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Prof. Dr.Yücel OĞURLU Prof. Dr. Ghia Nodia 9 Kuzey Kafkasya'da Konuşulan Dillere Genel Bir Bakış 114 Gürcistan'ın Kuzey Kafkas Politikası: Eski İkilemler,Yeni ve Dillerin Akrabalıkları Üzerine Eğilimler A General Overview OnThe Languages Spoken In Northern Georgian PolicyTowardsThe Northern Caucasus: Old Dilemmas, 15 AndTheir Relations 118 NewTrends Общий Взгляд На Употребляемые На Северном Кавказе Языки И Политика Грузии На Северном Кавказе: Старые Дилеммы, 21 Языковое Родство 122 НовыеТенденции

Yrd.Doç.Dr. Fethi GÜNGÖR Doç. Dr. Türkolog, Zaza TSURTSUMIA 126 Kafkasya'da Çerkes Bölgelerinin SosyalYapısı 27 Çerkes ve Abhazların OsmanlıTopraklarına Sürgünü 136 Social Structure Of Circass Regions In Caucasus 34 Expulsion Of Cherkess And Abkhaz People Into OttomanTerritory 147 СоциальнаяСтруктураЧеркесских Регионов В Кавказе 41 СсылкаЧеркесов И Абхазцев НаТерриторию Османской Империи Fehim TAŞTEKİN Bağımsız Çeçenya Deneyiminden Çerkasya İdealine: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Yasin POYRAZ 158 Kafkasya'da Çatışma Potansiyelleri Kıyıdaş Devletlerin Tezleri ve Uluslararası Hukuk Işığında 48 160 FromThe Experience Of Independent ChechnyaToThe Circassia Ideal: Hazar'ın Statüsü Conflict Possibilities In Caucasus 54 Status Of Caspian Sea WithinThe Lights Of International Law And 162 Из Опыта НезависимойЧечни К ИдеалуЧеркесии: The Arguments Of Riparian States Kонфликтный Потенциал На Кавказе 60 Положение Прибрежных Стран И Статус Каспийского МоряВ Рамках Международного Права Evren BALTA PAKER 164 Sovyetler Birliğinden Rusya'ya Kuzey Kafkaslar'da Kontrol, Çatışma veYerel Elitler Prof. Dr. Nadir DEVLET 169 Control, Conflict And Local Elites In Northern Caucasus From Soviet 66 1917 Devrimi Döneminde Kuzey Kafkasyalı Ahmet Tsalikov'un UnionTo Rusya Müslümanları Arasında Oynadığı Önemli Rol 174 Контроль, Конфликты И МестнаяЭлита Северного Кавказа 69 The Important Role Of Northern Caucasian AhmetTsalikov Among НачиаяС Периода Советского Союза До России The Russian Moslems DuringThe 1917 Revolution ВажнаяРоль В Среде Российских Мусульман, Сыгранная Elena LIASHENKO 72 Выходцем Северного Кавказа, Ахметом Цаликовым, 179 1917-1924Yılları Arasında Stavropol Bölgesinde Bölgesel В Период Октябрьской Революции 1917 Года Sovyet Hükümet Sisteminin Kurulması 186 The Establishment OfThe Soviet Local Government System InThe Stavropol Region 1917-1924 Keisuke WAKIZAKA 193 Основание Областного Советского Правильства В Ulusların Kaderlerini Tayin Hakkının Kuzey Kafkasya'daki Ставропольском Крае В Период1917-1924 гг . 75 ToplumYapısı ve SSCB'nin İskan Politikasına Etkileri, 19.Yüzyıl Çarlık Rusya'sı ile SSCB'nin Kuzey Kafkasya'daki İskân A.D. SAETGARAEV Politikalarının Karşılaştırılması 200 Kuzey Kafkasya Bölgesindeki Siyasi Kimliklerin EtnikYönleri The Impact Of Self-determination InThe Social Structure Of Northern 205 Ethnic Aspects OfThe Political Identity InThe North Caucasian Region 83 Caucasus AndThe Soviet Settlement Policy Comparison OfThe 19th Century Russian Csardom With Ussr InTerms OfTheir Settlement 210 Этнические Аспекты Политических Идентичностей В Policies Северокавказском Регионе 91 Влияние““ О Праве Наций На Самоопределение На Общественный Строй Северного Кавказа И Политику ВыселенияСССР Yrd. Doç. Dr. Abdülkadir AKIL 215 Kendi Kaderini Tayin Hakkı Ve Diğer Uluslararası Hukuk Kurallari Çerçevesinde Çeçenistan Meselesi Av. Kâzım BERZEG 230 Chechnya Issue InThe Scope Of Self-Determination And Other Rules Of 99 Kafkasya Meselesinin Uluslararası Camiaya Arzı International Law 102 Presentation Of Caucasian IssueToThe International Community 245 Чеченский Вопрос В Рамках Права На Самоопределение И Других Правил Международного Права 105 Представление Кавказского Вопроса Международному Сообществу Janna TARHANOVA 260 Oset-İnguş Anlaşmazlığı: Barış Süreci Hasan KONUK 268 Осетино-Ингушский конфликт: процесс мирного урегулирования 108 Kafkasya'nın Jeopolitik Önemi 110 Geopolitics Of Caucasus Talha DÜLGERBAKİ 112 Геополитика Кавказа 276 Orta Asya'da Uygulanan Serbest Zaman Etkİnlİklerİ Ve Spor TARİH BİLİNCİ SAYI 19 - 20 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM OF

A GENERAL OVERVIEW ON THE LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN NORTHERN CAUCASUS Prof. Dr.Yücel OĞURLU AND THEIR RELATIONS Istanbul Commerce University, Faculty of Law.

Caucasus Region is among the top regions that host the most diversity of languges such as Indonesia and India. Caucasus has always attracted the attentions of lnguists and indeed the number of speakers of these languages whereas it is “under the risk” has been increasing. There are three major language groups spoken inCaucasus:Caucasus,Turkish and Persian languages.Turkish languages are the ones which have been researched more often by the academicians in Turkey. Fort his reason, instead of more familiar Turkic languages Caucasus languages which are not very well known and some of them can only be spoken in just one village are more interesting and this study will focus on them. While there are so many researches done on Azeri, Kumyk and Nogay Turkish in Turkey, there is hardly any research on Caucasus and Iranian language groups. For this reason, although these languages are researched inWestern Europe, Russia and USA,They are not very well known inTurkey. .While intelligibility between the Turkic languages is so high; it is so low in languages of Caucasus or Iranian origin. In the past, the words derived from Turkic languages, exclusively from Kıpchak and Oguz language groups are frequent in Caucasus language group. As in the example of Avari,there are some languages that absorbs the smaller languages and dialects , and also there are some languages such as Azeri, Lezghi, Kumyk etc that affect other languages by giving some vocabulary to them. By the way, use of linguistics with the political aims, is rather a tool than being scientific.So, honest linguistics should examine the region with no bias and outsider affects. Affinity of Caucasus languages with eachother is absolute and undisputable. In this study, while making such a comparison, basic and root words are taken for consideration. Lexicological comparisons of these languages will certainly reveal the affinity of these languages. In this study, examples taken from foreign researches will also be referred. Apart from this, I can say that I found affinities by myself by forming comparable tables with the words I chose. In this comparison, North-EasternCaucasus languages are taken as a basis.

Caucasus, since the ancient history was seen as a land of the subject matter contains 80 different languages and charming, effective and a bit frightening tales attracted the dialects it is certain that the caution should not be over- interests of travellers, tradesmen, poets, and scholars. In looked. In addition in general of the studies about Caucasus the past, Sİmurg, Phoenix, Mount Kaf and the captivity of languages conducted it is known that there are confusions Prometheus occupied mythical places within people's men- and prejudices. These prejudices are caused by the dates, tality. Caucasus Today is more talked with international ethnic origin and ancestors, an the generalisations about the politics and conflicts, energy, war etc rather than mytholo- relations of languages with each other. Sometimes, the gy, novels and stories of Lermontov, A.Dumas and Tolstoy. sentences about the affinity of languages can be inappro- In reality Caucasus is a rich geography which can be exami- priate, round and generalising. Is the general statement of ned for languages, ethnic origins, history, geography, inter- “the minor languages which can never be understood mutu- national relations, energy problems, culture, and beliefs ally” about theCaucasus languages always true?Or together folklore. So, the region had always been the focus of the with this discriminative emphasis done very frequently isn't concerns about languages, history, philophy, history, philo- it better to examine the affinity between these languages? sophy law, theology, folklore, political sciences mythology It should be noted that it is not correct to talk about The language which is the revelation of the beliefs, and the Caucasian languages without comparing them in terms of bridge between outerWorld and the brain, is now not only a vocabulary and grammar. An assertive study on this matter subject of linguistics. In fact, the origin of languages is itself can only be possible by spending years on linguistics. a matter of several articles. Therefore, I preferred to men- tion only one dimension of the topic that is the “language” It should be highlighted that as in many other languages, the itself. first researches about Caucasian languages were conducted by the Western and especially the Russian linguists. In As a studying methodology, two different approaches conducting these researches Westerners generally had a could be chosen. It should be compared in terms of gram- kind orientalism, some religious and also political motiva- mar or lexicology In this study, we tried to refer to the Cau- tions, in most of the studies of today the traces of these early casus, and exclusively North Eastern Caucasus langu-ages Works can be seen. with a non-discriminative general approach. However, as

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On the other hand, until today there is not any published languages are taken as a basis and NorthWestern Caucasus common Caucasus languages dictionary and there are not languages also referred. serious Works on language affinity. In addition, now we can see some prototypes of the studies of this kind and these studies are highly important. However, such studies could A GENERAL OVERVIEW ON THE be a kind of Fundamentals that may alleviate the ethnic LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN CAUCASUS problems happening in Caucasus. In today's Caucasus, the As Indonesia and India, Caucasus is one of the regions that emphasis mostly given to the discriminative points such as have the most diversity on the numbers of languages thoughtfulness, ignorance rather than the common spoken. Although there are different views on the possible features of language and culture of peoples are triggering reasons of having so much diversified languages, the most the ethnic chaos and unfortunately it is highly probable to common and highly approved one is that the natural go on like this in the future. With the assessment of cultural barriers caused the emergence of different languages. affinity and common heritage, conducting serious, Mountains, deep valleys and rivers blocked the contact of objective and favourable researches on the affinity of these people within time and so different accents and Caucasus languages between each other or at least the dialects also languages emerged after the differentiation of languages in the same group may contribute to the the languages by less contact. This thesis is an important Caucasus projection of the future in a peaceful way. Our explanation of the reason and it is highly possible. Toady, selection of title as “the languages spoken in Caucasus” over the highCaucasus Mountains, from the summits to the instead of Caucasus languages, is about the fact that the foots, there are 80 for some people, and 40 different term Caucasus languages has a more limited concept. I languages are being spoken for some other thinkers. want to explain it like this: When it is said Caucasus languages, a language group which is only spoken through Taking the history of Caucasus Mountains into account, indigenous people of Caucasus and is difficult to prove the they were the natural borders of the Roman Empire which affinity to the larger language groups comes into mind. was expanding around it in the West, and in the East it was Whereas, in Caucasus region apart from the Caucasus the border of the Persians. This region in which the minor languages, there are also Turkic and Iranian languages as people lived without any contact whit each other for well. Together with the ideas that these languages had centuries, is a geography in which there is little or no come to theCaucasus in a later period of time, there are also language interaction.. Presence of so many different some other views that trace the origins of these languages languages being spoken in this small which is enough for to the thousands of years ago.Therefore, it is better to leave surprising the linguistics allowed them to call the region as this subject to an another study with a historical and “mountains of languages” in the past, and an open ethnological framework. ethnography museum in modern times. But the real surprising thing is that, in spite of this huge diversity, there is According to the linguistic researches conducted until now, the presence of similar psychology common culture and Caucasus languages are the languages that have similarities. undoubtedly and certainly affinity to each other. Lexicological comparison of these languages is an Caucasus languages are composed of Northern Caucasus important method in proving the affinity of them. But it and Southern Caucasus languages classified so by the should be noted that, within the researches conducted until Russians according to the geographical categorising and now, generally the words inCaucasus languages are listed in approved by everyone later on. Northern Caucasus sequences subordinately and this subject was not examined languages are divided into two within itself as North- well enough. In some of these researches, they weren't western Caucasus languages (Abhaz-Adyge languges) and compared enough and the focus was given to the borrowed North Eastern Languages (Nah- languages). In vocabulary. In this study, basic and root words are chosen this study that we consider as a starter, the languages for comparing and a reasonable method of linguistics was spoken in the Southern Caucasus will not be taken into preferred. In this study, the examples taken from foreign account. Otherwise, there would be a wide languages map scientist are referred and explained in details. Apart from comprising of Azeri Turkish, Georgian and Armenian. this, I can say that I identified some forms of affinity in some However, it should be noted that, the separation of of the words by myself and formed comparable tables fort Caucasus from its Southern part is indeed an artificial hem. In these comparisons, North Eastern Caucasus method of ruling easily, but it is achieved.

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Whereas, the similitaries between the Southern and has really no relation. The Word similarity and their effects Northen Caucasus and their common features can be easily on structure on languages between Terekeme, a Turkish understood from the historical records of the times before language and Tatia, an Iranian language are also striking. the Russian occupation and the attitudes of immigrants in The number of words that are passed from Lezghi to the Diaspora. All the people moved from the northern parts of languages of Tabarasan, Rutul, Hinaluk and Tsakhur in the the SouthernCaucasus called themselves as Dagestani.The last century is remarkably high. And again, it can be said people who migrated from Batumi, near the borders of that modern Avar language has given vocabulary to all the Turkey also chose the nameCaucasians for themselves. subgroups inAvar-Dido language group.To think differently One part of the diverse languages spoken i the Caucasus is is indeed impossible. The combining effect of Avar langu- the Caucasian and the others are from the Turkic or Iranian age in the North during the years of the war, could not be origin. As there are many scientific studies about the Turkic seen in the South with Lezghi languages and the process of ones of these languages, they are at least partially known in cooperation between the tribes was not successful. The Turkish linguistics and ethnology. Therefore, in our study, Lingua franca (common language) status of Kumyk we focused on the languages from Caucasus language changed after the Russian occupation. Beyond being the groups which are not very well known and on which there official language, Russian has become the lingua franca of are not manyWorks. all the formerSoviet geography including the Dagestan and it seems to pursue this situation in the near future. Thus, w If we categorise the languages spoken in Northern Cauca- may say that here are so many common words taken from sus according to their affinity in the first section there are all these languages through interaction. groups of languages which are connected to the Caucasian, Turkic and Iranian language families. The languages which In addition to the affinity and common words between the are close to the Turkish in Northern Caucasus; Karachay, Dagestan languages, through the words taken from Nogay, Kumyk andTerekemeTurkish.The languages which Turish,Arabis and Persian and in the last century from the are close to Persian are Osetian and Tatian. As the Osetian Russian the number of common words between these separated from the group in a distant past and with the languages has dramatically increased. words it taken from Adyge languages it went so much NorthWesternCaucasus languages have been examined by further of the Persian. Although Tatian has taken some the writers who are the descendents of the immigrants words from the neighbouring Azeri and Lezghi and has especially toTurkey and there can be found some materials given to them its affinity to the Persian is on the level of on them although their number is limited. dialect rather than theAccent. Adyge language's two dialects known as Western ( Ç'ahe) It has always been approved to separate NorthernCaucasus and Eastern (Şhağ) or the Kabardey are divided into several languages into two groups as Eastern and Western. Dages- accents. In the Western dialect Abzeh, Bjedugh, Chemguy tan languages are known as North Eastern Caucasus langu- and Shapsıgh accents can be counted; and in the Eastern ages or in another saying as Nah-Dagestan languages and it dialect there are Great Kabrdey, Besleney, Mozdok and defines a language group spoken in the East of Caucausus Kuban accents. Accepted as two different languages by the with the group ofCaucasus languages.They are divided into Russian linguists, Western dialect is called as “Adyge langu- two main groups. First one is Nah languages composed of age” and the Eastern was called as “Kabardey-Cherkess Chechen, Ingush and Bats languages. The second group is language”.The current situation of these languages cannot Dagestani and it is comprised of some languages which are be understood well without knowing “the Great Exile.” The not very close to each other but still have some affinity. It is largest representative of these languages which belong to possible to classify them according to their affi-nity levels as Adyge,Abhaz Ubykh group is Kabardey language both in 1. Aar-Andi-Ddo 2.Lak-Dargva 3.Lezghi. Dagestan langu- Northern Caucausus and in Turkey, Syria and Jordan after ages are the languages which are difficult to distinguish at the Exile.In comparison to other Adyge-Abhaz languages first and that have a wide variety of letters with pharyngeal Kabardey language is more similar to the Chechen Dages- sounds. Although most of them cannot communicate with tan languages in terms of phonetic, and it has more similar each other it is surprising that there many similar words and words. The number of people who speak different Adyge- their linguistic logic is almost the same. We are planning to Abzegh accents such as Abzeghi Shapsıgh, Hatkuay, give some other examples for this matter. Nehüc, Chemguey, Besleney etc is now less than ten thou- In spite of these subgroups, the claims that there is no sands an even thousands both inCaucasia and the diaspora. affinity between Chechen and Avari, Chechen with Lezghi, The last person to speak Ubyk died in Turkey (Balıkesir- Lexghi and Avar or Lakia can be a sign of being too much Manyas) in 1992. If it is considered that it has the largest away from linguistic competence.There are even too many number of people speaking this language with 600.000 words that are passed from a very distant language which people in Northern Caucasus, the situation is more hopeful fort he Kabardey language.

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Revealing the affinity of Caucasus languages is an the region which has always been familiarised with wars attractive and curious field of linguistics. But as well as the and conflicts by way of an academic work. scientific value of this subject there is also a sociological After the general chapter of this study, I will try to attract side of it that may bring peace and serenity by realizing your attention towards the affinity of languages with my their affinity to each other. Fort his reason, it is a kind own findings and the other linguists' studies through the humanitarian responsibility to contribute to the peace of table of words:

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES FROM CAUCASUS LANGUAGES After giving three examples from Straostin, whom I found as important in foreign sources, I will give my own researchesandfindings: Turkish Çeçen Lak Lezgi Rutul Görmek Gır- Kwa Agwa Hagwa (see) (Aku-) Resurce: Straostin, s.2.

Turkish Çeçen Avar Lezgi Kabar Ubıh Yol (road) neq' niq' req' g'wagw meg'e

Resurce: Straostin, s.78

Turkish Avar Kabardey Abhaz Lezgi Yapmak Fiili (do) Ha We Awra Avu-

Resurce: Straostin, s.2.

Bu noktadan sonra ortak harf, karakter ve vurgu içeren temel kelimeleri seçerek kendi tespitlerime yer vermek istiyorum: Turkish Lezgi Tabasaran Agul Kan (blood) Jiw Jif Jiv

Turkish Lezgi Tsakhur Karın (tummy) Rufun Wuhun

Turkish Dargin Lezgi Parmak (finger) Tup' Tub

Turkish Lezgi Çeçence Parmak (finger) içu, iç, yeç, wiç, nâça, nâpç, amç, A'j

Turkish Lezgi Khinalug Abhaz Kabardey Çoğul Eki ler, --lar -ar -r -r(a) -her (s) -er

Turkish Adıge Çeçence Avar Lezgi Tabasaran Dargin Su Psi H'i Hü Yad Şid Şin (water) Yıd

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Avar Lezgi Khor (akarsu)(potamic) Hül (deniz) H'ü (Su)(water)

Turkish Lezgi Dargin Kabardey Abhaz Ay (moon) Varz Baz Maze (E)mze

Turkish İnguş Avar Lezgi Tabasaran Dargin Yeni (new) Ts'eena Ts'iiyab Ts'iyi Ts'iyi Ts'iigan

Turkish Lak Lezgi Kısa (shirt) Kut'a Kütü

Turkish Avar Lezgi Ubıh Az (any) Hit'inab T'imil T'a

Turkish Kabardey Ubıh Lezgi dilleri Çeçence Kız, Gelin Pşaşe Şaşe Sas(e) Siesıg (girl) Sus (Hanım) Saş (Gelin)

Turkish Çeçen Lezgi -ma ma- mir- (not) -ç. t'-

Turkish Çeçen Avar Lezgi Adıge Bir T'sha' San Sad Zı, (one) Sa Se, Za, Sı, Se

Turkish Çeçen Lezgi Adıge Avar Benim (my) So Zi Si Dir

Turkish Çeçen Lezgi Bulut (cloud) Marha Marf (Yağmur)

Turkish Abzeh Kabardey Adıge Çeçen İnguş Rüzgâr Dama Dame Tame T'am (Kanat) Tkam (wind) Moıkh (Rüzgar)

Turkish Kabardey Adıge Çeçen/İnguş Lak Dargin Tabasaran Lezgi Buğday H'e H'e K'ı/Muq H'a Muhi Muh' Muh' (wheat)

Turkish Abhaz Abzeh Çeçen/İnguş Avar Lak Dargin Tabasaran Lezgi Boğa/Öküz At'se Ts'u Stu/ Ust Ots Nits unts Yits Yats (bull, ox)

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Turkish Abzeh Çeçen/İnguş Lak Avar Dargin Tabasaran Lezgi Elma (apple) Çva A'j/a'j Ğivç Ğeç Ğints Viç İç

Turkish Çeçen Avar Lezgi Adıge Kalp (heart) Moıtt Mats Mez Bize/beze

Turkish Abhaz Kabardey Çeçen Lezgi Adıge Ördek (duck) Babıts' Babıtş Bad' P'at' Bayat'

Turkish Çeçen Çeçen Tabasaran/Tsakhur

Yarın (tomorrow) P'ak'a (Ertesi gün) P'aka Baga

Turkish Avar Çeçen Dargin Lezgi Tabasaran Abhaz Göz (eye) Ber Berg Hüli Vil Uli La

Turkish Avar Lezgi Kabar Abhaz Güneş (sun) Rağ De'ga

Turkish Avar Lezgi Kabardey Adige

Dolmak fiili (fill) Asuma As'una Yez Azna

AVAR-DİDO GRUBUNDA SAYILARIN BENZERLİĞİ Avar 1 2 3 4 5 Andi se-w che-gu lob-gu =oGo-gu inshdu-gu Botlix se-b ke-da habu-da =uGu-da ishtu-da Godoberi se-b ke-da labu-da =u?u-da insh:t:uda Chamalal Seb echida lalada =o?uda i~s:uda Bagulal se-b ke-ra lab-da =o:-ra inshtu-ra Tindi se-b ke-ja lab-da =o?o-ja insh:tu-ja Karata ce-b ke-da lab-da =o?o-da insh:tu-da Axvax che-be ke-da lwadabe =oqo-da i~sh:tu-da Xvarshi Has qIwene lona u~qe-n leno Dido sis qIano loIno uj-no leno Hinux Hes qo-no lono uqi-no le-no Bezhta Hõs qona lana õqo-na lina e Hunzib h~s qan.u lana oq'e.n li.no Kaynak: Mark Rosenfelder, “Numbers in 5000 Languages” http://www.zompist.com/mide.htm#caucasian

REFERENCES •Gülreyhan Novruzova, Dağıstan- BölgesiTerekemeTürklerinin Dini Hayatı, ErciyesÜniversitesiSBE.,Yüksek LisansTezi, 2005. • Mehmet Dursun Erdem, (Yeni BirTürk DiliTarihi Kitabı,Akar,Ali 2005.Türk DiliTarihi,ÖtükenYayınları, İstanbul) hakkında kitap değerlendirmesi,TurkishStudies /Türkoloji Dergisi I (2006),Sayı: 1. • Murat Papşu, “Adığe veAbaza Dilleri”, http://www.kafkas.org.tr/kultur/kafkas_dilleri.html. • Rosenfelder, Mark, “Numbers in 5000 Languages” http://www.zompist.com/mide.htm#caucasian •SergeyStarostin, “AConciseGlossary ofSino-Caucasian”,Appendix to "Sino-Caucasian", http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/glossary.pdf, İndirilmeTarihi: 01.03.2011. •UfukTavkul, “Kafkasya'da KonuşulanTürk Lehçeleri”, Kırım Dergisi, 15 (57), 2006. •UfukTavkul, “Kafkasya'daki NogayTatarlarının Etno-Politik DurumlarıÜzerineSosyolojik BirAnaliz”, Kırım Dergisi, 11 (41-44), 2003. •UfukTavkul, “KumukTürkleri -Tarihleri,SosyalYapıları ve DilleriÜzerine Bir İnceleme-”, Kırım Dergisi, 13 (50), 2005. • Werner Fröhlich, “Basque-Caucasus Glossary”, http://www.geonames.de/wl-eus-caucasus.html. Diğer önemli bir kaynak da Wolfgang Schulze, “Zur Sprachgeschichte des Kaukasus”, http://www.lrz.de/~wschulze/kaukhist.pdf, Münih 2007. •YücelOğurlu, “Dağıstan Dilleri ve Halkları” adıylaYeniFikir Dergisi, (UluslararasıAkademikAraştırma Dergisi),Yıl 1,Sayı 2,Ağustos 2009, İstanbul.

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