During underground archaeological excavations at Roșia Montană, a litharge (lead oxide) roll was discovered in the Roman underground galleries of Cârnic massif, being found within a secondary backilling deposit of an inclined adit situated very close to the surface (few examples of archaeological evidence concerning the various steps of gold-silver metallurgy are known from prehistoric and ancient periods). The last step of the smelting process involved the separation or parting of gold and silver by the cementation process, using reagents such as salt, including sodium chloride, antimony sulphides and nitrates, a process that originated in Lydia in 6th century BCE. After abandoning the rich gold and silver mines in Roman Dacia, the focus of Roman exploitation of ore was transferred to the provinces on the right bank of the Danube, to Moesia Prima and Dacia Ripensis and farther into the hinterland of the Balkan Peninsula, in Dacia Mediterranea and Dardania. In 271 CE most Roman troops abandon Dacia after ighting of barbarian Goths. stiripesurse.ro2 76 77 Descriptionstiripesurse.ro C 2.b the Habsburgs Transylvania of gained possession through theHungarian crown. together there withhayields were stampsrecorded and stamps.In1676 77 intheproperty. In1690, “fortress” – the documents Ro mention theIn so-called 1642, forintroduced miners, together aids for with special disabled miners, and freedom circulation. of underand Roșia valleys. Gabriel In1618, Bethlen’s reign, anexemption from was militaryservice townspeople fromsome Abrud are recorded asowning stampsandwashing machines inCorna again mentioned,thistimein1347. and giving the king 2/3and giving the exploitation. of Mining developed intensely and silver. The new rules meant owners could keep land with precious metals, keeping 1/3 themselves theowner giving otherestatesinto hispossession, inexchange, andtaking1/8 gold of and1/10 of previously, when agold orsilver minewas discovered onprivate property, theland thekingtook themining lawZlatna” wasunder changed:King Carol Robert, to the Alba Iulia diocese. In 1327–28, donated KingStephen and Abrud thegold “land of Roșia producing Montană. After Béla, in1271, received theright to extract gold from “Chernech” -which isidentiied withtheCârnicmassif in tion lived along river issigniicant valleys. as,at Cricău Germanminers Thedate andIghiu, 1238 usually conferred arespective withthenameof river theRomanianpopula of -asthemajority administrative structures had their own Romanian organisation, settlementsCroatia (1235–1270), miners ( Hungarian conquest Romanian principalities of and dukedom thereperiod, are historical of anumber references that serve to highlight this ac and into Modern Times. Although there is much archaeological work and lands, constituting Transylvania. thecore thefuture of Principality of which, in time, united into larger political-administrative formations dukedoms namedknezdoms, was organised society the Romans intoleft, village communities village and unions of communities goldterms of exploitation substantially inRoșia Montană, withnowritten aperiod evidence. After (Csíky Lajos) Private stampingmills, photograph from the1900s D 2.b hospites At the beginning of 16th century,At 16th of thebeginning gold mines belonged to patricians, local andin1579 Gold mining is next attested in the 1230s and continued to grow andcontinued throughGold theMedieval miningisnext attested inthe1230s ) were colonised in the area. Under Béla IV (1206–1270), King of Hungary Kingof and) were colonised inthearea. Under Béla IV(1206–1270), It isassumed that there centuries was littlebetween the3rdand13th activity in (to 17 Medieval andEarlyModern 18 th and19 th century) th centuries s, gold mining expanded as German man gold Roșia mine of Montană, needed to investigate this tivity. Following the Chernech mine was - Brazi Reservoir, photograph from the 1900s (Csíky Lajos) the 1900s (Csíky from photograph Reservoir, Brazi Corna Reservoir, photograph from the 1900s (Csíky Lajos) the 1900s (Csíky from photograph Corna Reservoir,

2 The entrance to the Holly Cross Master Gallery of the gold of the gold Gallery Master Cross the Holly to The entrance Lajos) (Csíky the 1900’s from photograph mines, stiripesurse.ro 78 79 Descriptionstiripesurse.ro churches (e.g. to donated Roșia, thecommune byJurca Dumitru andLupea Achim). From 1760-62 mine inRoșia Montană was Sfânta Treime (Vercheșul de were Jos Stamps donated -Râzna). to the labour, together with private characterises capital participation, In1746 thisperiod. theirst private ( largeganised bythecreation andsustained aseries of of bythereuse andpossibly header ponds waterwheel-powered stampingmills located inthemainvalleys in1757, was or in1772), (119 226 assisted in wagons ore-transport by of the introduction on rails. Ore proces this fresh the underground impetus network was greatly extended gunpowderusing blasting and related to thecreation anddevelopment theMining of Treasury bytheHabsburg Empire. During arevival place miningtook of inRoșia Montană framework under awell-organised (1780–1790), theHabsburgof Empire. During thereign Empress of Maria Theresa (1740–1780) andJoseph II of houses hadastampingmill,photograph houses of from(Csíky the1900s Lajos) Văidoaia each orgroup small-scale miningneighborhood; area, house atypical photographdemolished inthe1980s, from(Csíky the1900s Lajos) onamarketThe Square day. Inthebackground Ajtai Palace, HU:

tó , RO: , tău from In the 18th century TransylvaniaIn the18th was under Habsburg part andbecame rule DE: Teich ). The creation ponds, the setting new of mines up of with wage sing, by numeroussing, d - was called Verespatak and Maria Theresa, like her predecessors, administered Transylvania as a separate province (she proclaimed it a principality in 1765). In 1773, Empress Maria Theresa signed the statute of mining in Abrud, and made a donation to the Roșia Montană Catholic church. This included the cherished icon of Virgin Mary with a necklace of black pearls. Maria Theresa also modernised the large header pond of Tăul Mare, from which there are detailed records, including the use of an innovative water outlet control mechanism. In 1781–82 the community lodged a complaint against compulsory labour hours “by hand and by cart” for the arrangement of such a “storage lake”. In the uprising that ensued – the Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan, of 1784 – citizens of Roșia Montană set ire to Hungarian houses, the Catholic church and a few mine entries. Soon, mining specialists from Austria and upper Hungary were colonised in the area, a move that signiicantly changed the ethnic composition of the community and brought Western culture in the form of Central European houses, together with elements of Baroque and Neo-classical decorative art. Roșia Montană citizens took part in the Revolution of 1848–49 and George Gritta and priest Simion Balint became local heroes. After 1854 Roșia Montană acquired a dual name: Verespatak-Roșia, aligned with both Hungary and Romania. It separated from Abrud in 1857, and received an oicial statute in 1860. In 1867 Transylvania falls under the direct rule of Hungary. In the 1880 census there were 758 households with a population of 3,439. The underground heritage of the 18th to 19th centuries is proliic and signiicant as one of the larger mining complexes of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Further, in terms of a technological mining ensemble, it retains rare features such as wooden trackways or railways, the humid conditions in the mine having preserved, like their Roman wooden predecessors, substantial archaeology that rarely survives elsewhere. A characteristic of this new era was the use of gunpowder explosives in driving galleries much faster than ever before, allowing a more extensive penetration of the massifs. These workings have been archaeologically investigated in the Cârnic massif, only. The hydro-technical system is impressive, and more extensive than presently visible; originally it counted over 100 header ponds and each will have had extensive leats (watercourses) of which some are visible in the landscape, and some not. Less visible, too, is evidence of the large number of small waterwheel-powered stamping mills that were operated by numerous families in the valleys. Traditional, pre-industrial mining was brought to an end by the communist nationalisation in 1948, all private stamping mills being abolished and destroyed. But their archaeology will still be there, and is worthy of detailed study. Historic events that happened in, and around, Roșia Montană include the 1784 Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan, and the 1848 Revolution. They have left their traces on the ground, and in the intangible history of the place. This irst mining revival under the Habsburg reign of Empress Maria Theresa (1740–1780) and Joseph II (1780–1790) not only brought fresh socio-economic impetus to Roșia Montană, but also led to a succession of important discoveries that relate to the history of the place, and of the Roman Empire. This was a time when the celebrated Roman wax-coated wooden writing tablets began to be discovered, the largest cache of 11 items being recovered from the Cătălina Monulești Roman Gallery (tablets were discovered in 1786, 1788, 1790, 1820, 1824, 1854 and 1855). The unanimously accepted view among experts is that they were placed in relatively inaccessi- ble mine galleries for safe keeping at a time of crisis: the Germanic Marcomanni incursions into Roman Dacia during 167–170 CE, part of the Marcomannic Wars that embraced the whole length of the Roman Empire’s northeastern European frontier along the river Danube. The great scholar Theodor Mommsen, who visited Roșia Montană in 1851–53, studied these tablets. Arguably, as one of the most important attestations of Roman law, he published them in his Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum. The newest dated tablet coincides with a sudden suspension of the ancient archaeological record at Roșia Montană. Some tablets were destroyed immediately after they had been found because of their critical state of preservation and the sudden contact with drying air when taken from their humid hiding places. Others disappeared. 24 are preserved, however, as remarkable epigraphic documents that yield unique, abundant and precise information regarding the economic aspects, the habitat system, the religious life and the juridical relations that governed this mining community. Unlikestiripesurse.ro other similar discoveries in the Roman Empire, such as the batches of tablets from 2 Vindolanda (Britannia) or Pompei (Italy), which also include elements of correspondence or literary 80 81 Description stiripesurse.roat (V. Gura 1927 Roșiei, Zotinca) millsProcesing andelectric Plant. Stamping station power E 2.b documents-instrumenta, with a strictly particular andindividual nature. withastrictly particular documents-instrumenta, exercises, theTransylvanian Triptychs exclusively. aredocuments, oicial Theyare namely legal 20 Private mine in Rosia Montana, 1929 (A.O.Private mineinRosia Montana, 1929 Bach) th century Cetate Massif, before and during the explosions in 1974 that destroyed the upper level of the historic mining works, as captured by geologist Aurel Sîntimbrean

After the Great Union of 1918, Roșia Montană was called Roșia de Munte. During World War I, most mining activity ceased. In 1930 California stamps were introduced for more eicient crushing of gold ore. Share holding companies (cuxe) supervised mining activity. The 1940s precipitated a decline, and emigration of miners and their families to other Romanian mining ields, such as Valea Jiului, became commonplace. After World War II, a communist-dominated government was installed under the sphere of Soviet inluence. The 1948 nationalisation of the private exploitation of gold ore made the use of stamps forbidden and many private mines were closed. Traditional, pre-industrial mining was replaced by large-scale, underground industrial-scale mining and, subsequently, by opencast mining. The mining community sufered intimidation, brutal treatment and reprisals by repressive authorities in attempting to coerce family members to reveal the places where they “had hidden the gold for hard times”. This was a dark time for the people of Roșia Montană. There was a rapid decline in prosperity, a general persecution of former mine owners, of stamps, stores and taverns, and a steady exodus from the place. In 1956 the population of Roșia Montană had fallen to 2,371, with 341 in Corna. Properties changed ownership at an unprecedented rate and underwent rapid physical degredation and decay. The spectacular Roman mining remains that survived in the Cetate Massif - the “Big Fortress” and the “Small Fortress” - were taken of the jurisdiction of the Monuments of Nature 2 February, 1970, to allow for large-scale opencast mining. Communist era mining has left an indelible legacy in the landscape, but its less durable components have already substantially disappeared. Of course this period also forms an important part of the property’s story, an era that represents the third and inal phase of large-scale gold exploitation. stiripesurse.ro2 82 83 Description stiripesurse.roand theformer miningexploitation Sălcudean) (©Radu General -Tăul View Mare, CârnicMassif, Cetate Massif F 2.b assessment, indicating amostvaluableassessment, cultural andnatural heritage place. great advance inknowledge onthesite, which detail brought andprecision further to theoverall under thecoordination theNational of RomanianHistory, Museum of Bucharest. Thisled of to a adopted established since 2001,withinthespecially Alburnus Maior National Research Programme, within theframework Database miningproject. theproposed andGISlocation of systems were the ensuing civic movement, thedesirethe ensuing movement, civic promoting of thesite for theWorld Heritage emerged. strong for case the preservation the site, of on ownership, environmental and cultural rights. Within miningplans.and bringing thecommunity to thesituation no- of closing plan. In2016, plan themunicipality thecircle waszoning thezoning incourt, of annulled landowners themajor oneof and became inthearea. from It beneitted amining-only hasalso planned of miningelements listed cultural withspeciic, heritagethe superposing features. havewould endangered been considering bytheimplementation theminingproject, of at least a strong public opinionemerged, infavour preserving thecultural of heritage thesite, of which several administrative receiving steps inviewof approval, butnever succeeded. At thesame time, and expanding itto theentire site. From theearly 2000s,thisturnedinto aproject that hastaken anewproposal emerged,1990s from private apotential investor, mining for resuming open-cast accession to theEuropean Union,asanon-proitable, state From subsidized enterprise. thelate Cetate (and in its inal years even Mt Cârnic), of closed to be i The same saw period the irst systematic archaeological rese NGO’sDuring thisinterval, thearea the active of andsupporting citizens mounted a The miningcompany theminingproject, of hasacquired withinthefootprint properties During the 1990s the state mine continued its open-cast exploitation Mt of thestateDuring itsopen-cast the1990s minecontinued 21 st century n 2006, on the eve Romania’s of arch campaign, developped stiripesurse.ro3

Overview of Rosia Montană valley (© Ștefan Angelescu) 84 85 stiripesurse.ro 3. the Roman occupation of Dacia (106–170 Daciathe Romanoccupation of (106–170 Workings attested bythefamous Romanwax-coated writing tablets, wooden have dated been to and technically diverse underground Roman gold mining complex currently known in the world. never brighter. been natural such assetsare quality, of however, for asustainable that future opportunities have perhaps Its continues to and the landscape culturalstill hometo yield community; a living and aliving. underground that ended andopencast in2006. today Properties proclaim apastbuilt ongold, are andwhich1948, miningby State-run ended traditional mining. family- or small group-operated winters. Final interventions derive from the communist regime nationalisation that imposed in ore-processing workshops withwater sumps fed bysprings intheharshest used that of be could holds dwellings consisting wooden of above highstone-built many which basements, of housed tal gates that face windingroads, gradually gives way intheindustrial suburbs to miners’ house Classical or Baroque architecture. This structure, distinguished by grand also walls and monumen distinctiveto andmostlydecorative of aseries features that were borrowed from of therepertoire imagery.its symbolic Characteristic buildings withouter porches background form atypological Austro-Hungarian rule. Churches dominate thebuilt environment andcontribute substantially to in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries at its prosperous the inception urbanisation of under is relected inthecurrent character thisTransylvanian of mining settlement substantially frozen nations andseveral ethnic groups have lived together inwork andcommunity life, asituation that roots andembellishments are onfreeholders’ based exploitation gold. of Five religious denomi architectural styles, withlocal tradition, eclectic acosmopolitan settlement whose fused inluences punctuate higherelevations.panded from 1733, lakes, artiicial formerly of and a number header for ponds ore processing that were greatly ex meadows are characterised practices byagro-pastoral that are asold itself, asthemining activity relief invalleys sloping Steeply that communication provided also for ore-dressing, andtransport. command thevillages Roșia Montană of settlements andthemuch constrained smaller Corna, by mixonsteepscree slopes and,mounted onrocky knolls, thetowers andspires historic of churches all set inrelation to over ancientunderground of 7km workings discovered to date. Forest and buildings, sacred areas and necropolises, with funera some at surface isproliic andpervasive, comprising ore-processing areas, administrative quarters, living crags are pierced byold mineentrances, theirtops Romanarchaeology working. scarred byopencast Roșia surrounded Montană, itself of scape onthree sides ridges bydividing Towering andpeaks. Quadrilateral Thesite present-day represents Romania. in thecentral of thecentre theso-called part of the Metalliferous range Mountains, theApuseni located of inthehistorical region Transylvania of such acompact area. empires and cultures has unparalleled and is exceptiona time-depth exclusively determined bypeople’s successive of for palimpsest quest gold. Thissocio-technical Montană have allphases left underground theirmark, both andat surface, anevolution almost coinage inanced trade andmilitaryforce together, that, created andsustained empires. At Roșia spansmore miningactivity Historically, thantwo phases, millennia. sequent precious metals a 3.1

The village Roșia Montană of an impressive boasts inventory that illustrates adiversity of Roșia Montană issituated inanatural amphitheatre massifs andradiating of valleys in Gold occurred in veins within seven small mountains that visually dominate the land of the Southern Carpathians –therichest Carpathians precious metals theSouthern of province inEurope. Roșia Montană Mining Landscape Brief synthesis for for Justiication Inscription CE ) and,together previous withpotentially andsub contains the most significant, extensive contains themostsignificant, ry buildings with complex architecture, lly diverse and readable in Golden ------Criteria under which inscription is proposed 3.1 (and justification for inscription under these b criteria)

→ Criterion (ii):

to exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town–planning or landscape design

Roșia Montană Mining Landscape contains the world’s pre-eminent example of an underground Roman gold mine and, further, demonstrates over 2,000 years of subsequent exploitation and continuous settlement. Many of the mining features preserved in over 7 km of Roman workings demonstrate exceptional innovative techniques developed by skilled migrant Illyrian-Dalmatian miners to exploit gold in such ways that suited the technical nature of the deposit. Control of precious metal resources, to use as currency, was a fundamental factor in the development of Roman military power and Imperial expansion. When in possession of the Apuseni Mountains there was an imperative to immediately commence mining in an eicient manner. A decade of professional underground archaeological campaigns, beginning in 2001, elucidates a fusion of imported Roman mining technology with locally developed techniques, unknown elsewhere from such an early era. Multiple chambers that housed treadmill-operated water-dipping wheels for drainage represent a technique likely routed from Hispania to the Balkans, whilst perfectly carved trapezoidal-section galleries, helicoidal shafts, inclined communication galleries with stairways cut into the bedrock, and vertical extraction areas (stopes) superimposed above one another with the roof carved out in steps, are in a combination so speciic to Roșia Montană that they likely represent pioneering aspects in the technical history of mining. The signiicance of Roșia Montană Mining Landscape is not limited to antiquity as the Apuseni Mountains were Europe’s main source of gold from the end of the Crusades in the thir- teenth century until the discovery of the Americas in the sixteenth century, thereafter remain- ing pre-eminent in terms of output, during the era of Austro-Hungarian rule in particular, when German, Austrian and Hungarian miners were brought in and used their own advanced technology to exploit the deposits on a much larger scale.

→ Criterion (iii):

to bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared

Roșia Montană Mining Landscape embodies the cultural tradition of one of the oldest documented mining communities in Europe, anciently founded by the Romans and which survived under inluences of successive socio-technical and organisational systems whilst gradually waning until its inal disappearance at the beginning of the twenty-irst century. The site was the most important precious metal mine located in the Golden Quadrilateral of the Romanian Carpathians and is associated with exceptional epigraphic testimony from the Roman Imperial era. Wax-coated wooden writing tablets discovered in the mine during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries have been correlated with numerous stone epigraphic monuments discovered on site. Together they provide an authentic picture of daily life and cultural practice in this ancient frontier mining camp community. Roșia Montană Mining Landscape is rooted in a past that evolved in a tradition consis- tently boundstiripesurse.ro by eforts to extract gold. Detailed physical testimony is provided by: the underground 3 mining works, chronologically diferentiated by distinctive technical features; the socio-technical surface mining landscape consisting of ore-processing areas, habitation areas, sacred areas, 86 87 Justificationstiripesurse.ro for inscription a signiicant source for his interpretation Romanlaw of andonthelaw obligations, of which had generally1903), regarded the greatest as one of classicists of (Roșia Montană) were made famous by the great German historian Mommsen Theodor (1817– → → asustainable to ofer the potential future for generations that follow. fromliving agriculture. Its cultural andnatural assets,however, aresuch quality that of theyhave a landscape little changed respects, retaining in some its capacity to yield a limited yet traditional and state, each adding erasing, case itspredecessors. to, phase orinsome Today, life in continues time to serve miningandtheway itscommunities life of of under successive control empires of operations, whilst the landscape reveals evidence an increasing of modiication through scale of thecommunitiesdocumentation of that generated them. thecurrentnecropolises; miningvillage built at thedawn theindustrial era; of andtheextensive Portugal), military power. Following thedecline Peninsula, Spain and mininginHispania(Iberian modern of development precious metals’ of mining bytheRoman Empire, for essential its longevity and era to the twenty-irst century. It isan exemplar that illustrates thestrategic control andvigorous ploitation precious metals intheCarpathian province the of tially eighteenth-nineteenth century architectural isastriking relic ensemble thisera. of age intheirst into anessen stage thesocialist blocks of inserted Theapartment cent. twenty per until 2006bywhich timeithadefectively reduced theelevation themountainbyasmuch as of massif, destroying Romanminingworks thespectacular asthe“Citadel” known andcontinuing left caverns, thisswitched enormous to large-scale andin1971 working opencast theCetate of favoured thecontinuation methods untilnationalisation such ore-dressing of in1948. revolution. Mining operations at undertaken thistimewere mostlyby‘freeholder’ families that methods captured technological at themomentof changes ontheverge industrial themodern of legacy theseventeenth to of nineteenth centuries miningandore-processing to the pre-industrial Montană, exceptional are to of theirrarity, due value extent andstate conservation. of destroyed elsewhere are preserved intheRomanworld mining, modern bysubsequent at Roșia wheelsered remains such (and equipment),whilst water-dipper of thewooden recorded butmostly unknown elsewhere from such an early era. Features such as mu extraction areas (stopes) above carved oneanotherwiththeroof superimposed outinsteps, are coidal shafts and inclined communication galleries with stairways cut into the bedrock, and vertical extensive Such to carved theglobal mining. galleries, history perfectly of trapezoidal-section heli and 3rdcenturies precious metalsment of mining technology during the expansion the Roman Empire of in the 2nd attributes landscape, and associated is exceptional testimony develop to the difusion and further goldof andsilver for theRomanEmpire, amongthelikely key motivations for Trajan’s conquest. Archaeological evidence survive alongside the legacy underground modern of mining Large-scale underground under thecommunist miningstarted regime, anera that has mininglegacy too, from issigniicant, theproliic socio-technical The modern Habsburg underground Romanminingnetwork,The pre-eminent withitsoutstandingtechnical Aurariae Dacicae CE illustrates (a)significant stage(s) inhumanhistory architectural ortechnologicalensemblelandscapewhich exampleto beanoutstanding ofatypebuilding, Criterion (iv): The Romanwax-coated tablets wooden ( Roșia Montană Mining Landscape literary works universal ofoutstanding significance orwithbeliefs,traditions, withideas, and withartistic to bedirectly associatedwithevents ortangibly orliving Criterion (vi): . Archaeological investigation that hasrevealed contribute aspects important (RomanDacia, AD 106to istestimony to thelong gold history of ex AD 272) was theonly signiicant newsource the nineteenth century. They represent Golden Quadrilateral tabulae ceratae ltiple chambers for treadmill-pow ) of ) of , from theRoman Alburnus Maior - - - - - a signiicant impact on the German Civil Code, subsequently forming the basis for similar regulations in other countries such as Portugal, China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Greece and Ukraine. Around 50 Roman wax-coated wooden tablets were discovered during the 1780s and 1850s in mining galleries at Roșia Montană, with some 24 surviving in museums around the world. These are irst-rate sources of legal, socio-economic, demographic and linguistic information not only regarding Alburnus Maior but the entire Dacian province and, implicitly, the Roman Empire. The tablets provide intimate details of life in the mining community and are also correlated with an unparalleled number of stone epigraphic monuments, votive and funerary, discovered on site and preserved in museums at Roșia Montană, Cluj-Napoca, Turda, Alba Iulia and Deva. Information reveals explicit details of mining organisation, sale and purchase contracts, receipts of loans with interest, and the sale of slaves. Epigraphic evidence attests not only Illyrians but also Greek and Latin migrants hired to work in the mines and organised in associations (e.g. collegia aurariorum, societas danistaria). Academic research into the history of the Roman Empire during the Antonine dynasty and its relationship to the Dacians’ gold and gold extracted from Roman Dacia has opened a new area of research into European cultural history: the economic recovery of the Roman Empire, the commencement of monumental public construction works in Rome, among which the Forum and Trajan’s Column are perhaps the most important elements, and the direct linkage to the gold-mining area of Dacia where Alburnus Maior was its principal centre. The perceived value of Roșia Montană’s gold resources, like that of other gold-producing regions, changes with time, trade, technology and ownership of territory. The destination and uses of gold also change with the above. For the Romans, gold was vital for currency to pay its soldiers across its Frontiers - and for funding the import traic that plied the ‘roads’ of silk and spices that led to Rome.

3.1 Statement of Integrity c The property contains all the necessary attributes that express Outstanding Universal Value. It is constrained within a natural amphitheatre that is radically diferent from the surrounding landscape and includes all metalliferous massifs of Alburnus Maior and the two principal valleys (Roșia and Corna) for ore-dressing, settlement, transport and communication. The landscape represents a palimpsest of successive empires and cultures that have shaped it. Its most recent exploitation, open pit mining from 1971 to 2006, is responsible for its largest scale and most dra- matic physical change – though this activity is ultimately representative of irreversible loss and unsustainable practice. The boundary has been determined using a combination of geological/mining maps, natural features such as ridgeline watersheds (functional, for water supply in ore-processing) and viewsheds (into and out of the property), roads, and the administrative boundaries that will assist with management of the property. It includes all areas with signiicant archaeological potential. Roșia Montană Mining Landscape has undergone multiple transformations; some gradual over the centuries, and some sudden and devastating such as the destruction of the Roman openworks on Cetate (the “Citadel”) by opencast mining starting in the 1970s, and the recent sustained buildings demolition campaign that began in 2004 in preparation for the resumption of open pit mining and the creation of processing facilities. During the latter, important exemplars of local architectural heritage and even entire portions of built fabric (such as the central area of Corna), were destroyed in a total that exceeded 250 properties. A signiicant number survive, however, as a direct result of local owners maintaining eforts, or due to new investor’s repairs. The state of conservation of many historic buildings remain poor - making the preservation and conservation of this precious heritage all the more important - and some unauthorised development of small-scale housingstiripesurse.ro has taken place. At the same time community based heritage programmes have made the 3 connection between local owners, professionals in the ield of conservation and volunteers from all over the world. During the last decade a range of historic buildings have been rescued using

local resources and traditional techniques. 88 89 Justificationstiripesurse.ro for inscription contemporary drawings construction survive. engineering (including structures impressive dams) remain intactwithoriginal and detailing, torical andindustrial development, theoriginal adapted andtheirmodern Almostallof function. Enlargements, equipment. withsurviving cluding theirhis those of andmodiications, are part mines inthe Czech archive collections which are to known hold material concerning Roșia Montană andother centurynetworks onwards, the18th of itisplanned to research undertake inseveral German and negatively, extent though thisisreversible. to acertain enhancingknowledge Interms of for the touristthough some access works during the 1970s at Orlea Roman Galleries have slightly impacted to the20thcentury.deposit –from theRomanperiod Almostallnetworks are highlyauthentic, tential stages remains aswell for asfor evolution. inthemininglandscape theRomanperiod further contribution to theunderstanding Romanminingtechniques of andorganisation. Signiicant po with adecade intensive of systematic archaeological investigation hasalready provided amajor how,with aclear of sense when andbywhom theland. miningshaped thelocationin authenticity interms of andtheform andmaterials survivinghistoric of features, miningpracticesmillennia of bysuccessive empires andcultures. It contains attributes that are high Roman gold miningandhumanity’s relationship withthelandscape, aswell asto more thantwo d 3.1 obtain compensation from mininginvestors created hasalso negative some impacts. to inanefort structures building unauthorised of signiicantin thedemolition of numbers. Some have too, but damaging, thepreparations been for miningthat therevival opencast hasresulted of post-World War II economic decline, and indeed hardship, ca not onlyassist withinterpretation butwillguide thefuture research programme. a comprehensive Lidar survey for undertaken theirst willbe timeat Roșia Montană, andthiswill atcult thelandscape scale, including broader relationships Inthisregard, between components. evidence, andnodoubt much more remains discovered. to be Interpretation, at thisstage, isdii and thewatercourses ‘upstream’ both and‘downstream’ functionalintegrity. that of are part work done in will locating be Further with surviving equipment. and deiningthose smaller ponds, the incredible Romanmining. extent of workings) later andserve butthese to highlight theproperty workings history of thefull of are part extensive Roman remains (inmany extant there cases are workings modern intersecting Roman enabled much lower grade ores mined, proitably. to be later These nodoubt phases destroyed ogy enable themines to operate at greater depths, butimproved andlarger-scale ore-processing Ore grades were highest near the surface cent by the 18th but, network –highlyselective inminingtherichest ores –stillsurvives (over currently 7km recorded). todeposit the20thcentury. –from theRomanperiod It isremarkable theRoman that much of so combining various techniques, consistent hasconirmed dates occupation. of liic authentic evidence Substantial andin itsoriginal thatundisturbed dating, context. hasbeen

In terms of thesettlements, theRomanarchaeologicalIn terms of investigations have yielded pro The header (ore ponds processing features) are each authenticity, highinterms of in The underground miningnetwork comprises successive that phases exploited thesame andelements: individual components theauthenticityIn terms of of knowledge,In terms of unparalleled epigraphic evidence and documentary combined Modern settlements have degraded been extent properties, bytheloss to acertain of thesettlements, theRomanarchaeologicalIn terms of investigations have yielded proliic The header (ore ponds processing features) are each integrity, highinterms of including The underground miningnetwork comprises successive that phases exploited thesame andelements: theintegrity individualIn terms components of of Golden Quadrilateral Statement ofAuthenticityStatement The area currently constitutes proposed adetailed testimony to unparalleled . using an acceleration in this respect, ury, not only did modern technol ------Modern settlements are remarkably high in terms of authenticity, not only in terms of location and surviving associated elements of plots, but so too in terms of materials and workman- ship. Ironically, socio-economic decline has not only frozen development but prevented in many cases any alterations and modernisations to fabric. Understandably, in many cases, the state of conservation is poor, but conservation interventions can now be incorporated within a conservation management plan to be implemented incrementally and with the objective of being foremost able to maintain such pristine authenticity by using traditional materials and local traditional craftmanship.

Protection and 3.1 management requirements e The property is included in a wider area that is designated in view of its protection by urban planning regulations, an area that also comprises several individually designated elements, from the Roman mining works, to the historic houses and two geological formations. The more direct protection is granted by listing, with 50 elements within the property included in the Historic Monuments List. They comprise the archaeological site with a few particular sub-components, the historic centre of the mining town, the Roman mines in Mt. Cârnic, houses and churches. Several other components are currently being assessed for listing, among them the header ponds of the extensive hydro-technical system. Under this protection framework, the responsibilities fall with the municipality, in respect to the protection through urban planning measures, and with the respective owners, when it comes to listed properties. According to the law, once a nomination is submitted, all provisions in place for World Heritage sites will apply to the respective property as well. These include the management system designed to protect all World Heritage properties in Romania. Roșia Montană will beneit from these provisions with the submission of the nomination ile to UNESCO. Until then, heritage authorities in Romania are preparing new forms of management for such multi-governance sites and landscapes uniting diferent heritage typologies that will integrate local partnerships and programmes in which relevant players come together to achieve each management goal. An active citizenship journey over the last decade, where civic society and heritage practitioners have come together in recognition of the unique Roșia Montană heritage, show that the management of the property can be founded on cross-sectorial support and people-centred ap- proaches. These programmes also triggered systematic monitoring campaigns which are now being endorsed by heritage institutions. This is already improving the capacity for specialized institutions and local authorities to work with other institutions and civil society to build on the successes of Roșia Montană and learn from the experience of working there for other heritage places.

stiripesurse.ro3 90 91 Justificationstiripesurse.ro for inscription METHoDoLoGy CoNCLUSIoN 3.2 are relevant). especially with a signiicant heritage Austro-Hungarian of mining then classic central European propertie raphy andeconomy theRomanworld) of European under andalso thethemeof Gold Mining (so, in theRomanEmpire (therefore, asacomparator, thenothersites mustclearly relate to thegeog process may the ore;the output to the command value of and due diferent organisational methods. when the two metals naturally occur as agold-silver alloy called electrum); diferent technolo eluvial exploitation that isstrongly related to gold andnotsilver (except, to amuch degree, lesser from silver Theysometimes deposits: require diferent technology to mine, inalluvial especially or testimony cultural associated heritage. of However, even gold deposits commonly vary considerably metals together withtheeconomic dimension creates obviousramiication thephysical interms of pared metals, to base coal andotherindustrial andiron, minerals. Thecomparative rarity such of Aurariae Dacicae Following the decline of mining in Hispania precious metals’ mining by the Roman Empire, essentia complex currently known inthe world. the most extensive, technically diverse, and signiicant underground Roman gold mining future, either inRomania, area, the same or the geo-cultural world. exceptionallytures withunparalleled diverse andreadable time-depth, in such acompact area. underground andat surface, successive of palimpsest creating empires andcul asocio-technical CE standoutasexceptional. the property successor,– inthesecond, principal precious metals region under control Romanimperial –makes highest quality, extent and technical diversity underground of Roman workings at Roșia Montană and silver for the Roman Empire under-represented ontheWorld Heritage and List, of shared andchronological-regionalof typological provenance. areto thenominated presented here. property Additional ininstances applied scrutiny hasbeen comparisons. More detailed that express properties made comparisons withthese similar values ties (seeannexe) inorder to isolate that have those anappropriate relevance like-for-like interms of and 18th – 19th century phases are the most signiicant, all phases have allphases are century phases –19th themost signiicant, left and18th theirmark, both Values for gold mining at Roșia Montană are highlysigniicant mining under thethemeof It is an exemplar that illustrates the strategic control and vigorous development of No comparable properties are known toexist which nominated might be inthe Further, that inphases spantwo miningcontinued Although millennia. the2ndcentury Precious metal (gold, silver, metalPrecious (gold, platinum) miningisnecessarily aseparate category com ( Roman Dacia The conclusion isthat ancientmines, precious metal especially mines, are exerciseAn initialscoping systematically considered alarge proper of number D. D. C. B. A. Comparison between Roșia and: Montană Comparative analysis Roman inRomania goldmines Relevant, selected,otherminesites Relevant Tentative (2016) ListSites Relevant World Sites Heritage , AD , amongst thelikely key motivations for Trajan’s The conquest. 106to AD 271) was the 271) (Iberian Peninsula, (Iberian SpainandPortugal), modern that Roșia Montană Mining Landscape l for its longevity and military power. only signiicant new source ofgold contains gy to s - - - - Tin Arsenic Mercury Other mining Iron mining Minor Zinc mining Lead mining Minor Minor Minor Copper mining Minor Coal mining Salt mining Silver Silver mining

Gold mining

2000–

1900–1999

1800–1899

1700–1799

1600–1699

century pre–17 th (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) (iii), (iv) (i), (ii), (iv) (ii), (iv) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) (iii), (iv), (v) (iv) (iv), (v) (i), (ii), (iv), (vi) Criteria Date range Principal typology 1997 1997 1982 1995 1992 2010 1980 2008 2013 1993 2012 (ii), (iv) 1986 inscribed Spain France Czech Czech Republic Germany Slovakia Spain, Slovenia UK Romania (iii), (iv)

3 Las Médulas stiripesurse.ro From the Great Saltworks of Salins-les-Bains to the Royal of Salins-les-Bains to the Royal Saltworks Great the From of Open-pan Salt Production the of Arc-et-Senans, Saltworks Hallstatt-Dachstein/Salzkammergut Cultural Landscape Cultural Hallstatt-Dachstein/Salzkammergut Austria Major Mining Sites of Wallonia Major Mining Sites of Wallonia of St with the Church Centre Historical Town Hora: Kutna and the CathedralBarbara of Our Lady at Sedlec Belgium 2012 (ii), (iv) Nord-Pas de Calais Mining BasinNord-Pas of Goslar and Upper Historic Town Mines of Rammelsberg, System Management Harz Water France 2012 (ii), (iv), (vi) Røros Mining Town and the Circumference Mining Town Røros Norway Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex in Essen Complex Coal Mine Industrial Zollverein Salt Mines and Bochnia Royal Wieliczka Germany 2001 Poland (ii), (iii) Historic town of Banská Štiavnica and the Technical the Technical and Štiavnica of Banská Historic town Monuments in its Vicinity Heritage of Mercury. Almaden and Idrija Heritage of Mercury. Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape Devon and West Cornwall UK 2006 (ii), (iii), (iv) Blaenavon Industrial Landscape Blaenavon UK 2000 (iii), (iv) Ironbridge Gorge Ironbridge Mining Area of the Great Copper Mountain in Falun of the Great Mining Area Sweden 2001 (ii), (iii), (v) Roșia Montană Roșia Europe and North America Europe World Heritage SiteWorld Country Date 92 World Heritage Site Country Date Criteria Date range Principal typology inscribed 93 Justification for inscription Gold Silver Salt Coal Copper Lead Zinc Iron Other mining mining mining mining mining mining mining mining mining century th pre–17 1600–1699 1700–1799 1800–1899 1900–1999 2000– Africa

There are no relevant properties listed. Latin America and the Caribbean

City of Potosi Bolivia 1987 (ii), (iv), (vi)

Historic Town of Ouro Preto Brazil 1980 (i), (iii)

Historic Centre of the Town of Diamantina Brazil 1999 (ii), (iv) Diamonds

Sewell Mining Town Chile 2006 (ii)

Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works Chile 2005 (ii), (iii), (iv) Salpeter

(i), (ii), (iv) Historic Town of Guanajuato and Adjacent Mines Mexico 1988 and (vi)

Historic Centre of Zacatecas Mexico 1993 (ii), (iv) Asia and the Pacific

Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine and its Cultural Landscape Japan 2007 (ii), (iii), (v)

Sites of Japan’s meiji Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Japan 2015 (ii), (iv) Shipbuilding and Coal Mining stiripesurse.ro Las Médulas, (© Barry Gamble)

stiripesurse.ro3 94 95 Justificationstiripesurse.ro for inscription BACkGRoUND CoNCLUSIoN A 3.2 currency to sustaintheRomanEmpire anditsmilitarypowerthat was key to itssurvival. source control, regionsimperial theprecious metal of in the two that mostimportant provided plementary, astogether theyrepresent theprincipal two gold of exploitation systems under Roman empires and cultures from Roman times tothe 20thcentury ground hard-rock miningwith extensive development, including by settlement, multiple was then abandoned during the Roman whilst period, Roșia Montană represents under MédulasLas represents opencast miningofaconsolidated palaeo-alluvial deposit, which opencast gold mine (Roșia Montană). were depleted, theonlyprincipal gold newsource of for theRomanEmpire was from RomanDacia goldsource of theRomanEmpire. during of theearly Whenthegold period resources Hispania of CE turies the Roman hydraulic technique known as tunnels) cutinbedrock andinshort survive sections of withsome asthefeeder(aqueducts, part gold, together withlarge areas tailings of now given over to agriculture. Tens kilometres of leats of byancient workingsented faces sheer clifs of above layer theonce-productive palaeo-placer of opportunity for archaeologicalopportunity work understanding interms of Romansettlement. associated is intactandalmosttheentire site isincluded withintheproperty. There remains considerable its highlyauthentic features inaform little diferent from abandonment inancienttimes. Integrity pressure. Well-managed visitor access since hasmeant that inscription thesite preserves many of preserved,has been the site subjected being to little industria subsequent Authenticity before itwas famously intheAmerican California Gold re-introduced in1853. Rush theworkingof face mine. theopencast Thiswas of hydraulic (water pressure) mining1,700 years tunnels excavated Erosion inthemountain. andmassive pressure catastrophic caused collapse long leats, itsstorage inreservoirs, anditssudden release to surge through andhorizontal vertical active responsibility for management. Cultural Heritage andSites; Tourism; andNatural Environment; with thelatter taking greatest Space, andthree Directorates-General theCastillaRegional Government yLeon of are involved: Manager andaGoverning Committee theNatural for andAdvisory both Monument andCultural enlarged for the Cultural Space in order to mitigate any nega was created (norisonedeemed atinscription necessary), thetimeof butthesite boundary was CulturalSites of Interest, thehighest legal protection for cultural sites No inSpain. bufer zone Archaeological LasMédulas of aCultural Zone Space in2010. Thisisalegal category created for oicial’s residence), butmuch remains located butunexcavated. infrastructure, excavated including some Romansocial of andprotected archaeology (e.g. mine may as old be as 500 years or more. The tailings is maintained as a lake. pond There evidence is also well apractice to coppicing, responsible for thecharacteristic many appearance that of specimens large plantations sweet of chestnut trees, bytheRomansandwhich introduced aspecies responds to preferentially continue sections weather. Tailings areas are for agriculture, now used including atively well cemented and sheer faces have reasonable stability, more though some sandy-clay Naturalis

in Roman Hispania, a region that was of crucial economic importance astheprincipal aregion economic inRomanHispania, importance that crucial was of published in77 The World LasMédulas Heritage of comprises themines property themselves, repre In terms of relativeIn terms of state conservation, (conglomerate) theprincipal rock of type isrel In terms of protectionIn terms theRegional of Government andmanagement, declared the Las Médulas istheworld’s largest andbest-preserved example a of The properties of Médulas Las and Roșia Montană are entirely relevant World HeritageSites Comparison oftheproperty with Inscribed under criteria 1997 (i),(ii), (iii), (iv) Las Médulas spain . Located in modern northwest Spain, it operated northwest . Spain, Located in modern during the 1st and 2nd cen CE and comprised asystem andcomprised water of capture from distantsources bysuch ruina montium . This was by Pliny described in tive impact on the property. There is a . But theyare somewhat also com l activity and land-use diferent:

Historia Historia Roman - - - - - slovakia Historic Town of Banská Štiavnica and the Technical Monuments in its Vicinity Inscribed 1993 under criteria (iv), (v)

CoNCLUSIoN The property does not contain any evidence of Roman mining heritage or Roman settlement. It shares with Roșia Montană a similar geology, mineral deposit type and structure, topography, and a predominantly 18th-19th century precious metals (silver) mining heritage developed under Austro-Hungarian imperial rule. Contemporary and similar attributes relate to surface hydro-technical systems (though primarily for water powered pumping and winding at Banská Štiavnica, versus ore-dressing at Roșia Montană) and underground mining technology, with underground networks being available to visitors at both locations. However in terms of settlement, Banská Štiavnica’s population was more than a magnitude greater than Roșia Montană, and in general was more prosperous with almost continuous urban development that spanned some ive centuries. Consequently, this is relected in large-scale harmonious urbanism with rows of compact burgher architecture, a formal and very high status mining town more akin to some of the German medieval mining towns than the small-scale and irregular plan of the Transylvanian mountain mining village of Roșia Montană – albeit with some of the architectural style and embel- lishments borrowed from a shared Viennese cultural inluence. Therefore the mining settlements of Banská Štiavnica and Roșia Montană are complementary.

BACkGRoUND The rich central Slovakian mining region is located in one of the largest volcanic areas in Europe and was the most important centre of precious metal mining in the Hungarian and Austro-Hungarian empires. It was divided into “Silver” (Banská Štiavnica), “Copper” (Banská Bystrica) and “Gold” (Kremnica). In Banská Štiavnica silver (and to a lesser extent gold and base metals) were concentrated in steeply dipping veins and deep, 400-500 m, sub-horizontal veins hosted in a large caldera. Mining is recorded by the Romans as being undertaken by the Celtic Cotoni tribe who settled here until they were deported to Pannonia by Rome in the Marcomannic Wars (166–180 CE). Thereafter mining continued in phases from the medieval to modern periods, and is distinguished by innovative technology, pioneering mining education, and proliic output. Consequently, the property includes two castles, churches, late-Gothic buildings and burgher houses, Renaissance palaces and squares. The town’s irst silver (and gold) mining boom came in the 15th and 16th centuries, the second (peak production) came in the 18th century when the waterpower supply system for winding and pumping from ever-deepening workings was greatly expanded. During the reign of the Austro-Hungarian empire, Empress Maria Theresa founded the Mining Academy of Banská Štiavnica (1762) and the difusion of technology and migration of mining expertise (many of whom in Hungary also came earlier from Germany and the Tirol) continued, impacting positively upon Roșia Montană. The property name was justiiably changed in 2006 to include the ‘technical monuments’ in its vicinity. The surrounding area contains important remains of early mining and metallurgical operations and includes large historic mining waterpower supply networks at surface - similar to those in the Harz and the Erzgebirge. The remarkable system (ifteenth to eighteenth century, collectively known as tajchy) comprises over 30 reservoirs (the oldest of which, Velkà Vodarenska, was built before 1510), an elaborate series of dams (the longest 775 m long) and over 70 km of collecting channels and 50 km of connecting channels. The development of mining technology in the vicinity is well-recorded and includes the irst global use of black powder in mining (1627), the water column pumping engine (1749) and other steam pumping engines (Newcomen), irst turbine (1840s) and steel winding rope (1837). Authenticity is high and has been preserved and integrity is intact, although in terms of relative state of conservation, a number of ine buildings in the town sufer from severe conservation issues, the situation improving, however, through the subsidy programme of the Ministry of Culture. The property is protected under the legal mechanisms of Historic Sites (Conservation Reserve)stiripesurse.ro and National Cultural Monuments. 3 96 97 Justificationstiripesurse.ro for inscription BACkGRoUND CoNCLUSIoN the World Heritage Site) andKongsberg (Norway). cultural landscape), Banská the technical of Štiavnica monumentsas part of (Slovakia, inscribed (Germany, nomination in progress with the Czech Republic as and smelting facilities. Mining water energy systems similar to theHarz survive intheErzgebirge to drive waterwheel-powered pumpsat surface andunderground, together withsurface processing is thelargest its kind in Europe, of developed 800 years some over of primarily a period for power from those the cantMiddle being Ages The waterand Renaissance period. management ensemble Protection Act and each part of the series is wellProtection Act managed. of and each part with positive and no current activity good, threats. Legal protection is provided via the Monument Goslar,and thetown of Therelative andintegrity theseries isintact. of state conservation of is experienced miners and ore-dressers. nology (to Roșia Montană, waterwheel-powered e.g. stamps) mines possess undergroundmines possess visitor access. at Roșia Montană, whilst theHarz employed much larger-scale water management for power. Both mencing at amuch later date. Each water: anextensive mine applied of solely for ore use dressing workedbeing systematically for andalmostcontinuously 1,000 years, course although com of norsettlement, ofgold mining frozen intime, except several some centuries later. whilst Roșia Montană, aminers’ village diferent of scale, materials form, andarchitecture, isalso theMiddle of Ages,a product withalack prosperity freezing subsequent much development, of thebuildingsthe form andmuch of intheHanseatic timber-framed merchants’ Goslar town of are BACkGRoUND CoNCLUSIoN servation andthestandard protection of isregarded asadequate, excellent. management, andof the 14th and 15th centuries, century. although and15th untilthe19th miningcontinued the 14th thecity.mining development, prosperity of beneath was andto during of thesouth period Thepeak laws andamintwere founded byKingWenceslaus withunrestricted andthe area boomed IIin1300 Sedlec, togetherSedlec, withHradek castle andBaroque Jesuit College. miners), saint of Cathedral(patron theHoly of Virgin Barbara andtheCathedral OurLadyat of mony to anexceptional prosperity from silver. include These thelate Gothicchurch Barbara St of Thereforeeconomic importance. the centuries to 19th itscultural,the 13th andonce in terms competing of political and with Prague the development themedieval of Bohemian Royal Mining Town spanning Kutna of Hora (1276) heritage under Austro-Hungarian imperial rule. The settle and topography, deposit type century and preciousa predominantly metals 18th-19th (silver) mining Roman nor settlement, ofgold mining complementary The two miningcentres are historically such connected tech of thedifusion interms of Authenticity ishigh inthe mining technical ensemble, the water management system The property is essentially thecity, isessentially The property andmany architectural standastesti masterpieces Authenticity ispreserved relative Thesite andintegrity isinagood isintact. state con of . Rammelsberg possesses extensiveRammelsberg possesses underground signii remains, particularly The property Silver was minedfollowing rich strikes made inthelate century. 13th Mining The property Inscribed 1995under criteria (ii), (iv) and theCathedral OurLadyat Sedlec of Kutna Hora: Historical Town Centre withtheChurch Barbara St of CzeCh RepubliC (ii), (iii), (iv) Inscribed 1992with an extension in 2010under criteria (i), Upper Harz Water Management System HistoricMines Rammelsberg, Town of Goslar of and GeRmany . It shares withRoșia Montană anexceptional longevity activity, of does not contain any evidence ofRoman miningheritage or does not contain any evidence ofRoman miningor Roman mining settlements . It shares withRoșia Montană asimilar geology, mineral In terms of settlement, theyIn terms of settlement, are complementary ments are very diferent in comparison, of Kutna of Hora andRoșia Montană and migration mining masters of and part of a transboundary of part mining are - - - - - : bolivia City of Potosi Inscribed 1987 under criteria (ii), (iv), (vi)

CoNCLUSIoN The property does not contain any evidence of Roman mining or Roman settlement, nor of gold mining and was developed in an entirely diferent geo-cultural context (colonial Latin America) at a much later date (16th century). It shares with Roșia Montană: the mining of precious metals (silver from true silver ores, however, as opposed to electrum and native gold); a similar deposit type (vein) in a mountain setting; similar mining technology; ore-processing using aqueducts and artiicial lakes; an exceptional longevity of activity from the 16th century to the present day (continuing); and both properties include the settlement - though of course Potosi, in stark contrast to Roșia Montană, is a large Spanish colonial-era silver mining city with distinctive “Andean Baroque” style architecture that heavily inluenced architectural development elsewhere in the Andes.

BACkGRoUND The site consists of the silver mines of the Cerro Rico, notably the Royal mine complex, an ore-processing water management system comprising an intricate system of aqueducts and artiicial lakes, the colonial town with its Royal Mint (reconstructed in 1759) and no less than 22 parish or monastic churches and a cathedral, patrician houses and the barrios where the workers lived. Following a period of disorganized exploitation of the bonanza of near-surface pure native silver lodes, the Cerro de Potosí reached full production after 1580 when the patio amalga- mation process was implemented and it became one of the world’s largest industrial complexes. Production continued on a large scale until the 18th century, slowing down only after the country's independence in 1825. It continues on a small scale today. The authenticity of the Cerro de Potosi (Cerro Rico, Rich Mountain) is threatened as continued and uncontrolled mining caused portions of the summit to collapse (as in 2011). Integrity is intact but threatened, and there are deiciencies in conservation of the archaeological industrial heritage, and insuicient attention in the restoration and upgrading of residential structures. Churches in the historical centre were restored in 2015 and 2016. Former Municipal Regulations for the Preservation of Historic Zones of the City of Potosi is now law, although ineicient en- forcement of protective legislation and control of unregulated mining activity in Cerro de Potosi continues. A Management Committee is presently being established to implement an Integrated Management Plan.

bRazil Historic Town of Ouro Preto Inscribed 1980 under criteria (i), (iii)

CoNCLUSIoN The property does not contain any evidence of Roman mining or Roman settlement, and was developed in an entirely diferent geo-cultural context (colonial Latin America) at a much later date (from 17th century). It shares with Roșia Montană: gold mining (although the primary inscription is for the urban ensemble), and its associated mining settlement - although they each share an irregular urban pattern, Ouro Preto is a much larger, Spanish colonial-era, mining town with outstanding Baroque architecture.

BACkGRoUND Ouro Preto (Black Gold) is the old capital of Minas Gerais, and owes its origins to the discovery and exploitation of gold during the ‘Black Gold rush’ in the 17th century and in the 18th century period known as Brazil’s ‘Golden Age’. This was a time when the city played a leading role in Brazil's history, and the ine Baroque city is the principal component of the property, with mining features limited to the gullies in the river valley where alluvial ‘black’ gold was exploited together with minor levels and stopes into the mountainside. Authenticity has been preserved, and integrity of the urban nucleus built in the colonial period is intact. Protection is organised under a Municipal Master Plan that incorporates a Special Protectionstiripesurse.ro Zone designation. The Municipal Cultural and Natural Heritage and Urban Policy 3 Councils, supported by the Municipal Secretariat of Urban Heritage and Development, manage it. 98 99 Justificationstiripesurse.ro for inscription BACkGRoUND CoNCLUSIoN and theAyuntamiento (Federal, Authorities). State andLocal national Ministry for Urban Development and Environmental Management isimplemented Guanajuato bytheState of which receives collaboration from the Instituto Nacional de Anthropologia eHistoria (INAH, under theMinistry Public Education). of ic town theirst was andprotection oneof such laws istheresponsibility of inMexico (1953), conservation, restoration works are to ahigh standard. The law for the protection the histor of that hastheability also to compromise theoverall characteristic thelandscape. Interms of of thehistoric of scale town isthreatened byurban pressure to growth, population something due in agrid pattern) andfabric thetown ispreserved. of Integrity isintactthough thelayout and and Ryas mines, together loors. withoutstandingpatio ore-dressing includingmining ensemble theshafts (impressive onaworld LaValenciana for scale theperiod) of monuments resulting from themines, theprosperity andthenearby of Spanish colonial silver century,the 18th andsilver onamuch albeit miningcontinues, smaller scale, today. in the La Luz area Guanaxhuata. of The region the world’s became leading silver-mining centre in settlement ferent culture andtime. Mexico. It isvery diferent inscale, design form, andarchitecture, developed being inavery dif andBaroque architecturewith outstandingneo-classical buildings that inluenced throughout theminingtown: Guanajuato of ensemble isamuch larger, workings (for example LaValenciana) are included, buttheprimaryisfor inscription theurban (vein) inthemountains, withsimilar technology employed, except inore processing. Underground metals mining(although silver, silver from to gold), true ores, asopposed asimilar mineral deposit America) at amuch later date (from century). mid-16th It shares withRoșia Montană: precious BACkGRoUND CoNCLUSIoN between 1730 and 1760, is one of many and1760, is one of ine religious buildings.between 1730 European andindigenous decorative elements are found side byside. The Baroque cathedral, built role Many amint). asthesiteportant of inebuildings Baroque facades of witha profusion where development centuriesas thebasis for and19th (when further inthe18th retained it also anim mining town: Zacatecas is a much larger, workings (ElEden) are included, isfor buttheprimary the inscription theurban of ensemble (vein) in the mountains, with similar technology employed, except in ore processing. Under metals mining(although silver, silver from to gold), true ores, asopposed asimilar mineral deposit America) at amuch later date (from century). mid-16th It shares withRoșia Montană: precious in avery diferent culture andtime. Baroque architecture. It isvery diferent inscale, design form, andarchitecture, developed being of its prosperity in the 16th and 17th centuries; overtaken byGuanajuato and17th century. being itsprosperity inthe16th of inthe18th theminingarea, ontheroad of from “Newthe south thecapital of Spain”, andreached theheight silver (SanBernabé). lode ravine-like, Located inmountainous, topography, thetown developed to settlement Authenticity the urban of planon four original its surviving (based form forts), (not laid The cultural landscape iscentred onthetown withitsineBaroque andNeoclassical This colonial city retains an exceptional preservation century 16th of , andwas , andwas Inscribed 1993under criteria (ii), (iv) Historic Zacatecas Centre of mexiCo Founded when rich bytheSpanish outcrops in1548 silver of were discovered doesnotThe property contain any evidence ofRoman miningor Roman Inscribed under criteria 1988 (i),(ii), (iv), (vi) Historic Town Guanajuato of andAdjacent Mines mexiCo Zacatecas asaresult arich thediscovery was of of founded bySpainin1546 The property developed inanentirely diferent context geo-cultural developed inanentirely diferent context geo-cultural does not contain any evidence ofRoman miningor Roman Spanish colonial-era, mining town Spanish colonial-era, miningtown Protection, the Junta de Monumentos urban design, taken with outstanding (colonial Latin (colonial Latin ground - - - Authenticity of the original street pattern and fabric of the town is preserved, with few modern interventions among the buildings. Integrity is intact though the layout and scale of the historic town is threatened by urban pressure due to population growth, something that also has the ability to compromise the overall characteristic of the landscape. In terms of conservation, restoration works are carried out to a high standard. Protection is aforded by the Federal Law on Monuments and Archaeological, historic and Artistic Zones (1972), with the Historic Zone of Zacatecas under the control of the State Government by Law on the Protection and Conservation of Monuments. The Management Plan is implemented by cooperation of Instituto Nacional de Anthropologia e Historia (INAH, under the Ministry of Public Education) with the Junta de Monumentos and the Ayuntamiento (Federal, State and Local Authorities).

Japan Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine and its Cultural Landscape Inscribed 2007 under criteria (ii), (iii), (v)

CoNCLUSIoN The property does not contain any evidence of Roman mining or Roman settlement, and was developed in an entirely diferent geo-cultural context (mining commenced at a much later date, 16th century, in Japan whilst under its Edo “isolation period”, and during the later Meiji period development). It shares with Roșia Montană: mining landscape including extensive archaeology, precious metals mining (silver, and to a much lesser extent gold), a similar mineral deposit (vein) in the mountains, with similar technology employed, except in ore processing. Underground workings are included. The settlement is very diferent in design and architecture, being developed in a very diferent culture: an archetypal Japanese Edo-era coastal mining settlement, comprising fortresses and castles, temples, merchants’ and miners’ houses.

BACkGRoUND Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine pioneered the development of silver mining in pre-Modern Asia and contributed to the exchange of values between East and West by achieving the large-scale production of high quality silver through the development of the Asian cupellation techniques transferred from China through Korea. Archaeological remains date from the 16th to 20th centuries, and include silver mines, smelting and reining sites and mining settlements, and transport infrastructure including roads and ports. Elements of the property collectively demonstrate the original mining land-use system and the whole process ranging from silver exploitation to shipment. Authenticity is preserved and integrity intact, with the relative state of conservation being predominantly intact. Protection is via domestic laws and a municipal ordinance, and management implements a strategic preservation and management plan.

stiripesurse.ro3 100 Relevant Tentative List Sites Country Tentative Criteria Date range Principal typology listing 101 Justification for inscription Gold Silver Salt Coal Copper Lead Zinc Iron Other mining mining mining mining mining mining mining mining mining century th pre–17 1600–1699 1700–1799 1800–1899 1900–1999 2000– Latin America and the Caribbean

Ancient Lavrion Grece 2014 (ii), (iv)

Mining Historical Heritage Spain 2007 (i), (ii), (iv)

Mining basins on the Tinto River (Rio Tinto) and Tharsis River, Huelva, Andalusia

Rodalquilar Mines, Almeria

Linares-La Carolina Mining District, Jaen

Alto Guadiato Mining District: Belmez, Espiel, Pefiarroya-Pueblonuevo. Cordoba

Sierra Almagrera Mining District, Almeria

Ojos Negros Mines, Teruel, Aragon

Bellmunt del Priorat Mines, Tarragona

Cartagena and La Union Mining Basins, Murcia

Las Encartaciones iron ore mines, Ortuella, Vizcaya

Iron Trail with Erzberg and the old town of Steyr Austria 2002 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Czech Industrial Complexes in Ostrava 2001 (i), (iv), (v) Republic

Czech Republic (ii), (iii), (iv), Cultural Landscape of the Ore Mountains 2012 Tin with Germany (v), (vi) Uranium

Tarnowskie Gory Lead-silver mine and its underground Poland 2013 (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) water management system

The Klondike USA 2004 (iv), (v) stiripesurse.ro Other mining Iron mining Zinc mining Lead mining Copper mining Coal mining Salt mining Silver Silver mining

Gold mining

2000–

1900–1999

1800–1899

1700–1799 Various

1600–1699

century pre–17 th (ii), (iv) (viii) Criteria Date range typology Principal 2004 2006 not stated 2009 listing Burkina Faso 2012 African Central Republic (iii), (iv) ChadSouth 2005Africa not stated

3 The former metallurgical sites for the reduction of iron of iron the reduction sites for metallurgical The former Douroula) Bekuy, Kindbo, Yamane, Tiwega, (Ronguin, stiripesurse.ro The paleo-metallurgical sites in Bangui The paleo-metallurgical The Salt Range and Khewra Salt MineThe Salt Range and Khewra Pakistan 2016 (v), (viii) The Sado complex of heritage mines, primarily gold minesThe Sado complex Japan 2010 (ii), (iii), (iv) Gold Route in Parati and its landscape and its in Parati Gold Route Brazil Pulacayo, Industrial Heritage SitePulacayo, Bolivia 2003 (iii), (iv), (vi) The Zaghouan-Carthage Roman hydraulic complex hydraulic The Zaghouan-Carthage Roman Tunisia 2012 (i), (iv) Metallurgical site Begon II site Begon Metallurgical mines of Tele-NugarCurious iron Belt The Barberton Mountain Land, Braberton Greenstone Mountains or Makhonjwa Chad 2005 not stated Africa Relevant Tentative List Sites Tentative Relevant Country Tentative Asia and Pacific Latin America and the Caribbean 102 103 Justificationstiripesurse.ro for inscription B 3.2 BACkGRoUND CoNCLUSIoN CoNCLUSIoN silver-mining Greece. centre ancientandmodern inboth massively subordinate to silver –which production was centred AncientLavrion, upon thelargest overall,ing place thecountry intheThrace but, of itwas Mountains part located inthenorthern little gold intheirnatural resources. Under Greek there rule was a little active gold mining tak Roșia Montană settlement Montană, est metal the Roman Republic mines andearly of Empire. This complementary withRoșia case complementarity some with Roșia Montană thelarg represent of possesses astheyboth some Roman networkground eclipsed in terms of goldeclipsed interms byRomanDacia of production following in106CE. theconquest the early Empire - until they became increasingly impoveris Spain andPortugal) was therichest metals precious source andbase of to theRomanRepublic and Tinto) included, asare impressive archaeological vestiges including impressive settlement, of temples. with similar technology employed, except inore Extensive processing. underground workings are metalscious mining(silver, to gold), asopposed asimilar mineral (steeply deposit veins), dipping opposed to gold,opposed andthere are technological exploitation ensemble gold) that were each fundamental of andpower intherise civilisation. precious region, representmetals (silverthe two most important within the same geo-cultural and civilisation that conquered locatedand mostpowerful also theGreek Theproperties, peninsula. Europeantwo major powers AncientGreece of andtheRomanEmpire, ancientEurope’s largest opment of of thesite: economic,of military, religious, cultural andadministrative. From the3rdcentury Temple Poseidon of atSounio), andcemeteries fortiications Cape make uptheoverall operation it possible to mintsilver coinage asamongst theirst international widely coins. used thefoundationsset thecity-state Athens, of of building theAcropolis andmaking andParthenon building theAthenian themajor projects of inancing of Hegemony. Thesilver Lavrion of literally Athens tothe cityof thecreation extremely became thegreat important of Athenian leet andthe mines entered a period of decline,mines entered of aperiod andinthe6thcentury Extensive remains survive also from thisera. andcontinuing throughstantial renewed onlyresuming activity to the20thcentury. inthe1860s

and Tharsis River During the Classical period (5th and4thcenturies During theClassical (5th period Within Spain’sWithin Ancient Lavrion and Roșia Montană are very diferent It shares withRoșia Montană: mininglandscape including extensive archaeology, pre Scattered villages, settlements-industrial andreligious buildings secular (including the contain evidence ofRoman miningand Roman settlement settlement butisahighlysigniicant : they were (mining-related properties) and Relevant Tentative ListSites Comparison between Roșia Montană Tentative Listing 2007under proposed criteria (i),(ii), (iv) Mining Historical Heritage spain Like theRomans,Greeks to began inantiquity power theirrise withvery The property The list of extensiveThe list of region located properties, as R in the same geo-cultural Tentative Listing 2014under proposed criteria (ii), (iv) Ancient Lavrion GReeCe . Therecomplementarity, issome however, each representative being the of Mining Historical Heritage Historical Mining (mostlydestroyed Thisproperty, mining). opencast bymodern however, , Huelva, whilst theclosest being comparator, is not gold mines no Roman miningworks at Lavrion does not contain any evidence ofRoman miningor Roman silver mine at Roșia Montană is , and they withancientorigins. , the no longer contain anextensive under Mining basins on the TintoRiver CE hed by intensive exploitation and were themines were abandoned, withsub completely diferent BCE ), exploitation themines by of . Lavrion was a . Further, the . Roman entirely diferent from Hispania , asisthedevel silver underground mine, as (today’s (today’s CE (Rio (Rio oșia oșia the ------Montană is certainly not a displacement case – either way - and both properties contribute to an essential understanding of the astonishing success of the Roman Empire, one of the world’s largest and long-lived ancient civilisations. It shares with Roșia Montană: mining landscapes including extensive archaeology, precious metals mining (silver and gold), similar mineral deposits (steeply dipping veins), with similar technology employed (underground mining and opencast), and similar ore processing technologies. Extensive underground workings are included (though most Roman evidence was destroyed by modern open pit mining), as are archaeological vestiges of settlement together with diverse modern remains. Writing tablets discovered at Rio Tinto, Aljustrel copper mine in Portugal, and those at Roșia Montană combine to provide exceptional epigraphic testimony of mine organisation in the Roman Empire.

BACkGRoUND Some of the mines inventoried in this large tentative listing were operated during the Roman period. Evidence of Roman mining in Spain dates from 206 BC (Second Punic War), and the territory represented the Empire’s most important source of silver, gold, copper and lead that was fundamental in the rise of the Roman Republic and subsequent Empire. Two examples, Rio Tinto and Rodalquilar, are the most relevant in terms of Roman mining of precious metals, although modern mining has largely destroyed Roman evidence. Much of what has been lost, however, was reported, and some recorded, during the 19th century. Rio Tinto once demonstrated the most spectacular scale of Roman opencast and underground mining, with many important discoveries of ancient technology being made in the advancement of modern workings, from 1724 and particularly from 1873. This is one of the most signiicant metallurgical regions of the ancient world, and although modern mining destroyed spectacular Roman vestiges (some Roman shafts were 450 feet deep with galleries drained by a combination of wooden treadmill dipper wheels and adits), some important sites survive. The overall mining operation was run by a sophisticated system of Roman governance. Two bronze tablets, discovered in 1876 and 1906, showed how the government of Rome would lease out Iberian mines to individual conductores who paid 50 per cent commission on the ore they excavated. They also related issues of safety, slaves, bathhouses etc. Along with bronze tablets discovered at Aljustrel copper mine in Portugal, those of Rio Tinto and Roșia Montană combine to provide exceptional epigraphic testimony of Roman mine organisation. Modern mining heritage comprises a number of conserved mining and industrial infrastructure. The notable architectural heritage of Rio Tinto settlement dates mostly to the 19th and early 20th centuries.

CzeCh RepubliC with GeRmany Cultural Landscape of the Ore Mountains Tentative Listing 2012 under criteria (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

CoNCLUSIoN Located in the same geo-cultural region as Roșia Montană, the property contains no evidence of Roman mining and Roman settlement. It shares with Roșia Montană an exceptional longevity of activity, being worked systematically and almost continuously for more than 800 years, although of course commencing at a much later date. Mines included precious metals (though silver as opposed to gold) and applied similar technology in the exploitation of vein deposits, an extensive use of water, solely for ore dressing at Roșia Montană, whilst the Ore Mountains employed much larger-scale water management for power. Both properties possess underground visitor access. In terms of settlement, they are complementary: the form and much of the buildings in the ensemble of mining towns in the Ore Mountains is a product of the Middle Ages, with subsequent development added primarily in the 18th and 19th centuries. The settlements, in comparison, developed at a diferent time in a very diferent environmental context and are much greater in scale, with a diferent form and layout, architecture and materials to the miners’ village of Roșia Montană. stiripesurse.ro3 BACkGRoUND The Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří illustrates the for- mative inluence of mining and metallurgy on the development of the landscape and its culture 104 105 Justificationstiripesurse.ro for inscription BACkGRoUND CoNCLUSIoN its socio-technical andeconomic impacts. its socio-technical World Heritage above. Site anddescribed Its values relate to 400years gold-silver of miningand originally considered asajointnomination withIwami Ginzan silver mine, asa now inscribed economy during was signiicant. the17thcentury Japanesenical ensemble. Theimpact of which gold of (half came from Sado) ontheinternational gold-silver andsmelting remains parting and anarchaeological Shogunatehouses Magistrate’s site animportant of Oice withassociated ing camps, comprising andanarchetypal coastal miningsettlement, miners’ Japanese Edo-era region: two archaeologicalgeo-cultural century settlement 16th sites, early-Edo typically era min The settlements are very diferent indesign andarchitecture, developed being inavery diferent alluvial gold mining site), withsimilar technology employed. Underground workings are included. and to extent alesser silver), asimilar mineral deposit (vein) includes inthemountains(italso an Roșia Montană: including mininglandscape extensive archaeology, precious metals mining(gold, during thelater Meiji development period andbeyond untilthelate 20thcentury). It shares with menced at amuch later date, century, 16th inJapan whilst under itsEdo period”, “isolation and settlement versity miningandmetallurgy. of mining education – the Freiberg Mining Academy, as the world’s established in 1765 oldest uni the New World Mining towns such asFreiberg were world (after centres 1551). excellence of for to low due anddeclined prices created rapidly1560 after 1577 bythesurge from silver of imports AnnabergMarienberg. St Themines andMarienberg of achieved around theirmaximum output Erzgebirge miningcentres Bucholz Annaberg, St inSchneeberg, and withimportant after 1470 nology, including aditdrainage century. from the12th Silver expanded rapidly production inthe property that representsproperty adecentralised mininglandscape inaCentral European mountainregion. for more centuries. than 800 years, It to the 21st is a very from large the 12th transboundary serial An extensive underground system is included, togeth The mines of SaxonyThe mines of medieval are advances thesites many of inminingtech important , andwas Tentative Listing 2010under proposed criteria (ii), (iii), (iv) primarily gold mines The Sado complex heritage of mines, Japan The historic gold mineislocated onSado Island Japan. of It intheSea was The property developed inanentirely diferent context geo-cultural does not contain any evidence of Roman mining or Roman er with a comprehensive socio-tech (miningcom - - - - - Pyrite Other mining Iron mining Zinc mining Lead mining Copper mining Coal mining Salt mining Silver Silver mining

Gold mining

2000–

1900–1999

1800–1899

1700–1799

1600–1699

century pre–17 th Criteria Date range typology Principal inscribed UK France Italy Hungary Austria Bulgaria Serbia Portugal Spain Portugal Portugal Country Date

3 Sardinia stiripesurse.ro Dolaucothi, Wales Salsigne Gold Mine Salassi (northern Italy) and Durias riverGaram Rauris Italy (Krumovgrad Adatepe Bor and othersAnatolia, near the city of Troy) (northwest Astyra Turkey Sao Domingos Mine, Corte do Pinto, Alentejo CorteSao Domingos Mine, do Pinto, Portugal Tagus River, Castelo District Branco River, Tagus Portugal Aljustrel Pino del Oro, Zamora Pino del Oro, Minas (Tresminas) Três Porto Paredes, Sobreira, Castromil, Castromil, Portugal Montefurado, Rio Duerna, AsturiasMontefurado, Leon Salamanca, Las Cavenes, Jales Spain Porto de SantaSerra Justa, Valongo, Spain Portugal Relevant, selected, Relevant, sitesother mine 106 107 Justification for inscription

Relevant, selected, Country Date Criteria Date range Principal typology other mine sites inscribed

Gold Silver Salt Coal Copper Lead Zinc Iron Other mining mining mining mining mining mining mining mining mining century th pre–17 1600–1699 1700–1799 1800–1899 1900–1999 2000–

Sakdrisi Georgia

Wadi Dara area Egypt

Mahd adh Dhahab Saudi Arabia

Pachuca-Real del Monte Silver Mines Mexico

El Cobre copper mine Cuba

Sala silver mine Sweden Minor Minor

Kongsberg silver mines Norway

Kimberley Mines and Associated Early Industries South Africa (i), (ii), (iv), (vi) Diamonds

The Namaqualand Copper Mining Landscape South Africa (ii), (iii), (iv)

Pilgrim’s Rest Reduction Works South Africa (i), (ii), (iv), (vi) stiripesurse.ro 3.2 Relevant, selected, other mine sites C

Comparison of the property with international mining-related properties not on the World Heritage List and not on state party Tentative Lists

The phase with the highest signiicance related to gold mining at Roșia Montană is the Roman era (106–272 CE). It is therefore relevant to compare the nominated property with other known Roman mines (particularly gold mines) in the main areas providing the Empire with key metals (gold, silver-lead, copper, iron): Spain and Portugal, United Kingdom, France, Italy, central Europe, Greece and Turkey. Evidence concerning Roman mining in some countries is scant but literature, the web, scientiic papers and various organisations have been investigated and contacted to reveal as much information about the most signiicant sites as possible within the scope of this comparative exercise. Lastly, some other mining properties around the world have been selected for comparison, not that they, like most of the Roman examples, will ever be considered for nomination to the World Heritage List.

poRtuGal Tresminas

CoNCLUSIoN Tresminas (Três Minas) is the largest and most important ancient gold mining complex in Portugal (part of ancient Roman Hispania) and is one of the world’s best examples of a preserved open-pit hard-rock Roman gold mine together with its socio-technical context, including several crushing and grinding mill sites. The properties of Tresminas and Roșia Montană are very diferent. Roșia Montană contains an underground Roman mining network that is vastly greater in extent, and one that illustrates a far greater diversity in terms of its Roman mining technological exploitation ensemble. The underground galleries at Tresminas were predominantly used for transportation of gold ore, drainage and removal of waste. Roșia Montană also demonstrates subsequent extensive development, including settlement, by multiple empires and cultures from Roman times to the 20th century. There is, however, some complementarity as, together, they represent two diferent gold exploitation systems under Roman imperial control, in the two most important source regions of the precious metal that provided currency to sustain the Roman Empire and its military power that was key to its survival.

BACkGRoUND The mine consists of three open pits, two of which are of an impressive size: Ribeirinha and Covas, the largest being approximately 500m long, 100m wide and 80m to 100m deep. There are also shafts and galleries, predominantly used for transportation of gold ore, drainage and removal of waste, the largest of which is 250 metres in length with a 5 x 1.5m cross-section. The site includes not only mining features but also the metallurgical processes to extract gold from the ore such as crushing and grinding at several sites. The site is an Archaeological Protection Site and survey in the surrounding area has detected settlement structures for housing and an aqueduct. Mining likely commenced during the reign of Augustus (27 BCE – 14 CE) and continued into the second century CE.

poRtuGal Serra de Santa Justa, Valongo, Porto

CoNCLUSIoN Roșia Montană and Valongo are very diferent. Roșia Montană contains an undergroundstiripesurse.ro network that is vastly greater in extent, and one that illustrates an exceptional 3 and diverse Roman mining technological exploitation ensemble. Further, Roșia Montană also demonstrates subsequent extensive development, including settlement, by multiple

empires and cultures from Roman times to the 20th century. 108 109 Justificationstiripesurse.ro for inscription gold andsilver commenced intheGutâi Mountains Romaniaduring northwest of theera of district 2onthemap (Baia Mare andBaia Sprie, Maramures County), miningexploration for inpresent-day Carpathians southwest Romania(districtin thesouthern 3onmap). Regarding Mountains inpresent-day western Romania(district 1onmap); County andin Caraș-Severin extracted from Spain) that employed thesame techniques, butValongo isthelargest yet discovered. power that was key to itssurvival. Other underground Romangold inPortugal mines occur (and regions theprecious metal of that provided currency to sustain theRomanEmpire anditsmilitary surviving underground gold mines source under control, Romanimperial inthetwo mostimportant There is, therefore, complementarity some as, together they represent the most extensive two of Roman gold mines of the Carpathians (seeof map): Ro̧ia Montana and the gold mining (alluvial/surface and underground) and ore-pr D 3.2 BACkGRoUND CoNCLUSIoN BACkGRoUND share some it was aproliic metals base source (tin, lead, of copper), andsilver. the two properties Inthissense Western Britannia and some conserved remains)and some Tinto (destroyed). andRio drainage was provided –similar to that discovered inmultiple levels inRoșia Montană (recorded, levels. Fragments awater-lifting of wheel were recovered that provides evidence that mechanical veinsdip of adeep vertical shaft was galleries sunk andhorizontal (stopes) outonthree opened and tables for washing. The opencast areas contain tunnels v a number of of andsuggestedopencast, steps evidence down of thehillside that may have sieves hadaseries of water of –waterer withtheuse channels (almost andreservoirs 10km) onthehillside above the illustrates thestages ore of extraction from simple surface miningto underground togeth mining, attributes that span ofmore aperiod than two millennia contains, inaddition, diversity inits Roman miningtechnological exploitation ensemble an vive (one gallery is 350 m long). Romanlampsvive mlong). have (one found. gallery been also is350 Paiva Twinshafts, distant). large (24km (worked-out gunnises stopes) anddrainage galleries sur (its historical signiicance century) recognised since hasbeen the18th withothers at Castelo de rences that were disseminated in veins that were exploited by the underground network that is vastly greater inextent, and one that illustrates agreater

The Valongo Roman gold mining area is characterised of by a number Dolaucothi mineistheonly complementarity Aurariae Dacicae that make itthelargest inPortugal (ancient RomanHispania). itstype group of Dolaucothi gold Thesite mineistheonlyRomangold intheUK. mineknown Roșia Montană and Dolaucothi are The Valongo anticline (a large fold) overturned gold of hostsanumber occur a National Comparative Analysis Roman inRomania; goldmines the richest gold-silverthe richest depositinEurope thatcontinuedtobe exploited ofactivityuntilclosure inmultiple phases in2006 Ro̧ia isRomania’s Montană Roman mostimportant goldmine, Following 500 tonnes goldDacia, the Roman occupation some of of were Roman mining Dolaucothi, Wales united kinGdom (SWales). Whilst Britannia was acomparatively insigniicant gold, source of an extensive archaeological and cultural landscape ofsocio-technical . during 166 years during rule. 166 Imperial TheRomansorganised of underground Roman gold mine very diferent Golden Quadrilateral ocessing in two principal regions . Romans. The largest was Volongo . Roșia Montană contains . Further, Roșia Montană in in the Apuseni arying age. to Due Imperial Rome’sImperial underground underground - - - Roman Dacia, however the Maramures region remained outside the Roman province and contains no Roman mining activity.

Principal gold mining districts of Romania (after Baron et al, 2011)

Of the 37 “suspected” Roman gold mining sites described in Romania (see annexe), approaching a third are placer/alluvial/gold-washing sites, therefore not comparable with the hard-rock underground mines of Ro̧ia Montana. Only Bucium (also in the Golden Quadrilateral) possesses extensive known Roman mining works.

Romania Bucium, Alba County

CoNCLUSIoN Ro̧ia Montana and Bucium are very diferent in terms of scale, and of subsequent development, including settlement. The Bucium deposit is the nearest (6 km SSE) Roman gold mining site to Ro̧ia Montana, and is geologically similar. Substantial traces of mining activity from the Roman period survive, including limited underground workings, similar in level type (only) to Ro̧ia Montana, although substantially this is an opencast mine. There are associated traces of a settlement site and cemetery, though very much less signiicant than the extensive Roman archaeology of Ro̧ia Montana. There is little subsequent mining heritage, modern operations by open pit having destroyed former evidence.

BACkGRoUND Mining at Bucium is mostly conined to surface exploitation in opencuts, but also several hundreds of metres of gallery, one, at least, trapezoidal in section as commonly encountered at Ro̧ia Montana.

stiripesurse.ro3 110 111 Justificationstiripesurse.ro for inscription Workings date from the Roman occupation Dacia of (106–271 and technically diverse underground Roman gold mining complex currently known in the world. Dalmatian miners to exploit gold in such ways that suited the t workings demonstrate exceptional innovative techniques developed byskilled migrant Illyrian- an underground Roman gold mine. Many the mining features of preserved in over Roman of 7 km underground ended in2006. andopencast andwhich1948, miningby State-run ended traditional mining. family –orsmallgroup-operated winters. Final interventions derive from the communist regime nationalisation that imposed in ore-processing workshops withwater sumps fed bysprings intheharshest used that of be could holds dwellings consisting wooden of above highstone-built many which basements, of housed tal gates that face windingroads, gradually gives way intheindustrial suburbs to miners’ house Classical or Baroque architecture. This structure, distinguished by grand also walls and monumen distinctiveto andmostlydecorative of aseries features that were borrowed from of therepertoire imagery.its symbolic Characteristic buildings withouter porches background form atypological Austro-Hungarian rule. Churches dominate thebuilt environment andcontribute substantially to in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries at its prosperous the inception urbanisation of under is relected inthecurrent character thisTransylvanian of miningsettlement substantially frozen nations andseveral ethnic groups have lived together inwork andcommunity life, asituation that roots andembellishments are onfreeholders’ based exploitation gold. of Five religious denomi architectural styles, withlocal tradition, eclectic acosmopolitan settlement whose fused inluences punctuate higherelevations.panded from 1733, lakes, artiicial formerly of and a number header for ponds ore processing that were greatly ex meadows are characterised practices byagro-pastoral that are asold itself, asthemining activity relief invalleys sloping Steeply that communication provided also for ore-dressing, andtransport. command thevillages Roșia Montană of settlements andthemuch constrained smaller Corna, by mixonsteepscree slopes and,mounted onrocky knolls, thetowers andspires historic of churches all set inrelation to over ancientunderground of 7km workings discovered to date. Forest and buildings, sacred areas and necropolises, with funera some at surface isproliic and pervasive, comprising ore-processing areas, administrative quarters, living crags are pierced byold mineentrances, theirtops Romanarchaeology working. scarred byopencast Roșia surrounded Montană, itself of scape onthree sides ridges bydividing Towering andpeaks. Quadrilateral Thesite present-day represents Romania. in thecentral of thecentre theso-called part of the Metalliferous range Mountains, theApuseni located of inthehistorical region Transylvania of andisexceptionallyunparalleled diverse andreadable time-depth insuch acompact area. people’s successive of for palimpsest empires gold. quest andcultures Thissocio-technical has left underground theirmark, both andat surface, anevolution almostexclusively determined by spansmore have miningactivity phases, thantwo Allphases millennia. previous andsubsequent → 3.3 The village Roșia Montană of an impressive boasts inventory that illustrates adiversity of Roșia Montană issituated inanatural amphitheatre massifs andradiating of valleys in Gold occurred in veins within seven small mountains that visually dominate the land of the Southern Carpathians -therichest Carpathians precious metals theSouthern of province inEurope. outstanding Universaloutstanding Value Proposed of Statement landscape design architecture ortechnology, town-planning arts, or monumental of timeorwithinacultural area oftheworld, ondevelopments in to exhibit interchange animportant ofhumanvalues, over aspan Criterion (ii): Roșia Montană Mining Landscape Roșia Montană Mining Landscape Roșia Montană Mining Landscape contains theworld’s example of pre-eminent contains the most significant, extensive contains themostsignificant, ry buildings with complex architecture, echnical nature Control the deposit. of CE ) and, together with potentially Golden - - - - - of precious metal resources, to use as currency, was a fundamental factor in the development of Roman military power and Imperial expansion. When in possession of the Apuseni Mountains there was an imperative to immediately commence mining in an eicient manner. A decade of professional underground archaeological campaigns, beginning in 2001, elucidates a fusion of imported Roman mining technology with locally developed techniques, unknown elsewhere from such an early era. Multiple chambers that housed treadmill-operated water-dipping wheels for drainage represent a technique likely routed from Hispania to the Balkans, whilst perfectly carved trapezoidal-section galleries, helicoidal shafts, inclined communication galleries with stairways cut into the bedrock, and vertical extraction areas (stopes) superimposed above one another with the roof carved out in steps, are in a combination so speciic to Roșia Montană that they likely represent pioneering aspects in the technical history of mining. The signiicance of Roșia Montană Mining Landscape is not limited to antiquity as the Apuseni Mountains were Europe’s main source of gold from the end of the Crusades in the thir- teenth century until the discovery of the Americas in the sixteenth century, thereafter remain- ing pre-eminent in terms of output, during the era of Austro-Hungarian rule in particular, when German, Austrian and Hungarian miners were brought in and used their own advanced technology to exploit the deposits on a much larger scale.

→ Criterion (iii):

to bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared

→ Criterion (iv):

to be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history

Roșia Montană Mining Landscape is testimony to the long history of gold ex- ploitationstiripesurse.ro in the Golden Quadrilateral, from the Roman era to the twenty-irst century. It is an exem- 3 plar that illustrates the strategic control and vigorous development of precious metals’ mining by the Roman Empire, essential for its longevity and military power. Following the decline of mining 112 113 Justificationstiripesurse.ro for inscription the mines andorganised (e.g. inassociations Epigraphic evidence attests Greek notonlyIllyrians butalso andLatin migrants hired to work in organisation, sale andpurchase contracts, receipts loans withinterest, andthe sale slaves. of of Montană, Cluj-Napoca, Turda, Alba Iulia andDeva.Information reveals explicit details mining of graphic monuments, votive andfunerary, discovered onsite and preserved at inmuseums Roșia life intheminingcommunityof andare correlated also with an unparalleled stone epi of number the entire Dacian province and,implicitly, the RomanEmpire. Thetablets provide intimate details ing area Dacia of where Trajan’s elements, Column and the direct are linkage perhaps the most important to the gold-min commencement monumental works public of construction in Rome, among which the Forum and area research of into European cultural theeconomic recovery history: theRomanEmpire, of the and itsrelationship to theDacians’ gold andgold extracted from RomanDacia anew hasopened demographic and linguistic information not only regardingsocio-economic, in Bucharest, are Alba These Cluj, irst-rate Iulia, Blaj, Budapest. Berlin, Aiud, sourceslegal, of inmininggalleries at Roșia Montană, inRomaniaandabroad,1850s inmuseums with24surviving tions inothercountries such Japan, Korea, asPortugal, China, South Taiwan, Greece andUkraine. signiicant impact on Code, the German forming Civil subsequently the basis for similar regula signiicant source for hisinterpretation Romanlaw of andonthelaw obligations, of which hada generally regarded thegreatest asoneof classicists thenineteenth of century. Theyrepresent a (Roșia Montană) were made famous bythegreat Germanhistorian Mommsen Theodor (1817-1903), → eighteenth-nineteenth century architectural isastriking relic ensemble thisera. of into anessentially blocks inserted apartment socialist-era of Thejuxtaposition cent. twenty per until 2006bywhich timeithadefectively reduced theelevation themountain by asmuch as of massif, destroying Romanminingworks thespectacular asthe“Citadel” known andcontinuing left caverns, thisswitched enormous to large-scale andin1971 working opencast theCetate of favoured thecontinuation methods untilnationalisation such ore-dressing of in1948. revolution. Mining operations at undertaken thistimewere mostlyby‘freeholder’ families that methods captured technological at themomentof changes ontheverge industrial themodern of legacy theseventeenth to of nineteenth centuries miningandore-processing to thepre-industrial Montană, exceptional are to of theirrarity, due value extent andstate conservation. of destroyed elsewhere are preserved intheRomanworld mining, modern bysubsequent at Roșia wheelsered remains such (and equipment),whilst water-dipper of thewooden recorded butmostly unknown elsewhere from such an early era. Features such as mu extraction areas (stopes) above carved oneanotherwiththeroof superimposed outinsteps, are coidal shafts and inclined communication galleries with stairways cut into the bedrock, and vertical extensive Such to carved theglobal mining. galleries, history perfectly of trapezoidal-section heli and 3rdcenturies precious metalsment of mining technology during the expansion the Roman Empire of in the 2nd attributes landscape, and associated is exceptional testimony develop to the difusion and further the likely key motivations for Trajan’s conquest. 106 to in Hispania AD 271) was theonlysigniicant gold newsource of 271) andsilver for theRomanEmpire, among Academic research into theRomanEmpire thehistory of during theAntonine dynasty Around 50Romanwax-coated tablets wooden were discovered and during the1780s Large-scale underground under thecommunist miningstarted regime, anera that has mininglegacy too, from issigniicant, theproliic socio-technical The modern Habsburg underground Romanminingnetwork,The pre-eminent withitsoutstandingtechnical (Iberian Peninsula, (Iberian SpainandPortugal), modern CE outstanding universaloutstanding significance orwithbeliefs,with ideas, and literary works withartistic of to bedirectly associatedwithevents ortangibly orlivingtraditions, (vi): Criterion The Romanwax-coated tablets wooden ( . Archaeological investigation that hasrevealed contribute aspects important Alburnus Maior

was itsprincipal centre. collegia aurariorum, societas danistaria societas aurariorum, collegia Aurariae Dacicae tabulae ceratae ltiple chambers for treadmill-pow ) of ) of Alburnus Maior (RomanDacia, Alburnus Maior ). but AD ------Statement of integrity

The property contains all the necessary attributes that express Outstanding Universal Value. It is constrained within a natural amphitheatre that is radically diferent from the surrounding landscape and includes all metalliferous massifs of Alburnus Maior and the two principal valleys (Roșia and Corna) for ore-dressing, settlement, transport and communication. Though a greater part is overprinted by more modern mining activity, the landscape represents a palimpsest of successive empires and cultures that have exploited it. The boundary has been determined using a combination of geological/mining maps, natural features such as ridgeline watersheds (functional, for water supply in ore-processing) and viewsheds (into and out of the property), roads, and the administrative boundaries that will assist with management of the property. It includes all areas with signiicant archaeological potential. Roșia Montană Mining Landscape has sufered many aggressions followed by multiple transformations; some gradual over the centuries, and some sudden and devastating such as the destruction of the Roman openworks on Cetate (the “Citadel”) by opencast mining starting in the 1970s, and the recent sustained buildings demolition campaign that began in 2004 in preparation for the resumption of open pit mining and the creation of processing facilities. During the latter, important exemplars of local architectural heritage and even entire portions of built fabric (such as the central area of Corna), were destroyed in a total that exceeded 250 properties. A signiicant number survive, however, making the preservation and conservation of this precious heritage all the more important. Signiicant threats remain, the state of conservation of many historic buildings is poor and some unauthorised development of small-scale housing has taken place.

Statement of authenticity

The area proposed currently constitutes a detailed testimony to more than two millennia of mining practices by successive empires and cultures. It contains attributes that are high in authenticity in terms of the location and the form and materials of surviving historic features, with a clear sense of how, when and by whom mining shaped the land. In terms of knowledge, unparalleled epigraphic and documentary evidence combined with a decade of intensive systematic archaeological investigation has already provided a major contribution to the understanding of Roman mining techniques and organisation. Signiicant potential remains.

Requirements for protection and management

The property is included in a wider area that is designated for protection by urban planning regulations. The property also contains several individually designated elements, from the Roman mining works, to the historic houses and two geological formations. More direct protection is granted by listing, with 50 elements within the perimeter of the property included in the Historic Monuments List. They comprise the principal archaeological site with a few particular sub-components, the historic centre of the mining town, the Roman mines in Mt. Cârnic, houses and churches. Several other components are currently being assessed for listing, among them the header ponds of the extensive hydro-technical system. Under this protection framework, responsibility is with the municipality for protection via urban planning measures, and with the respective owners in the case of listed properties. In accordance with Romanian law, once a nomination is submitted, all provisions for World Heritage sites apply to that nominated property. These include the management system designed to protect all World Heritage properties in Romania. Roșia Montană will beneit from this enhanced implementation of protection following the submission of the nomination ile to UNESCO. stiripesurse.ro3 114 115 Justification for inscription stiripesurse.ro© Daniel Vrăbioiu Overview CornaValley of stiripesurse.ro4 Traditional wooden gate in Rosia Montană © Daniel Vrăbioiu 116 117 stiripesurse.ro Cetate-Găuri Area. Romanworks (©Ivan Rouse) Cetate-Găuri Area. Romanworks (©Ivan Rous) 4. mining project involved massive relocation andout-migration from thearea. andeconomic rupture created andthesocial over years 1950s, thepast17 when anewopen-cast frail character archaeological of ruins,thatbuilt heritage of bygeneral iscaused decline since the fair preservation. to poor elements, while (ii) the archaeological areas are fair and (iii) the built heritage in the category of the category generally of well preserved features, surface withtheexception certain modern of main categories, outinchapter asset 2,shows abroad with(i)theminingexploitation division, in substance is,asmay preserved expected, be indiferent degrees. Ageneral thethree of assessment of safetyof reasons. Unsurprisingly for such avast system, there are areas which will require equipment preserved), andstructures to areas that researchers decided notto investigate because to another, from thevery well preserved (e.g. Modern andRoman galleries, with theirwooden developed between 2000and2006. Thestate conservation of difers signiicantly from onearea evaluated on archaeological based within the preventive produced reports research programme was Cetate created mininginMt. inthe1970s, bythemove which to open-cast modern led to the intervention willsuice. solidation, conservation works and consistent maintenance, but there are others where minimal a 4 (i) Whereas the state conservation archaeological of of heritage is directly connected to the The surface miningfeatures are unevenly preserved. alteration Themostconspicuous Present ofconservation state The state conservation of the historic of underground minin historicalThe mining landscape iscomprised of and structures textures whose Mining exploitation the the and State Property factors afecting of Conservation g system can be con - destruction of the largest part of the Roman surface exploitation, known as ‘The Fortress’ (Rom. Cetate). The fundamental change created in the communist period - the nationalisation of private property and the conversion to centralised mining - might have led to the disappearance of the whole hydrotechnical system, but that did not happen. Even though the traditional installations for crushing the ore (stamping mills) and the water channeling system have disappeared, the header ponds are conserved to a large degree. Presently used for leisure, their state of conservation is good, and they mostly need only maintenance work. In contrast, the ore transportation system to the processing plant at Gura Roșiei is severely altered. The ore railway needs sustained works to recover its historical attributes: the route is still visible in the landscape of the valley, and the embankment is preserved, while the now vegetated historical mining dumps are lining its way. The tracks have been removed after the closure of the state mine, in 2006. There is no known immediate threat to these elements. A long-term step-by-step conservation and enhancement programme is necessary, and this is programmed within the management plan under preparation. Tăul Cornei sluice gate (© ARA Association) gate Cornei sluice Tăul

(ii) Archaeological areas

The archaeological vestiges discovered to this moment have been to a large degree reburied after conclusion of research. In the case of the circular funerary monument from the Hop-Găuri Necropolis, a temporary shelter was built. The archaeological vestiges that were the subject of the mentioned protective measures are in a fair state of conservation, while the areas that were not protected after conclusion of research (Hop and Hăbad areas) are in a poor state of conservation. In these cases conservation works must be carried out, to be programmed within the management plan under preparation.

(iii) Built heritage

The built heritage is to a large extent brought to a poor state of conservation, either as a result of ‘natural’ abandon (occurring at various points, in various moments as a result of individual circumstances) or – much graver – by means of organized vacation of properties by the systematic acquisition campaign conducted by the mining company. This led to a loss of building stock. The existing structures require a comprehensive conservation plan to be prepared within the management plan. The buildings which are still owned and lived in by their traditional, local, owners are generally in a much better state. There are exceptions, however: some of the historic churches (of smaller, shrinking communities, such as Unitarian and Calvinist) are not in a good state, or the uninhabited houses or agricultural and other ancillary structures. State funded projects for conservation of listed buildings have been initiated this year. Outside the town, the semi-natural areas, the pastures that need the traditional farming activitiesstiripesurse.ro – hay harvesting and grazing – in order to sustain their biodiversity and character are 4 threatened by the same general abandon. Some areas are already in the course of spontaneous forestation. The continuation and/or resumption of traditional practices are among the measures

devised in the management plan. 118 119 State of Conservation stiripesurse.roUnitarian before andafter parish restoration house works(© ARAAssociation) density hasdecreased overall. decline, falling. Over been hasalso population thepast50years, buildingstion to socio-economic local level andregulations for prevention andmitigation. ile, plans initiated willbe newzoning at government level, andtheywillinclude risk at mapping mitigation measures according to thelaw. After thesubmission theWorld of Heritage nomination Council, establishes the priorities for elaborating risk mapsand for establishing prevention and buildings. management prepared plan willbe that includes arisk register that targets vulnerable signiicant or wanton inothers (e.g. preparation clearance of for intended miningoperations). Aconservation (severely degraded andcollapsing structures), andplanned othercases, demolition of inaseries devastationsocial for thecommunity. into vacantneighbourhoods where areas two just familiesSosași, - e.g. This has createdare left. chase campaign by the mining company, which led to asevere depopulation, (iv) (i) b 4 (now, igures these are much exceeded). World Heritage after years sites like inRomania, BiertanorViscri, planning andcommunication of This broadly equatesor advertising. formerly to thenumber attained byother, now famous, rural tracts more than 10,000 visitors year per (as by media), reported without an exhibition with its main focus onanexceptionalexhibition withits mainfocus photographic documentary collection. Roman and laterof epigraphical funerary and votive stelae, altars and other pieces, an indoor and exhibits also collection an open-air mining installa of underground presenting astretch section Romangalleries, of to belonging theOrlea miningield erates under thestate miningcompany, withinitspremises. hostsan Rosiamin, Themuseum The Ministry for Development andPublic Administration, at theinitiative theCounty of In terms of infrastructure,In terms themainfacility of istheMining which Museum, currently op Present ofconservation state The property is well-known in Romania, andinternationally. iswell-known inRomania, The property At present itat Baseline data Encroachment asigniicant hasnotbeen pressure as,inaddi ontheproperty Encroachment On thebackground thegeneral of population decline came theextensive pur Depopulation Demolition restricted hasoccurred insome to inresponse safety cases issues Pressure for demolition (e.g., encroachment, agriculture, adaptation, mining) Development Pressures Responsible atWorld visitation sites Heritage tions, equipment and tools, a Lapidarium y tourism infrastructure transforming certain - - - - For a few years there was a second museum exhibition, operated by the Roșia Montană Gold Corporation, in a house it owns in the Market Square. It is now closed, but contains many important artefacts, which belong to the state, in custody of Romania’s National Museum of History. There are only a few accommodation facilities in Roșia Montană (a hostel and three bed- and-breakfasts), to which is added a tourism association (NGO) and a few impromptu tourist guides. Several info-points run by different organisations and the Roșia Montană Gold Corporation have been functional in buildings on Market Square over the past years. They are now all closed. Despite underdeveloped physical infrastructure (that has, ironically, preserved a high level of authenticity), there is fairly good and easy to reach virtual infrastructure for tourism information and activity planning, set up by private individuals. This will of course be coordinated, supported and developed into a one-stop portal for the site, and surrounding area, which has high potential for sustainable tourism, to be developed based on the website associated to the nomination, www.rosiamontana.world.

→ Patterns of uses

Place based visits: The main visitor destinations are the state Mining Museum, the historic centre, the natural and mining landscape – with the mountain peaks and header ponds as principal attractions. In summer, the ponds – especially Tăul Brazi and Tăul Mare – serve as recreational areas for locals and members of neighbouring communities. Educational tourism and professional tourism has also developed, with many school groups visiting the Mining Museum, and groups of students and professionals from various ields, such as geology, mining, ecology, architecture and territorial planning, visiting speciic parts of the nominated property.

Activity based visits: For the past decade, the main local community NGO, Alburnus Maior, organised a protest and later cultural festival, called FânFest (Hay Festival). This attracted between 5,000 and 15,000 visitors a year, for a period of 4 to 6 days, featuring art, debate, theatre, music, ilm, guided tours and much more, engaging the participants with the place and the cause for its rescue – especially the internationally signiicant mining landscape, both above and below ground. Visitors were mostly accommodated in the households of the local community. In 2016 the festival was interrupted by its organizing committee, for re-planning. Similarly, the municipality of Roșia Montană has been organising the annual Miners’ Day, drawing several thousand participants over one weekend in late August or early September for a popular feast with music, dance and sports events. During the past ten years, there has also been a new type of activity that regularly draws a diverse range of people, including young people, to Roșia Montană: voluntary participation in the professionally supervised conservation of architectural heritage, through summer schools, workshops and volunteer camps organised by a heritage NGO, ARA, in partnership with the local community organisation, Alburnus Maior. This activity has evolved into the successful Adopt-a- House at Roșia Montană programme that has attracted more than 200 people from 10 European countries, to work on the conservation of local historic houses and churches. Most tourism is aestival, except for smaller-scale holidaying, which brings visitors for New Year and Easter, with organised holiday packs provided by local NGOs and families, exhibiting local customs and traditions. Most of the visits are day-visits, with the exception of the activity-based, which range from a few days to two weeks.

→ Planned changes

stiripesurse.roIf the property achieves inscription on the World Heritage List, the existing legal 4 provisions placed upon the management body – the Organizing Committee for UNESCO – include the duty to enhance tourism at the property that supports sustainable development. Future progress

will be guided, and implemented, by this body. 120 121 Statestiripesurse.ro of Conservation the robust, less-constrained andmore ‘adventurous’the robust, inanother. activity levels for that example, respect, thepristine ancientremains authenticity versus of inonesector from onemining ield to another, engaging withdiferent interpretive themes and access/diiculty technical onspecialized projects. done based This could be Great exists potential for connections protected historic monuments) gradually to be for conservation opened works and visitor access. underground the Orlea of sections mining ield, together from with those other mining ields (also now closed.in theRMGC museum, collections resulted from therecent ground research exhibited inthepastyears campaigns, partly ty. The new mining will museum make place the perfect to exhibit the importa and anupgraded that museum relates collections directly to thenominated itsimportant proper restoration the historic of complex (built during theHabsburg era astheminingheadquarters) under Culture. theMinistry of Thistransfer willcreate theconditions to enable fundingfor the company) thestate. of developed to This public willthenbe property to anational become museum has already initiated: been transfer theMining of Museum (currently operated bythestate mining and resources, andengaging more ontheground people withtheirheritage. planning anddecisionute makingprocess, into theassessment, including local knowledge, plans better represent communities. local Thiswill ensure able that willbe people local to better contrib tation Culture), bytheMinistry of into thesystem, introduced willbe aimedto alocal partnership andtentative,across existing, World Heritage published for consul Sites inRomania(presently located within: Estimated population (v) understanding theproperty, of itshistory, itscurrent problems anditsplace intoday’s world. and mostimportantly, creating awareness from to thelocal international scale, generating abetter (Hay Festival) organized community. bythelocal abrand Thishasbecome bringing visitors, event, exists, inaddition to tourism. conservation forject to visitors. prior further open to becoming Asigniicant educational potential contributing to theeconomy theproperty. of outcomes include overnight stay visits, andservices thus and thesale highquality localproducts of better physical developed, infrastructure to be andto manage community expectations. Desired with nomore than15,000 projected people year per inthe irst three years. Thisisto allow for the theOrganizingof Committee for UNESCO. this regard, andthere istimeto proceed withathorough study, inorder making to thepolicy inform withvisitorespecially management planning inprogress. there Thus, isnoimmediate danger in theCMP,of anditsinterpretation andvisitor management remit. archaeologicalupon sites, above and below strictly ground, controlled be will also in the context which initiated willbe at government level after submission thenomination of ile. impacts Visitor scales, andcorresponding regulations inthecontext aconservation of management plan (CMP) or (ifappropriate) for plans, ensured building newones –willbe at zoning bymeans of diferent and management it for activity construction – be restoration of and re tential threat isperceived inappropriate to be works construction andnewbuildings. The control Similarly, surface for possible various of itwillbe sections archaeological sites sub to be possiblefor more itwillbe In thefuture, inscription, withasuccessful andespecially decision for the improvementThe most important the existing of visiting infrastructure Under a planned change to the legal the management deinition of system applicable In terms of potential forms of deterioration forms of potential toIn terms visitor of due pressure, theproperty of apo plannedIn terms of activities, priority given shall be to resume the high-summer FânFest An estimated increase invisitation levels subjected should be to caution at thisstage, Compared to present visitation levels, thecarrying thesite capacity ismuch of higher, and thebuffer zone within theproperty Number ofinhabitants yEAR: yEAR: tOtAl: BUffER zONE: AREA Of NOmiNAtED pROpERty: 2016 700 100 600 use of existing of structures,use nt archaeological - - - - - The most recent census (2011) indicates a total of 913 people living in the villages that are (partly or completely) included in the nominated property, 973 in the village of Abrud municipality that is partly included in the property, and 96 in those included in the proposed bufer zone (details below). Since the census, the population in the area has decreased – out of the general trend in the wider area (migration, natural decrease), and out of reasons particular to the place (mining project induced migration and blocked development). Moreover, the nominated property comprises some of the villages just partly. The village of Abrud municipality is included but marginally, with only a few houses. Therefore, an estimate can be made of the population within the property, which cannot exceed 600 people. Similarly, in the bufer zone the estimated population cannot exceed 150 people.

→ 2011 Census:

Villages included ROșiA mONtANă — 618 Villages included GURA ROșiEi — 96 in nominated property: BAlmOșEști — 44 in bufer zone: BliDEști — 19 BUNtA — 6 CORNA — 38 ŢARiNA — 88 ABRUD-SAt — 973 Reformat parish house parish (© ARA Association) Reformat Parohia reformată

stiripesurse.ro4 Ruin of a traditional houseRuin of a traditional (© ARA Association)

Ruină 122 123 State of Conservation . Location andsetting 4.a 1.4 1.4.2 1.4.1 1.3.9 1.3.8 1.3.7 1.3.6 1.3.5 1.3 1.3.4 1.3.3 1.3.2 1.3.1 1.2.2 1.2.1 1.1.9 1.1.8 1.1.7 1.1.6 1.1.5 1.2 1.1.4 1.1.3 1.1.2 OECATEGORY CODE 1.1.1 1 Mining Exploitation: Underground MiningExploitation: 1 stiripesurse.ro1.1 Mining administration Header PondsHeader Ore-processing features: Mining exploitation: Surface and Surface Mining Exploitation: UndergroundMining Exploitation: Miners’ (early 20 Dormitory State Mining Headquarters (18 MiningHeadquarters State Ore Rail Tăul Găuri Tăul Ţapului Tăul Cartuș Tăul Anghel Tăul Brazi Tăul Corna Tăul Ţarina Tăul Mare Cetate RomanCetate OpenPit OpenworksCârnic Văidoaia Massif: EarlyModernunderground workings Cetate EarlyModernGalleries Cetate Cătălina Monulești EarlyModernGalleries Monulești Cătălina Cârnic EarlyModernGalleries Cârnic Cârnic RomanCârnic fire-setting complex Orlea RomanOrlea Galleries Cetate MassifRomanCetate miningfeatures Roman Galleries Lety Monulești MassifRoman Cătălina Galleries: NAME Cârnic MassifRomanCârnic Galleries th century) th – 20 – th centuries) • • • • • • • • • • • • • 132 poor 21 fair good STATE OFCONSERVATION 373 7 13 • • • • • • • • • 11 1.4.3 Mining Professional School (late 19th century) • 2 Archaeological Areas 0 8 4

2.1 Roman archaeology

2.1.1 Hăbad Sacred Area •

2.1.2 Găuri – habitation •

2.1.3 Hăbad – habitation •

2.1.4 Tăul Ţapului •

2.1.5 Hop Necropolis •

2.1.6 Nanului Valley Sacred Space •

2.1.7 Carpeni Zone •

2.1.8 Jig-Piciorag Area •

2.1.9 Ţarina Necropolis •

2.1.10 Pârâul Porcului - Tăul Secuilor •

2.1.11 Tăul Cornei - Corna Sat Zone •

2.1.12 Balmoșești - Islaz Area • 3 Built Heritage Features 6 17 4

3.1 Modern town / village Roșia Montană (Modern)

3.1.1 neighbourhood in the upper zone Square

Townhouses with commercial ground floors; no. 323- 3.1.1.a cluster 328, 388 (late 18th - early 19th century) •

3.1.1.b cluster “Sicilian Street” •

Roman-Catholic Church and parish ensemble (18th - 3.1.1.c cluster middle 19th, early 20th century) •

Unitarian Church and parish ensemble (1796, 18th - 3.1.1.d cluster middle 19th, 1933) •

The Casino (1880-1900), no. 329, and Summer 3.1.1.e cluster Garden •

3.1.1.f cluster The former Administrative Palace (1896), no. 310 •

3.1.2 neighbourhood in the upper zone Brazi •

3.1.3 neighbourhood in the upper zone Ieruga •

3.1.4 neighbourhood in the upper zone Tăul Brazi •

3.1.5 neighbourhood in the upper zone Văidoaia •

3.1.6 neighbourhood in the upper zone Berk •

3.1.7 neighbourhood in the upper zone Sosași stiripesurse.ro• 4 3.1.8 neighbourhood in the upper zone Orlea •

Greek-Catholic Church and parish ensemble (1720,

3.1.8.a cluster 124 1741, mid 19th century), no. 135 • 125 State of Conservation 3.3.2 3.4 3.3.1 3.3 3.2.3 3.2.2 3.2.1 3.1.10.c 3.2 3.1.10.b 3.1.9 3.1.10.a 3.1.10 3.1.8.c stiripesurse.ro 3.1.8.b cluster Town / Village Balmoșești, Blidești (Modern) Blidești Balmoșești, Town /Village on/VlaeŢarina (Modern) Town /Village egbuho ntelwrzn Gura Minei neighbourhood inthelower zone egbuho ntelwrzn Vercheș cluster neighbourhood inthelower zone on/VlaeCorna(Modern) Town /Village cluster cluster Traditional farmhouse (20 Traditional farmhouse (19 Miners households Greek-Catholic Church (19 Orthodox Church (1719), no. 707 Blocks offlatsthe1960s State schoolandkindergarten;State no. 274 (1905-1915) stable, Ţarinastable, no. 1254 households ward (no. House(no. 251),Gritta 258), Miner House, laterMiners’Aitaj Club(no. 242), Maternity The administrative centre. Town Hall Orthodox Church andparishensemble(1781, mid19 century), no.century), 175 th th th century), Ţarina century), no. 1248 century), withpolygonal century), century), no. century), 692 th

• • • • • • • • • • • • stiripesurse.ro5

Overview of Rosia valley © Radu Sălcudean 126 127 stiripesurse.ro 5. and a Property Management Plan.and aProperty triggers also formalproperty’ procedure and national requ mechanisms for management and heritage-based development. The present status as a ‘n coordinated management measures for natural/cultural sites inconnection withtheState’s support regarding theactive role communities local of World inthemanagement of Heritage properties, the expectation isfor implementation during theirst 2017. halfof It integrates newprovisions Heritage Convention. Published Culture bytheMinistry for consultation of 2016, inDecember itage (e.g. contribution to Sustainable Development) as wel Heritage Thenewnational system inRomania. isaimedat meeting her higherexpectations of current revision thenational system of protection, management of andmonitoring for World preparation, and will sit within the existing management framework - anticipating/following the b 5 a 5 (3) –therefore allunderground(3) miningields are public property, belonging to thestate. Roșia Montană.of The underground 136 resources, (art. are by Constitution, in public property –Cetate theMunicipality thecommunist latter of of period andCârnic–isinthepublic property part operationalhas been since 2015. theNational of in thenewcartographic portal Agency for Cadaster andLandRegistration, which organisations (churches). constantly updated Thisinformation isbeing integrated andisbeing in the nominated property. The rest individual is comprised owners, of own of associations as well asRoșia Montană Gold withanestimated Corporation land share with around%of 30 of Minvest land of withinthenominated Deva S.A. property, withanestimated share around 45% of largest owners are currently theMunicipality Roșia Montană of andtheState Mining Company owners, of local authorities,associations organisations thiscategory, andcompanies. Outof the preservation expected. theproperty’svalues isto be of favour achieving of onthis,theactive thisstatus and,based involvement thecommunity of inthe The survey afterwards population thelocal isaware showed of theandin that of part themajor sponsibilities brought bytheWorld Heritage (august conducted hasbeen Status –november 2016). values andcultural values, aslisted onthenext page. themunicipality,of which protected mustbe byurban planning measures. include These nature protection territorial bymeans of andurban planning measures. theNationalof Spatial Development III,Protected Plan 5/2000), areas –Section (L. its inviewof centration built heritage of withcultural national value of interest”, bytheLaw for theapproval A campaign for thelocal community theadvantages theinformation of upon andre The surface area theminingields of which have operated been mines asopencast inthe The same law designates, initsannexes values withintheterritory (IandIII),speciic Protective designation ownership The Property Management PlanThe Property of The entire Municipality Roșia Montană of isdesignated as“very highcon The maincategory land ownership of isprivate, comprising individual owners, the Management Protection Property and Roșia Montană Mining Lanscape irements in terms urban of planning l as to meet obligations the World of of

ominated isunder ers, - - - - Annex I (excerpt): I. Protected natural areas of national interest and nature monuments

2. Reserves and nature monuments 2.8 Piatra Despicată [Split Rock], 0.20 ha 2.83 Piatra Corbului [Raven’s Rock], 5.00 ha

Annex III (excerpt): I. Cultural heritage values of national interest (historic monuments of exceptional national value)

g) Urban ensembles: g) 3. The historic centre l) Industrial architecture: l) 1. The Roman galleries of the gold mining works m) Monuments of vernacular architecture (village dwellings): m) 2. Houses (18th–19th Cent.)

II. Municipalities with very high concentration of built heritage with cultural value of national interest

Roșia Montană, Abrud

The next complementary level of protection is granted by the Law for the protection of historic monuments (L. 422/2001), by means of listing of individual monuments, ensembles and sites. Based on the provisions of the above-mentioned law, the official List of Historic Monuments includes, in its latest edition from December 2015, 51 items located in the Municipality of Roșia Montană, of which 50 are included in the nominated property.

List of Historic I. Archaeological monuments Monuments of County Alba 140 Alburnus Maior – Roșia Montană archaeological (excerpt): site (for which a clear perimeter was established in November 2016) 141–145 Roman settlements and vestiges, mining works (5 distinctive sites included in the above) 146 Galleries of Mt. Cârnic (distinctively listed but also included in the above perimeter)

II. Architecture monuments

471 The historic centre of the town 473–513 Houses, churches and parish houses (41)

III. Commemorative and agora monuments

666 Commemorative monument to Simion Balint

Of all designated or listed components of the property, the two nature monuments have been declared irst, in 1969, and later designated by the law in 2000, together with all other positions presented above. Of the listed monuments included in the nominated property, 44 have been designated in 1991–1992, and included in the List of historic monuments of 1992, and 6 have been added in 2004 asstiripesurse.ro sub-components or divisions of the existing listed archaeological site. 5 The assessment of other 18 architectural and technical elements within the property started recently (September 2016), as part of the listing procedure initiated at the request of National

Commission for Historic Monuments. The procedure includes former miners’ dwellings in the 128 129 Protectionstiripesurse.ro and Management even urban inthe absence of planning regulations. territorial andurban planning (No. 350/2001), isnow allowing maintainingandrestoration works Emergency Order theGovernment (Novembernewly of passed that theLaw modiies 2016) of and thustheplanning blockage removed. shall be Until theapproval such urban a of planning, submitted, thecentral authorities take over theresponsibility to initiate andfundsuch documents, is with the municipality, through Council. Once thenomination is theLocal ile for theproperty deinitively miningproject mainly ontheopencast -hasbeen cancelled incourt. The situation iscritical aspresently there isnoregulation inplace after theprevious PUG -based called Plan Urbanistic (PUZ) Zonal –have initiated been authorities, bylocal butlater aborted. ipality, called Plan Urbanistic General (PUG), plan andzoning andregulation for distinctive areas, tively applied, as the urban planning plan documents – zoning a protection isto ensure anintegrated protection thecultural andnatural of values. regulations, establishing thedos anddon’ts urban interms of planning indicators. Theaimof asprotected urban bymeans areas, theproperty applied of of be should components and certain c 5 Gritta (©ARAAssociation) House within Romanianlegislation. modiication are to ensure for theirst time, acorrelated vision for alandscape protection approach Government Decision regarding(November theHeritage 2016) principles These Theses. for law decision isreached andpublished byorder theMinister Culture. of of monuments until the completion thelisting process of (butnomore thanoneyear), when ainal the Law for the protection have historic of monuments, properties these the legal historic status of state mine, and theheader to belonging thehydrotechnical ponds system thesite. of According to themunicipality, of property allthepresently unlisted historic churches, theheadquarters the of Currently, theresponsibility approving for initiating, andimplementing such documents In the case of Roșia Montană, of thisoverarchingIn thecase protection status hasnotyet efec been Landscape integratedLandscape consolidated protection further isto together be withtherecent protective measures Means ofimplementing The irst level protection, ensured of by thedesignation the municipality of Protected areas nd regulation for the entire munic - - The perspective that the law, and especially the subsequent methodology for the elaboration of such zoning plans, gives to the protection of values is that of sustainable development. Therefore, the vision is not purely restrictive, but constructive. All measures set forth by the law in respect to protected areas are compulsory for all public authorities, and all the works entailed by the protection of designated values are declared of public utility (Law no. 422/2001 regarding the protection of historical monuments)

Historic monuments

The next level of protection, ensured by listing of speciic built heritage as historic monuments, is applied by establishing clear control and responsibility levels on all action or non-action in respect to those listed values. It sets the duty: of owners to maintain, protect and restore; of local authorities to monitor and issue building permits and of central authorities to control, ofer technical assistance and enforce the law in case of illegal actions against the protected values. Listing also creates the premise for accessing funding for the protection of the respective historic monuments, from national or European Union sources, under the National Restoration Programme or dedicated lines of structural funds (e.g. Regional Operational Plan, Rural Development National Plan). The priorities of the Ministry of Culture in terms of protection of built heritage, set forth in September 2016 by its professional advisory body, the National Commission for Historic Monuments, include Roșia Montană. This makes it possible to grant funds for the restoration of historic monuments through the National Restoration Programme. The National Institute of Heritage, which is managing the National Restoration Programme, has received three applications from Roșia Montană for next year’s funding plan, which were assessed and included in the budget proposed to the Ministry of Culture. This is unprecedented for historic monuments from Roșia Montană. The score of the evaluation for funding of those three historic monuments was raised signiicantly by the presence of the site on the national Tentative List for World Heritage. According to the law (Law no. 564 /2001 for the approval of the GO no. 47/2000), once a nomination is submitted, all provisions in place for World Heritage properties will apply to the respective property as well. These include the management system designed to protect all World Heritage properties in Romania. Roșia Montană will beneit from these provisions with the submission of the nomination ile to UNESCO.

stiripesurse.ro5

Greek–Catholic church in Corna, currently undergoing listing procedure (© Radu Sălcudean) 130 131 Protectionstiripesurse.ro and Management and processing, to that heritage-lead of appropriate zoning to anominated World Heritage prope pitmining open of while makingthetransition insupport theproperty fromof industrial zoning, one is in need of urgentone isinneed of intervention. Roșia Montanăuments of restoration inneedof –onechurch which andtwo outof parish houses Heritageof included initsmonuments selectionandbudget proposal themon three for of 2017 for thefuture studies the key conservation scientiic plan. Monuments aswell astheNational Commission for Archaeology asoneof also used andisto be listed archaeological site PUG initiated isto be – RomanianHistory alreadyMuseum of ensured documentations onwhich theessential oneof the Landscape Administrationand Public thenlegally willbe immediately possible after the initiation the General of Urban Plan (PUG) elaboration by the Ministry Regional Development of includes asthey are nominated submitted. that from oicially beneit itassoon The properties theEurope Strategy. 2020 of energy, water, sewage andwaste-water treatment objective (Priority infrastructure 2.1). andthecounty roads thenational theelectricity, included,both road andof being Abrud-Cîmpeni with many otherprojects. reaching the Roșia the bottom of Valley, Wor a Route UNESCO of Apuseni Mountains and for the Narrow-gauge Railway Route, wh the creation cultural routes, of provisions withspeciic for aGold andMine Crystal Route inthe archaeologicalof objective 3.1). sites Under (priority thesame objective, thestrategy indicates heritage withWorld buildings, starting Heritage andtheprotection properties, andenhancement (strategic creativity” a motor of objective 3),andamongthepriority objectives, therestoration of resources for thedevelopment thecounty, of andputsamongitsstrategic objectives “Heritage as Strategy sets out from 2014-2020, the role the beginning cultural its unique and natural of heritage key projects section. Montană listed under isspeciically several otherobjectives theStrategy of aswell asunder the inclusion resources these of withinthelocalcommunities. Roșia servation andsocio-economic andTentativeproperties inorder List to properties, ensure theprotection, maintenance, con theMinistry Culture sets upanewprogramme of dedicated toHeritage World 2016–2022, Heritage d 5 At thesame time, withintheNational Restoration Programme, theNational Institute The Ministry Culture, of through the National Heritage Institute of & The National The programmes bythecounty strategy set forth are correlated to thethematic objectives The strategy setsprovisions also theroutes for themodernizationof infrastructure, with is oicially nominated. is oicially The PUG objective is to ensure the des tourism development plan) (e.g., regional orlocalplan,conservation plan, is located region inwhichtheproposed property plansrelatedExisting tomunicipalityand Legislation inplace regarding protection World of Heritage inRomaniaalso initiatedto be by the Ministry ofDevelopment PlansZoning for the Municipality ofRoșia Montană – The development vision for County Alba, stated in the Sustainable Development Alba CountyCouncil,2014 for 2014–2020 the period Sustainable Development Strategy ofAlba County Under thecurrent revision thesectorial Strategy of for Culture andNational Culture,Ministry of 2016 Strategy for Culture and National Heritage 2016–2022 the study establishing the overall boundaries ofthe Alburnus Maior . The study was validated. The study by the National Commission for Historic ld Heritage in County Alba, along ich crosses the same mountains, ired state conservation of Roșia Montană Mining Mining Montană Roșia rty. - - A Conservation Plan, is to be prepared by the County Council after submission of the nomination to UNESCO, according to legal provisions. It will involve specialized public institutions - mainly the National Institute for Heritage - as well as heritage practitioners, urban planners, landscape architects and civil society entities that already proved their professional capability and dedication to the heritage of Roșia Montana during the last decades. This cooperation between public authorities, heritage institutions and civil society can be built - on an already solid foundation – as a model of conservation in Roșia Montană and can be further used as an example to be followed for other heritage places. Based on the already existing experience for conservation action on the site, an integrated conservation plan is bound to be compiled efectively in the next 6–9 months.

Property management plan or other 5 management system e Although there is as yet no efective management plan in place for the property, a new management system is being constructed within the revision of the national system for the protection, managing and monitoring of World Heritage Sites - and nominated properties. The system integrates three levels of intervention: Under the current revision of the sectorial Strategy for Culture and National Heritage 2016–2022, the Ministry of Culture sets up a new programme dedicated to World Heritage properties and Tentative List properties, in order to ensure the protection, maintenance, conservation and socio-economic inclusion of these resources within the local communities. Roșia Montană is speciically listed under several other objectives of the Strategy as well as under the key projects section.

→ administrative, through the Alba County Council that is responsible, by law, with establishing the management plan through a UNESCO Organizing Committee (COU)

→ professional and scientiic, through the National Institute of Heritage (INP) that is responsible by law with the scientiic coordination and monitoring of World Heritage and nominated properties (member of the Cou). INP is - local community action, through the local partnership that was integrated (as member of the COU) in the new national system. The partnership for Roșia Montană in the World Heritage List was legally created (November 2016) by local people and entities to the purpose of supporting the nomination and contributing to the elaboration and implementation of the Management Plan. The management system includes a 5-year programme for the protection and management of the property (the Property Management Plan) as well as implementation and monitoring annual action plans to be prepared. Along with the three principal poles described above, it includes the cooperation of the Roșia Montană local authority and of representatives (members of the COU) of central or local county oices of the Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Development and Local Administration, Ministry of Interior Afairs, National Tourism Authority, Emergency Situations Authority, with their respective legal speciic responsibilities. A key role is the one of the local county oice of the Ministry of Culture (member of the COU), in charge for monitoring all the area and issuing the Ministry’s permits for interventions in the nominated area.

As a result of this system being operational, the Property Management Plan for the Roșia Montanăstiripesurse.ro Mining Landscape will be prepared according to the legal provisions of Romania, with 5 the scientiic coordination of the National Institute of Heritage, the cooperation of independent experts and specialized other institutions, the input of the local community and the assistance

of the COU. It will be guided by key international documents such as Managing Cultural World 132 133 Protectionstiripesurse.ro and Management while creating local capacity also /training young intraditional local people building techniques. assistance. Thecentre andto restore isto function insome otherhistoric some buildings thesite of is to be createdis to be inRoșia Montană under from thetwo theauspices and willbeneit the of anewcentre excellence the mission of andfunctionalstructure of and crafts which in arts 2016) and thecontinuation theAdopt inRoșia Montană aHouse of volunteer summer programme. as therestoration three of architectural monuments through theNational Restoration Programme continuing to ”produce” Several key professional projects expertize. are implemented to such be in Transylvania etc., have projects invarious andare specialized therefore eforts joinedthese National RomanianHistory, Museum of several universities, TheDendrochronology Laboratory thestate theproperty. institutionsof such astheNationalment of Specialized Heritage, Institute of know-how, local also have already ground asolid for produced future conservation andmanage through conservation programmes andrescue expertize professional integrating of associations techniquesconstruction as well traditional as producing building materials. The already gained Culture,by theMinistry of through theNational Institute for Heritage ( management plan –i.e. the5-year programme for management andprotection inanced -isto be inanced bythestate through theMinistry Regional Development of andPublicAdministration. The the National Restoration Programme) orEuropean funds projectsthelocal authorities, of eligibility are inplace to assist National funds (through theNational Institute for Heritage within ( ment etc. Theassistance provided isbeing through aGovernmental Unit for Technical Assistance interventions for inthenominated conservation, infrastructure, property smallbusiness develop one centre inRoșia Montană Mountains –Apuseni include technical andinancialassistance for inanced bytheCountyCouncil. activities willbe budgetary contribution thelocal county authorities. the of Allfunctioningof and infrastructure areand infrastructure alleligible for European fundingmechanisms ( and private owners. Research, conservation andrestoration projects, urban/rural regeneration g 5 f 5 Heritage the landscape (nature, archaeology, heritage, industry). agro-pastoral, as well asindustrial heritage recognition through theintegrated management amulti-layered of increasing preoccupation inRomaniafor theEuropean Convention Landscape implementation sustainable of developmentsupport andoneonheritage interpretation. Theplan willillustrate the Charter”, 2008), andothers. Theplan willinclude onthemanagement tourism asection of as tiied valuable attributes thenominated of property. are concentrated on maintenance and conservation works aimed at the preservation the iden of conservation plans carefully are monitored being through theexisting legal mechanisms andthey UGAt iCOmOS ) newly based inRoșia Montană.) newly based ( UNESCO The Ministry Culture andtheMinistry Education of have of drafted recently (November Regional (county) project andnational and of government ontype depending structures, A pilot strategy recently adopted bythegovernment, for three disadvantaged areas with Note: allinterventions made before theapproval the of Charter for theInterpretation Charter Cultural and Presentation of Heritage Sites (“ resource translated to manual be due bythe andpublished, withpermission, conservation andmanagementtechniques Sources ofexpertise andtraining in levels offinance Sources and Conservation of thesiteConservation of requires preservation andcontinuity intraditional As stated above, urban planning instrumentsfor nominated areas are to be pUG pOR iNp andthemanagement and , ), possibly also withthe also ), possibly pNDR COU , SEE, SUERD andmonitoring ENAmE NGO UGAt iNp), etc.) -s - - -

Visitor facilities and 5 infrastructure h Although no formal infrastructure for tourism is in place at the desired stan- dards, a spontaneous hospitality network is regularly receiving guests (bed and breakfast); hiring bicycles; ofering guided theme tours, holiday packages, in relation or not with the summer festi- vals and activity-based tourism. This is one of the property’s authentic attractions and should be encouraged by networking complementary initiatives of the existing (La Gruber, Casa Petri, Visit Rosia Montana, Rosia Montana Verde Association), and future local tourist operators. The State Mining Museum is the main visitor facility, providing access to a section of the Mt. Orlea Roman galleries as well as exhibiting unique Roman funerary monuments, mining technology, a collection of photographs and documents. The museum functions in the adapted buildings of the Sate Mining Company Rosiamin for which the development of the museum, the interpretation of the heritage and the visitor facilities were not a priority. These aspects are to be resolved through a new museum project once its transfer to the Ministry of Culture is realized (accordingstiripesurse.ro to the Memorandum passed in the Government in December 2016). This will also 5 integrate the public archaeological collections of the new museum founded by the private mining company which, although existing since 2010, is still not open to the public. 134 135 Protectionstiripesurse.ro and Management to thesites maintenance. andcraftsMontană centre arts able willbe to contribute withtheirnewly acquired competences local authorities inmonitoring theproperty. Onamediumterm basis, thegraduates theRoșia of the last decade can take smalltechnical theresponsibility of teams for maintenance andcan assist thenticity andintegrity requirements. worksinfrastructure inorder to ensure theirintegrated approach andcompatibility withtheau initiatives for conservation andrestoration aswell asfor private orpublic newinterventions and Assistance Unit (UGAT), INP, cooperation of withthescientiic are to provide assistance to local implement theWorld Heritage Convention. from an increase dedicated in the staf tonumber better department to the creation a UNESCO of INPwillbeneit Governmentof Ordinance (to decided be during 2016), December theirst halfof tatives Organizing intherespective Committees UNESCO (COU). According to thenewproject - architects, historians, architects landscape engineers, art andhasrepresen etc. -for that purpose as well World asfor monitoring inscribed Heritage Sites, team isalready employing aspecialized www.rosiamontana.world the elaboration management integrated instrumentsisto of be inthenewly created portal moting the property through theirtourismmoting theproperty related ( businesses tage organizations such as FânFest Archaeology promote the property havepromote the property developed been by local j 5 i 5 Conservation theprotection Roșia Montana’s of supported heritage. prominence ontheirwebsites through actions.Theypublically andalso andopenly theiroicial , but also , butalso Already several local professionals who have involved been inconservation projects in Locally, Culture theMinistry aswell of of thecounty oice astheGovernment Technical Key information related to the nomination process, heritage pr National promotion iscurrently made through environment civic, protection andheritage – ARA AssociationARA NGO Gold Trail ’s ( ’s presentation andpromotion oftheproperty Policies andprogrammes related tothe (professional, technical,maintenance) levelsStafing andexpertise workshopLandscape (©ARAAssociation) The National Heritage, Institute of responsible by law for the nomination iles Internationally the property isextremelyInternationally well theproperty known through highproile heri Alburnus Maior Association, Mining Watch Romania, Architecture Restoration administrated bytheNational Heritage. Institute of Europa Nostra, World Monuments Watch – andtheirwebsites; smallprivate likewise operators inthearea are pro andothers). Onthelocal level, actionsto independent present and NGO s, through their actions – most notably Made in Rosia Montana , iCOmOS , tiCCiH otection actions and etc., achieving andothers) - - - -

stiripesurse.ro6

Văidoaia quarry and the Roman Catholic church 136 © Daniel Vrăbioiu 137 . key indicatorsfor ofconservation state measuring 6.a 1 2 3 4 stiripesurse.ro5 INDICATOR • Integrityofthematerialstructures • Authenticity oftechniques • Authenticity ofmaterials (archaeologicalheritage andbuilt) oftheimmovableMaintenance andconservation • the accessibility oftheworks• theaccessibility • Integrityofthematerialstructures works (surface andunderground) ofthemining Maintenance andconservation • Maintenanceworks • Traditional useoftheland (pastures, pondsetc) of thelandscapecharacter Maintenance andconservation • Protected flora monitoring • Protected fauna monitoring and fauna features ofthefloraMonitoring andconservation •Water levels andwater qualitymonitoring • Protected geological structures monitoring Geology andwater systems 6. culture-nature thismonitoring vision process. upon theproperty.ment of TheINPwillensure anintegrated partnerships, through proper specialized pastoraland agro- landscape traditional habitats use, andbiodiversity aswell asoverall manage related to thearchaeological andbuilt heritage conservation, miningworks maintenance, forests monitoring programme isnecessary, onanannual basis. Thisisto technical at look speciic issues gent intervention for acquiring thedesired theattributes, state conservation of of insome acloser every 6years.for theproperty However to thecomplexity thesite due andthenecessity of ur of aswell astheadministrativeon thestate conservation theproperty of of andlegislative provisions Convention, theNational Institute every for Heritage 6years, reports, –INPisto periodic produce According to Romanian Legislation the World of andarticle 29 Heritage Monitoring PERIODICITY the periodicreporting cycle Annual, witha6years report following Annual for otherworks for visitors mining securitystandards (for areas opened following asnecessary /orasoften Quarterly urel vr esn INP, Divisionfor World Heritage, /everyQuarterly season Quarterly /appropriateQuarterly season Quarterly /appropriateQuarterly season LOCATION OFRECORDS Romanian History National Museumof UNESCO every 6years Report tobesubmitted of Culture County oficeoftheMinistry Monitoring Unit INP, Divisionfor World Heritage, Specialized partners History National MuseumofRomanian Culture of County oficeoftheMinistry Monitoring Unit INP, Divisionfor World Heritage, Specialized partners Culture of oftheMinistry County Ofice Monitoring Unit Specialized partners Monitoring Unit INP, Divisionfor World Heritage, Specialized partners Monitoring Unit INP -Divisionfor World Heritage, - - 6.b Administrative arrangements for monitoring property

The nominated property is to be monitored, according to legal previsions in Romania, by the National Institute of Heritage - INP, possibly in cooperation with other specialized partners if the case.

National Institute of Heritage (INP) tel. +40-21-336.60.73 16, Ienăchiţă Văcărescu fax +40-21-336.99.04 Bucharest, Romania, 040157 [email protected] www.patrimoniu.gov.ro www.rosiamontana.world

6.c Results of previous reporting exercises

World Monuments Fund Report World Monuments Watch programme 2016

https://www.wmf.org/project/ro%C8%99ia-montan%C4%83- mining-landscape

Europa Nostra Report 7 most endangered sites 2013

http://www.europanostra.org/rosia-montana/

Romanian Academy Report on http://www.acad.ro/forumuri/doc2013/d0619- 2013 the Roșia Montană Mining Project ProiectulRosiaMontana-AnalizaAR.pdf

Architecture+ Urbanism. Traditional Rural Housing in Barbieri, M. coord., 2013 Alba County. Survey and vernacular architecture valorization Consiliul Judeţean Alba,

Archaeological Research Reports under Published in the respective National Archaeological Annual 1999–2006 the coordination of the National Museum Reports, and Alburnus Maior series of publications 1999 - 2006 of Romanian History

University of Toulouse – underground Beatrice Cauuet 2001–2008 mining archaeological research reports Published in the respective National Archaeological Annual Reports

Romania’s Presidency, Report of the Presidential Commission for the Built Heritage Editura ICR, București 2010 and the Historic and Natural Sites

Paula Popoiu, Ed. Roșia Montană Ethnological Study 2004 Ed. DAIM, București

Heritage at Risk ICOMOS Report http://www.icomos.org/risk/ 2000, 2003

The Design Centre for National Cultural Heritage (CPPCN, now the INP) Research and inventory for the built heritage of the villages of Roșia Montană 2000–2001 Stroe, A., Stroe, A,, Andron, I.G., Postăvaru, I. and Corna. INP Archive

Akeroyd, John R. The Botanical and Anthropogenic Landscape of Roșia edited by P. Cocean, 101-113. Cluj-Napoca: Cluj University Montană (Apuseni Mountains, Romania)” In Roșia Montană 2012 Press,.2012 in Universal History,

Akeroyd, John R., Jones, Andrew 6 Rosia Montana:stiripesurse.ro a case for protection rather than destruction http://www.rosiamontana.org/sites/default/files/Anex1__Akeryod_ 2006 Jones_biodiv_Ro.pdf 138 139 d o Format Id. No. 7JE Roman with galleries JPEG 18 Cetate-Zeus Area: JPEG 17 JPEG stiripesurse.ro16 JPEG 15 YES 14 JPEG 13 JPEG sameasphotographer 12 MNIRArchives JPEG 11 2003 JPEG Roman aditlevel 10 JPEG 9 JPEG 8 JPEG 7 JPEG 6 JPEG 5 JPEG 4 3 2 1 / video) / print (slide JPEG YES sameasphotographer DanielVrăbioiu JPEG 08/2012 Path toRosia Montana JPEG JPEG 7.a 7. ato DateofPhoto Caption room withpillars Roman miningworks – trapezoidal cross-section Roman works Mine Monulești - discovered inCătălina connection withitsspokes Waterwheel hub-stillin upper waterwheel adjacent remains ofthe water from thestill channel) thatreceived Launder (wooden water- stepped, stope the backfillofavertical, ofpreservationstate inside discovered inaperfect ladder (4.90 mlength) A monoxyle notched in situ ladder –asdiscovered chamber withmonoxyle WaterPăru Carpeni: wheel drainage wheel chambers for levels withfour water cross-section ofthetwo CumulativePăru Carpeni: workings intersected by modern Three Roman galleries fire-setting evidence for Roman with galleries lamp niches indicating positionsof Blackened wall markings modern level level Roman level crossed by excavated) level level, withmodern(re- Well-preserved Roman networks inCârnic Underground mining Roșia Montană Overview inTăul Mare, Montană historic centre ofRoșia and Cemetery, inthe Roman Church Catholic Documentation inventory form andauthorization Photographs andaudiovisual image 03Ia ossm spoorpe YES YES sameasphotographer YES YES sameasphotographer Ivan Rous YES 2013 Ivan Rous sameasphotographer sameasphotographer MNIRArchives 2013 YES Tămaș Călin 2003 sameasphotographer 2001 YES Tămaș Călin sameasphotographer YES 2001 Cauuet Beatrice sameasphotographer YES 2001 Cauuet Beatrice YES sameasphotographer 2001 Cauuet Beatrice sameasphotographer YES 2001 MNIRArchives sameasphotographer YES MNIRArchives 2003 YES sameasphotographer YES 2003 MNIRArchives sameasphotographer YES MNIRArchives sameasphotographer 2003 YES MNIRArchives sameasphotographer 2003 MNIRArchives 2003 sameasphotographer RaduSălcudean 2003 sameasphotographer 08/ 2012 RaduSălcudean 08/ 2012 (mo/ yr) of thevideo Director Photographer/ director ofvideo) photographer/ (if diferent than Copyright owner fax, ande-mail) (Name, address, tel/ copyright owner of details Contact rights of cession exclusive Non 19 JPEG Fire-setting complex 2003 MNIR Archives same as photographer YES

Cârnic Early 20 JPEG 2003 MNIR Archives same as photographer YES Modern Gallery

21 JPEG Cârnic. Roman gallery 2003 MNIR Archives same as photographer YES

Cârnic: Modern 22 JPEG 2012 Ivan Rous same as photographer YES works – “caverns”

Cătălina Monulești 23 JPEG Modern pillar alongside 2012 Călin Tămaș same as photographer YES Roman Gallery

Cetate Early 24 JPEG 2003 MNIR Archives same as photographer YES Modern Galleries

Văidoaia: Medieval and 25 JPEG 2007 Lorin Niculae same as photographer YES Modern open works

Cârnic - Piatra Corbului: Roman slope-side works 26 JPEG 2010 Horia Ciugudean same as photographer YES opened with fire and water

Cetate - Găuri Area: 27 JPEG Roman works opened 2003 MNIR Archives same as photographer YES with fire and water

28 JPEG Tăul Mare 08/ 2012 Radu Sălcudean same as photographer YES

Tăul Mare after the 29 JPEG reinforcement works 1929 Postcard same as photographer YES in 1929

30 JPEG Tăul Tarina 2007 Lorin Niculae same as photographer YES

31 JPEG Tăul Corna 2011 Sebastian Florian same as photographer YES

32 JPEG Tăul Brazi 1929 Arthur Oskar Bach same as photographer YES

33 JPEG Tăul Brazi-Tăul Anghel 08/ 2012 Radu Sălcudean same as photographer YES

34 JPEG Tăul Cartuș 2004 MNIR Archives same as photographer YES

35 JPEG Tăul Tapului 2004 MNIR Archives same as photographer YES

36 JPEG Tăul Găuri 2004 MNIR Archives same as photographer YES

37 JPEG Holy Cross ore railway 1927 NLR Archives same as photographer YES

38 JPEG Ore railway incline 1920s NLR Archives same as photographer YES

State Mining Headquarters Roll-call 39 JPEG ca. 1927 V. Zotinca same as photographer YES room and shaft leading to the mines

40 JPEG Miners’ dormitory 2001 INP Archives same as photographer YES

Mining Professional 41 JPEG 2001 INP Archives same as photographer YES School

Hăbad Building in sacred 42 JPEG 2003 MNIR Archives same as photographer YES area

Bulding in the sacred 43 JPEG 2003 MNIR Archives same as photographer YES area of Hăbad

44 JPEG Hăbad: Votive altars 2003 MNIR Archives same as photographer YES

General view of the 45 JPEG 2003 MNIR Archives same as photographer YES excavation area in Hăbad

A section of the roman 46 JPEG road crossing the site in 2003 MNIR Archives same as photographer YES the Găuri area.

Roman pottery recovered from inside 47 JPEG 2003 MNIR Archives same as photographer YES the dwelling in the “Găuri” section

Detail of dwelling in the 48 JPEG 2003 MNIR Archives same as photographer YES “Găuri” section 7 stiripesurse.roExcavated habitat 49 JPEG 2003 MNIR Archives same as photographer YES structures in Găuri area 140 141 Documentation 73 2JE Sosașineighbourhood JPEG 72 1JE eknihorod20 oi iua aea htgahrYES sameasphotographer Lorin Niculae 2006 Berkneighbourhood JPEG 71 70 69 68 67 66 5JPEG 65 64 3JPEG 63 2JPEG 62 1JPEG 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 3JPEG 53 2JPEG 52 1JPEG 51 stiripesurse.ro 50 JPEG PGVăidoaia neighbourhood JPEG JPEG JPEG JPEG PGIlzFriiain 03MI rhvssm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer MNIRArchives 2003 IslazFortification JPEG JPEG JPEG JPEG JPEG JPEG JPEG JPEG JPEG JPEG Church oftheDormition The Greek-Catholic neighbourhood Tăul Brazi Square 1940s early frontNorth-east ofthe Roman (right) Catholic Protestant(left), (centre), churches: Unitarian Central area withthree View ofCitera Budeștilor the necropolis. Tăul Corna.Overview of Secuilor area Pârâul Porcului –Tăul Funerary precint from funerary precint inŢarina Decoration from the Ţarina area Funerary precint from Bara,from thenorth properties Gomboș and General view ofthe east ofthe pointBara east General view from the XIII Gemina roof Leg. tilewithstamp Hill;Ceramic Carpeni Silver bucklefrom Asia Minor Province,minted inCaria Hill:TrajanCarpeni coins Artefacts recovered from Valey–Dalea recovered from Nanului the principalartefacts arepottery amongst Roman and altars valley sacred spaceinNanului General view ofDalea edifice view ofTIIworship Nanului Valey general in thebackground Necropolis the foreground withHop Circular monumentin no. 2 Building no. 1-Building Tăul Tapului_Layout Ţapului 1 -Buildingno. 2atTăul Plan ofBuildingno. in “Hăbad”section Plan ofRoman dwelling section dwelling inthe“Hăbad” recovered from the Roman pottery 1930s 2007 2007 02Dne rbousm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer DanielVrăbioiu 2012 a 90Sli oaii r aea htgahrYES sameasphotographer SilviuBocaniciuSr. ca. 1940 0hC otadunknown postcard 20th C. 03MI rhvssm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer MNIRArchives 2003 03MI rhvssm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer MNIRArchives 2003 03MI rhvssm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer MNIRArchives 2003 03MI rhvssm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer MNIRArchives 2003 03MI rhvssm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer MNIRArchives 2003 03MI rhvssm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer MNIRArchives 2003 03MI rhvssm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer MNIRArchives 2003 03MI rhvssm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer MNIRArchives 2003 03MI rhvssm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer MNIRArchives 2003 03MI rhvssm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer MNIRArchives 2003 03MI rhvssm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer MNIRArchives 2003 03MI rhvssm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer MNIRArchives 2003 03MI rhvssm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer MNIRArchives 2003 03MI rhvssm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer MNIRArchives 2003 03MI rhvssm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer MNIRArchives 2003 03MI rhvssm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer MNIRArchives 2003 Vollmann, I.Dordea R. V. Slotta, tfnBlc aea htgahrYES sameasphotographer Ștefan Bâlici tfnBlc aea htgahrYES sameasphotographer Ștefan Bâlici aea htgahrYES same asphotographer YES The Orthotox Church with Mt. Cetate in 74 JPEG 1920s V. Zotinca same as photographer YES Background, Roșia Montană

The administrative 75 JPEG 2010 INP Archives same as photographer YES centre, Town Hall

Gura Minei 76 JPEG 1927 V. Zotinca same as photographer YES Neighbourhood

77 JPEG Blocks of the 1960s. 2014 Claudia Apostol same as photographer YES

78 JPEG Corna Village, overview 2001 Ștefan Bâlici same as photographer YES

Upper nucleus in Corna 79 JPEG 2007 Lorin Nicolae same as photographer YES village

19th century Traditional 80 JPEG 2013 Ștefan Bâlici same as photographer YES farmhouse, Tarina

Traditional farmhouse 81 JPEG 2014 Ștefan Bâlici same as photographer YES with polygonal stable

Piatra Corbului (Raven's 82 JPEG Stone) protected area of 2012 Edmond Kreibic same as photographer YES national interest

View on Piatra Corbului 83 JPEG and Cârnic Massif 2012 Radu Sălcudean same as photographer YES Southern slope

Overview of Roșia 84 JPEG Montană Mining 2009 Petru Mortu same as photographer YES Landscape

View of Tăul Mare and Roșia Valley. Field pattern: spatial 85 JPEG 2012 Radu Sălcudean same as photographer YES arrangement of the keys elements and shape of landscape plots.

View on cattle stable with a agro-pastoral production facility with solitary trees which through particular 86 JPEG usage or historical 08/ 2012 Radu Sălcudean same as photographer YES tradition gain a specific significance; high cultural and historical value and biodiversity potential

Rought grazings with terraced field and 87 JPEG 2012 Radu Sălcudean same as photographer YES shrubs succesion in the background

Small trees hedge with individual trees, fences 88 JPEG and dry stone masonry 08/ 2012 Radu Sălcudean same as photographer YES and croces to delineate boundaries

89 JPEG “Natural rock gardens” 2012 Daniel Vrabioiu same as photographers YES

Forest in relation with mining exploitation 90 JPEG with high historical and 08/ 2012 Radu Sălcudean same as photographer YES cultural value and high ecological potential

Living fences created as rows of shrubs to delineate boundaries, 91 JPEG 08/ 2012 Radu Sălcudean same as photographer YES ponds and roads, ensure erosion protection and improve landscape

92 JPEG Tăul Brazi landscape 2004 Edmond Kreibic same as photographer YES stiripesurse.ro7 Former head ponds with 93 JPEG water retention function 08/ 2012 Radu Sălcudean same as photographer YES and specific flora 142 143 Documentation 1 JPEG 112 1 JPEG 111 1 JPEG 110 109 108 107 0 JPEG 106 0 JPEG 105 104 0 JPEG 103 0 JPEG 102 0 JPEG 101 0 JPEG 100 99 98 97 6JPEG 96 5JPEG 95 stiripesurse.ro 94 JPEG PGWxTbe I20 NRAcie aea htgahrYES sameasphotographer MNIRArchives 2003 Wax Tablet XI JPEG JPEG JPEG JPEG JPEG JPEG JPEG Monument atHopGăuri Circular Funerary Reconstuction ofthe Roșia Montană Mining Museum, Funerary Monument, Drumuș Area monuments, Roman funerary Hop GăuriArea to Janus. Votive dedicated altar seam mining works alonga Prehistoric surface landscape in early 1940slandscape inearly Traditional mining facility agro-pastoral production Single farmstead witha the hills dispersed householdson Tarina hamletwith View ontheTăul Ţarina the Cornabrook Valley dwelling, among Overrview onCorna modern period from theroman to mining exploitations Peaks backgrounds, the andCetate with Cârnic View onCornachurches Tăul Brazi located ontheroad to Cross, 19th century; the 1960s with blocks datingfrom overlaid by thestreet donor ofchurches, today of therichminerand 1837; marks thegrave Cross ofMichaelGritta, and, since1930, housing bank,cinema a hospital, building thatserved as no. 331 (19th century), tothehouse attached nearby theCasino, located intheMarket, Cross "from Ghenoveva"; workers, c.1910) Company (housingfor buildings oftheMining in front ofonethe to aMemorialCross, I, ca.1930; locatednext Monument ofWorld War Montană settlement Montană Overview ofRoșia with fire andwater slope-side works opened of prehistoric andRoman –vestiges Mount Cârnic landscape Tăul Mare andmining Overall view ofthe from Balmoșești Overview ofRoșia valley 2004 03LrnNclesm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer Lorin Niculae 2003 03MI rhvssm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer MNIRArchives 2003 03MI rhvssm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer MNIRArchives 2003 00HraCuuensm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer HoriaCiugudean 2010 1940s 8 02Rd ăcda aea htgahrYES sameasphotographer RaduSălcudean 08/ 2012 8 02Rd ăcda aea htgahrYES sameasphotographer RaduSălcudean 08/ 2012 02Șea neec aea htgahrYES sameasphotographer Ștefan Angelescu 2012 02Rd ăcda aea htgahrYES sameasphotographer RaduSălcudean 2012 05Izfn otvr aea htgahrYES sameasphotographer Iozefina Postăvaru 2015 00Ia nrnsm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer IoanAndron 2000 05Izfn otvr aea htgahrYES sameasphotographer Iozefina Postăvaru 2015 05Izfn otvr aea htgahrYES sameasphotographer Iozefina Postăvaru 2015 8 02Rd ăcda aea htgahrYES sameasphotographer RaduSălcudean 08/ 2012 2012 8 02Rd ăcda aea htgahrYES sameasphotographer RaduSălcudean 08/ 2012 2004 iglAotlsm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer Virgil Apostol ivuBcncusm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer Silviu Bocaniciu Horia Ciucudean Radu Sălcudean NRaciesm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer MNIR archive aea htgahr YES same asphotographers Roman galleries in 113 JPEG 2013 Ivan Rous same as photographer YES Cârnic Massif

Roman Mining Gallery in 114 JPEG 2007 Lorin Niculae same as photographer YES Orlea Massif

Roman Gallery in Cârnic 115 JPEG Massif, 2013 Ivan Rous same as photographer YES Roșia Montană

Roman works with 116 JPEG 08/ 2012 Radu Sălcudean same as photographer YES evidence for fire-setting

Private stamping mills, 117 JPEG photograph from the 1900s Csíky Lajos same as photographer YES 1900s

Brazi Reservoir, 118 JPEG photograph from the 1900s Csíky Lajos same as photographer YES 1900s

Corna Reservoir, 119 JPEG photograph from the 1900s Csíky Lajos same as photographer YES 1900s

The entrance to the Holly Cross Master Gallery of the gold Corna 120 JPEG Reservoir, photograph 1900s Csíky Lajos same as photographer YES from the 1900s mines, photograph from the 1900’s

The Square on a market day. In the background 121 JPEG Ajtai Palace, demolished 1900s Csíky Lajos same as photographer YES in the 1980s, photograph from the 1900s

Văidoaia area, a typical small-scale mining neighborhood; each 122 JPEG house or group of 1900s Csíky Lajos same as photographer YES houses had a stamping mill, photograph from the 1900s

Procesing Plant. Stamping mills and 123 JPEG 1927 V. Zotinca same as photographer YES electric power station at Gura Roșiei, 1927

Private mine in Rosia 124 JPEG 1929 Arthur Oskar Bach same as photographer YES Montana, 1929

Cetate Massif, before and during the explosions in 1974 that destroyed the upper 125 JPEG 1974 Aurel Sîntimbrean same as photographer YES level of the historic mining works, as capturedby geologist Aurel Sîntimbrean

General View - Tăul Mare, Cârnic Massif, Cetate 126 JPEG 08/ 2012 Radu Sălcudean same as photographer YES Massif and the former mining exploitation

Overview of Rosia 127 JPEG 2012 Ștefan Angelescu same as photographer YES Montană valley

128 JPEG Las Medulas 2016 Barry Gamble same as photographer YES

129 JPEG Overview of Corna Valley 2012 Daniel Vrăbioiu same as photographer YES

Traditional wooden gate 130 JPEG 2012 Daniel Vrăbioiu same as photographer YES in Rosia Montană

Cetate-Găuri Area. 131 JPEG 2013 Ivan Rous same as photographer YES Roman works

Cetate-Găuri Area. 132 JPEG 2013 Ivan Rous same as photographer YES Roman works

7 133 stiripesurse.roJPEG Tăul Cornei sluice gate 2010 ARA Association same as photographer YES 144 145 Documentation 143 142 141 140 3 JPEG 139 3 PGGit os 00AAAscainsm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer ARAAssociation 2010 House Gritta JPEG 138 137 3 JPEG 136 3 PGRfra aihhue21 R soito aea htgahrYES sameasphotographer ARAAssociation 2010 Reformat parish house JPEG 135 stiripesurse.ro 134 JPEG PGLnsaewrso 01AAAscainsm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer ARAAssociation 2011 Landscapeworkshop JPEG PGBakmt 02Rd ăcda aea htgahrYES sameasphotographer RaduSălcudean 2012 Blacksmith JPEG PGSigemkr 02Rd ăcda aea htgahrYES sameasphotographer RaduSălcudean 2012 Shinglemaker JPEG PGOeve fRsavle 02Rd ăcda aea htgahrYES sameasphotographer RaduSălcudean 2012 Overview ofRosia valley JPEG JPEG Roman church Catholic Văidoaia andthe quarry procedure undergoing listing in Corna,currently Greek–Catholic church house Ruin ofatraditional restoration works before andafter Unitarian parishhouse Unitarian 02Dne rbousm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer DanielVrăbioiu 2012 8 02Rd ăcda aea htgahrYES sameasphotographer RaduSălcudean 08/ 2012 00AAAscainsm spoorpe YES sameasphotographer ARAAssociation 2010 2010 2009 2008 R soito aea htgahrYES sameasphotographer ARA Association National Museum of Romanian History NaţionalMuzeul de Istorie aRomâniei MNIR National Institute of Heritage NaţionalInstitutul alPatrimoniului INP National Library of Romania Biblioteca Naţională aRomâniei BNR ABBREviAtiONS: Texts relating to protective designation, copies 7 of property management plans or documented management systems and extracts of other plans b relevant to the property

Romanian Legislation

Law no.378/2001 on the approval of Emergency Ordinance no. 43/2000 regarding the protection of archaeological heritage and the declaration of certain archaeological sites as areas of national interest, published on the 18th of July 2000.

Law no. 5/2000 on the approval of the National Spatial Development Plan - Section III, Protected Areas, published on the 6th of March 2000.

Law no. 182/2000 on the Protection of National Movable Cultural Heritage, published on the 27th of October 2000.

Law no. 350/2001 on Territorial and Urban Planning, published on the 6th of July 2001.

Law no.564/2001 on the approval of the Government Ordinance no. 47/2000 on establishing certain protection measures for the historical monuments included in the World Heritage List, published on the 1st of November 2001.

Law no. 311/2003 on Museums and Public Collections, published on the 8th of July 2003.

Law no. 12/2006 regarding changes and completions on Law no. 311/2003 on Museums and Public Collections published on the 11th of January 2006.

Law no. 6/2008 on the legal regime of Technical and Industrial Heritage published on the 14th of January 2008.

Law no. 85/2003 on Mining, published on the 18th of March 2003.

Emergency Ordinance no. 195/2005 on Environment Protection, published on the 30th of December 2006.

Emergency Ordinance no. 34/2013 on the organization, administration and exploitation of Permanent Meadows and on the change and completion of the Land Fund Law no. 18/1991, published on the 23rd of April 2013.

Emergency Ordinance no. 57/2007 on the status of Protected Natural Areas, the conservation of natural habitats and wild lora and fauna, published on the 29th of July 2007.

Law no. 213/1998 regarding Public Property Goods, published on the 17th of November 1998

The date of each law corresponds to its publishing in the Oicial Journal of Romania.

stiripesurse.ro7 146 147 Documentationstiripesurse.ro November 2016. -December SRL (KANTAR-TNS), CSOP done bySC coordinator -Diana Anghel, research manager. Opinion survey regarding theinclusion World Rosia Montana of inUNESCO Heritage. Survey tate_rpl.ro.do The Population -http://www.alba.insse.ro/cmsalba/rw/pages/rezul- andHousing Census, 2011 The Birds Directive The Habitat Directive The Convention onBiological Diversity, ratiied byLaw no. 58/1994 The European Convention, Landscape ratiied byLaw no.451/2002 Convention, ratiied byLaw no. 157/1997 The Convention regarding theprotection European of Architectural Heritage -The Granada no. 150/1997 The European Convention theArchaeological ontheProtection of Heritage, ratiied byLaw ed bytheDecree 187/1990 The Convention theWorld Concerning theProtection of Cultural andNatural Heritage, accept- The European Cultural Convention, ratiied byLaw no. 77/1991. 2016. September communitiesginalized inMoldova (Vaslui –Iași), adopted bytheRomanianGovernment in former miningareas Valea of Roșia Montana Jiului, Mountains themar- –Apuseni andof situation the theinhabitants of of and thenational budget for improving thesocio-economic Memorandum ontheDevelopment integrated of pilot programmes through European funds methodology andframework content for planning for protected documents built areas (PUZ) andTourism Construction Order theMinister Transportation, of of no. 562/2003 -Development Government Decision regarding theHeritage November adopted Theses, of onthe29th 2016. Roșia Montana Sustainable Development Strategy AuthorityLocal Policies Biodiversityof 2014–2020 The National Strategy andAction plan for theConservation The Strategic Spatial Concept of Development 2030 The Sustainable Development Strategy Alba of County2014–2020 The National Sustainable Development Strategy 2013–2020–2030 The Strategy for Culture andNational Heritage 2016–2022 National Strategies other and Directives International Conventions Policies andGuidance Romanian Governmental Form and date of most recent records 7 or inventory of property c National List of Historic Monuments – LMI http://patrimoniu.gov.ro/ro/monumente-istorice/lista-monumentelor-istorice

National Archaeological Record – RAN http://ran.cimec.ro/

Section no. III - Protected Areas of the Law no. 5/2000 for the approval of the National Spatial Development Plan http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=22636

Address where inventory, records 7 and archives are held d iNStitUtUl NAŢiONAl Al pAtRimONiUlUi [NAtiONAl iNStitUtE Of HERitAGE]

16, Ienăchiţă Văcărescu St. Bucharest, Romania, 040157

7 Bibliography e Archaeology:

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Cauuet, Béatrice. “Équipements en bois dans les mines d’or protohistoriques et antiques (Gaule et Dacie romaine).” Archéologie et paysage des mines anciennes. De la fouille au musée, edited by M.-Ch. Bailly-Maître, C. Jourdain-Annequin, M. Clermont-Joly, 57-73. Paris: Editions Picard, 2008.

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spatiale] Apulum 47 (2010): 57-76 148 149 Documentationstiripesurse.ro Damian, PaulDamian, Paul,Damian, Paul,Damian, Caiete ARA3 Ciugudean, Horia (I).” [New research regarding ancientmininginTransylvania (I)] Ciugudean, Horia, Wollman, Volker. translation, commentary] Kommentar.”Übersetzung, [The RomanWax-tablets text Roșia Montană and of -Introduction, Hofmann, Andreas arheologice Montană National Mining Project. Research Program «Alburnus Maior» (2001-2006)] 2006).” [Considerations regarding thearchaeological management inthecontext theRoșia of proiectului minierRoșia Montană. Programul Naţional de Cercetare «Alburnus Maior» (2001- Paul,Damian, Borș, Corina III/1. TheRomanNecropolis Taul of Corna] Cluj-Napoca: Ed.Cimec,2008. Wilson, Andrew,Wilson, Mattingly, David, Dawson, Michael Cluj-Napoca: Mega, 2015. Ţentea, Ovidiu Momsen, Theodor. Wilson, Andrew,Wilson, Mattingly, David, Dawson, Michael. Massif, Roșia Montană, jud.Alba, Romania. by AWilson, DMattingly and MDawson. Analysis of the Report: ‘Statement of Signiicance: Cârnic Massif, Roșia Montană, judAlba R [Roman Sculpures from Alburnus[Roman Sculpures Maior inTurda History Museum] Milea, Zaharia. Russu, Ioan Iosif, Apulum Mrozek, Stanislaw. Ţentea, Ovidiu Simion, Mihaela, Apostol, Decebal. Virgil, Vleja, Alburnus Maior II Romanian Academy: II,1977, I,1975, III/1, 1977, III/2, 1980, III/3, III/4, 1984, 1988. Alburnus Maior (Roșia Montană)] mană la Alburnus Maior (Roșia Montană).” [Technical thegold of miningintheRoman aspects Sîntimbrean. Aurel, Wollman, Volker. Iulia: Ed.ALTIP, 2004. aurului românesc Sîntimbrean, Aurel, Bedelean, Horea. circular –The Circular Funeral Monument 7, 307-326. no. 1(1968): XIV-XV (2007-2008): 481-555. (2012): 219-232. (2012): , ed. ed. ed. . . “Legion XIIIGeminaandAlburnus. “Legion Maior.” “Sculpturi romane de la Alburnus “Sculpturi Maior de istorie înMuzeul dinTurda.” , [Rosia Montana Alburnus Maior. RomanianGold] TheCitadel of 2nded.Alba- Bath and Bathing atAlburnus Maior –Băile Romane delaAlburnus Maior. ed. . “Ancient gold mininginTransylvania: theRoșia Montană area.” –Bucium Alburnus Maior III/1. Necropola romană delaTăul Corna. Alburnus Maior II Alburnus Maior I “Aspects et administratifs sociaux des mines d'or romaines de Dacie.”

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Zerbini, Livio. “Le miniere d’oro della Dacia: appunti sulla loro cronologia.” [The Gold Mines of Dacia: Notes on Their Chronology] Apulum 47 (2010): 241-247.

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Balog, Iosif Marin. “Efectele socio-economice ale mineritului în «Patrulaterul Aurifer» al Apusenilor în perioada 1850-1914.” [Socio-economic impacts of mining in the «Golden Quadrilateral» of the Apuseni Mountains during 1850-1914] Anuarul Institutului de Cercetări Socio-Umane «Gheorghe Șincai» al Academiei Române, no. LIII (2014): 147-165.

Balog, Iosif Marin. “Școală și societate în «Cadrilaterul Aurifer» al Apusenilor 1800-1914.” [School and Society in the «Golden Quadrilateral» of the Apuseni Mountains 1800-1914] Anuarul Institutului de Cercetări Socio-Umane «Gheorghe Șincai» al Academiei Române XVIII (2015): 5-29.

Barbieri, M. coord., Arhitectură+Urbanism. Locuirea rurală tradiţională din judeţul Alba. Relevare și promovare valori arhitecturale tradiţionale vernaculare din judeţul Alba. [Architecture+ Urbanism. Traditional Rural Housing in Alba County. Survey and vernacular architecture valorization.] Alba Iulia: Consiliul Judeţean Alba, 2014.

David, Lucian, Peisajele etnograice din România. [Etnographical Landscapes of Romania] București: Ed. Etnologică, 2015.

Dunăre, Nicolae. “Mijloace tradiţionale în agricultura Munţilor Apuseni în prima jumătate a secolului XX.” [Traditional means in the agriculture of the Apuseni Mountains in the irst half of the 20th century] Apulum 11 (1973): 573-634.

Ghinoiu, Ion (coord), Atlasul Etnograic Român. (The Ethnographic Atlas of Romania), vol I – Ocupations. Bucharest: The Publishing House of the Romanian Academy, 2003.

Ghinoiu, Ion (coord), Atlasul Etnograic Român. (The Ethnographic Atlas of Romania), vol II – Habitat. Bucharest: The Publishing House of the Romanian Academy, 2005.

Popoiu, Paula, ed. Roșia Montană: Studiu etnologic. [Roșia Montană: Ethnological Study] Bucharest: DAIM, 2004.

Ţuţuianu, Adriana. “Contribuţii la o clasiicare etnograică a așezărilor din Munţii Apuseni.” [Contributions concerning an ethnographical classiication of the settlements from Apuseni Mountains] Apulum 38, no. 2 (2001): 41-53. Veres, Mădălina-Valeria. “Putting Transylvania on the Map: Cartography and Enlightened Absolutism in the Habsburg Monarchy.“ Austrian History Yearbook 43 (2012): 141–164.

Sîntimbrean, Aurel. Muzeul Mineritului din Roșia Montană, [Rosia Montana Mining Museum] Bucharest: Sport-Turism, 1989.

Sîntimbrean, Aurel. “Învăţământul minier la Roșia Montană, judeţul Alba.” [Mining Education in Rosia Montana, Alba County] Apulum 38, no. 2 (2001): 147-154. stiripesurse.ro7 150 151 Documentationstiripesurse.ro Apostol, Virgil, Ștefan, Bâlici, eds. Montana. Architectural I.] documents. Bucharest: 2010. Ed.ARA, Goldbach (Roșia Montană)] Niedermaier, Paul. Montana. Architectural II.] documents. Bucharest: 2012. Ed.ARA, Slotta, Rainer, Wollmann, Volker, Dordea, Ion, eds. and album] Bucharest: Editura Sport-Turism, 1982. istorico-tehnic album. și Roman, Sîntimbrean, Bazil, Aurel, Wollmann, Volker. Monographs: Akeroyd, John Jones, R., Andrew. Natural andCultural heritage: Apostol, Virgil, Ștefan, Bâlici, Architecture: Deutsches Bergbau-Museum, 2001-2002. -Miningthe Carpathians inRosia Montana" from to 2002 27October 5August 2003] Bochum: Siebenbürgen. Catalog theExhibition of intheGermanMining Museum Bochum Gold of "The Roșia Montană“ vom 27. Oktober biszum05. 2002 August 2003.[Silver andSalt in zur Ausstellung imDeutschen Bergbau-Museum Bochum „Das Gold der Karpaten –Bergbau in trial heritage inRomania], vol. I-II. Sibiu/Hermannstadt: Honterus, 2010-2011. Montană] Pop, Virgil. Wollmann, Volker. XX, construit.” [Roșia Montana. Built Heritage Inventory] Stroe, Stroe, Andron, A., I.G., A,, Postăvaru, I. Cocean, Pompei,Cocean, ed 205-228. (2013): Ștefan.Bâlici, Napoca: Cluj University Press, 2012. Mountains, Romania)” Akeroyd, John R. http://www.rosiamontana.org/sites/default/iles/Anex1__Akeryod_Jones_biodiv_Ro.pdf Scazzosi, L. Press, 2012. policies andcultures.policies New comparison] Roma:Gangemi, 1999. 1-2 (2009):1-2 66-112. Silber undSalz in Siebenbürgen “Die städtebauliche von Roșia Montană.” Struktur [The Roșia Urban of Structure

Politiche eculture del paesaggio. Esperienze internazionali aconfronto. “Roșia Montană. cultural Anoverview of heritage” onthequestion “The Botanical and Anthropogenic Landscape of Roșia Montană Botanical of andAnthropogenic “The Landscape (Apuseni “Zur Entstehung von Goldbach (Roșia Montană).” [On theorigin of Patrimoniu preindustrial și industrial în România. în industrial și preindustrial Patrimoniu . Roșia Montană in Universal History. [The Goldminers Mountains. theApuseni Historical-technical of study In Roșia Montană in Universal in History, Montană Roșia In Silber undSalz in Siebenbürgen (2002)

eds. Rosia Montana: acase for protection rather than destruction.

Roșia Montană. Documente dearhitectură. II. Roșia Montană. Documente dearhitectură. I. (2002): 167-179. “Roșia Montană. Inventarierea patrimoniului Buletinul Comisiei Monumentelor Istorice Comisiei Buletinul

Silber undSalz in Siebenbürgen, Cluj-Napoca: Cluj University Aurarii din Munţii Apuseni. Studiu edited byP. Cluj- 101-113. Cocean, : 163-166. [Preindustrial andindus- [Roșia [Landscape [Landscape [Roșia Caiete Katalog ARA4 official reports and documents:

Romanian Academy, Position Statement of Romanian Academy regarding Roșia Montană mining project. Accessed December 05, 2016. http://www.acad.ro/forumuri/pag_forum_ RosiaMontana.htm.

Administraţia Prezidenţială. Raportul Comisiei Prezidenţiale pentru Patrimoniul Construit, Siturile Istorice și Naturale [Romania’s Presidency, Report of the Presidential Commission for the Built Heritage and the Historic and Natural Sites; in Romanian]. Bucharest: Editura Institutului Cultural Român, 2010. other

Szabo, Jozsef. O evaluare a studiului de impact asupra mediului pentru proiectul Rosia Montana cu accent pe aspectele de biodiversitate [An evaluation on the environmental impact study of the Roșia Montană project with emphasis on biodiversity aspects] 2006. http://www.rosiamontana. org/sites/default/iles/Studiu_Principal_Joszef_Szabo_ro.pdf

Plan Urbanistic Zonal – Zona istorică centrală Roșia Montană [Zonal Urban Plan – Central Historical Area of Roșia Montană] 2006, S.C. OPUS. S.R.L.

stiripesurse.ro7 152 153 8.a stiripesurse.ro8.c [email protected] +40-258-771.215 f.n., Romania Gării Cîmpeni, St, and Tourist Promotion Centre NationalCîmpeni Information Other Local Institutions Preparer www.alba.djc.ro 212 819 +40 258 deţul Alba 20, Regina Maria, Alba ju- Iulia, Cultură Alba Culture /Direcţia Judeţeană pentru Alba County Oice ofthe Ministry of Roșia Montană Principală, 178 Roșia Montană Gold Mining Museum [email protected] e-mail: +40-21-336.99.04 Fax: +40-21-336.60.73 Tel: Bucharest, 040157 Romania, State, Country: City, Province/ 16, Ienăchiţă Văcărescu St. Address: Dr. Title: Irina IAMANDESCU Name: Bucharest, 040157 Romania, 16, Ienăchiţă Văcărescu National Institute ofHeritage 8.

of of Contact Information responsible authorities 8.d 8.b Official LocalOfficial Institution/Agency Official WebOfficial adress [email protected] tel. +40-258-813.300 Alba 510010 Iulia, Mihai Viteazul, 12-14 National Union Museum, Alba Iulia www.primariarosiamontana.ro 101 783 +40 258 Alba judeţul Roșia Montană, 517615, Str. Principală 184, Roșia Montană Roșia Montană Mayor’s Oice /Primăria RoșiaLocal Montană Roșia Montană Council /Consiliul Local [email protected] fax +40-21-336.99.04 tel. +40-21-336.60.73 [email protected] fax +40-21-336.99.04 tel. +40-21-336.60.73 Bucharest, 040157 Romania, 16, Ienăchiţă Văcărescu, National Institute ofHeritage [email protected] E-mail: Irina IAMANDESCU Contact name: http://www.rosiamontana.world [email protected] fax +40-258-813.325 tel. +40-258-813.380 Alba Iulia Ion1, Piaţa I.C. Brătianu, Alba County Council stiripesurse.ro9. of the State Party Signature onbehalf Minister Culture of Ms.Hon. Corina Șuteu,

154 155 stiripesurse.ro Consulting: Elaboration: elaboration: Collective 10. Horia Ciugudean Corina Borș Mihaela Simion Maior National Research Programme Deputy Director, Coordinator of the Alburnus Paul Damian, National Museum ofRomanian History Alexandru Gagiu Lie Răzvan Irina Leca Eduard Hazu Alexandra Stoica Iozeina Postăvaru Iosipescu Raluca Mihaela Hărmănescu National Institute ofHeritage Institutul Naţional al Patrimoniului Imobil Patrimoniu Direcţiei director al Irina Iamandescu for World Heritage independent expert Barry Gamble Coordinators Acknowledgements stiripesurse.ro