DOCSLIB.ORG

Bees ‘N Beans’ Projects Used Vicia Faba to Monitor Bumblebee Pollination, Detecting No National Deficit During 2014- 2016

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bees ‘N Beans’ Projects Used Vicia Faba to Monitor Bumblebee Pollination, Detecting No National Deficit During 2014- 2016 A University of Sussex PhD thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details 1 UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX Linda Joy Birkin (for) Doctor of Philosophy Pollination ecosystem services and the urban environment September 2017 --- 2 Statement I hereby declare that this thesis has not been and will not be, submitted in whole or in part to another University for the award of any other degree. Signature: ..................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements I knew when I started this PhD that I was going to need an awful lot of bean seeds, but I don’t think I quite realised how much the enthusiasm, encouragement, and gardening skills of so many other people would contribute to my research. So now it is time for me to express my gratitude to those who have ‘bean’ with me on the way. First thanks have to go to my supervisors. To Professor Dave Goulson for giving me this opportunity, and then for his support and advice throughout the course of the last four years. For puzzling through my humour and my phraseology, and giving guidance on Statistical Analysis – and additionally for pints, proofreading, and reminders that publication is actually rather important! I would also like to thank Professor Francis Ratnieks for his comments, expertise and encouragement to consider all viewpoints. I deeply grateful for the support from the "PhD Ladies of 5B20": Kate Basley, Andreia Penado and Janine Griffiths-Lee. We’ve had camaraderie, cakes, tears, battles with Excel, all while keeping each other (arguably) sane. Further thanks go to the others in the Goulson Lab Group, for listening to my updates (and my rants), offering suggestions, and generally being an excellent group of people to work with. Plus a particular mention to Rob Fowler for statistics help, tomato plant chauffeuring around Brighton, and putting up with the state of my greenhouses! And also to Leila Simpson, for planting assistance and video skills tuition in my first year. My friends and family have been incredible, and I thank them all dearly for support, humour, and tea (in pretty much equal measures). Plus extra thanks are due to those who took part in the pilot questionnaires. A very special thank you here is due to my partner, Matt Oakley; for his love, patience and being a voice of reality. Also for his humour, and for being an enthusiastic enabler of emergency takeaways. I am indebted to my parents (occasionally literally), Joan and Rob Birkin, for their unwavering support; their acceptance of late-night phone calls; for proofreading instructions and for running the best at-home field station I could have asked for, regardless of what odd thing I asked them to do. Putting jewellery bags on the alliums. Wrapping net curtains around the fox gloves. Distributing several large crates of plants to friends and neighbours. No problem! Last, by no means the least (and certainly the most numerous group): I thank my volunteers, from all years. I am grateful to everyone who has sprouted, counted, weighed, podded, snipped, watered, calculated, measured, emailed, tweeted, fought slugs and battled with blackfly. They were fantastic, and I quite literally couldn’t have done this PhD without them. 4 Summary Insect pollination is a vital ecosystem service, essential for both wild and domesticated plants, yet to-date there are no standardised national schemes to monitor its status. Thus this PhD focused on assessment of pollination provision in UK urban green spaces, using a combination of citizen science and field/laboratory methods. Each of the following thesis chapters considers a specific pollination-related theme: The need for pollination. Demonstrating how much gardeners need insect pollination is important to underpin public support for pollinator conservation. During 2014-2015, online questionnaires were used to collect information about the crops grown in domestic green spaces and gardening practices used. Participants highly valued ‘growing their own’, and three of five crops grown by the majority (tomatoes, apples, strawberries) have high requirements for insect pollination. A ‘garden shop calculator’ spreadsheet was also tested (positively) as a quick way to calculate the equivalent bought-value of garden crops and the proportion directly attributable to insect actions. Assessment of pollination provision. Citizen science volunteers undertook a simple direct pollination experiment (exclusion, hand pollination, local), requiring treatment randomisation and accurate yield recording. The main ‘Bees ‘n Beans’ projects used Vicia faba to monitor bumblebee pollination, detecting no national deficit during 2014- 2016. This suggests that the domestic pollination needs of V. faba are currently met, and that urban populations of long-tongued bumblebees are sufficient to provide it. The potential of using other plants to cover wider pollinator populations was also explored, identifying Allium hollandicum as suitable. The effects of companion planting. Using tomato plants to examine whether co- planting crops with flowering plants boosts pollination provision (‘magnet species’ effects), or distracts insects. Provided plants were hosted in volunteered gardens and school grounds in Brighton in 2015 & 2016. No effect (improved or detrimental) of co- flowering plants was found on tomato yields at either site type. Using citizen science to monitor pollination services. This chapter combined findings from other chapters and a final questionnaire, which focused on participants’ motivations and willingness to make behavioural changes after taking part. It concludes that the projects have demonstrated volunteers’ ability and willingness to follow experimental protocols under guidance, to collect meaningful data at otherwise-impractical geographical scales. Suggested protocol. This details the finalised Bees ‘n Beans approach and how it relates to other potential pollination monitoring methods. I propose that this style of project is suitable for incorporation into national monitoring scheme development. 5 Contents Statement ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 3 Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Contents…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5 Chapter 1: Ecosystem services and the urban environment – introduction and aims. .............. 10 1.1. Ecosystem Services ............................................................................................................ 11 1.1.1. What is an ecosystem service? ................................................................................. 11 1.1.2. Valuing ecosystem services. ...................................................................................... 12 1.2. Pollination .......................................................................................................................... 14 1.2.1. The pollination service. ............................................................................................. 14 1.2.2. Measuring pollination ............................................................................................... 15 1.2.3. Pollinator decline and conservation ......................................................................... 16 1.3. The buzz about town – urban areas and pollination ......................................................... 18 1.3.1. Biodiversity in urban spaces ..................................................................................... 18 1.3.2. The need for pollination in urban areas ................................................................... 20 1.4. Project aims and the use of citizen science ....................................................................... 21 Chapter 2: Assessment of the existing requirement for pollination services in urban areas. .... 25 2.1. Introduction: urbanisation, ecosystem services, and public understanding. ................... 25 2.2. ‘Growing Towns’ (2014) .................................................................................................... 28 2.2.1. Methods .................................................................................................................... 29 2.2.2. Results and progress ................................................................................................. 31 2.2.3. Discussion .................................................................................................................. 34 2.3. ‘The Need for Bees’ (2015) ................................................................................................ 36 2.3.1. Results ......................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Conservation Behavior: Applying Behavioral Ecology to Wildlife Conservation and Management Edited by Oded Berger-Tal and David Saltz Frontmatter More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04010-6 - Conservation Behavior: Applying Behavioral Ecology to Wildlife Conservation and Management Edited by Oded Berger-Tal and David Saltz Frontmatter More information Conservation Behavior Applying Behavioral Ecology to Wildlife Conservation and Management Conservation behavior assists the investigation of species endangerment associated with managing animals impacted by anthropogenic activities. It employs a theoretical framework that examines the mechanisms, development, function and phylogeny of behavior variation in order to develop practical tools for preventing biodiversity loss and extinction. Developed from a symposium held at the International Congress for Conservation Biology in 2011, this is the first book to offer an in-depth, logical framework that identifies three vital areas for understanding conservation behavior: anthropogenic threats to wildlife, conservation and management protocols, and indicators of anthropogenic threats. Bridging the gap between behavioral ecology and conservation biology, this volume ascertains key links between the fields, explores the theoretical foundations of these linkages, and connects them to practical wildlife management tools and concise applicable advice. Adopting a clear and structured approach throughout, this book is a vital resource for graduate students, academic researchers, and wildlife managers. ODED BERGER-TAL is a senior lecturer at the Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology of Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel. His research centers upon the integration of behavioral ecology into wildlife conservation and management. DAVID SALTZ is a Professor of Conservation Biology at the Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, and the director of the Swiss Institute for Desert Energy and Environmental ResearchofBenGurionUniversityoftheNegev, Israel. His research focuses on wildlife conservation and management.
    [Show full text]
  • The Conservation Behaviorist
    The Conservation Behaviorist Heidi Fisher, student at Boston University, receives E. O. Wilson Conservation Award Animal Behavior Society ABS Conservation Committee The Conservation Behaviorist, an electronic biannual news-update, informs ABS members about the Conservation Committee’s activities, research trends in behavior and conservation, and relevant scientific news in conservation research where behavior plays an important role. The Conservation Behaviorist Vol. 3, No. 1, May 2005 ____________________________________________________________ In this issue The ABS Conservation Committee ..……………………….. 2 Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior........................................ 2 Elizabeth V. Lonsdorf and Mark L. Wildhaber join ABS Conservation Committee…………………………………….. 2 Perspectives: Animal Cognition and its Role in Conservation Behavior, by Guillermo Paz-y-Miño C.……………………... 3 Feature Article: Conservation Behavior in Borneo’s logged forests, by Jason Munshi-South….…………………..……….5 Animal Behavior Society Annual Meeting……………………7 Excerpts From Back Issues …………………...…………….10 © Photo Sherri Michaud Conservation Tips By Daniel T. Blumstein “…As a field biologist, it is difficult not to become a conservationist, particularly when Is there anything a behaviorist can you study animal behavior. An animal’s first do to help conservation? response to a stressor is often a change at Work in an endangered habitat. Even if you the behavioral level. Behavior is a reliable are not focusing on an endangered species, indicator of ecological disturbance…” says by working in an endangered habitat you will Fisher. Her proposal “Communication breakdown illustrate, by example, the value of the habitat and hybridization in Xiphophorus fishes” will be and you may be able to collect additional funded by the ABS Student Research Grant information that will be useful for endangered Program and she will receive the 2005 E.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding and Influencing Behaviors in Conservation
    Understanding and Influencing Behaviors in Conservation Natural Resources Management Understanding and Influencing Behaviors in Conservation and Natural Resources Management WWF Biodiversity Support Program c/o World Wildlife Fund 1250 24th Street, NW • Washington, DC 20037 phone 202-293-4800 • fax 202-293-9211 Br uce Bruce A. Byers 1-887531-23-8 A. By Biodiversity Support Program Funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development A USAID-funded consortium of the World Wildlife Fund, er s The Nature Conservancy, and the World Resources Institute Understanding and Influencing Behaviors in Conservation and Natural Resources Management Bruce A. Byers African Biodiversity Series, No. 4 Biodiversity Support Program A USAID-funded consortium of World Wildlife Fund, The Nature Conservancy, and World Resources Institute Table of Contents Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………….viii Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………………….x Preface……………………………………………………………………………………xi Executive Summary……………………………………………………………………xiii I. Introduction………………………………………………………………………1 Background………………………………………………………………………..1 Why Emphasize Behavior?…………………………………………………….….1 Why Do Social Assessment and Research?……………………………………….3 Why Emphasize Participation?……………………………………………………4 Values, Conservation, and Sustainability…………………………………………5 II. The Process of Understanding and Influencing Behavior…………………...11 Background…………………..…………………………………………………..11 Models of the Process……………………………………………………………13 A Synthetic Model……………………………………………………………….17 A Hierarchy of Means and Ends…………………………………………19
    [Show full text]
  • Report of a Working Group on Prunus: Sixth and Seventh Meetings
    European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Report of a Working Resources ECP GR Group on Prunus Sixth Meeting, 20-21 June 2003, Budapest, Hungary Seventh Meeting, 1-3 December 2005, Larnaca, Cyprus L. Maggioni and E. Lipman, compilers IPGRI and INIBAP operate under the name Bioversity International Supported by the CGIAR European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Report of a Working Resources ECP GR Group on Prunus Sixth Meeting, 20 –21 June 2003, Budapest, Hungary Seventh Meeting, 1 –3 December 2005, Larnaca, Cyprus L. Maggioni and E. Lipman, compilers ii REPORT OF A WORKING GROUP ON PRUNUS: SIXTH AND SEVENTH MEETINGS Bioversity International is an independent international scientific organization that seeks to improve the well- being of present and future generations of people by enhancing conservation and the deployment of agricultural biodiversity on farms and in forests. It is one of 15 centres supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), an association of public and private members who support efforts to mobilize cutting-edge science to reduce hunger and poverty, improve human nutrition and health, and protect the environment. Bioversity has its headquarters in Maccarese, near Rome, Italy, with offices in more than 20 other countries worldwide. The Institute operates through four programmes: Diversity for Livelihoods, Understanding and Managing Biodiversity, Global Partnerships, and Commodities for Livelihoods. The international status of Bioversity is conferred under an Establishment Agreement which, by January 2006, had been signed by the Governments of Algeria, Australia, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chile, China, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Greece, Guinea, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda and Ukraine.
    [Show full text]
  • – the 2020 Horticulture Guide –
    – THE 2020 HORTICULTURE GUIDE – THE 2020 BULB & PLANT MART IS BEING HELD ONLINE ONLY AT WWW.GCHOUSTON.ORG THE DEADLINE FOR ORDERING YOUR FAVORITE BULBS AND SELECTED PLANTS IS OCTOBER 5, 2020 PICK UP YOUR ORDER OCTOBER 16-17 AT SILVER STREET STUDIOS AT SAWYER YARDS, 2000 EDWARDS STREET FRIDAY, OCTOBER 16, 2020 SATURDAY, OCTOBER 17, 2020 9:00am - 5:00pm 9:00am - 2:00pm The 2020 Horticulture Guide was generously underwritten by DEAR FELLOW GARDENERS, I am excited to welcome you to The Garden Club of Houston’s 78th Annual Bulb and Plant Mart. Although this year has thrown many obstacles our way, we feel that the “show must go on.” In response to the COVID-19 situation, this year will look a little different. For the safety of our members and our customers, this year will be an online pre-order only sale. Our mission stays the same: to support our community’s green spaces, and to educate our community in the areas of gardening, horticulture, conservation, and related topics. GCH members serve as volunteers, and our profits from the Bulb Mart are given back to WELCOME the community in support of our mission. In the last fifteen years, we have given back over $3.5 million in grants to the community! The Garden Club of Houston’s first Plant Sale was held in 1942, on the steps of The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, with plants dug from members’ gardens. Plants propagated from our own members’ yards will be available again this year as well as plants and bulbs sourced from near and far that are unique, interesting, and well suited for area gardens.
    [Show full text]
  • One Man's Personal Campaign to Save the Building – Page 8
    The newspaper for BBC pensioners – with highlights from Ariel online Goodbye TVC One man’s personal campaign to save the building – page 8 April 2013 • Issue 2 bbC expenses regional dance band down television drama memories Page 2 Page 6 Page 7 NEWS • MEMoriES • ClaSSifiEdS • Your lEttErS • obituariES • CroSPEro 02 baCk at thE bbC Pollard Review findings On 22 February, acting director general Tim Davie sent the following email to all staff, in advance of the publication of the Nick Pollard. Pollard Review evidence: hen the Pollard Review was made clearer to ensure all entries meet BBC published back in December, Editorial standards. we said that we would The additional papers we’ve published Club gives tVC a great release all the evidence that today don’t add to Nick Pollard’s findings, send off WNick Pollard provided to us when he they explain the factual basis of how he (where a genuine and identifiable interest of delivered his report. Today we are publishing arrived at them. We’ve already accepted the BBC is at stake). Thank you to all the retired members and all the emails and documents that were the review in full and today’s publication There will inevitably be press interest and ex-staff who joined us for our ‘Goodbye to appended to the report together with the gives us no reason to revisit that decision as you would expect we’re offering support to TVC’ on 9 March. The day started with a transcripts of interviews given to the review. or the actions we are already taking.
    [Show full text]
  • 02 Gscene Feb2019
    FEB 2019 CONTENTS GSCENE magazine ) www.gscene.com AFFINITY BAR t @gscene f GScene.Brighton PUBLISHER Peter Storrow TEL 01273 749 947 EDITORIAL [email protected] ADS+ARTWORK [email protected] EDITORIAL TEAM James Ledward, Graham Robson, Gary Hart, Alice Blezard, Ray A-J SPORTS EDITOR Paul Gustafson N ARTS EDITOR Michael Hootman R E SUB EDITOR Graham Robson V A T SOCIAL MEDIA EDITOR E N I Marina Marzotto R A DESIGN Michèle Allardyce M FRONT COVER MODEL Arkadius Arecki NEWS INSTAGRAM oi_boy89 SUBLINE POST-CHRISTMAS PARTY FOR SCENE STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER Simon Pepper, 6 News www.simonpepperphotography.com Instagram: simonpepperphotography f simonpepperphotographer SCENE LISTINGS CONTRIBUTORS 24 Gscene Out & About Simon Adams, Ray A-J, Jaq Bayles, Jo Bourne, Nick Boston, Brian Butler, 28 Brighton & Hove Suchi Chatterjee, Richard Jeneway, Craig Hanlon-Smith, Samuel Hall, Lee 42 Solent Henriques, Adam Mallaby, Enzo Marra, Eric Page, Del Sharp, Gay Socrates, Brian Stacey, Michael Steinhage, ARTS Sugar Swan, Glen Stevens, Duncan Stewart, Craig Storrie, Violet 46 Arts News Valentine (Zoe Anslow-Gwilliam), Mike Wall, Netty Wendt, Roger 47 Arts Matters Wheeler, Kate Wildblood ZONE 47 Arts Jazz PHOTOGRAPHERS Captain Cockroach, James Ledward, 48 Classical Notes Jack Lynn, Marina Marzotto 49 Page’s Pages REGULARS 26 Dance Music 26 DJ Profile: Lee Dagger 45 Shopping © GSCENE 2019 All work appearing in Gscene Ltd is 52 Craig’s Thoughts copyright. It is to be assumed that the copyright for material rests with the magazine unless otherwise stated on the 53 Wall’s Words page concerned. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in 53 Gay Socrates an electronic or other retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means, 54 Charlie Says electronic, mechanical, photocopying, FEATURES recording or otherwise without the prior 55 Hydes’ Hopes knowledge and consent of the publishers.
    [Show full text]
  • 7 June 2020 (Agenda July 2020) To: Parish Councillors C.C: Christian Mitchell (West Sussex County Councillor) Richard Landeryou (Horsham District Councillor)
    Rudgwick Parish Council Weekly Clerk’s Update: 1 – 7 June 2020 (Agenda July 2020) To: Parish Councillors c.c: Christian Mitchell (West Sussex County Councillor) Richard Landeryou (Horsham District Councillor) From: Jonna Foote ____________________________________________________________________________ The weekly update provides information regarding: • Announcements/delegated decisions by the Clerk • Planning information • Correspondence/communications from parishioners • Correspondence/communications from outside organisations List of organisations that communicate with the Council on a regular basis. o AIRS (Action in Rural Sussex) o APCAG (Association of Parish Councils Aviation Group) o CAGNE (Communities Against Gatwick Noise Emission) o CPRE (Campaign to Protect Rural England) o HALC (Horsham Association of Local Councils) o HDC (Horsham District Council) o NALC (National Association of Local Councils) o SSALC (Surrey and Sussex Association of Local Councils) o WSCC (West Sussex District Council) ____________________________________________________________________________ Clerk’s announcements/delegated decisions: • Government Guidance: Community centres can open for the purpose of hosting essential voluntary activities and urgent public services, such as food banks, homeless services. A community centre can open temporarily to host a blood donation session for these services only. The government strongly advises that Public Health England guidelines are followed. As such Rudgwick Hall and Jubilee all are to remain closed until the next Government Review on 4th July. • Rudgwick Hall inverter has been replaced. • Tismans Common Defibrillator is not working with new battery/ pads and a temporary replacement has now been installed by Litter Warden. • VAT refund information for fourth quarter of 19/20 (£2,302.56) has been submitted to HMRC • Water Meter for KGV located at the entrance to Rudgwick Hall car park, regular readings will be taken to ensure there are no water leaks accounting for use.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr Jo Cutler
    Dr Jo Cutler W: www.jocutler.com E: [email protected] Topics: altruism, decision-making, learning, cognitive biases, charitable giving, ageing. Methods: fMRI, psychophysiology (ECG, GSR & pulse oximetry), behavioural (lab & online), computational modelling, lesion studies. Software & programming: R, Matlab (SPM, PsPM, Psychtoolbox), FSL, Unix. EMPLOYMENT Postdoctoral Research Fellow July 2020 to present School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK Postdoctoral Research Associate January to June 2020 Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK Social Decision Neuroscience Lab Principle Investigator: Dr Patricia Lockwood EDUCATION PhD Psychology 2016 to 2020 School of Psychology, University of Sussex, UK • Thesis: When and why do we value the lives of others? Insights from brain, body and behaviour • Supervisor: Dr Daniel Campbell-Meiklejohn • Involved in all research ideas, co-designed paradigms and created stimuli • Wrote scripts to run studies and analyse data • Tested participants and coordinated other researchers to run studies MSc Cognitive Neuroscience, Distinction 2015 to 2016 School of Psychology, University of Sussex, UK • Dissertation: Comparing altruistic decisions with those which also benefit the self: A functional imaging meta-analysis of prosocial decisions BSc Psychology (International), 1st Class Hons 2011 to 2015 School of Psychology, University of Leeds, UK and University of Sydney, Australia • Dissertation: Applying the theory of planned behaviour to charitable giving • Research assistant on 4 projects leading to co-authorship on 2 (unpublished) articles and a conference presentation • Grant to collect data in Australia 1 PUBLICATIONS Rhoads, Cutler & Marsh (preprint) A feature-based network analysis and fMRI meta-analysis of the task structure underlying prosocial decision-making reveal three distinct clusters: cooperation, equity, and altruism.
    [Show full text]
  • Pocketbook for You, in Any Print Style: Including Updated and Filtered Data, However You Want It
    Hello Since 1994, Media UK - www.mediauk.com - has contained a full media directory. We now contain media news from over 50 sources, RAJAR and playlist information, the industry's widest selection of radio jobs, and much more - and it's all free. From our directory, we're proud to be able to produce a new edition of the Radio Pocket Book. We've based this on the Radio Authority version that was available when we launched 17 years ago. We hope you find it useful. Enjoy this return of an old favourite: and set mediauk.com on your browser favourites list. James Cridland Managing Director Media UK First published in Great Britain in September 2011 Copyright © 1994-2011 Not At All Bad Ltd. All Rights Reserved. mediauk.com/terms This edition produced October 18, 2011 Set in Book Antiqua Printed on dead trees Published by Not At All Bad Ltd (t/a Media UK) Registered in England, No 6312072 Registered Office (not for correspondence): 96a Curtain Road, London EC2A 3AA 020 7100 1811 [email protected] @mediauk www.mediauk.com Foreword In 1975, when I was 13, I wrote to the IBA to ask for a copy of their latest publication grandly titled Transmitting stations: a Pocket Guide. The year before I had listened with excitement to the launch of our local commercial station, Liverpool's Radio City, and wanted to find out what other stations I might be able to pick up. In those days the Guide covered TV as well as radio, which could only manage to fill two pages – but then there were only 19 “ILR” stations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emergence of Conservation Behavior
    Editorial The Emergence of Conservation Behavior Conservation biologists have begun to apply general prin- that use visual signals to make adaptive mate-choice deci- ciples of animal behavior to solve conservation prob- sions. As a result, fish may hybridize and suffer reduced lems. Four major edited volumes and a number of re- individual fitness and the population itself may decrease. views published in the last decade have proposed the- Some argue that ultimate questions are most impor- oretical and empirical links between behavior and con- tant for conservation because they link variation in behav- servation (see the Animal Behavior Society’s Conserva- ior with fitness. However, understanding how proximate tion Committee website: www.animalbehavior.org/ABS/ processes affect survival is also crucial. For example, we Conservation/). To strengthen this multidisciplinary col- know that training captive-reared animals to recognize laboration, it is essential for conservation biologists to predators may increase post-release survival. Yet further understand the types of questions addressed by the field studies on the developmental contexts, presence of sensi- of animal behavior (proximate and ultimate) and the im- tive periods, and types of experiences required may yield plications of these questions for conservation biology, the more efficient and effective training programs. conservation literature, and recovery teams. Conserva- From a management perspective, searching for the fit- tion biologists may be unfamiliar with the jargon of be- ness consequences of behavioral responses may provide havioral biologists, but lack of knowledge is no excuse to insights into the impacts of certain human activities on ignore animal behavior. We believe that behavioral biol- wildlife, but this does not necessarily translate into con- ogists have much to contribute to conservation biology servation gains.
    [Show full text]
  • Listado De Todas Las Plantas Que Tengo Fotografiadas Ordenado Por Familias Según El Sistema APG III (Última Actualización: 2 De Septiembre De 2021)
    Listado de todas las plantas que tengo fotografiadas ordenado por familias según el sistema APG III (última actualización: 2 de Septiembre de 2021) GÉNERO Y ESPECIE FAMILIA SUBFAMILIA GÉNERO Y ESPECIE FAMILIA SUBFAMILIA Acanthus hungaricus Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Metarungia longistrobus Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Acanthus mollis Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Odontonema callistachyum Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Acanthus spinosus Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Odontonema cuspidatum Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Aphelandra flava Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Odontonema tubaeforme Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Aphelandra sinclairiana Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Pachystachys lutea Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Aphelandra squarrosa Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Pachystachys spicata Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Asystasia gangetica Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Peristrophe speciosa Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Barleria cristata Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Phaulopsis pulchella Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Barleria obtusa Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Pseuderanthemum carruthersii ‘Rubrum’ Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Barleria repens Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Pseuderanthemum carruthersii var. atropurpureum Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Brillantaisia lamium Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Pseuderanthemum carruthersii var. reticulatum Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Brillantaisia owariensis Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Pseuderanthemum laxiflorum Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Brillantaisia ulugurica Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Pseuderanthemum laxiflorum ‘Purple Dazzler’ Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Crossandra infundibuliformis Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Ruellia
    [Show full text]