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La Labor Como Embajador De José María De Areilza En Argentina, Los Estados Unidos Y Francia

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La Labor Como Embajador De José María De Areilza En Argentina, Los Estados Unidos Y Francia Universidad CEU San Pablo C E I N D O – CEU Escuela Internacional de D o c t o r a d o PROGRAMA EN DERECHO Y ECONOMÍA LA LABOR COMO EMBAJADOR DE JOSÉ MARÍA DE AREILZA EN ARGENTINA, LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Y FRANCIA TESIS DOCTORAL Presentada por: Pablo Guerrero García Dirigida por: Pedro Carlos González Cuevas y Belén Becerril Atienza MADRID 2018 TESIS DOCTORAL PABLO GUERRERO GARCÍA 2018 ii AGRADECIMIENTOS Si bien la tarea de redactar una tesis doctoral es responsabilidad exclusiva del investigador, siendo a éste por tanto imputables en último término los errores u omisiones de que adolezca su trabajo, sería pretencioso, amén de falso, afirmar que una tesis de naturaleza historiográfica y dotada de un extenso aparato documental como la que se ofrece al lector es el producto de una faena abordada de manera puramente individual y solitaria. Antes al contrario, a esta trabajo de investigación han contribuido desinteresada y decisivamente numerosas personas que, bien como respuesta a un requerimiento formulado por mí, bien motu proprio, demostraron una curiosidad por la figura de José María de Areilza al menos tan vigorosa como la que mueve a este investigador desde hace bastante tiempo. Procedo ahora citar sus nombres en forma tanto de postrero agradecimiento como de homenaje de admiración. Los profesores universitarios Rosa Pardo y Florentino Portero pusieron a mi disposición gran cantidad de documentación primaria que obraba en su poder y cuya consulta en los archivos correspondientes se había revelado imposible. Con Pedro Fernández Barbadillo y José Miguel Ortí Bordás mantuve fecundísimas conversaciones sobre Areilza y el régimen de Franco que iluminaron mi senda investigadora y me revelaron el enorme calibre intelectual de mis interlocutores. El embajador de España Raimundo Bassols, Marcelino Oreja Aguirre y José María de Areilza Carvajal tuvieron a bien concederme su tiempo para hablar largo y tendido sobre el Areilza diplomático, más también sobre Areilza en su faceta más íntima. En ausencia de su impagable testimonio, el contenido de esta tesis doctoral, así como sus conclusiones, poseerían un valor muy inferior. No puedo olvidar tampoco la ayuda fundamental que me prestaron tanto el personal de sala del Archivo General de la Administración como el equipo de administración de la Fundación Nacional Francisco Franco. Sin la inestimable ayuda del primero, la ausencia de inventario en los fondos de Asuntos Exteriores habría resultado insuperable. De no haber contado con la cooperación del segundo, decenas de documentos relativos a iii la labor diplomática de Areilza habrían quedado irremediablemente fuera de mi alcance. Este forzosamente breve capítulo de agradecimiento y admiración quedaría incompleto si no hiciera alusión a mi amigo fraternal Alejandro Valdivieso, quien no solamente me brindó la ocasión de dictar una conferencia en el Real Colegio Complutense de la Universidad de Harvard en noviembre de 2017 sobre la labor de Areilza como embajador en los Estados Unidos, sino que también, y de manera insistente, me instó a emprender el estudio de un algún aspecto de la trayectoria política del personaje, contribuyendo a la postre a que me desembarazase de las reservas que sobre la utilidad de cursar un doctorado abrigué durante años. He de mencionar asimismo a mis dos directores, Belén Becerril y Pedro Carlos González Cuevas, los cuales, además de brindarme valiosísimos consejos y amplias dosis de crítica constructiva, ejercieron de poderosa fuente de inspiración tanto por su honestidad intelectual como por su abnegada entrega al estudio de la integración europea y del pensamiento de las derechas españolas, respectivamente. Esta tesis doctoral jamás podría haberse escrito si no hubiese contado con el apoyo constante y desinteresado de mi amantísima madre y mi hermano, los cuales transigieron con el retraimiento rayano en la hosquedad en el que con frecuencia me sumí durante la redacción de la tesis. A ambos va dedicado este trabajo, aunque esta dedicatoria de índole familiar no puede ser doble, sino triple, puesto que es de justicia que la haga extensiva a mi difunto padre. Fue él quien me inculcó los dos principios con los que he buscado impregnar el contenido de las páginas que siguen: el amor por la historia y el respeto por la verdad. iv ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS…………………………………………………………iii ÍNDICE DE ABREVIATURAS Y ACRÓNIMOS…………………………...vii INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………………………………ix I. EMBAJADOR EN ARGENTINA (1947-1950)………………………….......1 1) TRAYECTORIA VITAL Y POLÍTICA HASTA 1947………………………2 2) DESEMBARCO EN ARGENTINA Y PRIMERA ENTREVISTA CON EL GENERAL PERÓN……………………………………………………………...22 3) DOS IMPORTANTES DESPACHOS REMITIDOS A MADRID……….....36 4) AREILZA Y EL PROTOCOLO FRANCO-PERÓN………………………...47 5) LA CRISIS DE 1949………………………………………………………....70 6)GESTIONES PARA EL LEVANTAMIENTO DEL BOICOT DIPLOMÁTICO………………………………………………………………..103 7)GESTIONES EN EL ÁMBITO CULTURAL Y LABORES DE INTELIGENCIA………………………………………………………………..118 II. EMBAJADOR EN LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS DE AMÉRICA (1954- 1960)……………………………………………………………………………130 1) ENTRE BUENOS AIRES Y WASHINGTON. ARTICULOS Y CONFERENCIAS (1950-1954)………………………………………………..131 2) DESIGNACIÓN DE AREILZA COMO EMBAJADOR…………………..141 3) LLEGADA A LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Y PRIMERAS GESTIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS………………………………………………………………147 v 4) GESTIONES PARA EL INGRESO DE ESPAÑA EN LAS NACIONES UNIDAS………………………………………………………………………...160 5) GESTIONES PARA EL FORTALECIMIENTO DE LA COOPERACIÓN MILITAR Y EL INGRESO DE ESPAÑA EN LA OTAN…………………….192 6) GESTIONES PARA EL FORTALECIMIENTO DE LA COOPERACIÓN ECONÓMICA…………………………………………………………………. 247 7) ACTIVIDADES DE ÍNDOLE CULTURAL……………………………… 285 8) DESPEDIDA DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS……………………………... 326 III. EMBAJADOR EN FRANCIA (1960-1964)……………………………. 330 1) LLEGADA A PARÍS……………………………………………………….331 2) «REÑIR Y GANAR LA BATALLA DE EUROPA»………………………340 3)PRIMERAS GESTIONES PARA EL ESTRECHAMIENTO DE LAS RELACIONES HISPANO-FRANCESAS……………………………………..380 4) LA GUERRA DE ARGELIA……………………………………………….385 5) LA OPOSICIÓN ESPAÑOLA EN FRANCIA……………………………..412 6) PROFUNDIZACIÓN DEL VÍNCULO BILATERAL……………………..445 7)LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Y LA OTAN……………………………………469 8)NEGOCIACIONES CON EL EMBAJADOR SOVIÉTICO………………..478 9) DIMISIÓN Y DESPEDIDA………………………………………………...490 CONCLUSIONES…………………………………………………………….505 FUENTES Y BIBLIOGRAFÍA……………………………………………...517 vi ÍNDICE DE ABREVIATURAS Y ACRÓNIMOS ADC: Archives Diplomatiques de La Courneuve AFNFF: Archivo Fundación Nacional Francisco Franco AGA: Archivo General de la Administración AGUN: Archivo General de la Universidad de Navarra AFP: Archivo de Florentino Portero AJE: Archivo de la Jefatura del Estado ARP: Archivo de Rosa Pardo CECA: Comunidad Europea del Carbón y del Acero CEDA: Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas CEDI: Centro Europeo de Documentación e Información CEE: Comunidad Económica Europea CEPAL: Comisión Económica para América Latina CIA: Central Intelligence Agency CNT: Confederación Nacional del Trabajo CVCE: Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l’Europe ECE: Comisión Económica para Europa EFTA: European Free Trade Association ENSIDESA: Empresa Nacional Siderúrgica FECSA: Fuerzas Eléctricas de Cataluña FMI: Fondo Monetario Internacional FLN: Frente de Liberación Nacional FOA: Foreign Operations Administration ICA: International Cooperation Administration INI: Instituto Nacional de Industria JONS: Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista JEN: Junta de Energía Nuclear vii MIFERMA: Mines de FER de Mauritanie MRP: Mouvement Républicain Populaire) NARA (National Archives and Records Administration) OAS: Organisation de l’Armée Secrète OCDE: Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos OEA: Organización de Estados Americanos OECE: Organización Europea para la Cooperación Económica ONU: Organización de las Naciones Unidas OTAN: Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte PAL: Phase Alternating Line POUM: Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista PSOE: Partido Socialista Obrero Español RTF: Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française) SAC: Strategic Air Command SECAM: Séquentiel Couleur à Mémoire SFIO: Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière SIGA: Sociedad Ibérica de Gomas y Amiantos USAID: United States Agency for International Development viii INTRODUCCIÓN El 29 de octubre de 2015 el Palacio Real de Madrid acogió la solemne conmemoración del sesenta aniversario de lo que podría considerarse como un hito de la diplomacia española en el siglo XX: el ingreso de España, como miembro de pleno derecho, en la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU). Analizados bajo el prisma historiográfico, si por algo destacaron los discursos pronunciados por las altas autoridades allí congregadas fue por la ausencia de toda alusión tanto a las vicisitudes de la incorporación de España a la ONU en 1955 como al enorme significado de aquel hito, en virtud del cual España, transcurridos apenas cinco años del levantamiento del boicot diplomático impuesto por la Asamblea General en su Resolución 39 (I) de 12 de diciembre de 1946, certificaba su adhesión al orden internacional instituido por las potencias vencedoras de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. No hubo por tanto referencia alguna a las difíciles gestiones que don José María de Areilza (1909-1998), conde consorte de Motrico, llevó a cabo en su calidad de embajador de España en los Estados Unidos con vistas a la consecución de aquella meta diplomática. Omisión reprochable, hay que insistir en ello, desde un punto de vista histórico, si bien en absoluto debería mover a sorpresa dada la preterición a la que Areilza ha sido objeto
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