Drosophila Suzukii (Matsumura)

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Drosophila Suzukii (Matsumura) Journal of Mountain Agriculture on the Balkans, 2017, 20 (6), 243-250 ISSN 1311-0489 (Print) Research Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and Agriculture, Troyan ISSN 2367-8364 (Online) Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) – нов опасен неприятел по ягодоплодните култури в района на Централна Стара планина – първи резултати Петко Минков1*, Диян Георгиев1, Недялка Палагачева2, Василий Джувинов3 1Институт по планинско животновъдство и земеделие, 5600 Троян, България 2Аграрен университет, 4000 Пловдив, България 3Институт по овощарство, 4004 Пловдив, България *Email: [email protected] Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) – a new invasive insect pest on berry plants in the Central Balkan Mountains – first results Petko Minkov1*, Diyan Georgiev1, Nedyalka Palagacheva2, Vasiliy Dzhuvinov3 1Research Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and Agriculture, 5600 Troyan, Bulgaria 2Agricultural University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria 3Fruit Growing Institute, 4004 Plovdiv, Bulgaria РЕЗЮМЕ SUMMARY Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), (Diptera:Drosophilidae) e нов опасен (Diptera:Drosophilidae) is a new insect неприятел по овощните култури, лозите pest in fruit crops, vines and other plant и други растителни видове в Европа и species in Europe and all over the world. света. В България този вид за първи It was identified for the first time in път е идентифициран през 2014 г. в Bulgaria in the regions of Blagoevgrad, районите на Благоевград, Кюстендил и Kyustendil and Plovdiv in 2014. Because Пловдив. Поради свободното движение of the free movement of goods within the на стоки в рамките на Европейският European Union, the danger of D.suzukii съюз опасността от разпространението spreading is constantly increasing. на D. suzukii нараства непрекъснато. Едни от предпочитаните госто- Some of the favourite host plants приемници от D.suzukii са ягодоплодни- for D.suzukii are berry plants, such as те култури – малини, къпини и боровин- raspberry, blackberry, strawberry and ки, които са традиционни за района на blueberry, which are traditional in the Централна Стара планина. region of the Central Balkan Mountains. За първи път през 2016 г. бяха Insect traps of the Hungarian заложени уловки на унгарската фирма company “Csalomon“ (VARL) were set for „Csalomon" (VARL) за мониторинг на monitoring D.suzukii at the Research D.suzukii в Института по планинско Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and животновъдство и земеделие в Троян в Agriculture in Troyan in the raspberry 243 малини от сортовете "Виламет" и plantation with ‘Willamette’, ‘Shopska "Шопска алена", както и в къпиновите alena’ and in blackberry cultivars, such as сортове "Хул Торнлес" и "Бляк Сатин". ‘Hull Tornless’ and ‘Black Satin’. В заложените уловки първите The first mature insects in the traps възрастни в малините бяха констатира- on raspberry plants were found on June ни на 14 юни, а в къпините на 13 юли, 14, and in the blackberry on July 13, the т.е. времето през което плодовете им period when fruit began to ripe. During започват за узряват. През този период this period, the control was difficult борбата е трудна поради големият риск because of the risk of pesticide residues от остатъчни количества пестициди, that are dangerous to people. които са опасни за здравето на хората. Промените в климатичните усло- Significant changes in climate вия през последните години показват, conditions in recent years have shown че в нашата страна този вид има that in Bulgaria this species has real реални условия за развитие и се conditions for its developed and would очаква да прояви висок биологичен have high biological impact and become a потенциал и да го превърне в ключов main insect pest for fruit crops, where неприятел по овощните култури, berry species belongs. където са и ягодоплодните видове. Ключови думи: Drosophila Key words: Drosophila suzukii, suzukii, малини, къпини raspberry, blackberry УВОД INTRODUCTION Промените в климата през по- Climate change in recent years has следните години, оказват съществено had a significant impact on the spread влияние върху разпространението и and harmful activity of insect pests on вредната дейност на неприятелите по crop plants, thus creating prerequisites for културните растения, като по такъв на- new species to enter with certain чин се създават предпоставки за навли- requirements in relation to environmental зане на нови видове с определени conditions. Such species is Drosophila изисквания към условията на околната suzukii (Matsumura), (Diptera: среда. Такъв вид е Drosophila suzukii Drosophilidae). (Matsumura), (Diptera:Drosophilidae). От Югоизточна Азия тя е на- It entered for the first time in North влязла за първи път в Северна Амери- America (California) and Europe (Spain) ка (Калифорния) и в Европа (Испания) in 2008 from Southeast Asia, possibly през 2008 г., вероятно чрез внос на through the imports of fruit production. At плодова продукция. Понастоящем в ре- present, it is pointed as a main insect pest дица страни в Азия, Америка и Европа for fruit production in a number of D.suzukii се посочва като ключов countries in Asia, America and Europe. неприятел в плодовото производство. Serious damages caused by that species Констатирани са сериозни щети от този have been found on plum, blackberry, вид по сливи, къпини, череши, райска cherry, persimmon, raspberry, strawberry, ябълка, малини, ягоди, черна боровин- blackberry and peach plantations. Without ка и праскови. Без прилагане на меро- taking any measures, the losses caused приятия за борба в Западните щати на by D. suzukii have reached $ 500 million САЩ загубите от D.suzukii са достгнали per year, and in the Eastern states they 500 млн. долара годишно, а в Източни- are estimated at 27.5 million dollars те щати те се оценяват на 27,5 млн. (Kanzawa, 1939; Goodhue et al., 2011; долара (Kanzawa, 1939; Goodhue et al., Lee et al., 2011; Walsh et al., 2011; Cini 244 2011; Lee et al., 2011; Walsh et al., 2011; et al., 2012; Asplen et al., 2015). Cini et al., 2012; Asplen et al., 2015). В Италия през 2010 г. при In 2010, losses of 0.5 million euros ягогоплодните са отчетени загуби от were reported in Italy for berry plants, and 0,5 млн. евро, а през 2011г. – над 1,3 in 2011 – over EUR 1.3 million (Rego et млн. евро (Rego et al., 2017). al., 2017). D.suzukii е полифаг, който напада D.suzukii is a polyphage that над 90 културни и диворастящи расте- attacks over 90 crops and wild plants of ния от над 23 ботанически семейства. over 23 botanical families. Preferred host Предпочитани гостоприемници са plants include strawberry (Fragaria ягода (Fragaria ananassa), череша ananassa), sweet cherry (Prunus avium), (Prunus avium), малина (Rubus idaeus), raspberry (Rubus idaeus), blackberry къпина (Rubus spp.), кайсия (Prunus (Rubus spp.), apricot (Prunus armeniaca), armeniaca), праскова (Prunus persica), peach (Prunus persica), nectarine нектарина (Prunus persica var. (Prunus persica var. Nucipersica), nucipersica), боровинка (Vaccinium blueberry (Vaccinium spp.), plum (Prunus spp.), слива (Prunus domestica), лоза domestica), vine (Vitis vinifera) and (Vitis vinifera) и др. others. Повредите се нанасят от ларви- Damage is caused by the larvae те, които се хранят с плодовото месо, в that feed on fruit flesh, as a result of which резултат на което плодовете омекват, the fruits soften, deform and lose their деформират се и губят търговската си commercial value. As a result, conditions стойност. В резултат на това се създа- for attack by secondary pathogens are ват условия за нападение от вторични created. патогени. Развитието на Drosophila suzukii The development of Drosophila е в пряка връзка с температурата. suzukii is directly related to temperature. Напролет мухите се активизират при In spring, flies are activated at an average среднодневна температура над 10°С, daily temperature above 10 ° C, and they като те са най-активни в диапазона 20- are most active in the range 20-25 ° C, 25оС, но при температури над 30оС but at temperatures above 30 ° C their активността им намалява (Kanzawa, activity decreases (Kanzawa, 1939). 1939). Женските снасят яйцата си в Females lay their eggs in fruits by плодовете като предпочитат узрелите preferring the ripe to the unripe berries. пред зелените плодове. В напълно Flies lay 55% of their eggs in fully ripe узрелите плодове мухите снасят 55% fruits, 34% in beginning of ripening and от яйцата, в начална зрелост - 34 %, а only 11% in green fruits (Lee et al., 2011). в зелените плодове – едва 11% (Lee et The larvae cannot complete their al., 2011). В киселите плодове ларвите development in fermented fruits не могат да завършат развитието си (Malgnashca et al., 2010). It has been (Malgnashca et al., 2010). Установено е, established that for one season че за един сезон Drosophila suzukii Drosophila suzukii develops from 7 to 15 развива от 7 до 15 поколения годишно generations per year (Cini et al., 2012). (Cini et al., 2012). У нас петнистокрилата дрозофи- The spotted wing drosophila was ла за пръв път е открита в черешова first discovered in Bulgaria in a sweet градина в Благоевград през 2014 г. По- cherry orchard in Blagoevgrad in 2014. късно през септември същата година Later, in September of that year, it was тя е установена в сливово насаждение found in a plum plantation in the village of 245 в с.Търновлаг, Кюстендилско. В Плов- Tarnovlag, in the region of Kyustendil. In дивска област (с. Войводиново и в с. the region of Plovdiv, (the villages of Калековец) видът е регистриран през Voyvodinovo and Kalekovets) the species октомври в овощни градини от ябълки и was registered in October in apple and праскови. През ноември D.suzukii е peach plantations. In November, D.suzukii установена в плодо-зеленчуковата бор- was found in the fruit and vegetable trade са в с.Първенец и в гр.Варна (Laginova market in the village of Parvenets and the and Ivanova, 2015). town of Varna (Laginova and Ivanova, За мониторинг на мухите от сем. 2015). Tephritidae се използват хранителни Food lures are used to monitor the примамки. Този метод се прилага и при flies of Tephritidae. This method is also мухите от сем. Drosophilidae (Albert et applicable to flies of Drosophilidae family al., 2009).
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