DOCSLIB.ORG

Piedmont Levee Forest (Typic Subtype)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Piedmont Levee Forest (Typic Subtype) PIEDMONT LEVEE FOREST (TYPIC SUBTYPE) Concept: Piedmont Levee Forests are forest communities of natural levee deposits or river front riparian zones on large Piedmont floodplains. The Typic Subtype encompasses the common examples where characteristic levee species such as Platanus occidentalis, Betula nigra, Celtis laevigata, and Acer negundo dominate in combination with widespread species such as Liquidambar styraciflua, Liriodendron tulipifera, and Acer rubrum. Fagus grandifolia is scarce or absent. Distinguishing Features: The Piedmont Levee Forest community is distinguished from other communities of large Piedmont floodplains, as well as uplands, by significant presence of the characteristic levee species: Platanus occidentalis, Betula nigra, Acer negundo, and Celtis laevigata in natural condition. Fraxinus pennsylvanica too distinguishes it from communities other than Piedmont Swamp Forest. It is distinguished from Piedmont Alluvial Forest by occurring on larger floodplains — those with differentiated levee, bottomland, and terrace zones large enough to support distinct communities. The distinguishing characteristic is the size of the floodplain, not the river. Where large rivers flow through confined areas without extensive floodplain development, the narrow floodplains generally support Piedmont Alluvial Forest, with a mix of levee, bottomland, and upland species. However, occasionally they will more resemble a Piedmont Levee Forest. While Piedmont Levee Forest usually occurs along large rivers, it also occurs in the wide floodplains that develop along medium size creeks in Triassic basins. Piedmont Levee Forests are distinguished from Montane Alluvial Forests by the absence of characteristic montane species such as Tsuga canadensis, Pinus strobus, and various herb species shared with Rich Cove Forest. The Typic Subtype is distinguished by dominance by typical floodplain species, with little or no presence of Fagus grandifolia and limited component of other upland species. Synonyms: Fraxinus pennsylvanica – Platanus occidentalis – Celtis laevigata / Chasmanthium latifolium Piedmont River Levee Forest (CEGL007013). Ecological Systems: Southern Piedmont Large Floodplain Forest (CES202.324). Sites: Piedmont Levee Forests occur on natural levees, stable forested point bar deposits, or on the river front edge of flatter terraces. They occur on broad floodplains, usually along larger rivers. They may also occur on creeks as small as 3rd order in Triassic basins, where broad floodplains form more readily. Even on larger rivers, Piedmont Levee Forests require a substantial floodplain and are generally absent where floodplain width is limited. Soils: Soils are coarse or medium-textured, formed in recent alluvial deposits with little or no horizon development. Most examples are mapped as Congaree (Typic Udifluvent), Chewacla (Fluvaquentic Dystrudept), or Wehadkee (Fluvaquentic Endoaquept). Soils are among the most fertile in the Piedmont, thanks to ongoing nutrient input. Hydrology: Piedmont Levee Forests are intermittently flooded for short periods. The flood flow can have substantial current. Vegetation: Piedmont Levee Forests are naturally closed forests punctuated by canopy gaps. The forest is a varying mix of a large pool of possible species. Frequent species in Matthews, et al. (2011) and site descriptions include Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Platanus occidentalis, Betula nigra, Celtis laevigata, Acer negundo, Liquidambar styraciflua, Liriodendron tulipifera, Ulmus americana, Ulmus alata, Juglans nigra, Acer floridanum, and Acer rubrum. Less frequent trees include Quercus phellos, Carya cordiformis, Carya ovata, Carya carolinae-septentrionalis, Quercus michauxii, Quercus nigra, Quercus pagoda, and a few Quercus alba, Quercus rubra, or Fagus grandifolia. The understory is frequently dominated by Carpinus caroliniana, Acer negundo, or Asimina triloba. Other species, such as Ilex opaca, Cornus florida, or Nyssa sylvatica, may also occur. The shrub layer is general moderate to fairly dense. Dominant species are most often Ilex decidua, Lindera benzoin, Arundinaria tecta, or currently, exotic species such as Ligustrum sinense. Other shrubs include Aesculus sylvatica, Viburnum prunifolium, Alnus serrulata, or the exotic Rosa multiflora. Vines are often extensive and fairly diverse. Highly constant species include Toxicodendron radicans, Smilax rotundifolia, Muscadinia rotundifolia, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Bignonia capreolata, and the exotic Lonicera japonica, less constant Campsis radicans, Thyrsanthella difforme, and Vitis sp. The herb layer is generally dense, sometimes lush. Chasmanthium latifolium or Elymus virginicus, or exotic species such as Microstegium vimineum or Glechoma hederacea may dominate, but often it is a diverse mix with no strong dominant. The most constant additional species include Boehmeria cylindrica, Arisaema triphyllum, several Carex species (e.g., radiata, amphibola), Festuca subverticillata, Persicaria virginiana, Glyceria striata, Galium aparine, and Viola spp. Fairly frequent species include Polystichum acrostichoides, Persicaria spp., Laportea canadensis, Carex intumescens, Carex typhina, Sanicula canadensis, Geum canadense, Pilea pumila, Verbesina alternifolia, Verbesina occidentalis, Commelina virginica, Dichanthelium commutation, Leersia virginica, Lycopus virginicus, Impatiens capensis, Juncus coriaceus, and Solidago sp. Other herbs that are lower constancy in plot data but appear characteristic include Elymus hystrix, Corydalis flavula, Osmorhiza longistylis, Asarum canadense, Melica mutica, and Arisaema dracontium. Range and Abundance: Ranked G3G4. This community occurs throughout the Piedmont except in the foothills area. Recognizable examples are abundant on large rivers and are often present when no other floodplain communities remain. A strip is often left when the rest of a floodplain is cleared or clearcut, and higher levees may remain forested when lower areas are drowned by impoundments. However, examples that are at full natural width, not subject to extreme edge effects from both sides, and not dominated by exotic plants in one or more strata are rarer. Examples without hydrology modified by upstream dams or urbanization are more rare still. The equivalent NVC association ranges from Virginia to Georgia. Associations and Patterns: Piedmont Levee Forests occur naturally as large patch communities, forming continuous, though fairly narrow, bands that would add up to substantial acreage. Many examples now exist as small patches. Piedmont Levee Forest grades into Piedmont Swamp Forest or Piedmont Bottomland Forest away from the channel. It usually is bordered by the river channel, but Sand and Mud Bar or Rocky Bar and Shore communities may border it. Variation: Plot data analysis by Matthews, et al. (2011) recognized two kinds of levee forests, which are treated as variants. However, they noted substantial overlap in settings and soil characteristics. The author, too, has observed the nominal plant species in different combinations. These variants need further investigation into how distinct they are. 1. Sugarberry-Elm Variant, which they named Ulmus americana–Celtis laevigata/Lindera benzoin/Osmorhiza longistylis tends to occur farther downstream, on larger floodplains, and to be more fertile. 2. Ash-Sycamore Variant, which they named Fraxinus pennsylvanica–Platanus occidentalis/Acer negundo/Chasmanthium latifolium tends to occur farther upstream, farther inland, tends toward smaller floodplains, and though fertile, is somewhat less so. The composition suggests an earlier stage of succession, but given its occurrence in different settings, as well as the avoidance of obviously successional vegetation in CVS sampling, it is more likely a result of different flooding dynamics. Dynamics: General dynamics of Piedmont Levee Forests are similar to Piedmont and Mountain Floodplains in general. The current during floods is stronger on the levees than in most other parts of the floodplain. Vegetation may be battered by floating debris and soil may be locally scoured, though it is rare for large plants to be killed by this. Some tree mortality occurs through undercutting along the riverbank. Conversely, new deposition of bars can create new sites for forest development; however, these processes appear much slower than in the Coastal Plain, despite the stronger currents and greater potential for sediment movement. Natural levees form because sediment deposition is concentrated on the riverbank. The coarsest material falls out there; sand deposits are common, though a layer of silt and clay is also left at the end of floods. The periodic input of nutrients in flood-deposited sediment makes levee sites very fertile, perhaps the most fertile sites in the Piedmont, and plant growth is rapid in these communities. The levees may have been the most affected by the massive influx of sediment during the early decades of European agriculture and by ongoing changed conditions. Rates of erosion in uplands remain higher than natural. The loss of forest cover and the increase in bare ground and impervious surfaces has led to faster runoff, while large dams have altered flood regimes and have removed sediment from some reaches. Piedmont Levee Forests are among the most susceptible communities to invasion by exotic plants, due to a combination of high fertility, higher light levels along the bank, creation of bare ground patches by flood scouring and wrack movement, and dispersal of seeds by floodwaters.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Physical Geography of Southeast Asia
    Physical Geography of Southeast Asia Creating an Annotated Sketch Map of Southeast Asia By Michelle Crane Teacher Consultant for the Texas Alliance for Geographic Education Texas Alliance for Geographic Education; http://www.geo.txstate.edu/tage/ September 2013 Guiding Question (5 min.) . What processes are responsible for the creation and distribution of the landforms and climates found in Southeast Asia? Texas Alliance for Geographic Education; http://www.geo.txstate.edu/tage/ September 2013 2 Draw a sketch map (10 min.) . This should be a general sketch . do not try to make your map exactly match the book. Just draw the outline of the region . do not add any features at this time. Use a regular pencil first, so you can erase. Once you are done, trace over it with a black colored pencil. Leave a 1” border around your page. Texas Alliance for Geographic Education; http://www.geo.txstate.edu/tage/ September 2013 3 Texas Alliance for Geographic Education; http://www.geo.txstate.edu/tage/ September 2013 4 Looking at your outline map, what two landforms do you see that seem to dominate this region? Predict how these two landforms would affect the people who live in this region? Texas Alliance for Geographic Education; http://www.geo.txstate.edu/tage/ September 2013 5 Peninsulas & Islands . Mainland SE Asia consists of . Insular SE Asia consists of two large peninsulas thousands of islands . Malay Peninsula . Label these islands in black: . Indochina Peninsula . Sumatra . Label these peninsulas in . Java brown . Sulawesi (Celebes) . Borneo (Kalimantan) . Luzon Texas Alliance for Geographic Education; http://www.geo.txstate.edu/tage/ September 2013 6 Draw a line on your map to indicate the division between insular and mainland SE Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Imaging Laurentide Ice Sheet Drainage Into the Deep Sea: Impact on Sediments and Bottom Water
    Imaging Laurentide Ice Sheet Drainage into the Deep Sea: Impact on Sediments and Bottom Water Reinhard Hesse*, Ingo Klaucke, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2A7, Canada William B. F. Ryan, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964-8000 Margo B. Edwards, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 David J. W. Piper, Geological Survey of Canada—Atlantic, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada NAMOC Study Group† ABSTRACT the western Atlantic, some 5000 to 6000 State-of-the-art sidescan-sonar imagery provides a bird’s-eye view of the giant km from their source. submarine drainage system of the Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel Drainage of the ice sheet involved (NAMOC) in the Labrador Sea and reveals the far-reaching effects of drainage of the repeated collapse of the ice dome over Pleistocene Laurentide Ice Sheet into the deep sea. Two large-scale depositional Hudson Bay, releasing vast numbers of ice- systems resulting from this drainage, one mud dominated and the other sand bergs from the Hudson Strait ice stream in dominated, are juxtaposed. The mud-dominated system is associated with the short time spans. The repeat interval was meandering NAMOC, whereas the sand-dominated one forms a giant submarine on the order of 104 yr. These dramatic ice- braid plain, which onlaps the eastern NAMOC levee. This dichotomy is the result of rafting events, named Heinrich events grain-size separation on an enormous scale, induced by ice-margin sifting off the (Broecker et al., 1992), occurred through- Hudson Strait outlet.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Variability of Levees As Measured Using the CPT
    2nd International Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing, Huntington Beach, CA, USA, May 2010 Spatial Variability of Levees as Measured Using the CPT R.E.S. Moss Assistant Professor, Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo J. C. Hollenback Graduate Researcher, U.C. Berkeley J. Ng Undergraduate Researcher, Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo ABSTRACT: The spatial variability of a soil deposit is something that is commonly discussed but difficult to quantify. The heterogeneity as a function of lateral distance can be critical to the design of long engineered structures such as highways, bridges, levees, and other lifelines. This paper presents a methodology for using CPT mea- surements to quantifying the spatial variability of cone tip resistance along a levee in the California Bay Delta. The results, presented in the form of a general relative va- riogram, identify the distance at which the maximum spatial variability is achieved for a given soil strata. This information helps define minimally correlated stretches of levee for proper failure and risk analysis. Presented herein are methods of interpret- ing, calculating, and analyzing CPT data to arrive at the quantified spatial variability with respect to different static and seismic failure modes common to levee systems. 1 INTRODUCTION Spatial variability of engineering properties in soil strata is inherent to the nature of soil. Spatial variability is controlled primarily by the depositional environment where high energy systems usually deposit materials with high spatial variability (e.g. al- luvial gravels) and low energy systems usually deposit materials with low spatial va- riability (e.g. lacustrine clays). This spatial variability is generally taken into account in geotechnical design in a qualitative empirical manner through appropriately spaced borings to assess the changing subsurface conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms
    Title 430 – National Soil Survey Handbook Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms Subpart A – General Information 629.0 Definition and Purpose This glossary provides the NCSS soil survey program, soil scientists, and natural resource specialists with landform, geologic, and related terms and their definitions to— (1) Improve soil landscape description with a standard, single source landform and geologic glossary. (2) Enhance geomorphic content and clarity of soil map unit descriptions by use of accurate, defined terms. (3) Establish consistent geomorphic term usage in soil science and the National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS). (4) Provide standard geomorphic definitions for databases and soil survey technical publications. (5) Train soil scientists and related professionals in soils as landscape and geomorphic entities. 629.1 Responsibilities This glossary serves as the official NCSS reference for landform, geologic, and related terms. The staff of the National Soil Survey Center, located in Lincoln, NE, is responsible for maintaining and updating this glossary. Soil Science Division staff and NCSS participants are encouraged to propose additions and changes to the glossary for use in pedon descriptions, soil map unit descriptions, and soil survey publications. The Glossary of Geology (GG, 2005) serves as a major source for many glossary terms. The American Geologic Institute (AGI) granted the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) permission (in letters dated September 11, 1985, and September 22, 1993) to use existing definitions. Sources of, and modifications to, original definitions are explained immediately below. 629.2 Definitions A. Reference Codes Sources from which definitions were taken, whole or in part, are identified by a code (e.g., GG) following each definition.
    [Show full text]
  • Owyhee High Plateau Major Land Resource Area (MLRA)
    MLRA 25 – Owyhee High Plateau (Utah portion) MLRA 25 – Owyhee High Plateau (Utah portion) Ecological Zone Upland Mountain High Mountain Subalpine Precipitation (inches) 12-17 inches 16-22 inches 16-22 inches 20-27 inches Elevation 5,000 -7,000 6,000 – 8,600 8,000-9,000 9,000 - 9,300 Soil Moisture Regime Typic Xeric Typic Xeric Typic Xeric Udic Soil Temp Regime Mesic Frigid Cryic Cryic Freeze free Days 80-120 60 - 90 30 - 40 20 -35 Mountain mahogany, Sagebrushes and Mountain big Aspen, Mountain big Subalpine Fir, browse Notes sagebrush sagebrush Subalpine sagebrush 300 – 500 and 1,100-2,100 and 2,400-2,500 lbs/ac 800 – 1000 lbs.ac 400-600 lbs/ac All values in this table are approximate and should be used as guidelines. Different combinations of temperature, precipitation and soil type can place an ecological site into different zones. Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) D25 D25 - Owyhee High Plateau E47A - and Ui D28A 030 60 120 Miles Great Salt 1:3,000,000 Lake Area 25—Owyhee High Plateau This area is in Nevada (52 percent),Idaho (29 percent), Oregon (16 percent), and Utah (3 percent). It makes up about 28,930 square miles (74,960 square kilometers). The city of Elko, Nevada, which is along Interstate 80, occurs in this MLRA. The Humboldt-Toiyabe and Sawtooth National Forests and numerous wilderness study areas also occur in this MLRA. Most of the wilderness study areas are in the high desert canyon lands of southern Idaho. The Duck Valley, South Fork, Ruby Valley, and Te-Moak Indian Reservations are in this area.
    [Show full text]
  • Documentation of Design Deficiencies Santa Clara River Levee System (Scr-1) 1
    DOCUMENTATION OF DESIGN DEFICIENCIES SANTA CLARA RIVER LEVEE SYSTEM (SCR-1) 1. Project Description and Watershed Characteristics The Santa Clara River Levee (SCR-1) system is located in the city of Oxnard, in Ventura County, California. It is approximately 4.72 miles long, extending along the southeast bank of the Santa Clara River from Highway 101, at its downstream terminus, to the community of Saticoy, at its upstream terminus (see Figure 1). SCR-1 was originally designed in 1958 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) to control the Corps’ predicted Standard Project Flood peak discharge of 225,000 cubic feet per second (cfs), a peak emanating from a partially regulated 1,600-square-mile Santa Clara River watershed. The height of SCR-1 varies from approximately 4 feet to 13 feet. The compacted fill embankment that forms SCR-1 has a top width of 18 feet. The levee embankment slopes are 2 horizontal to 1 vertical (2H:1V), on both the landward side and the riverward side. The riverward side of the embankment has a 1.5- to 2- foot-thick rock revetment, with a concrete facing at and near highway bridges. The rock revetment extends from the top of the embankment to varying depths. The lowest depth of the rock revetment is hereinafter referred to as the “toedown.” Construction of the SCR-1 project was completed in 1961. The levee was constructed adjacent to the active channel of the Santa Clara River. A review of historical aerial photography, dating as far back as 1927, indicates that before construction of the SCR-1, there were numerous locations along the project reach where the primary braid of the Santa Clara River impinged directly on the east and west banks of the river at rather abrupt flow angles.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to the Geology of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado
    A Guide to the Geology of ROCKY MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK COLORADO For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 15 cents A Guide to the Geology of ROCKY MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK [ COLORADO ] By Carroll H. Wegemann Former Regional Geologist, National Park Service UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR HAROLD L. ICKES, Secretary NATIONAL PARK SERVICE . NEWTON B. DRURY, Director UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1944 Table of Contents PAGE INTRODUCTION in BASIC FACTS ON GEOLOGY 1 THE OLDEST ROCKS OF THE PARK 2 THE FIRST MOUNTAINS 3 The Destruction of the First Mountains 3 NATURE OF PALEOZOIC DEPOSITS INDICATES PRESENCE OF SECOND MOUNTAINS 4 THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS 4 Time and Form of the Mountain Folding 5 Erosion Followed by Regional Uplift 5 Evidences of Intermittent Uplift 8 THE GREAT ICE AGE 10 Continental Glaciers 11 Valley Glaciers 11 POINTS OF INTEREST ALONG PARK ROADS 15 ROAD LOGS 18 Thompson River Entrance to Deer Ridge Junction 18 Deer Ridge Junction to Fall River Pass via Fall River .... 20 Fall River Pass to Poudre Lakes 23 Trail Ridge Road between Fall River Pass and Deer Ridge Junction 24 Deer Ridge Junction to Fall River Entrance via Horseshoe Park 29 Bear Lake Road 29 ILLUSTRATIONS LONGS PEAK FROM BEAR LAKE Front and back covers CHASM FALLS Inside back cover FIGURE PAGE 1. GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE iv 2. LONGS PEAK FROM THE EAST 3 3. PROFILE SECTION ACROSS THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS 5 4. ANCIENT EROSIONAL PLAIN ON TRAIL RIDGE 6 5. ANCIENT EROSIONAL PLAIN FROM FLATTOP MOUNTAIN ... 7 6. VIEW NORTHWEST FROM LONGS PEAK 8 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Corte Madera
    CORTE MADERA Community Profile: Corte Madera Corte Madera is a primarily residential community IMPACTS AT-A-GLANCE: SCENARIO 6 with several large commercial areas that take advantage of the highway corridor. These 1,500+ living units 9,500+ people commercial areas serve the entire region and include outdoor malls, auto dealerships, restaurants, 994 acres exposed 79 commercial and other local business. In the near-term, 230 16 miles of roads parcels acres could be exposed to sea level rise. By the long-term, 906 acres could be exposed to sea level Storm, tidal, and Corte Madera rise and 994 acres could be exposed with an subsidence impacts Caltrans additional 100-year storm surge. Key vulnerabilities already occur Central Marin PD in Corte Madera include: Corte Madera Fire $1.4 billion worth of CHP Homes along the tributaries to Corte Madera assessed property value; Larkspur-Corte Creek may be vulnerable in the near-term. assets vulnerable; $1.5 Madera School Commercial areas on Paradise Drive may be billion in single family District vulnerable to sea level rise in the near-term, and market value189 HOAs storm surges sooner. Property Owners Segments of the 101 could be vulnerable to seasonal storm surges in the near-term, and sea level rise in the medium to long-terms. Access to the community from the US Highway 101 Map 77. Corte Madera Sea Level Rise and corridor may become increasingly difficult with 100-year Storm Surge Scenarios chronic flooding. Marin Country Day School, Marin Montessori, Cove Elementary, and Neil Cummins elementary could be vulnerable across the scenarios.
    [Show full text]
  • Sutter Butte Flood Control Agency Strategic Plan April 2018 1.0
    Sutter Butte Flood Control Agency Strategic Plan April 2018 1.0 Introduction The Sutter-Butte Basin (Basin) covers 300 square miles bordered by the Cherokee Canal to the north, the Sutter Buttes to the west, the Sutter Bypass to the southwest and the 44-mile long Feather River to the east—see Figure 1. The Basin is home to 95,000 residents and encompasses $7 billion of damageable assets (as estimated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, or USACE). The region has sustained numerous floods, including the 1955 levee failure on the Feather River, which resulted in the deaths of at least 38 people. The personal safety and economic stability of large segments of the population are reliant on flood management systems that, until recent efforts, did not begin to meet modern engineering standards. Numerous projects and programs have been implemented in the Basin over the years to reduce flood risk, including the Feather River West Levee Project, which is nearing completion. The Sutter Butte Flood Control Agency (SBFCA) leads the planning and implementation efforts in the Basin to reduce the risk of catastrophic, riverine flooding. In this role, SBFCA collaborates with local, regional, state, tribal and federal agencies and organizations. On January 13, 2016 the SBFCA Board of Directors adopted the Strategic Plan to guide these efforts. This version is the first update to the Strategic Plan. 2.0 Purpose of the Strategic Plan The purpose of the Strategic Plan is to help formulate and articulate a vision for flood management within the Basin and to describe an approach to achieve this vision.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Draft Levy Rate Scenarios for Capital Projects
    King County Regional Flood Control Zone District Advisory Committee Preliminary Draft: Levy Rate Scenarios for Capital Projects Notes: 1. Questions for Advisory Committee meeting on 6/22: (a) Do you want to include projects that address coastal erosion and inundation hazards? (b) Do you support including new project submittals as part of this list? (c) What levy rate do you support? (d) Do you want to fund subregional projects? If so, at what level? 2. Project costs are planning estimates only. Constant dollar (2006) costs are used to control for the effect of inflation on project sequencing. Operating costs for programmatic elements of work program are not included. 3. All new capital projects submitted to the BTCs as 'Regional' are included in this list and shaded. New capital projects total $55 million. New project submittals range in cost from $100,000 (Carnation - Tolt Supplemental Study) to $21,900,000 (Bellevue- Coal Creek Phase 1 and 2). 4. Projects submitted as 'subregional' are included at the end of this list. No call for proposals was issued for this category, and no scoring has been conducted by the BTCs. We have received $57.8 million in proposals to date, and expect that this amount would increase substantially if an RFP were issued. 5. Changes from the 6/8/07 List: (a) The two Bellevue projects submitted as 'Regional' are included. Coal Creek project sequenced in two phases of $12.5 million and $9.4 million based on discussions with Bellevue staff (b) Dorre Don Meanders phased to reduce costs to $7.5 million in the 10-yr window, remaining acquisition costs of $7 million assumed in Phase 2.
    [Show full text]
  • A Geomorphic Classification System
    A Geomorphic Classification System U.S.D.A. Forest Service Geomorphology Working Group Haskins, Donald M.1, Correll, Cynthia S.2, Foster, Richard A.3, Chatoian, John M.4, Fincher, James M.5, Strenger, Steven 6, Keys, James E. Jr.7, Maxwell, James R.8 and King, Thomas 9 February 1998 Version 1.4 1 Forest Geologist, Shasta-Trinity National Forests, Pacific Southwest Region, Redding, CA; 2 Soil Scientist, Range Staff, Washington Office, Prineville, OR; 3 Area Soil Scientist, Chatham Area, Tongass National Forest, Alaska Region, Sitka, AK; 4 Regional Geologist, Pacific Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA; 5 Integrated Resource Inventory Program Manager, Alaska Region, Juneau, AK; 6 Supervisory Soil Scientist, Southwest Region, Albuquerque, NM; 7 Interagency Liaison for Washington Office ECOMAP Group, Southern Region, Atlanta, GA; 8 Water Program Leader, Rocky Mountain Region, Golden, CO; and 9 Geology Program Manager, Washington Office, Washington, DC. A Geomorphic Classification System 1 Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 5 I. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 6 History of Classification Efforts in the Forest Service ............................................................... 6 History of Development .............................................................................................................. 7 Goals
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Evaluation of the Performance of River Groynes Installed in Sezar and Kashkan Rivers, Lorestan, Iran
    J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci. , 5(1 1S)258 -268 , 2015 ISSN: 2090-4274 Journal of Applied Environmental © 2015, TextRoad Publication and Biological Sciences www.textroad.com Technical Evaluation of the Performance of River Groynes Installed in Sezar and Kashkan Rivers, Lorestan, Iran Farzad Mohammadi*1, Nazanin Mohammadi 2 1 Department of Water Sciences and Engineering, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran 2 Department of Architecture and Urbanism, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Received: May 14, 2015 Accepted: August 27, 2015 ABSTRACT In this paper we aim to investigate the performance of River Groynes that have installed near the banks of Kashkan and Sezar rivers in Lorestan province of Iran. For this purpose we performed field studies, and collected information about these rivers. To predict depth of scour at groynes we used equations proposed by Khosla (1953), Garde et al (1961), Niel (1973), Zaghloul(1983), Ahmad (1953), Gill (1972) and Liu (1961).Our results showed that The groyne constructed on both rivers had performed their performance properly in spite of their design and application. The spaces between groynes and their length had been determined suitably in Sezar river, but it was not suitable in Kashkan river. Using poor materials, poor pier foundation, and improper lateral wall angle were their negative aspects Considering the armoring phenomenon, the river bed has reached a proper balance, and therefore, river protection and thus, erosion between two groynes was conducted properly. KEYWORDS: Kashkan River, Sezar River, river groyne, performance, scour depth, flow pattern, groyne- fields 1. INTRODUCTION Rivers are continuously changing under the influence of various factors including geology and topology of the region, properties of alluvial deposits in floodplain, hydrologic features of the basin, hydraulic condition of the flow, and human exploitations.
    [Show full text]