THIS DISSERTATION IS BEING SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY ROLE OF MIGRANTS IN MAKING OF MODERN FAISALABAD 1947-1960 Submitted By: Muhammad Abrar Ahmad Ph. D. 2011-2016 Research Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Chawla Dean, Faculty of Arts & Humanities University of the Punjab Department of History & Pakistan Studies University of the Punjab, Lahore 2016 In the name of ALLAH, the creator of the universe the most beneficent, most merciful. DECLARATION I, hereby, declare that this Ph. D thesis titled “Role of Migrants in Making of Modern Faisalabad 1947-1960” is the result of my personal research and is not being submitted concurrently to any other University for any degree or whatsoever. Muhammad Abrar Ahmad Ph. D. Scholar I CERTIFICATE Certificate by Research Supervisor This is to certify that Muhammad Abrar Ahmad has completed the Dissertation entitled “Role of Migrants in Making of Modern Faisalabad 1947-1960” under my supervision. It fulfills the requirements necessary for submission of the dissertation for the Doctor of Philosophy in History. Supervisor Prof. Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Chawla Dean, Faculty of Arts & Humanities, University of the Punjab, Lahore. Submitted Through Prof. Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Chawla Chairman, Department of History & Pakistan Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore External Examiner II DEDICATED To My Loving Amma Gee (Late) who has been a constant source of warmth and inspiration III Acknowledgement First of all, I offer my bow of humility to Almighty Allah who opened my mind and enabled me to carry out this noble task of contributing few drops in ocean of knowledge. I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my honorable academic advisor Prof. Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Chawla, for his tremendous love, guidance and encouragement. I would never be able to complete this task without his ongoing guidance, suggestions, and moral support in every practical, emotional and personal regard. My evolution in my academic career largely owes to his intermittent and invaluable torrents of guidance. It has helped me in refining my ideas and building my perspective about issues. He generously spent his time and energy in critically examining both the context and the style of my writing. He advised me to adopt formative ways and means of improving the thesis. The formality of student teacher relationship vanished to make him my mentor and confidential that helped me to learn maximum from him in a friendly environment. I further extend my gratitude to the mentorship and scholarship of my foreign supervisor Professor Sarah Ansari, Royal Holloway for their special attention to streamline my ideas and writing. I am also thankful to my respected teachers especially Dr. Rukhsan Iftikhar and colleagues who helped me in this intellectual pursuit. In preparing and writing this thesis I have made extensive use of the resources of various institutions. My special appreciation and gratitude to the staff of the libraries, British Library, National Archives, Kew Garden, Red Cross Archives, for their cooperation in providing me required material. I wish to acknowledge the help and valuable co-operation of the staff of the Main Library (PU), Punjab Archives, National Archives, National Documentation centre Islamabad and grateful to the staff of Library of Department of History & Pakistan Studies who always willing to provide the required material regarding my thesis. I extend my heartiest thanks to Mr. Abrar Ahmed Chheena, who, as a friend and brother of mine had always spared his time for me at every step of my routine including research. Truly his assistance to scrutinize the drafts at various stages; and his comments IV and suggestions proved quite helpful to me. Amir Ali also another source of incessant help in completion the project. In Lyallpur I really feel indebted to Dr. Mushtaq Qadir and Toheed Chattha who always welcomed me warmly for discussion and spared their time for data collection and recording interviews. Without their support I would never be able to accomplish the research. No doubt, I am so thankful to my loving friends Fakhar Bilal and Shumaila Ferdos for their cooperation and encouragement and moral support. Last but not least, Syed Ali Raza and Fouzia Sultana who always remained helpful with me. Their contribution is vital and invaluable for the completion of my thesis. Above all, I dedicate my work to my Parents to whom I owe everything: my every happiness, and my all achievements. Their prayers are asset. I remember my deceased mother with tearful eyes who kept praying for my success even on bed of death ignoring her pain. I am at dearth of words to extend my gratitude for them. May Allah enable me to return kindness of above mentioned sweet benefactors. Muhammad Abrar Ahmad March 7, 2017. V Abstract Lyallpur is 3rd largest city of Pakistan and 2nd major industrial city contributing major share in revenue of Pakistan. The establishment of Lyallpur is regarded to be associated with canal colonies project of the British to serve their manifold interests including population rationalization, increase in raw material through transformation of barren land into agricultural productive land, extra revenue generation, and reinforcement of strategic supply lines. However, the materialization of canal colony project was accomplished by the migrants of North Punjab who were knack at agricultural savvy second to none. The effective blend of role of government in form of providing conducive to agriculture environment and the migrants’ skill and hard work gave multiplier effect to agricultural growth of Chenab Colony enough to turn it into grainery of Asia. The study has discussed locality of Lyallpur district under paradigm of role of migrants in defining and restructuring social and economic dynamics of the host locality. The locality serves to be interesting site of study under this paradigm as it observed two large scale migrations who took place under different circumstances and for different objective. Hence it provided potent case study to verify significance of migrants in redefining and restructuring social and economic dynamics of Lyallpur. It has further looked into status of Lyallpur in partition of Punjab 1947 and stakes of the Sikh community (migrants from Northern Punjab) in the host locality. It has investigated journey of Lyallpur from ‘Jangli land’ to miracle of Punjab and later on, its transformation to agricultural hub of Punjab earning the status of ‘Manchester of Pakistan’. The study has argued that journey of Lyallpur from barren lands to grainery of Asia was outcome of the planned migration from North Punjab comprising Agriculturally adroit brain drain. It comprised a qualitatively significant and acclaimed portion of Sikh Jats. In wake of Partition of Punjab that was though practiced owing to repetitive demand of Sikh community; they resisted to secure their religious, social, and economic interests in Canal colonies especially Lyallpur. However, they ultimately failed to secure it owing to some logical gaps and practical complexities in their narrative. It resulted into large VI scale outmigration of non-Muslim community of Lyallpur to East Punjab that was replaced by influx of the migrants from East Punjab. However, the study has argued that though the second migration was abrupt, unplanned, and violent; yet it accompanied with accidental brain drain that comprised industrial and industrious migrants. These migrants by the dint of their hard work and skills not only carried forward agricultural legacy of the district; but they redefined social and economic dynamics of Lyallpur by transforming its economy from primary sector to secondary sector economy. The migrants invested their capital, skills, and time to earn the status of Manchester of Pakistan for Lyallpur VII List of Abbreviations A.I.M.L All India Muslim League ADWC Akali Dal Working Committee APTMA All Pakistan Trade and Manufacturing Association C.I.D Central Investigation Department C.L.O Chief Liaison Officer CCB 1906 Canal Colonies Bill 1906 CSR Corporate Social Responsibility D.C. Deputy Commissioner D.L.O District Liaison Officer DC Deputy Commissioner DPR Director of Public Relations F.I.R First Information Report GB Gogera Branch GDP Gross Domestic Product ICS Indian Civil Service INC Indian National Congress JB Jhang Branch JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LC Legislative Council LIT Lyallpur Improvement Trust M.E.O Military Evacuation Organization M.L.A Member of Legislative Assembly M.L.N.G Muslim League National Guards N.A. National Achieves Pakistan Islamabad. N.A.K.G National Archives Kew Garden N.D.C National Document Centre NGOs Non-Government Organizations NTU National Textile University NWFP North West Frontier of Pakistan O.I.O.C Oriental and India Office Collection VIII P.F.F Punjab Boundary Force P.N.N.R. Punjab Native Newspapers Reports PIDC Punjab Industrial Development Corporation PTA 1876 Punjab Tenancy Act, 1876 R.S.S.S Rashtriya Swayem Sewak Sangh RB Rakh Branch RSS Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh S.H.O Station House Officer Police SAD Shromani Akali Dal SGPG Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee T.O.P Transfer of Power TMA Tehsil Municipal Authority TMC Tehsil Municipal Committee Tors Terms of reference U.P United Province VAT Village Aid Training WPBEI West Punjab Board of Economic Inquiry WW1 World War 1 WW2 World War 2 IX A Note on Transliteration and Translation This research deals and based primarily with the local historical narratives of Lyallpur. Thus, it has to incorporate a far larger number of vernacular sources. Those sources were in Urdu language and requiring an appropriate transliteration or translation done with retaining the originality of the meaning. As for as the written accounts are concerned, it was not difficult to translate with appropriate meaning aiming at proved relevant purposes. There were many newspapers reports, (Urdu) magazine article; eyewitness accounts articulated in emotional diction needed careful translation.