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A Case Study of the Impact of Administrative Frameworks on a Group of Intellectually Disabled Children Admitted to an Australian Mental Hospital in 1952

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A Case Study of the Impact of Administrative Frameworks on a Group of Intellectually Disabled Children Admitted to an Australian Mental Hospital in 1952 A Case Study of the Impact of Administrative Frameworks on a Group of Intellectually Disabled Children Admitted to an Australian Mental Hospital in 1952 By Gina Andrews Zucker (Gina Andrews) A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney February 2020 Copyright 2020, Gina Andrews, All rights reserved 1 Declaration of Originality I, Gina Andrews, hereby declare that this submission is my own work and contains no material previously written or published except where acknowledged in the text. Nor does it contain any material which has previously been accepted for the award of another degree. 2 Acknowledgments Through shared stories, administrative data, journal reviews and interviews, it’s been a privilege to get to know the 13 children with intellectual disabilities who make up this PhD’s case study, all of whom entered state care at Watt Street, Newcastle Mental Hospital, NSW, in 1952. Their stories, and those of their peers, are largely unshared. However, their stories and experiences deserve to be witnessed. Both for their humanity; and to better understand the way government policies have impacted the lives of people with intellectual disability living in institutional settings. In particular, thank you to Richard McLachlan (who is one of the 13 children in the case study) for allowing me to interview you in your home at Casuarina Grove. I thank the McFadden, McLachlan and Gowlland families (my family) who opted into the study and allowed several family members to be interviewed. In particular, I thank my mother, Sue Andrews, for allowing my Uncle Ricky Gowlland (also one of the 13 children) post his passing away in 2012 to be part of this study via her consent to his administrative and personal files. Added, I wish to thank each and every one of the 50 people whom I have interviewed for this study. Your insights built the foundation of this dissertation. My appreciation goes to all those who have enabled me to understand how the 13 individuals who lived as children at Watt Street, likely experienced the impact of policy changes throughout their lives. First among those deserving thanks are my two primary PhD supervisors: Professor Gwynnyth Llewellyn and Emeritus Professor Terry Carney AO. Gwynnyth, thank you for constructively challenging my ideas and encouraging me at each stage of the PhD. Your work ethic, dedication to research, strong advocacy in the disability sector, and your pervasive energy for life, is inspiring. Terry, I have been working with you as a student now through two degrees – your professionalism sets the highest of standards and your unwavering loyalty is humbling. Your sense of humour, often regarding my overuse of adjectives, frequently brightened an otherwise dull writing day. I’m grateful to you both. And, I look forward to opportunities to work with you both in the future. 3 Equal thanks go to Dr Cherry Russell, PhD, who edited the final dissertation. Cherry has a PhD in Social Anthropology, and was the former Associate Professor (Health Sociology), University of Sydney. I can be an over writer, and Cherry is a magician! Several NSW Agencies participated in this research: NSW Health, NSW Department of Communities and Justice, and NSW State Archives and Records. Thank you to the executives and advisers for your co-operation and contribution which made the research possible. Thanks must go to my employer, the Australian Commonwealth’s Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, who granted me leave, then extended it, allowing me to complete this dissertation. Thanks must also go to the Australian Commonwealth Government for awarding me an Australian Government Research Training Program Stipend Scholarship (2016-2018). This scholarship enabled me to pursue the PhD. Sincere thanks to my family (and yes it is large) for the words of wisdom, childcare, groceries and meals, as well as overall encouragement. Special thank you to my parents (Sue and David Andrews), parents in law (Joe and Rina Zucker), brother in law (Josh Zucker), and my two brothers for the childcare and mentoring (Jono Andrews), as well as editing (Matt Busby Andrews). Thank you also to my sisters in laws for taking the boys when deadlines loomed (Georgina, Jacinta, Jo and Kylie). To my dearest girlfriends (known simply as “ the aunties”), your collective friendship has meant everything is possible (or at the very least bearable). Thank you. Finally, to my husband Ben Zucker, thank you for being you. Getting this PhD project to completion has been incredibly time consuming for us as a family, and you have taken this in your stride. The achievement of this PhD is a reflection of your unwavering support. Thank you. This dissertation is dedicated to our two children, Ethan and Jonathan. May you both carry some part of the ‘nephesh’ of your Uncle Ricky throughout your lives. 4 Table of Contents Declaration of Originality ............................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................... 3 Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ 5 List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ 11 List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... 12 Glossary ........................................................................................................................................ 13 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................. 17 1.1 Statement of the Problem .................................................................................................... 17 1.2 Background ......................................................................................................................... 17 1.2.1 Institutional life ............................................................................................................ 18 1.2.2 NSW Government mental hospitals............................................................................. 19 1.2.3 De-institutionalisation .................................................................................................. 21 1.3 Aim and Research Questions .............................................................................................. 22 1.4 Overview of the Study ........................................................................................................ 22 1.5 Motivation and Significance ............................................................................................... 23 1.6 Organisation of the Thesis .................................................................................................. 24 Chapter 2: First-person Accounts of Institutional Life: A Systematic Literature Review ........... 25 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 25 2.2 Method ................................................................................................................................ 26 2.2.1 Search Process ............................................................................................................. 26 2.2.2 Analysis........................................................................................................................ 30 2.3 Results ................................................................................................................................. 37 5 2.3.1 Brief description of eight included articles .................................................................. 37 2.3.2 Methods used in included studies ................................................................................ 38 2.4. Findings.............................................................................................................................. 39 2.4.1 Institutional life: an unnatural construct ...................................................................... 39 2.4.2 The process of institutionalisation: challenging an individual’s identity .................... 41 2.4.3 Individual stories of resistance and resilience ............................................................. 41 2.4.4 The influential pull of family, home and community .................................................. 42 2.4.5 The importance of positive relationships ..................................................................... 43 2.4.6 Experiences of abuse .................................................................................................... 43 2.4.7 The important role of work .......................................................................................... 45 2.5 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 45 Chapter 3: Administrative Frameworks .......................................................................................
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