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Randomly Mixed Perennial Plantings: Trial Results from Bernburg/Germany

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Randomly Mixed Perennial Plantings: Trial Results from Bernburg/Germany RANDOMLY MIXED PERENNIAL PLANTINGS: TRIAL RESULTS FROM BERNBURG/GERMANY PERENNIAL MIXTURE PROJECT AND APPLICATION IN IRAN By MAHZIAR GHARAVI MANJILI 4062714 "Master Thesis" Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Master degree of Landscape Architecture Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Department of Landscape Bernburg, Germany, 2017 1st Advisor: Prof. Dr. Wolfram Kircher 2nd Advisor: Dipl. Eng. Ilka Ballerstein © 2017 Mahziar Gharavi Manjili ALL RIGHTS RESERVED II SUMMARY This study is divided into 3 main chapters, in the first chapter challenges of perennial planting in city landscapes have been addressed, applicable strategies for perennial plantings in urban area have been explained and various samples of perennial plantings in Germany and other countries are illustrated. In this chapter the main concept and idea of "randomly mixed perennial planting" is presented and its requirements have been listed and in the last part, with the initial introduction of "Bernburg perennial mixture project" the main targets of this study have been clarified. In the second chapter, applied material and methods in "Bernburg perennial mixture project" are introduced and the results of each method have been briefly analyzed. Bernburg project is explained with more details and characteristics of the city of Bernburg and research site have been illustrated. In this chapter suggested trials and their categorization based on different perennial mixture, soil type and irrigation pattern are introduced and according to their biological features and aesthetic aspects have been discussed. In this part, site preparation of Bernburg project is explained step by step through presented plans and photos of the process. In the last section of this chapter assessed methods in Bernburg project (computer simulation, grading system, monitoring, species' vitality, coexistence, height, number and weeds) along with their obtained results and affecting factors are stated and analyzed. As a conclusion of this chapter a comparison has been made between costs of a planting project by making use of artificial soil (free from weeds) and cost of maintenance in case of use of topsoil. In the third chapter, by inspiring from Bernburg project and applied method in it, the idea of Iran's perennial mixture has been formed. In the first part of this chapter features of Iran such as climate, topography, ecosystem, flora, soil pattern and water resources are explained and then current city landscape of Iran has been criticized. A part of Iran (Ilam, Zagros Mountains) has been selected for proposal mixtures and selection methods of Iran's perennials in this region for final mixtures have been explained, chosen themes of plantings are illustrated and in the last part, 3 suggested mixtures are presented by making use of 54 recognized perennials in the area of study. III To my wife for her permanent companionship and support IV ACKNOWLEDGMENT I wish to express my thanks to my advisor Prof. Dr. Wolfram Kircher who gave me the opportunity to be a part of "Bernburg perennial mixture" project and guided me through my study kindly and sympathetically, and to Dr. Elke Eckhardt with her compassionate help and advices. My sincere thank goes to Dr. Solmaz Tavakoli who helped me in a significant part of my study by her knowledge and information. I am grateful to Dr. Madeleine Martin who provided me with a friendly and warm atmosphere to be able to go on with my study and I would also like to thank Daniela Jürges for her friendly guides and helpful information. My very special thanks go to my parents my eternal life-couches and true supporters of my life and my wife with her permanent companionship and patience during my study. V DECLARATION of AUTHORSHIP I certify that the material contained in this Master Thesis is my own work and does not contain unacknowledged work of others. - Where I have consulted the published work of others, this is always clearly attributed. - Where I have quoted from the work of others, the source is always given. With the exception of such quotations the work of this thesis is entirely my own. - This Master Thesis has not been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any other institution. Signature: ……………………… Date: …………………………… VI LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Classification of perennials………………………………………………...P14 Source Borchardt 1998, Evert 2005, supplemented by Fenzl & Kircher 2009, Messer 2008 Table 2 Criteria, function and purpose of choosing plants for the mixtures According to appearance factors…...............................................................P22 Source Author Table 3 Naming system of Bernburg's trial plots…………………………………...P26 Source According to categorization of W. Kircher Table 4 Mixture "A" (Flower Haze): in 12 sqm and 15 sqm plots…………………P28 Source Given information by W. Kircher Table 5 Perennials' characteristics of mixture "A"……………………………….....P29 Source Author and given information by W. Kircher Table 6 Mixture "B" (Prairie Summer): in 12 sqm and 15 sqm plots……………...P32 Source Given information by W. Kircher Table 7 Perennials' characteristics of mixture "B"………………………………P33-34 Source Author and given information by W. Kircher Table 8 Mixture "C" (Moist Site): in 12 sqm and 15 sqm plots……………………P36 Source Given information by W. Kircher Table 9 Perennials' characteristics of mixture "B"……………………………….....P37 Source Author and given information by W. Kircher Table 10 Grading system……………………………………………………...……...P48 Source Given information by W. Kircher Table 11 Samples of visual assessments by evaluators on May 2016…………….....P48 Source Extracted information from original table of "visual assessments by Evaluaters" done by Daniela Jürges and supervised by Wolfram Kircher VII Table 12 Obtained grades of mixture "S2-B-2-a" during 3 months in May, July and October by 4 evaluators…………………………………….P49 Source Extracted information from original table of "visual assessments by Evaluaters" done by Daniela Jürges and supervised by Wolfram Kircher Table 13 Highest grade mixtures between 36 plots………………………………......P50 Source Extracted information from original table of "visual assessments by Evaluaters" done by Daniela Jürges and supervised by Wolfram Kircher Table 14 Dominant colors of each mixture (Bernburg trials) in spring and summer………………………………………………………………...P52 Source Author Table 15 Color psychology in nature……………………………………………..….P53 Source Kate Smith, "a glimpse into the meaning, symbolism and psychology of color", http://www.sensationalcolor.com/color-meaning Table 16 Numbers of some perennial species in mixture "S2-B-1-x" (prairie in sandy soil) over 3 years from 2014 to 2016………………….…P57 Source Extracted information from original table of "individual monitoring of Mixtures" done by Daniela Jürges and supervised by Wolfram Kircher Table 17 Average vitality degree of "Agastache foeniculum-Blue Fortune" in 3 different substrates in 2015 and 2016 (Mixture prairie)………………….P59 Source Extracted information from original table of "Vitality of perennials" done by Daniela Jürges and supervised by Wolfram Kircher Table 18 Average vitality level of perennials in mixture "A" –Flower haze with sandy substrate in 4 different irrigation patterns in 2015 and 2016…..P60 Source Extracted information from original table of "Vitality of perennials" done by Daniela Jürges and supervised by Wolfram Kircher Table 19 Coexistence rate of 3 selected perennials in Mixture "A" of "sandy soil" in 2015………………………………………………………...P61 Source Extracted information from original table of "coexistence of perennials" done by Daniela Jürges and supervised by Wolfram Kircher VIII Table 20 Measured height of Calamagrostis x acutiflora in 2016……………………P62 Source Extracted information from original table of "height of perennials" done by Daniela Jürges and supervised by Wolfram Kircher Table 21 Height of 2 dominant, 2 companion and 2 ground cover perennials in mixture S2-B-2-a (prairie in sandy substrate)……………………….......P63 Source Extracted information from original table of "height of perennials" done by Daniela Jürges and supervised by Wolfram Kircher Table 22 Total time of collecting weeds in Mixture "A" and "B" in different Substrates…………………………………………………………………...P64 Source Extracted information from original table of "weeds in mixtures" done by Daniela Jürges and supervised by Wolfram Kircher Table 23 Selected dominant perennials (Iran's perennial mixture)…………………..P80 Source Author Table 24 Selected companion perennials (Iran's perennial mixture)………….……..P83 Source Author Table 25 Selected filler perennials (Iran's perennial mixture)………….………........P86 Source Author Table 26 Selected bulbous perennials (Iran's perennial mixture)………….….……...P89 Source Author Table 27 Selected ground cover and cushion form perennials (Iran's perennial mixture)…………………………………………………..P93 Source Author Table 28 Cushion Mixture (Zagros Summer)………………………………………..P97 Source Author Table 29 Random Mixture (Zagros Valley)……………………………………........P98 Source Author Table 30 Random Mixture (Zagros Bride)…………………………………………...P99 Source Author IX LIST OF DIAGRAMS Diagram 1 Max, min and average temperature in Bernburg…………………………P24 Source Web address: www.worldweatheronline.com Diagram 2 Rainfall and rain days in Bernburg……………………………………….P24 Source Web address: www.worldweatheronline.com Diagram 3 Snowfall and snow days in Bernburg……………………………………..P25 Source Web address: www.worldweatheronline.com Diagram 4 Max and average wind speed and wind gust……………………………..P25 Source Web address: www.worldweatheronline.com
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