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KNOWLEDGE – International Journal Vol.45.3 PESTICIDE RESIDUES in FEED and DAIRY PRDUCTS

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KNOWLEDGE – International Journal Vol.45.3 PESTICIDE RESIDUES in FEED and DAIRY PRDUCTS KNOWLEDGE – International Journal Vol.45.3 PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FEED AND DAIRY PRDUCTS Hristo Hristev Agricultural university of Plovdiv, Bulgaria, [email protected] Rumyana Ivanova Agricultural university of Plovdiv, Bulgaria, [email protected] Abstract: An analysis for residual amounts of organochlorine pesticides in feed, mixed sheep's milk and cheese from the Plovdiv region was made. The found presence of total fractions of DDT, Lindane, Heptachlor, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Hexachlorobenzene, were all within the permissible limits. The highest content of DDT-total fractions was found in feed from the region of the village of Kuklen (0,8965 mg / kg), highest content of Lindan (0,0440 mg / kg) from the village of Voyvodinovo and for Endrin (0,0802 mg / kg) from the village of Graf Ignatievo. The content of forbidden pesticides increases during the spring and summer months, when the use of products for plant protection, including the forbidden ones, increases due to the active outdoor agro-ameliorative activities. In mixed sheep's milk most often we found total fractions of DDT and Lindane. The same is observed for cheese samples. The milk from the village of Tsaratsovo has the highest content of DDT – 0,7249, and for cheese - from the village of Stroevo (1,8068). Keywords: feed, milk, cheese, organochlorine pesticides ОСТАТЪЧНИ КОЛИЧЕСТВА ПЕСТИЦИДИ ВЪВ ФУРАЖИ И МЛЕЧНИ ПРОДУКТИ Христо Христев Аграрен университет, Пловдив, България, [email protected] Румяна Иванова Аграрен университет, Пловдив, България, [email protected] Резюме: Направен е анализ на фуражи, сборно овче мляко и сирена от района на Пловдивска област за остатъчни количества хлорорганични пестициди. Установено е наличие на сумарни фракции ДДТ, Линдан, Хептахлор, Алдрин, Диелдрин, Ендрин, Хексахлорбензол, всички под пределно допустимите граници. Най- високо съдържание на ДДТ-сумарни фракции се констатира във фуражите от землището на с. Куклен (0,8965 mg/kg), на Линдан (0,0440 mg/kg) от с. Войводиново и на Ендрин (0,0802 mg/kg) от с. Граф Игнатиево. Съдържанието на забранени пестициди нараства през пролетно-летните месеци, когато се увеличава и употребата на растително-защитни препарати, включително и на забранените, по време на активните агромелиоративни дейности на открито. В сборното овче мляко най-често се доказва наличието на сумарни фракции ДДТ и Линдан. Същото се наблюдава и при пробите от сирена. Млякото от с. Царацово е с най-високо съдържание на ДДТ - 0,7249, а на сирената – от с. Строево (1,8068). Ключови думи: фуражи, мляко, сирене, хлорорганични пестициди 1. ВЪВЕДЕНИЕ Широката употреба на пестициди се превръща в сериозна опасност за опазване чистотата на природата. Голяма част от тях се задържат за дълго в почвата и водните ресурси и проявяват негативен ефект върху хората и животните (Wongwichit, 2012). Участвайки в кръговрата на веществата в крайна сметка достигат до животните и човека (Stoyanov, 1999). Възможностите за остри и хронични интоксикации с химични вещества или техни остатъчни продукти растат непрекъснато. Най-голяма опасност за екосистемите според Оwen (1989) са пестицидите с продължителна перзистентност в компонентите на биосферата, хидросферата и литосферата (V. Reddy. & M. Reddy, 2015), които се придвижват по екологичната хранителна верига. Пестицидите имат различна устойчивост към разлагане. Тяхната органична съставка се използва като въглероден източник при храненето на почвените микроорганизми, от което зависи и трайността на пестицида във времето (Karaivanova & Tcvetkova, 2015). С доказано най-дълъг период на перзистентност е препарата ДДТ (до десетки години). Остатъчните количества пестициди или техните деривати във фуражите и животинските продукти могат да станат причина за сериозни здравни проблеми като рак (Dich et al, 1997), функционални нарушения на имунната и репродуктивната системи, предпоставка за болестни процеси и 615 KNOWLEDGE – International Journal Vol.45.3 други (Bogoeva, 2014, Banerjee, 1999). Особено внимание е нужно да се отделя на хроничната токсичност, която се проявява при дълга употреба и акумулация на токсични субстанции. Понякога негативният ефект може да се прояви след години, дори в следващото поколение – отдалечен ефект (Bogoeva, 2014). Голяма част от устойчивите органични замърсители - пестициди, са забранени за употреба още през 70-те години на миналия век, но остатъчни продукти от тях по Стокхолмската конвенция продължават да се регистрират. Изследванията на фуражите и животинските продукти в това отношение представляват интерес не само от гледище на хигиена на храненето, но дават и обратна информация за ефекта от борбата с вредителите по селскостопанските култури (Panyshina & Sasinovich, 1983). В настоящата статия се представят данни за съдържанието на някои хлорорганични съединения в изхранвани на овце фуражи, както и в получените от тях млечни продукти на територията на Пловдивския регион. 2. МАТЕРИАЛ И МЕТОДИ Изследванията са проведени през пролетно-летния период. Изхранваните на овцете фуражи са основно сено, царевичен силаж, слама и концентрати. Преминаването от оборно към пасищно хранене на животните става поетапно с намаляване на грубите фуражи със сочни. От всеки вид и нова партида фураж са вземани средни проби. Млечните проби са вземани веднъж седмично от сборното сутрешно мляко на съответното населено място като една част от тях са използвани за приготвяне на сирене. След приключване периода на зреене на сиренето са взети проби от него, от фуражите и от млякото и насочени за изследване за съдържание на ДДТ- сумарни фракции, Линдан, Хептахлор, Алдрин, Диелдрин, Ендрин, Хексахлорбензол. Използвани са газхроматографски методи съгласно одобрена от МНЗ методика (Газхроматографски методи за определяне на хлорорганични пестициди в хранителните продукти, София, 1985). 3. РЕЗУЛТАТИ И ОБСЪЖДАНЕ Свободната употреба на пестицидите в селското стопанство повишава риска от замърсяване на фуражите или на отпадъците от растениевъдството, често използвани за храна на животните. Направеният от нас анализ на изхранвани на овце фуражи в района на Пловдив установи наличие на забранени преди години хлорорганични пестициди (Таблица 1). Таблица 1. Съдържание на хлорорганични пестициди във фуражите на някои от селата на Пловдивски регион Сумарни Хексахлор- Пестицид фракции Линдан, Хептахлор, Алдрин, Диелдрин, Ендрин, бензол, Селище ДДТ, mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg Бенковски 0,0036 - - - - - - Войводиново 0,0445 0,0440 0,0008 0,0028 - - - Граф Игнатиево 0,0240 0,0081 0,0063 0,0061 0,0026 0,0802 0,0221 Стрелци - - - - - - - Строево 0,0268 0,0090 - 0,0036 - - - Скутаре 0,0287 - - - - - - Царацово 0,0592 0,0367 0,0075 0,0091 - - - Церетелево - - - - - - - Куклен 0,8965 - 0,0015 0,0090 - - - В изхранваните фуражи на почти всички населени места съдържанието на сумарни фракции ДДТ се колебаят между 0,0036 и 0,8965 mg/kg. Най-голямо разнообразие от употребявани хлорорганични пестициди се установи в с. Граф Игнатиево. От тях най-често се регистрират Линдан, Хептахлор, Ендрин и Диелдрин. Фуражите от всички села, с изключение на с. Граф Игнатиево, са свободни от Ендрин, Диелдрин и Хексахлорбензол. На базата на установените резултати може да се каже, че най-често използвани хлорорганични пестициди в района на град Пловдив са ДДД, Линдан, Ендрин и Хексахлорбензол. Всички установени от нас количества на ХОС са под пределно допустимите концентрации (ПДК). Тревожно е състоянието на фуражите, произведени в землището на с. Куклен, където съдържанието на ДДТ-сумарни фракции се доближава до пределната допустима концентрация от 1 mg/kg. Тревожен е и факта, че съдържанието на забранени пестициди показва тенденция на нарастване през пролетно-летните месеци. Като вероятна причина може да се посочи увеличената употреба на растително защитни препарати, 616 KNOWLEDGE – International Journal Vol.45.3 включително и забранени, по време на активните агромелиоративни дейности на открито. Отделяните с млякото ХОС се ограничават основно до три препарата: ДДТ-сумарни фракции, линдан и хексахлорбензол (Таблица 2). Таблица 2. Съдържание на хлорорганични пестициди в сборно овче мляко на някои от селата на Пловдивски регион Сумарни Хексахлор- естицид фракции Линдан, Хептахлор, Алдрин, Диелдрин, Ендрин, бензол, Селище ДДТ, mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg Бенковски 0,1721 - - - - - - Войводиново 0,0119 - - - - - - Граф Игнатиево - 0,2211 - - - - 0,221 Стрелци 0,0522 - - - - - - Строево 0,1818 - - - - - - Скутаре 0,3859 0,0170 - - - - - Царацово 0,7249 - - - - - - Церетелево 0,0238 0,0171 - - - - - Куклен 0,2126 - - - - - - Indraningsih, et al (2004) също съобщават за наличие на линдан и хептахлор в мляко от района на Западна Ява. Подобна тенденция се наблюдава и при пробите сирене (Таблица 3). Таблица 3. Съдържание на хлорорганични пестициди в сирене на някои от селата на Пловдивски регион Сумарни Хексахлор- Пестицид фракции Линдан, Хептахлор, Алдрин, Диелдрин, Ендрин, бензол, Селище ДДТ, mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg Бенковски 0,1854 0,0043 - - - - - Войводиново 0,2022 0,4212 - - - - - Граф Игнатиево 0,0045 0,2114 - - - - - Стрелци 0,2034 0,0035 - - - - - Строево 1,8068 0,0115 - - - - - Скутаре 0,0814 0,0158 - - - - - Царацово 0,0679 0,1016 - - - - - Церетелево 0,0315 0,0177 - - - - - Куклен 0,2652 - - - - - - Докато съдържанието на сумарни фракции ДДТ в млякото от село Царацово не надхвърлят 1 mg/kg, то сумарните фракции ДДТ в сирената на с. Строево почти два пъти надвишават допустимата норма (1,8068). Съдържанието на ДДТ в суроватката е значително по-малко – от 0,047 mg/kg в с. Строево до 0,070 mg/kg
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