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Vol. 47 No. 05 January-February 1981

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Vol. 47 No. 05 January-February 1981 WESTERN TANAGER LOS AngeleS Audubon Society Volume 47 Number5 January-February 1981 Fish of the Desert by Larry L. Norris Si o eath Valley National Monument would not appear to a. provide suitable habitat for fish populations number- ing into the millions, but it does. In fact, four species of fish inhabit the several springs, creeks, and peren- nial riveDr pools in and near Death Valley. These fish are called pupfish because of their diminutive size; they are seldom longer than one and a half inches (3 cm) when fully grown. All are mem- bers of the genus Cyprinodon in the Killifish family. Cyprinodon is latin for "carp with teeth"; the size and shape of pupfish teeth are important morphological characteristics in determining species. Species can also be determined from pupfish habitat, since ranges do not overlap. To fully appreciate the present distribution of pupfish popula- tions in the Death Valley area it is necessary to understand the Ash Meadows Pupfish (cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes) system of lakes that occurred in this region during the Pleistocene Male, top; female, bottom. Note size relationships. era. The western Mohave Desert received all the run-off from the melting glaciers on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada during the interglacial periods. These meltwaters created a series of pluvial lakes which extended eastward from the Owens Valley across the desert to the Colorado River. Lake Manly filled the valley known today as Death Valley to an average depth of six hun- short overview of the different pupfish species and dred feet (180 m) and a length of approximately 125 miles (200 habitats in the Death Valley area will demonstrate km); this was the largest of these lakes. Scientists today know that some of the physiological adaptations these fish have these lakes were linked to the Colorado River drainage because made in response to harsh environments. It will also another species of pupfish is found in isolated springs in southern sheda some light on the problems encountered in trying to manage Arizona and northern Mexico. pupfish populations. Salt Creek lies near the geographical center With the last melting of the Sierran glaciers and the onset of a of Death Valley National Monument and is the only natural drier climate, these large pluvial lakes began to evaporate, and habitat for C. salinus, the Salt Creek Pupfish. Salt Creek is not eventually groups of pupfish were isolated in spring systems that associated with any spring system and so the water level, tem- emerged along the shores of the shrinking lakes. By the time these perature, dissolved oxygen and salt content fluctuate in daily and lakes had dried up, only a dozen or so springs remained to provide seasonal patterns, placing the pupfish in an extremely unstable en- suitable aquatic habitats for pupfish. vironment. Not many species of fish could survive such extremes The habitats in which pupfish are presently found are not in temperature. But these little fish have been able to cope with suitable for most species of fish. Two habitats are hypersaline, and temperature changes ranging from freezing to 104°F (40°C). three experience extreme temperature fluctuations during the Daily temperature variations of 15°C have been recorded in the course of the year; others are restricted in size — some springs are lower portions of S,alt Creek. Physiological changes caused by not much larger than a bathtub. In fact, both the most restricted isoenzymes that function at certain temperatures are thought to be and the harshest environments for any fish species in the world are responsible for such tolerance levels. (Isoenzymes are variants of found in Death Valley National Monument. enzyme molecules that regulate body functions.) ®1981 Los Angeles Audubon Society THE WESTERN TANAGER January-February 1981 Cottonball Marsh, just south of Salt Marsh, is perhaps the harshest environment for any fish in the world. The spring for this marsh is located on the west side of the valley. The water flows down along shallow, salt-rimmed seeps to the marsh itself, which ll of these populations live within the bounds of Death consists of sulpher pools rimmed by travertine deposits. Summer Valley National Monument, and exist in stable, temperatures at Cottonball Marsh have been recorded at 112CF natural ecosystems that are being managed in order to (44°C), and water salinity has been found to be up to two and a perpetuate these populations of pupfish. The story of half times that of ocean water (88%). The Cottonball Marsh Pup- the pupfisah populations outside the monument is not so successful. fish (C. milleri) was unknown to science until its discovery in the In the area of Tecopa Hot Springs, a subspecies of the Amargosa late 1950's. Pupfish (C. n. calidae) once thrived in the outflows of several hot The pupfish of Cottonball Marsh actually drink the salt water to springs. All of these hot springs have had bath houses built over keep from dehydrating. This process of adjusting to hypersaline them to provide access to the "medicinal" waters. This encroach- conditions is called osmoregulation. Normally, the salty water ment did not in itself cause the extinction of the Tecopa Pupfish, would draw out all the body fluids through the process of osmosis. but chlorination in the drainage flows from the adjacent public To combat this process, the pupfish drinks the salty water, and showers did. One wonders whether the people who used the baths through internal chemistry increases the plasma osmotic con- ever knew or cared about the existence of this little fish, a relic centration in its body, and thus decreases body fluid loss from os- species which has been able to adapt successfully over thousands mosis. A certain amount of metabolic water is produced to offset this loss. This process represents an amazing and very necessary adaptation to a hypersaline environment. Saratoga Springs, the stronghold for pupfish in Death Valley, is the only habitat for C. nevadensis nevadensis, a subspecies of the Amargosa Pupfish. In early summer, millions of juvenile pupfish Sulpher Spring, Cottonball Marsh can be found in the shallow lakes north of the spring pool which results from an earthquake fault that cuts across a water table; the water percolates up the fault, continuously replenishing the spring with warm water. The temperature is quite constant, ranging from only 80 to 85°F (26.5 to 29°C). All breeding and hatching occur in Devil's Hole the spring pool which is about 32 feet in diameter and five feet deep (ten m by 1.5 m). of years to changes in its environment. But it could not survive the Food for this fish is derived from four sources — algae that ignorance of man for one season. grows along the edges of the pool; flying insects that become Federal mandates from Congress, of course, do not protect rare stranded in the pools; microbial detritus from the pool bottom; or unique life forms on private lands. Another extinction occurred and, although the pupfish are not cannibalistic, they do eat other at Shoshone Springs in the town of Shoshone, just east of Death dead pupfish. Valley. Here, another subspecies of the Amargosa Pupfish (C. n. The Amargosa River Gorge south of Tecopa (outside the monu- shoshone), the Shoshone Pupfish, was forced into extinction be- ment) and a small stretch northwest of Saratoga Springs provide cause its water was diverted into a private trailer court swimming the only perennial pools for the Amargosa River Pupfish (C. n. pool, and then used to water the high school football field. The amargosae). The water in these pools is not heated by deep spring world can replace a swimming pool or a football field, but it will systems and it gets very cold in winter; occasionally it even ices never again see the Shoshone Pupfish. This is just another example over. This subspecies, like the Salt Creek Pupfish, burrows into the of a land management philosophy, although not recognized as soft mud of the pool bottom, which is relatively warmer than the such, that sacrifices the irreplaceable in order to gain the common water above, to find warrnth. The only drawback to this system of things considered necessary and good. It is a sad philosophy which thermoregulation is that there is a low to non-existent oxygen level predominates in the deserts of the west. in the mud. So, in order to breath, the pupfish will work their way The Ash Meadows area, 40 miles (64 km) east of Death Valley, up until just their heads and gills are clear of the mud. This way contains three large spring systems that support two more sub- they can obtain the oxygen they need from the water and still sur- species of Amargosa Pupfish as well as the endangered Devil's round their bodies with the warmer mud. Hole Pupfish. It is an area that has seen controversy over pupfish THE WESTERN TANAGER January-February 1981 management in the past and will no doubt see it again in the The pupfish inhabit only the sunlit portion of the cavern system, future. and all feeding and breeding take place on a small rock shelf near Resource problems abound in the private and public springs of the surface of Devil's Hole. Algae grows on this shelf and it is here this area. Exotic fish populations — mostly Mosquito Fish and the fish get their food. In winter, when the sun is too far south to Black Mollies — are out-competing the Ash Meadows Pupfish (C. shine directly into the pool, the algae dies back, and so does the n.
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