LAND SOUTH OF HIGH STREET, GREAT WAKERING, ESSEX

PRELIMINARY ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

A Report to: Taylor Wimpey

Report No: RT-MME-119852-01-RevA

Date: July 2016

Triumph House, Birmingham Road, Allesley, Coventry CV5 9AZ Tel: 01676 525880 Fax: 01676 521400 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.middlemarch-environmental.com Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-01-RevA Preliminary Ecological Assessment

REPORT VERIFICATION AND DECLARATION OF COMPLIANCE

This study has been undertaken in accordance with British Standard 42020:2013 “Biodiversity, Code of practice for planning and development”.

Report Date Completed by: Checked by: Approved by: Version Tim Hextell MCIEEM (Principal Technical Dr Katy Read CEnv Dr Philip Fermor Ecological Consultant) MCIEEM MCIWEM Final 31-07-15 CEnv MCIEEM and Sarah Boulstridge C.WEM DipSM (Managing Director) BSc (Hons) (Ecological (Executive Director) Consultant) Tim Hextell MCIEEM (Principal Technical Dr Katy Read CEnv Dr Philip Fermor Ecological Consultant) MCIEEM MCIWEM Rev A 13-07-16 CEnv MCIEEM and Dr Tom Matthews C.WEM DipSM (Managing Director) (Senior Ecological (Executive Director) Consultant)

The information which we have prepared is true, and has been prepared and provided in accordance with the Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management’s Code of Professional Conduct. We confirm that the opinions expressed are our true and professional bona fide opinions.

DISCLAIMER

The contents of this report are the responsibility of Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. It should be noted that, whilst every effort is made to meet the client’s brief, no site investigation can ensure complete assessment or prediction of the natural environment.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd accepts no responsibility or liability for any use that is made of this document other than by the client for the purposes for which it was originally commissioned and prepared.

VALIDITY OF DATA

The findings of this study are valid for a period of 24 months from the date of survey. If works have not commenced by this date, an updated site visit should be carried out by a suitably qualified ecologist to assess any changes in the habitats present on site, and to inform a review of the conclusions and recommendations made.

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NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd was commissioned by Taylor Wimpey to carry out an initial ecological appraisal of land south of high Street, Great Wakering, Essex. This information is required to inform a planning application associated with the redevelopment of the site for housing. The illustrative masterplan indicates that the site will mainly comprise residential housing, and that the Local Wildlife Site adjacent to the south of the site boundary will be retained. The drainage plans indicate that drainage from the site will run into the ponds within the LWS to the south of the site, and that a balancing pond will be constructed to the south of the LWS. To fulfil this brief an ecological desk study and a walkover survey (in accordance with Phase 1 Habitat Survey methodology) were undertaken.

Initial consultation with Taylor Wimpey resulted in the survey area for the proposed development being delineated to follow the original development site boundary. However, the site boundary subsequently changed, such that the current site boundary is now smaller (i.e. encompassed within) than the survey area. This report and its conclusions are based on the current site boundary; however, the survey data relates to the wider survey area.

The desk study exercise identified four European statutory sites within 5 km of the survey area, one UK statutory site within 2 km and three non-statutory sites within 1 km. The site is not located within 10 km of a statutory site designated for bats. The desk study also provided records of protected/notable species within a 2 km radius of the survey area including: bats, badger, hedgehog, brown hare, harvest mouse, water vole, harbour porpoise, amphibians, reptiles, birds, invertebrates, plants.

The walkover survey was undertaken on 15th June 2015 by Tim Hextell, Principal Technical Ecological Consultant. The survey area was dominated by arable farmland consisting of large cereal fields delineated by a mixture of open boundaries, ditches and irregularly managed hedgerows. The central section of the survey area largely consisted of several pools and ponds surrounded by dense scrub interspersed with some areas of short grassland possessing colonising scrub and tall ruderal vegetation. Additional habitats recorded within the survey area included bare ground and buildings/structures.

Foulness Site of Specific Scientific Interest (SSSI), Foulness (Mid Essex Coast Phase 5) Special Protection Area (SPA), Ramsar Site and Essex Estuaries Special Conservation Area (SAC) are located 1.30 km north. In addition Benfleet and Southern Marshes (Ramsar Site, SPA) is located 2.8 km south-west and Croach and Roach Estuaries (Mid-Essex Coast Phase 3) (Ramsar Site, SPA) is located 3.20 km north-west. Consideration should be given to the potential for qualifying bird species from these sites to be using the open water habitats within the study site. Star Lane Pits Local Wildlife Site (LWS), is situated towards the south of the proposed development site and could potentially be detrimentally impacted without implementation of appropriate measures prior to commencement of site-based activities.

The current illustrative masterplan for the site indicates that the site will be developed for residential purposes, whilst the Star Lane Pits LWS to the south of the site boundary will largely be retained with only a narrow band on the western side being lost to permit creation of a new access road; a new balancing pond will be created to the south of the LWS. It is understood that this LWS will be retained and managed appropriately for biodiversity.

Based upon the above a variety of recommendations have been made including:  Consultation with the Local Authority and Natural England with respect to possible impacts upon European statutory protected sites  Consultation with the Local Authority Ecologist and / or The Essex Wildlife Trust with respect to possible impacts upon Star Lane Pits LWS.  Production and implementation of a Habitat Management Plan for Star Lane Pits LWS targeted at creation and maintenance of habitats for invertebrates, reptiles and plants.  Additional Survey / Assessment Work: The following additional survey works are recommended for the site: Breeding Bird Survey; Wintering Bird Survey; Daytime Bat Survey on the buildings and trees with bat potential; Great Crested Newt eDNA Sampling and Habitat Suitability Index Assessment; Badger Survey; Reptile Survey; Water Vole Survey and Invertebrate Survey. These surveys have been commissioned by the client. All recommendations outlined in these reports must be adhered to.  Removal of vegetation should be undertaken outside of the nesting bird season.

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 Sensitive vegetation clearance/removal to avoid harming small mammals (including hedgehog and harvest mice) and common amphibians.  Protection of retained trees and hedgerows in accordance with British Standard 5837: 2012 "Trees in relation to design, demolition and construction - recommendations".

Please refer to Chapter 6 for full details of the recommendations provided.

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CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 5

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ...... 5 1.2 SITE DESCRIPTION AND CONTEXT ...... 5 1.3 DOCUMENTATION PROVIDED ...... 5 2. METHODOLOGIES...... 7

2.1 DESK STUDY ...... 7 2.2 PHASE 1 HABITAT SURVEY ...... 7 3. DESK STUDY RESULTS ...... 8

3.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 8 3.2 NATURE CONSERVATION SITES ...... 8 3.3 PROTECTED / NOTABLE SPECIES ...... 10 3.4 INVASIVE SPECIES ...... 13 4. PHASE 1 HABITAT SURVEY ...... 14

4.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 14 4.2 SURVEY CONSTRAINTS AND LIMITATIONS ...... 14 4.3 HABITATS ...... 14 4.4 FAUNA ...... 16 4.5 INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES ...... 17 5. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ...... 18

5.1 SUMMARY OF PROPOSALS ...... 18 5.2 NATURE CONSERVATION SITES ...... 18 5.3 HABITATS ...... 21 5.4 PROTECTED/NOTABLE SPECIES ...... 22 5.5 INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES ...... 25 6. RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 26

6.1 NATURE CONSERVATION SITES ...... 26 6.2 HABITATS ...... 26 6.3 PROTECTED / NOTABLE SPECIES ...... 27 6.4 INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES ...... 28 7. DRAWINGS ...... 29 8. PHOTOGRAPHS ...... 34 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 36 APPENDICES ...... 37

APPENDIX 1 ...... 38 APPENDIX 2 ...... 44

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND In June 2015, Taylor Wimpey commissioned Middlemarch Environmental Ltd to undertake an initial ecological appraisal of the site of a proposed development at land south of High Street in Great Wakering. Essex. This information is required to inform a planning application associated with the redevelopment of the site for housing. The illustrative masterplan indicates that the site will mainly comprise residential housing, and that the Local Wildlife Site adjacent to the south of the site boundary will be retained. The drainage plans indicate that drainage from the site will run into the ponds within the LWS to the south of the site, and that a balancing pond will be constructed to the south of the LWS.

Initial consultation with Taylor Wimpey resulted in the survey area for the proposed development being delineated to follow the original development site boundary. However, the site boundary subsequently changed, such that the current site boundary is now smaller (i.e. encompassed within) than the survey area. This report and its conclusions are based on the current site boundary; however, the survey data relates to the wider survey area. The difference between the survey area and the site boundary is highlighted on Drawing C119852-01-01 RevA in Chapter 7.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd has previously carried out Extended Phase 1 Habitat Survey and Initial Ecological Appraisal at this site in 2012. To assess the existing ecological interest of the site an ecological desk study was carried out, and a walkover survey was undertaken on 15th June 2015. In addition, Middlemarch Environmental Ltd has undertaken the following assessments:

 Initial Badger Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-02;  Water Vole Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-03;  Invertebrate Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-04;  Reptile Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-05;  Great Crested Newt Habitat Assessment and eDNA Sampling, Report RT-MME-119852-06;  Breeding Bird Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-07;  Wintering Bird Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-08;  Daytime Bat Survey, Report RT-MME-120478-01;  Preliminary Bat Roost Assessment, Report RT-MME-122103-01; and,  Habitat Regulations Assessment: Stage 1 Screening Report (Report RT-MME-121553).

1.2 SITE DESCRIPTION AND CONTEXT The surveyed area was a flat, roughly rectangular-shaped area of land measuring approximately 32 ha, located to the south west of Great Wakering, Essex, centred at National Grid Reference TQ 9374 8723. The survey area was dominated by arable farmland consisting of large cereal fields delineated by a mixture of open boundaries, ditches and irregularly managed hedgerows. To the south of the site boundary (but within the surveyed area) were several pools and ponds surrounded by dense scrub interspersed with some areas of short grassland possessing colonising scrub and tall ruderal vegetation. This section is designated as a Local Wildlife Site. Additional habitats recorded within the survey area included bare ground and buildings/structures.

The site is bordered to the north by residential properties situated off the High Street and Southend Road. To the west lies a former industrial estate, a small area of active works and Star Lane. Bordering the site to the east is a belt of dense scrub with residential properties to the south-east, and to the south of the site was the LWS and two arable fields that formed part of the survey area (see Drawing C119852-01-01 RevA in Chapter 7).

1.3 DOCUMENTATION PROVIDED The conclusions and recommendations made in this report are based on information provided by the client regarding the scope of the project. Documentation made available by the client is listed in Table 1.1.

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Document Name / Drawing Number Author Location Plan: 1571 / P / 10-01 CMYK (Planning & Design) Ltd Illustrative Site Layout: 1571 / P / 10-02 CMYK (Planning & Design) Ltd Drainage Strategy: ST-2488-17-E Stomor Civil Engineering Consultants Foul Drainage Strategy: ST-2488-23 Stomor Civil Engineering Consultants Landscape Masterplan: TWEL20425-10 ACD Environmental Landscape Proposals: TWEL20425-11 ACD Environmental Table 1.1: Documentation Provided by Client

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2. METHODOLOGIES

2.1 DESK STUDY An ecological desk study was undertaken to determine the presence of any designated nature conservation sites and protected species in proximity to the site. This involved contacting appropriate statutory and non- statutory organisations which hold ecological data relating to the survey area. Middlemarch Environmental Ltd then assimilated and reviewed the desk study data provided by these organisations.

The consultees for the desk study were:  Natural England - MAGIC website for statutory conservation sites;  Essex Ecology Services Ltd; and,  Essex Field Club.

The desk study included a search for European statutory nature conservation sites within a 5 km radius of the site (extended to 10 km for any statutory site designated for bats), UK statutory sites within a 2 km radius and non-statutory sites and protected/notable species records within a 2 km radius.

The data collected from the consultees is discussed in Chapter 3. Selected raw data are provided in Appendix 1. In compliance with the terms and conditions relating to its commercial use, the full desk study data are not provided within this report.

The desk study also included a review of relevant local planning policy with regard to biodiversity and nature conservation (see Appendix 2).

2.2 PHASE 1 HABITAT SURVEY The walkover survey was conducted following the Phase 1 Habitat Survey methodology of the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC, 2010) and the Institute of Environmental Assessment (IEA, 1995). Phase 1 Habitat Survey is a standard technique for classifying and mapping British habitats. The aim is to provide a record of habitats that are present on site. During the survey, the presence, or potential presence, of protected species was noted.

Whilst every effort is made to notify the client of any plant species listed on Schedule 9 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981, as amended) present on site, it should be noted that this is not a specific survey for these species.

Data recorded during the field survey are discussed in Chapter 4.

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3. DESK STUDY RESULTS

3.1 INTRODUCTION All relevant ecological data provided by the consultees was reviewed and the results from these investigations are summarised in Sections 3.2 and 3.3. Selected data are provided in Appendix 1.

3.2 NATURE CONSERVATION SITES Statutory and non-statutory nature conservation sites located in proximity to the survey area are summarised in Table 3.1.

Proximity to Site Name Designation Description Survey Area European Statutory Sites Foulness is located on the coast of Essex, on the east coast of England north of the mouth of the Thames estuary. The site is part of an open coast estuarine system comprising grazing marsh, saltmarsh, intertidal mud-flats, cockle-shell banks and sand-flats. It includes one of the three largest 1.30 km north continuous sand-silt flats in the UK. The diversity Foulness (Mid Essex Coast RAMSAR, and 1.50 km of high quality coastal habitats present support Phase 5) SPA south-east important populations of breeding, migratory and wintering waterbirds. Key species during the breeding season include: avocet, little tern, common tern, Sandwich tern and ringed plover. Key species during the winter include: hen harrier, avocet, Barnacle geese, knot, oystercatcher, grey plover and common redshank. The site is designated as it supports Annex 1 habitats including: estuaries, mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide; Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand; Spartina swards; Atlantic salt meadows 1.30 km north Glauco-Puccinellietalia and Mediteranian and Essex Estuaries SAC and 1.50 km thermo-Atlantic halophilion scrub Sarcocornetea south-east fruticosi. In addition, the site supports the following Annex I habitats which are present as qualifying features but not the primary reason for site selection: Sandbanks which are slightly covered by seawater. Benfleet and Southend Marshes are located on the north shore of the outer Thames Estuary in southern England. The site comprises an extensive series of saltmarshes, cockle shell Benfleet and Southern RAMSAR, 2.8 km south- banks, mud-flats, and grassland that supports a Marshes SPA west diverse flora and fauna. The productive mud-flats, cockle shell banks and diverse saltmarsh communities provide a wide range of feeding and roosting opportunities for internationally important numbers of wintering wildfowl and waders. Table 3.1: Summary of Nature Conservation Sites (Cont.)

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Proximity to Site Name Designation Description Survey Area The Crouch and Roach Estuaries are located on the coast of south Essex in eastern England. The River Crouch occupies a shallow valley between two ridges of London Clay, whilst the River Roach is set predominantly between areas of brick earth and loams with patches of sand and gravel. The intertidal zone along the Rivers Crouch and Roach Croach and Roach Estuaries RAMSAR, 3.20 km north- is 'squeezed' between the sea walls along both (Mid-Essex Coast Phase 3) SPA west banks and the river channel. Unlike more extensive estuaries elsewhere in Essex, this leaves a relatively narrow strip of tidal mud which, nonetheless, is used by significant numbers of birds. The site is of importance for wintering waterbirds, especially dark-bellied brent goose Branta b. bernicla. UK Statutory Sites The site comprises of intertidal sand-silt flats, saltmarsh, beaches, grazing marshes, rough grass and scrubland. The flats are of national and international importance as winter feeding grounds 1.30 km north for nine species of wildfowl and waders with the Foulness SSSI and 1.50 km islands, creeks and grazing land forming an south-east integral part as sheltered feeding sites. A number of rare eelgrass species are recorded at the site. The site also supports unimproved grassland habitats and is of prime importance for its invertebrates. Non-statutory Sites These former clay pits with overlying sands and gravel form an interesting mosaic of scrub, rough grassland and aquatic habitats. The Essex Red List species Pyramidal Orchid Anacamptis pyramidalisis has been recorded here. The lakes, stocked with fish, have beds of reedmace Typha spp. and common reed Phragmites australis, which, in turn, support reed and sedge warblers. Of interest is the small free floating liverwort, Riccia fluitans. The rare Essex water-plant hemlock water-dropwort Oenanthe crocata has Star Lane Pits LWS Within site also been recorded. This diverse and variable grass and scrub habitat accompanied by deep and shallow water provides a good habitat for aquatic invertebrates, including dragonflies and damselflies. The site’s invertebrate community includes a large number of nationally significant and Essex Red list species including the spider Zilla diodia, the bees Nomada fucata, Odynerus melanocephalus, Andrena tibialis and Sphecodes spinulosus, and the wasp Ancistrocerus parietum. It is the only recent site in Essex for the Nationally Scarce beefly Bombylius discolor. Table 3.1: Summary of Nature Conservation Sites (Cont.)

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Proximity to Site Name Designation Description Survey Area Great Wakering Common provides a wide range of habitats, with a consequently diverse flora and fauna. Millers Pond, to the south side of the common, contains a significant quantity of the Essex Red Listed Mare’s-tail Hippuris vulgaris and the margins support Pink Water Speedwell Veronica catenata (also Essex Red Listed). The pond is known to support smooth and great crested newts, common toad and common frog Great Wakering Common LWS 1.03 km east and Grass Snakes also inhabit the common. The boundary ditches provide important brackish aquatic habitat for species such as the Essex Red Listed divided sedge Carex divisa and common reed Phragmites australis with breeding eeed and Cetti’s warblers in recent years. A reasonable number of dragonflies and damselflies have been recorded on the site including Scarce emerald damselfly breeding on Millers Pond. This landfill site was closed in 2001and has since developed coastal grassland and flower rich grassland communities. The Nationally Scarce sea barley Hordeum marinum is locally dominant Wakering Landfill Site 1.53 km north- in places that have been subjected to more recent LWS east disturbance. The Nationally Scarce sea clover

Trifolium squamosum and pale flax Linum bienne, both on the Essex Red List, also occur along the more open path margins. Breeding bird species include Skylark and Common Whitethroat. Key: SAC: Special Area of Conservation SPA: Special Protection Area SSSI: Site of Special Scientific Interest RAMSAR: Site listed on The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention) LWS: Local Wildlife Site Table 3.1: (Cont.) Summary of Nature Conservation Sites The survey area is also located within a SSSI Impact Risk Zone.

3.3 PROTECTED / NOTABLE SPECIES Table 3.2 and the following text provide a summary of protected and notable species records within a 2 km radius of the study area. It should be noted that the absence of records should not be taken as confirmation that a species is absent from the search area.

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Most Proximity of Species of Legislation / No. of Local Species Recent Nearest Record Principal Conservation Records BAP? Record to Study Area Importance? Status

Mammals-bats Soprano pipistrelle ECH 4, 9 2011 On site   Pipistrellus pygmaeus WCA 5, WCA 6 Common pipistrelle ECH 4, 24 2011 On site -  Pipistrellus pipistrellus WCA 5, WCA 6 Noctule ECH 4, 3 2011 On site  - Nyctalus noctula WCA 5, WCA 6 Bat species 5 2009 < 5 m north # - # Vespertilionidae sp. Pipistrelle species ECH 4, 9 2014 0.09 km east #  Pipistrellus sp. WCA 5, WCA 6 Serotine bat 0.65 km south- ECH 4, 1 1991 - - Eptesicus serotinus west WCA 5, WCA 6 Bat species 3 2007 0.72 km east # - # Chiroptera sp. Brown long-eared bat ECH 4, 2 2014 0.99 km east  - Plecotus auritus WCA 5, WCA 6 Leisler’s bat ECH 4, 1 2011 1.57 km west - - Nyctalus leisleri WCA 5, WCA 6 Mammals-other Water vole 2 2011 On site   WCA 5 Arvicola amphibius Hedgehog 4 2011 0.30 km north  - WCA 6 Erinaceus europaeus ECH2, ECH4, Harbour porpoise 1.64 km south- 1 1997   WCA 5 S9(5), Phocoena phocoena east WCA 6 Badger 15 † † - - WCA 6, PBA Meles meles Brown hare 2 1996 1.50 km north   - Lepus europeaus Harvest mouse 1.77 km north- 1 2008  - - Micromys minutus west Amphibians Great crested newt ECH 2, ECH 4, 16 2012 On site   Triturus cristatus WCA 5 Common frog 13 2012 0.38 km east - - WCA 5 S9(5) Rana temporaria Smooth newt 7 2012 0.55 km south - - WCA 5 S9(5) Lissotriton vulgaris Common toad 6 2002 1.03 km south  - WCA 5 S9(5) Bufo bufo Reptiles Grass snake WCA 5 S9(1) 3 2012 On site  - Natrix natrix WCA 5 S9(5) Common lizard WCA 5 S9(1) 1 2011 On site  - Zootoca vivipara WCA 5 S9(5) Slow worm WCA 5 S9(1) 3 2011 On site  - Anguis fragilis WCA 5 S9(5) Adder Potentially within WCA 5 S9(1) 1 1987  - Vipera berus a 2 km radius* WCA 5 S9(5) Table 3.2: Summary of Protected/Notable Species Records Within 2 km of Survey Area (Cont.)

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Most Proximity of Species of Legislation / No. of Local Species Recent Nearest Record Principal Conservation Records BAP? Record to Study Area Importance? Status Birds

Cetti’s warbler 1 2011 On site - - WCA 1i Cettia cetti House sparrow 2 2011 On site  - - Passer domesticus Starling 1 2011 On site  - - Sturnus vulgaris Lapwing 2 2011 On site  - - Vanellus vanellus Cuckoo 8 2012 On site  - - Cuculus canorus

Terrestrial invertebrates

Small heath butterfly 18 2009 On site  - - Coenonympha pamphilus Wall butterfly 14 2011 On site  - - Lasiommata megera Black headed mason wasp 1 1998 Potentially on site  - - Odynerus melanocephalus Cinnabar moth 2 2012 0.03 km south  - - Tyria jacobaeae Garden tiger moth Potentially within 2 2005  - - Arctia caja a 2 km radius*

Plants

Prickly saltwort Potentially within 1 2014  - - Salsola kali subsp. kali a 2 km radius* Key: #: Dependent on species. †: Badger records are confidential and therefore proximity is not provided within the report. *: Grid reference provided was four figures only.

ECH 2: Annex II of the European Communities Council Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and Wild Fauna and Flora. Animal and plant species of community interest whose conservation requires the designation of Special Areas of Conservation. ECH 4: Annex IV of the European Communities Council Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and Wild Fauna and Flora. Animal and plant species of community interest in need of strict protection.

WCA 1i: Schedule 1 Part 1 of Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended). Birds protected by special penalties at all times. WCA 5: Schedule 5 of Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended). Protected animals (other than birds). WCA 5 S9(1): Schedule 5 Section 9(1) of Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended). Protected animals (other than birds). Protection limited to intentional killing, injury or taking. WCA 5 S9(5): Schedule 5 Section 9(5) of Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended). Protected animals (other than birds). Protection limited to selling, offering for sale, processing or transporting for purpose of sale, or advertising for sale, any live or dead animal, or any part of, or anything derived from, such animal. WCA 6: Schedule 6 of Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended). Animals which may not be killed or taken by certain methods.

Species of Principal Importance: Species of Principal Importance for Nature Conservation in England. Local BAP: Essex Biodiversity Action Plan

Note. This table does not include reference to the Berne Convention (Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats), the Bonn Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals or the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Table 3.2: (Cont.) Summary of Protected/Notable Species Records Within 2 km of Survey Area

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In addition to Table 3.2 the desk study provided records of the following notable species:

Birds A record of common white throat Sylvia communis was recorded on site in 2011. This species is an RSPB Amber listed species.

Invertebrates Records of a large number of Global & National Red List and Scarce species as well as Essex Red List species were provided by the desk study. A number of these records were associated with Star Lane Brick Pits and Star Lane Pits. Species included: mining bee Andrena tibialis, spider Argenna subnigra and true fly Bombylius discolour. For full details of these records please refer to Invertebrate Survey, Report RT-MME- 119852-04.

Plants Records of Global & National Red List and Scarce species as well as Essex Red List species were provided by the desk study. These comprised:  Mosses: shady beard-moss Didymodon umbrosus, elegant grimmia Schistidium elegantulum  Ferns: black spleenwort Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, wall-rue Asplenium ruta-muraria.  Liverwort: Micheli's Balloonwort Sphaerocarpos michelii  Flowering plants: marram Ammophila arenaria, frosted orache, sand soft-brome Bromus hordeaceus subsp. thominei, many-leaved sedge Carex divulsa subsp. leersii, sea fern-grass Catapodium marinum, sea mouse-ear Cerastium diffusum, little mouse-ear Cerastium semidecandrum, nettle- leaved goosefoot Chenopodium murale, English scurvygrass Cochlearia anglica, Bermuda-grass Cynodon dactylon, musk stork's-bill Erodium moschatum, sea-holly Eryngium maritimum, round- leaved crane's-bill Geranium rotundifolium, yellow horned-poppy Glaucium flavum, golden-samphire Inula crithmoides, pale flax Linum bienne, wall lettuce Mycelis muralis, early forget-me-not Myosotis ramosissima, rough poppy Papaver hybridum, annual beard-grass Polypogon monspeliensis, lesser pondweed Potamogeton pusillus, stiff saltmarsh-grass Puccinellia rupestris, fiddle dock Rumex pulcher, spiral tasselweed Ruppia cirrhosa, glaucous glasswort Salicornia obscura, purple willow Salix purpurea, wild clary Salvia verbenaca, perennial glasswort Sarcocornia perennis, lesser chickweed Stellaria pallida, sea clover Trifolium squamosum, spring vetch Vicia lathyroides, purple fescue Vulpia ciliata subsp. ambigua.

3.4 INVASIVE SPECIES Table 3.3 provides a summary of invasive species records within a 2 km radius of the study area. It should be noted that the absence of records should not be taken as confirmation that a species is absent from the search area.

Proximity of Legislation / No. of Most Recent Species Nearest Record to Conservation Records Record Study Area Status New Zealand Pigmyweed Potentially within a 1 2014 WCA 9 Crassula helmsii 2 km radius* Japanese knotweed Potentially within a 1 2008 WCA 9 Fallopia japonica 2 km radius* Floating pennywort Potentially within a 1 1991 WCA 9 Hydrocotyle ranunculoides 2 km radius* Key: WCA9: Schedule 9 of Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended). Invasive, non-native, plants and animals. Table 3.3: Summary of Invasive Species Records Within 2 km of Survey Area

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4. PHASE 1 HABITAT SURVEY

4.1 INTRODUCTION The results of the Phase 1 Habitat Survey are presented in the following sections. An annotated Phase 1 Habitat Survey Drawing (Drawing C119862-01-01) is provided in Chapter 7. This drawing illustrates the location and extent of all habitat types recorded within the survey area. Any notable features or features too small to map are detailed using target notes. Photographs taken during the field survey are presented in Chapter 8.

The survey was carried out on 15th June 2015 by Tim Hextell, Principal Technical Ecological Consultant. Table 4.1 details the weather conditions at the time of the survey.

Parameter Condition Temperature (ºC) 21 Cloud (%) 20 Wind (Beaufort) F2-3 Precipitation Nil Table 4.1: Weather Conditions During Field Survey

4.2 SURVEY CONSTRAINTS AND LIMITATIONS No constraints were experienced during the field survey.

4.3 HABITATS The habitat types listed below were recorded within the survey area during the field survey:  Arable;  Bare ground;  Boundaries;  Buildings;  Ditch;  Grassland;  Hard surfaces;  Plantation woodland;  Scrub;  Standing water; and,  Tall ruderals.

These habitats are described below. They are ordered alphabetically, not in order of ecological importance.

Arable The primary habitat within the survey area was arable farmland with the northern fields having a footprint of approximately 7 ha. Two arable fields were also present within the southern half of the survey area, although these were outside of the site boundary. At the time of the field survey these fields possessed a crop of wheat.

Bare ground Patches of bare ground were recorded within the central area of the survey area associated with access paths and trackways. Further larger areas of bare ploughed earth were recorded in the northernmost cereal field and in the south-eastern section of the survey area on the edge of an area occupied by cereals.

Boundaries A series of perimeter and internal boundaries were present throughout the survey area.

The southern arable fields (i.e. outside of the site boundary) possessed no formal boundaries along their southern edges but there was a demarcation between the various crops. The western boundary along Star

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Lane was an overgrown and unmanaged section of blackthorn Prunus spinosa, elder Sambucus nigra and occasional elm Ulmus sp. with abundant bramble Rubus fruticosus agg. forming a thick linear length of scrub and with an adjoining belt of tall ruderals characterised by nettles Urtica dioica and umbellifers.

Bisecting the two southern arable fields was a ditch feature aligned north/south and with scattered hawthorn and bramble scrub with stands of tall ruderals and coarse grasses characterised by nettle, false oat grass Arrhenatherum elatius and cock’s-foot Dactylis glomerata. A similar feature was present along the eastern edge of this area.

The eastern boundary of the Star Lane LWS and the wheat field immediately north of this comprised a dense linear belt of scrub consisting of English elm Ulmus procera, elder, bramble, blackthorn and dogwood Cornus sanguinea to 3-4 m in height. The ground flora along this feature was dominated by common coarse grasses and common umbellifers.

The northern boundary of the survey area consisted of a selection of mixed wooden boundary fences delineating the gardens of the adjacent residential properties. Bordering these fences on the southern side was a broad 3 m wide margin of coarse grasses and tall ruderals with scattered clumps of bramble, occasional elder and young cherry Prunus sp. forming a valuable corridor.

In the north-west of the survey area the existing boundaries adjacent to industrial buildings/units comprised chain link fencing supported by concrete posts alongside of which were sections of cypress screening to 8 m in height with a bank feature vegetated by coarse grasses, mixed tall ruderals and clumps of dense bramble.

Along the southern edge of the main fishing lake in the centre of the survey area was a chain link fence to 1.8 m in height. This feature possessed scrambling vegetation dominated by bramble with adjacent pockets of scrub and young trees to provide an impenetrable barrier.

In the east of the survey area, a section of former industrial estate which, at the time of the field survey, was a cleared development plot awaiting a new housing estate, was defined along its southern edge by wooden hoarding to 2 m in height.

Buildings Located adjacent to the northern boundary of the survey area were several agricultural buildings of small/medium scale, constructed from corrugated metal over a wooden supporting framework. These buildings were open-sided and in moderate condition. The western building contained large amounts of internal bramble and ivy Hedera helix, whilst those to the east possessed stored equipment and plant/machinery.

A further small concrete building was recorded towards the south-western corner of the Star Lane Pits LWS area covered by a large area of traveller’s joy Clematis vitalba.

Ditch Bisecting the southern arable fields (i.e. outside of the site boundary) was a ditch feature, dry at the time of the field survey and with evidence of silt clearance in the recent past. The ditch possessed sharply angled banks of 45° with the ditch base consisting of bare earth and the sides possessing broad fringes of vegetation on either side, largely coarse grasses and tall ruderal species but also including scattered sallow to 4 m in height. Occasional stands of common reed Phragmites australis and rushes Juncus sp. were recorded within some sections of the ditch but it would appear that the ditch has been dry for a large part of the year.

Grassland Situated within the central area of the survey area, and on the western side of the fishing pools, was an area of grassland interspersed with patchy scrub and pockets of tall ruderal vegetation. Along its western edge the grassland occupied a series of mounds and hollows, some of the latter obviously seasonally wet with patches of rushes and fleabane present. Large areas of this grassland were closely grazed by rabbits producing a very short sward possessing large amounts of creeping buttercup Ranunculus repens, creeping cinquefoil Potentilla reptans, ground ivy Glechoma hederacea, daisy Bellis perennis, common ragwort Senecio jacobaea, yarrow Achillea millefolium and orchids. The orchids were not in flower at the time of the survey but were considered to be a mixture of pyramidal Anacamptis pyramidalis and bee orchid Ophrys

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Hard surfaces Providing site access from Star Lane on the western side of the survey area was a concrete surfaced access track that ran due east before separating into three access tracks. These tracks were compacted hard ground with the easternmost track terminating in a concrete surfaced car parking area to the north of the southernmost pool.

Plantation woodland To the south-west of the Star Lane Pits LWS, and to the south of the surfaced access track was a strip of plantation woodland, relatively young in age and up to 6 m in height. A range of woody species were present, forming a close canopy and consisting of field maple Acer campestre, hawthorn, cherry, sallow, ash Fraxinus excelsior, guilder-rose Viburnum opulus and rowan Sorbus aucuparia. The field layer was rather impoverished, comprising common grasses and forbs with occasional bramble patches in places.

Scrub This habitat type is represented by areas of dense and impenetrable scrub which are largely associated with the central area of the survey area and enclosing the fishing pools of Star Lane LWS. Dominant woody species recorded here consisted of hawthorn, bramble, blackthorn and dogwood to a height of 4-5 m.

Additional zones of dense, linear scrub formed the south-western edge of the survey area (adjacent to Star Lane), the northern survey area boundary and the north-eastern periphery of the survey area. Bramble tended to be the most obvious species but elm, elder, dogwood and blackthorn were also present.

An area to the west/south-west of the main fishing lake in the centre of the survey area possessed a more open nature with pockets of scattered hawthorn interspersed with patches of rabbit grazed short turf.

Standing water The central area of the survey area contained a series of four waterbodies ranging in size from approximately 0.1 ha – 1.5 ha and seemingly a result of previous clay/mineral extraction. The two largest pools were leased to a local angling club, with the main lake possessing a series of specifically created fishing platforms along its southern edge. A further pool was used as a stock pond and the southern linear waterbody contained fish but was not subject to regular fishing activity. These waterbodies were predominantly surrounded by dense scrub with scattered marginal zones of common reedmace Typha latifolia, common reed, yellow flag iris Iris pseudacorus, lesser reedmace Typha angustifolia and club rush Schoenoplectus lacustris. Submerged and emergent vegetation was noted within the pools, and included species such as white water-lily Nymphaea alba.

It is understood that all of the waterbodies are hydrologically linked.

Tall ruderals Tall ruderal vegetation was noted throughout the survey area, primarily associated with boundary features and forming a gradation between scrub and grassland. Dominant species consisted of common nettle, cleavers Galium aparine, creeping thistle Cirsium arvense, hemlock Conium maculatum, hogweed Heracleum sphondylium, common mallow Malva sylvestris and bristly ox-tongue Picris echioides.

4.4 FAUNA During the survey field signs of faunal species were recorded. The time of year at which the survey is undertaken will affect species or field signs directly recorded during the survey.

Birds The following bird species were recorded within the survey area during the field survey: blackcap Sylvia atricapilla, coot Fulica atra, woodpigeon Columba palumbus, blackbird Turdus merula, robin Erithacus rubecula, dunnock Prunella modularis, greenfinch Carduelis chloris, song thrush Turdus philomelos, mallard Anas platyrhynchos, moorhen Gallinula chloropus, goldfinch Carduelis carduelis, house sparrow Passer

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Mammals Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus were abundant and recorded within all areas of the survey area.

4.5 INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES

No invasive plants were recorded on site during the field survey.

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5. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

5.1 SUMMARY OF PROPOSALS It is understood that the site will be redeveloped for housing. The illustrative masterplan indicates that the site will primarily comprise residential housing, and that the Local Wildlife Site adjacent to the southern site boundary will be retained. The drainage plans indicate that drainage from the site will run into the ponds within the LWS to the south of the site, and that a balancing pond will be constructed to the south of the LWS.

5.2 NATURE CONSERVATION SITES The desk study exercise identified four European statutory sites within 5 km of the survey area, one UK statutory sites within 2 km and three non-statutory sites within 1 km. The site is not located within 10 km of a statutory site designated for bats. The significance of these sites to the proposed development is discussed below.

European Statutory Sites Four European statutory sites were recorded within a 5 km radius of the proposed development site, the closest sites are Foulness (Mid Essex Coast Phase 5) (SPA, Ramsar site) and Essex Estuaries (SAC). Both sites cover the same geographical area but are designated for different reasons. These sites are located 1.30 km north and 1.50 km south-east of the proposed development site.

The first of these is Foulness (Mid Essex Coast Phase 5) Special Protection Area (SPA), Ramsar Site and Important Bird Area. This site can be considered to be of international importance for nature conservation. This site is designated for the species of breeding and wintering bird that it supports and for the assemblage of waterfowl that use the area in winter. Consideration should be given to the potential effects of development of the site on qualifying species associated with the SPA. Whilst it is recognised that the site does not provide any habitat connections directly to the SPA, given the distance between the development site and the designated site, species associated with the SPA may be using the habitats within the development site as a ‘stepping-stone’ habitat. The SPA citation identifies the species listed in Table 5.1 as qualifying criteria. Table 5.1 also provides details of the species’ habitat requirements and whether they are likely to be using the habitats at the development site.

Table 5.1 shows that whilst the majority of the species listed as qualifying criteria are unlikely to use any of the habitats within the development site, common tern and ringed plover may be using the open water areas within the study site for breeding and feeding, and waterfowl that are using the SPA during the winter months may also be using the open water areas.

Whilst it is not anticipated that the effect of a change of use surrounding the open water areas to residential would have a direct effect on the SPA, consideration should be given to the use of the site by wintering and breeding qualifying criteria and wildfowl species. Most bird species can be affected by disturbance from construction activities and / or recreational use of an area and therefore controls may need to be put in place as part of the development works to ensure that there are no indirect effects on qualifying species associated with the nearby SPA. Given the proposed open space provision within the study site development plans, it is unlikely that any inhabitants from the development site would cause direct disturbance to the SPA birds. Much of the SPA is also owned by the MoD and therefore public access is generally limited.

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Species Habitat Notes Is Species Likely to Be Present at Development Site? During the breeding season Avocet A species of coastal lagoons on the east coast. Unlikely given habitats within the study site. Little tern Strictly coastal species found around the UK coastline Unlikely given habitats within the study site. at suitable breeding beaches with the largest colonies found along the east and south coasts of Scotland and England. Common tern Breeds along coasts with shingle beaches and rocky May be using open water areas within Star islands, on rivers with shingle bars, and at inland Pits Lane LWS for breeding and / or gravel pits and reservoirs, feeding along rivers and feeding. over freshwater. Sandwich tern Coastal species. Unlikely given habitats within the study site. Ringed plover Breeds on beaches around the coast, and have also May be using open water areas within Star been noted breeding inland in sand and gravel pits Pits Lane LWS for breeding. and former industrial sites. During winter Hen harrier In winter this species is found on lowland farmland, Unlikely given habitats within the study site. heathland, coastal marshes, fenland and river valleys. Those found in eastern and south-east England are probably mostly visitors from mainland Europe. Avocet Coastal lagoons, mainly along the south-west coast. Unlikely given habitats within the study site. Barnacle Coastal species, mainly found on north-west coast in Unlikely given habitats within the study site. geese UK. Will also use arable land for feeding. They may use the arable land, however there are large areas of arable land within the local vicinity and therefore the loss of this site is unlikely to be significant to the species. Red knot Large muddy estuaries around the coast. Unlikely given habitats within the study site. Oystercatcher Coastal birds during winter months. Unlikely given habitats within the study site. Grey plover Found only along coasts, preferring large muddy and Unlikely given habitats within the study site. sandy estuaries. Common During winter mainly on estuaries and coastal Unlikely given habitats within the study site. redshank lagoons. During winter 107999 Wildfowl and generally considered to include ducks, May be using open water areas within Star waterfowl – geese and swans and can range from small (e.g. teal) Pits Lane LWS for feeding. internationally to large (e.g. swans) in size. They can include important dabbling ducks, diving ducks, sea ducks, geese and assemblage swans. The species are generally associated with of birds areas of open freshwater or seawater and can also be associated with rivers, streams and canals. Table 5.1: Foulness (Mid Essex Coast Phase 5) SPA Qualifying Bird Species

Essex Estuaries SAC is also located 1.30 km north and 1.50 km south-east of the proposed development site. This site can be considered to be of national importance for nature conservation. This site is mainly designated due to the Annex I and Annex II habitats that it supports which include:  estuaries, mudflats and sandflats no covered by seawater at low tide;  Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand;  Spartina swards;  Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia);  Mediteranian thermo-Atlantic halophilion scrubs (Sarcocornetea fruticosi); and,  Sandbanks which are slightly covered by seawater.

It is apparent that these are all coastal habitats and, given the terrestrial and freshwater nature of the habitats within the proposed development site, it can be considered that there would be no likely direct or indirect effect on these habitats as a result of habitat loss within the study site. Consideration should, however, be given to the potential effects of increased foul water outputs from the site and whether these in turn will result in indirect effects on the habitats within the SAC through outfalls.

In addition Benfleet and Southern Marshes (RAMSAR, SPA) is located 2.8 km south-west and Crouch and Roach Estuaries (Mid-Essex Coast Phase 3) (RAMSAR, SPA) is located 3.20 km north-west.

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The SPA citation for Benfleet and Southern Marshes identifies the species listed in Table 5.2 as qualifying criteria. Table 5.2 also provides details of the species’ habitat requirements and whether they are likely to be using the habitats at the development site.

Species Habitat Notes Is Species Likely to Be Present at Development Site? During winter Dark-bellied Estuaries and saltmarshes. Unlikely given habitats within the study site goose Grey plover Found only along coasts, preferring large muddy and Unlikely given habitats within the study site. sandy estuaries. Knot Large muddy estuaries around the coast. Unlikely given habitats within the study site. During winter Assemblage Over winter, the area regularly supports 34,789 Unlikely given habitats within the study site, qualification: individual waterfowl (5 year peak mean 1991/2 - may be used by occasional individuals. A wetland of 1995/6) including: Dunlin Calidris alpina alpina, international Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula, Oystercatcher importance Haematopus ostralegus, Knot Calidris canutus, Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola, Dark-bellied Brent Goose Branta bernicla bernicla. Table 5.2: Benfleet and Southend Marshes SPA Qualifying Bird Species

Crouch and Roach Estuaries (Mid-Essex Coast Phase 3) has a single SPA qualifying bird species which is the dark-bellied brent goose. This species is unlikely to regularly use the habitats within the proposed development site.

Whilst it is not anticipated that the effect of a change of use surrounding the open water areas to residential would have a direct effect on these SPAs, consideration should be given to the use of the site by wintering and breeding qualifying criteria and wildfowl species. Most bird species can be affected by disturbance from construction activities and / or recreational use of an area and therefore controls may need to be put in place as part of the development works to ensure that there are no indirect effects on qualifying species associated with the nearby SPAs. Given the proposed open space provision within the study site development plans, it is unlikely that any inhabitants from the development site would cause direct disturbance to the SPA birds.

UK Statutory Sites The Foulness SSSI is located 1.30 km north and 1.50 km south-east of the proposed development site. This site can be considered to be of national importance for nature conservation. This site is designated for the intertidal sand-silt flats, saltmarsh, beaches, grazing marshes, rough grass and scrubland that it includes in addition to the bird and plant species that these habitats support. Consideration of the potential effects on bird species and coastal habitats within the SSSI are considered above. The SSSI citation identifies that the site also supports rough grass, unimproved grassland and scrubland habitats which are not considered to be directly effected as a result of the development proposals. The site supports a number of eelgrass species, which again are not likely to be effected by the proposals. The SSSI citation identifies that the unimproved grassland habitats support a notable invertebrate population and it was recognised in Chapter 3 that the LWS within the study site also supports notable invertebrate species. The use of the site by notable invertebrate species listed on the SSSI citation would need to be considered.

Non-Statutory Sites Three non-statutory sites were recorded within the 2 km search radius of the survey area. These sites were Star Lane Pits, Great Wakering Common and Wakering Landfill Site. All of these sites are designated as Local Wildlife Sites (LWS) and can therefore be considered to be of County nature conservation importance due to their habitat and species compositions and their designation.

Star Lane Pits LWS falls within the survey area and as such is a notable consideration with respect to the proposed redevelopment. The remaining sites are all located in excess of 1 km from the survey area and are not therefore considered to be notable considerations with respect to proposed site activities.

Star Lane Pits LWS forms the centre of the survey area and comprises former clay pits which now comprise lakes and ponds with marginal vegetation and a surrounding mosaic of scrub and rough grassland. These habitats were confirmed during the survey as being present within the LWS. During the survey a range of bird species were noted.

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The current development proposals show that the wildlife site will be retained as part of the development, although it is noted that drainage from the site will run into ponds within the LWS, and that there may be a small loss of habitat from the western extent of the LWS. This habitat loss would be associated with the installation of a road to allow access to the proposed residential areas to the north of the wildlife site. The habitat loss from this road installation is likely to be minimal and will impact on areas of rough grassland and scrub. There would be no impact on the waterbodies as a result of the road installation works. Once the road is in place, consideration would need to be given to the potential effects from traffic exhaust fumes on the retained habitats within the wildlife site. It is understood that there is currently no management of the wildlife site, although until recently fishing rights were leased to a local fishing group. Without management it is considered likely that succession would result in an increase in the scrub cover at the site and a loss of grassland and colonising habitats, which are likely to be the habitats that are being used by notable invertebrate species. Creation and implementation of a Habitat Management Plan to ensure the biodiversity potential of the wildlife site is retained and enhanced would likely mitigate for the impacts of drainage, potential loss of small areas of habitat and on-going traffic exhaust fume deposition close to the proposed road.

Consideration would also need to be given to the potential effects on increased recreation within the wildlife site as a result of the development of residential areas close to the wildlife site. It is understood that there is currently no recreational access to the wildlife site. Again, through close management of the wildlife site and commitments from the developer with respect to litter clearance and interpretation, it is considered likely that any potential effects from increased recreational use could be mitigated.

5.3 HABITATS The ecological importance of the habitats present within the survey area is determined by their presence on the list of Habitats of Principal Importance in England and on the Local BAP. It also takes into account the intrinsic value of the habitat. Those habitats which are considered to be of intrinsic importance and have the potential to be impacted by the site proposals are highlighted as notable considerations.

A discussion of the implications of the site proposals with regard to the habitats present is provided in the text below. A separate discussion of the value of the habitats within the survey area to protected or notable species is provided in Section 5.4.

Arable Margins of arable habitat are important ecological features as they provide a buffer zone between intensively managed crop areas and edge features i.e. boundary hedgerows. They are classified as being both national and local biodiversity priority habitats. As well as being of intrinsic value in themselves, they are also valuable wildlife corridors. Arable habitat is the dominant habitat within the surveyed area and the proposed works will impact these areas and is therefore a notable consideration. However, the field margins within arable habitats were not especially diverse in terms of botanical species present. A recommendation regarding the retention/enhancement of wildlife corridors is made within Section 6.2.

Boundaries A variety of field boundaries were recorded within the survey area, although man-made boundaries, i.e. wooden post and barb wire fencing , have negligible biodiversity value (although they may provide song posts for farmland birds). Hedgerows, particularly those possessing a large number of species, are of national and local significance. Several hedgerows were recorded within the survey area, although they were not considered to be overly diverse and were generally unmanaged and in poor condition. The hedges do however act as wildlife corridors and should be retained/enhanced where feasible. Hedgerows are therefore a notable consideration and a recommendation regarding this habitat is made within Section 6.2.

Buildings, hard surfaces, bare ground and ditch The buildings, hardstanding, bare ground and ditch feature recorded within the survey area are not important habitats either on a local or national basis and are therefore not deemed to be a notable consideration.

Grassland Several types of grassland were recorded within the survey area with broad margins of improved grassland adjacent to areas of arable crops in the southern section of the survey area (outside of the site boundary). This habitat type is exceptionally common within the surrounding area and is easily replaced and therefore

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 21 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-01-RevA Preliminary Ecological Assessment not considered to be a notable consideration with respect to the proposed site development activities. The Star Lane Pits LWS within the central part of the survey area possesses areas of semi-improved grassland which is close-grazed by rabbits and is currently being invaded by scrub species. Though not specifically considered to be an exemplar grassland habitat, and not being listed as either a nationally or locally important habitat type, it is of intrinsic value and is likely to support a range of floral and faunal species. Outline plans for the site indicate that the Star Lane Pits LWS site will remain largely intact post-development with the intention of adequately protecting and managing the site appropriately post-development. A precautionary recommendation with regard to the Star Lane Pits LWS grassland areas is made within Sections 6.1 and 6.2.

Standing water Standing water is a priority habitat in a national context. The field survey recorded several large ponds and a fishing lake within the surveyed area, all of which were located within the Star Lane Pits LWS. This habitat type is therefore a notable consideration. However, site proposals signify that, although drainage from the site will run-off into the ponds, the areas of open water within the Star Lane Pits LWS will be retained and managed appropriately to maintain their biodiversity value and they are not therefore considered to be a notable consideration. The illustrative masterplans indicate that an additional balancing pond will be constructed to the south of the LWS (outside of the site boundary). A precautionary recommendation regarding this habitat is made within Section 6.2.

Plantation woodland A small linear zone of young plantation woodland was recorded towards the western side of the survey area, adjacent to the existing access track along the southern boundary of the former Star Lane Industrial site. This habitat type is not considered to be a national or local priority habitat and is therefore not deemed to be notable a consideration.

Scrub and tall ruderals Scrub and tall ruderal habitats were noted frequently within the survey area. These are commonly recorded habitats on both a local and national context and are often transitory in nature. Neither habitat is listed on local or national BAP plans nor are they considered to be notable considerations.

Habitats considered to be of relevance to the proposed development are summarised in Table 5.3.

Habitat Local BAP Habitat Type of Principal Summary of Potential Impacts Habitat? Importance? Arable field margins * * Habitat loss Standing water * * Habitat loss Hedgerows * * Habitat loss Grassland - - Habitat loss *Dependent on fulfilment of qualifying criteria Table 5.3: Summary of Potential Impacts on Notable Habitats

5.4 PROTECTED/NOTABLE SPECIES The following paragraphs consider the likely impact of the site proposals on protected or notable species. This is based on those species highlighted in the desk study exercise (Chapter 3) and other species for which potentially suitable habitat occurs within or adjacent to the survey area.

Mammals Bats The desk study provided records of at least six species of bat within a 2 km radius of the survey area. Soprano pipistrelle, common pipistrelle and noctule have been recorded within the surveyed boundary.

The buildings within the survey area were considered to have negligible - low potential for roosting bats. The majority of the trees were in good condition, however two trees present within the central part of the survey

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 22 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-01-RevA Preliminary Ecological Assessment area adjacent to fishing lakes contained suitable roost features. Local anglers reported presence of an active bat roost within one of the trees. If the buildings or trees are to be impacted by the works then there is potential to cause harm/disturbance to roosting bats. As such a precautionary recommendation has been made within Section 6.3.

The survey area offers excellent foraging and commuting potential for bats in the form of standing water, scrub, grassland and hedgerows. Loss of habitat and/or illumination of corridor features has the potential to adversely impact foraging and commuting bats. As such a recommendation is made within Section 6.3.

Badger The desk study provided 15 records of badger within a 2 km radius of the survey area. No evidence of badger presence was recorded within the survey area during the field survey with no setts, hairs, latrines or prints recorded. Nevertheless, the presence of very dense scrub precluded a thorough inspection. The arable farmland and grassland habitats provide good foraging areas and badgers are likely to use the survey area for through-routing/foraging. Badger is a notable consideration in relation to the development and a recommendation is made within Section 6.3.

Brown hare The desk study provided two records of brown hare within a 2 km radius of the survey area. The closest record was located 1.5 km north. Brown hares live in exposed habitats including arable land and as such, suitable habitat for this species is present on site. However, taking into consideration the abundance of alternative habitat in the surroundings the loss of arable land is unlikely to have a long term impact on this species. Nevertheless, to prevent any harm to this species during the construction phase a precautionary recommendation is made within Section 6.3.

Harvest mouse The desk study provided a single record of harvest mouse located 1.77 km north-west of the survey area. Harvest mouse lives in long tussocky grassland, reedbeds, hedgerows and around woodland edges and as such, suitable habitats exist on site. The habitats with Star Lane Pits and field margins offer suitable habitat for this species. Providing that some areas comprising these suitable habitats are retained (e.g. within Star Lane Pits) no long term impact upon harvest mouse is anticipated. However, a precautionary recommended regarding vegetation clearance is made within Section 6.3.

Hedgehog The desk study provided four records of hedgehog within a 2 km radius of the survey area. The closest record was located 0.30 km north. The mosaic of habitats on site provide suitable foraging and refuge opportunities for hedgehog. To prevent any impact upon hedgehog during the site clearance and construction phase recommendations has been made in Section 6.3. Recommendations regarding sympathetic landscape design are also made within Section 6.2.

Otter The desk study provided no records of otter within 2 km of the surveyed area. During the field survey no direct evidence of otter presence was noted, however the central pool was considered to provide some suitable habitat. Nevertheless, the pool is somewhat isolated and it is considered that the absence of watercourses within or adjacent to the site render it unsuitable to support this species. The use of the pool by anglers may also be limiting factor to the presence of otter. Otter is not therefore a notable consideration with respect to the site.

Water Vole The desk study provided two records of water vole which directly relate to the survey area. The standing water within Star Lane Pits LWS has the potential to support this species. It is known that water vole surveys have been undertaken on site in 2011 (as part of the Former Brickworks Site, Star Lane, Great Wakering planning application) which identified field signs of water vole on site. Water vole is therefore a notable consideration with respect to proposed redevelopment of the site and a recommendation has been made within Section 6.3.

Harbour porpoise The desk study provided a single record of harbor porposise located 1.64 km south-east of the survey area. No suitable habitat for this species is present on or immediately adjacent to the site and therefore harbour porpoise is not a notable consideration in relation to the proposals.

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Amphibians The desk study identified that great crested newt have been previously recorded on site. Records of frog, smooth newt and toad were also provided. Areas of intensively managed farmland are considered to be sub- optimal to support amphibians, however the standing water present within the survey area boundary provides potential breeding habitat whilst the areas of grassland, ruderals and scrub provide suitable terrestrial habitat. Reference to Ordnance survey mapped data indicates that there are an additional two ponds located within a 500 m radius of the survey area.

It is understood that great crested newt surveys were undertaken on site in 2011 (as part of the Former Brickworks Site, Star Lane, Great Wakering planning application) and no great crested newts were recorded. However, as this is a long-lived species it is conceivable that this species still occurs within, or in close proximity to the proposed development area and it is therefore a notable consideration. Recommendations regarding amphibians are made within Section 6.3.

Reptiles The desk study revealed eight records of reptile species within a 2 km radius of the survey area (common lizard, grass snake, adder and slow worm). Both slow worm and grass snake have been recorded on site.

Areas of intensively managed farmland are considered to be sub-optimal to support reptiles, however the habitats within Star Line Pits LWS and field boundary vegetation provide opportunities for foraging, basking, refuge and hibernation. Reptiles are therefore a notable consideration and a recommendation is made within Section 6.3.

Birds The desk study provided several records of protected and notable species on site comprising, Cetti’s warbler, starling, lapwing and starling. During the field survey a range of birds of conservation concern were identified using the study area. The majority of recorded habitats on site provide potential nesting habitat for a range of bird species.

It is also known that the site lies within close proximity to the Foulness (Mid Essex Coast Phase 5) SPA, Ramsar site and Important Bird Area. Whilst the majority of habitats at the site do not provide any potential to be used by qualifying species from the SPA, consideration should be given to the use of the open water habitats within the Star Pits Lane LWS by such species. A recommendation is given in Section 6.3.

Benfleet and Southern Marshes (RAMSAR, SPA) and Crouch and Roach Estuaries (Mid-Essex Coast Phase 3) (RAMSAR, SPA) are also located in proximity to the proposed development site, although the species listed as Qualifying Criteria are considered unlikely to be regularly utilizing the habitats within the proposed development site.

Disturbance to these habitat types has the potential to adversely impact upon bird species and they are therefore a notable consideration. A precautionary recommendation regarding this faunal group is made within Section 6.3.

Invertebrates The desk study provided records of several Species of Principal Importance, Global & National Red List and Scarce species as well as Essex Red List species within a 2 km radius of the survey area. A large number of these records relate to Star Lane Pits LWS which is known to support a wide range of invertebrates. Initial site proposals indicate that the Star Line Pits LWS will be largely retained and appropriately managed, however it is important to understand the invertebrate assemblage so that suitable long-term management and enhancement opportunities can be identified. Invertebrates are a notable consideration in relation to the proposals and a recommendation for further survey work is made within Section 6.3.

Plants The desk study highlighted the presence of several notable higher and lower plants within a 2 km radius of the survey area, however no records were specific to the study area. Nevertheless, the citation for Star Lane Pits LWS brought to light the presence of the Essex Red List species pyramidal orchid Anacamptis pyramidalis together with the small free floating liverwort, Riccia fluitans and the rare Essex water-plant hemlock water-dropwort Oenanthe crocata has also been recorded.

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The field survey indicated that the majority of the farmland contained a limited selection of common plant species but did identify a more diverse selection of species within the Star Lane Pits LWS including the presence of orchids. These were not in flower during the field survey but were thought to be bee and pyramidal orchids. Although the majority of the proposed development works will focus upon utilising the arable farmland to the north of the study area, it is understood that in order to provide access there will be a necessity to impact the westernmost edge of the Star Lane Pits LWS. Plants may therefore be a notable consideration and a recommendations regarding the LWS is made within Section 6.1 and 6.2.

Other Species The following protected species are not considered to be material considerations due to the lack of desk study records and absence of suitable habitats within the development site and its surroundings: hazel dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius, pine marten Martes martes, red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris, stag beetle Lucanus cervus, pole cat Mustela putorius and white-clawed crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes.

Summary Species considered to be of relevance to the proposed development are summarised in Table 5.4.

Species Species / Species Local BAP of Principal Summary of Potential Impacts Group Species? Importance? Direct harm/injury, habitat loss, fragmentation, Bats # # disturbance through increases in lighting Badger - - Direct harm/injury, habitat loss Hedgehog  - Direct harm/injury, habitat loss Brown hare   Direct harm/injury, habitat loss Harvest mouse  - Direct harm/injury, habitat loss Amphibians (including great # - Direct harm/injury, habitat loss crested newt) Reptiles  - Direct harm/injury, habitat loss Birds # # Direct harm/injury, habitat loss Invertebrates # # Direct harm/injury, habitat loss Plants # # Direct harm/injury, habitat loss #Species dependent Table 5.4: Summary of Potential Impacts on Notable Species

5.5 INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES The desk study provided records of Japanese knotweed, floating pennywort and New Zealand pigmyweed within a 2 km radius of the survey area. No invasive plant species were recorded within the survey area during the field survey which was undertaken at a suitable time of year for botanical assessments. Invasive plants are therefore not a notable consideration in relation to the proposals. A summary of legislation and policy relevant to the ecology of the site is included in Appendix 2.

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6. RECOMMENDATIONS

All recommendations provided in this section are based on Middlemarch Environmental Ltd’s current understanding of the site proposals, correct at the time the report was compiled. Should the proposals alter, the conclusions and recommendations made in the report should be reviewed to ensure that they remain appropriate.

The recommendations listed below were provided following the initial suite of surveys undertaken by Middlemarch Environmental Ltd in 2015. Subsequent survey work has resulted in certain of these recommendations having been undertaken; this has been noted below in each instance.

6.1 NATURE CONSERVATION SITES

R1 Foulness (Mid Essex Coast Phase 5) SPA / Ramsar Site and Essex Estuaries SAC: The proposed works could potentially indirectly impact upon these sites which are designated as an SPA and SAC. As such, Natural England should be consulted during the planning process to discuss the likelihood of any impacts on this nature conservation site.

This recommendation has subsequently been completed (see Report RT-MME-121553).

R2 Foulness SSSI: The proposed works could potentially indirectly impact upon Foulness SSSI. As such, Natural England should be consulted during the planning process to discuss the likelihood of any impacts on this nature conservation site.

This recommendation has subsequently been completed (see Report RT-MME-121553).

R3 Star Pits Lane LWS: The proposed works could potentially directly impact upon Star Pits Lane LWS. As such, the Local Planning Authority ecologist and / or the local Wildlife Trust should be consulted during the planning process to discuss the likelihood of any impacts on this nature conservation site. Additional recommendations regarding this LWS are made below in Sections 6.2 and 6.3.

6.2 HABITATS The following recommendations are made regarding the habitats present on site:

R4 Habitat Loss & Enhancement: In accordance with the provision of Chapter 11 of the National Planning Policy Framework (Conserving and Enhancing the Natural Environment) and Local Planning Policy, it is recommended that areas of landscaping within areas of development incorporate habitats and features that are ecologically beneficial both on a local scale and to help meet objectives contained within the Essex Biodiversity Action plan. This may include planting of native species hedgerows (or improving those that already exist) and using appropriate ‘wildlife- friendly’ plants in any landscaping works. It is recommended that planting and landscaping should incorporate native species and integrate ecological and biodiversity features wherever possible e.g. wetland habitats, bird nest boxes and bat roosting features.

R5 Star Lane Pits LWS: It is understood that the majority of the LWS will be retained within the development with only minor loss of a small margin of habitat on its western edge to facilitate creation of a new access road. This access road will be utilised by the residents of the proposed area to the north of the wildlife site. It is therefore recommended that in order to maintain and increase the biodiversity value of this area a Landscape and Ecology Management Plan be written and implemented for this site.

R6 Trees/Hedgerows: Any trees and/or hedgerows on site, or overhanging the site, which are to be retained as a part of any proposed works should be protected in accordance with British Standard 5837: 2012 "Trees in relation to design, demolition and construction - recommendations". Protection should be installed on site prior to the commencement of any works on site.

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R7 Wildlife corridors: The development should be designed to ensure that wildlife corridors are maintained across the site to ensure that ecological links are upheld within the site and to the wider area. Field boundaries should be retained where feasible and enhanced where appropriate.

6.3 PROTECTED / NOTABLE SPECIES To ensure compliance with wildlife legislation and relevant planning policy, the following recommendations are made:

R8 Roosting Bats: A daytime bat survey should be undertaken on the building and trees with bat potential which may be impacted by the proposed development works. Daytime bat surveys can be completed at any time of year. Depending upon the results of the daytime survey, nocturnal emergence and dawn re-entry surveys could be required during the peak bat survey period which occurs between mid-May and August (inclusive).

A Daytime Bat Survey has been completed and the recommendations outlined in Report RT-MME- 120478-01 should be adhered to.

R9 Foraging/commuting bats: It is recommended that site lighting is designed so as to retain dark corridors and foraging areas, in particular avoid illumination of the Star Lane Pits LWS. Any landscaping activities should aim to include shrubs and plants that offer nectar sources for night- flying insects and therefore bats.

R10 Badger: Given the suitable habitat present within the survey area and connectivity to adjacent habitat that is suitable for badgers, it is recommended that a badger survey is undertaken to determine whether any setts are located within 30 m of the proposed development area.

A Badger survey has been completed and the recommendations outlined in Report RT-MME- 119852-02 should be adhered to.

R11 Reptiles: A reptile survey should be undertaken of suitable habitats within the proposed development site. Reptile surveys can be completed in suitable weather conditions between April and September (inclusive).

A Reptile survey has been completed and the recommendations outlined in Report RT-MME- 119852-05 should be adhered to.

R12 Great Crested Newt: A great crested newt Habitat Suitability Index Assessment should be completed for all waterbodies within 500 m of the proposed development site.

A Great Crested Newt HSI and eDNA survey has been completed and the recommendations outlined in Report RT-MME-119852-06 should be adhered to.

R13 Water Vole: A water vole survey of the waterbodies within the survey area should be undertaken. Water vole surveys can be completed between March and October inclusive.

A Water Vole survey has been completed and the recommendations outlined in Report RT-MME- 119852-03 should be adhered to.

R14 Breeding Birds: It is recommended that breeding bird surveys be completed between March and July to determine whether the habitats within Star Pits Lane LWS are being used by any SPA qualifying species.

A Breeding bird survey has been completed and the recommendations outlined in Report RT-MME- 119852-07 should be adhered to.

R15 Wintering Birds: It is recommended that winter bird surveys be completed between November and February to determine whether the habitats within Star Pits Lane LWS are being used by any SPA qualifying species.

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A Wintering bird survey has been completed and the recommendations outlined in Report RT-MME- 119852-08 should be adhered to.

R16 Nesting Birds: Vegetation and building clearance should be undertaken outside the nesting bird season. The nesting bird season is weather dependent but generally extends between March and September inclusive. If this is not possible then any vegetation/buildings to be removed or disturbed should be checked by an experienced ecologist for nesting birds immediately prior to works commencing. If birds are found to be nesting any works which may affect them would have to be delayed until the young have fledged and the nest has been abandoned naturally.

R17 Common amphibians and small mammals: Vegetation clearance/removal should be undertaken in a sensitive manner to avoid harming small mammals (including hedgehog and harvest mice) and common amphibians. If any are found during the course of site-based works they should be removed carefully to a suitably undisturbed location within the near vicinity. This should be completed when these species are active. This is weather dependent but generally extends between March and October inclusive. Any vegetation clearance works should also be undertaken in accordance with other mitigation recommended for the site.

R18 Terrestrial Mammals including Badger, Hedgehog and Brown hare: Any excavations that need to be left overnight should be covered or fitted with mammal ramps to ensure that any animals that enter can safely escape. Any open pipework with an outside diameter of greater than 120 mm must be covered at the end of each work day to prevent animals entering/becoming trapped.

6.4 INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES No recommendations are made regarding invasive plant species.

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7. DRAWINGS

Drawing C119852-01-01 RevA – Phase 1 Habitat Map

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Project Legend Land South of High Street, Great Wakering Drawing Application boundary Building Phase 1 Habitat Survey Study area Dense scrub Client Taylor Wimpey C &§ 1 Scattered broad-leaved tree Hardstanding Drawing Number Revision 1

C119852-01-01-RevA Rev A 9 Improved grassland Scale @ A4 Date 8 E Scattered scrub I 5 1:4,000 June 2016 2

SI Neutral semi-improved grassland Approved By Drawn By - E Scattered ephemeral/short perennial TH RP 0 1

Plantation broad-leaved woodland - !H Target note 0 1

SI Poor semi-improved grassland - A Arable R

! ! ! ! ! ! e ! ! ! ! Standing water v ! ! ! ! ! ! Bare ground A ! ! Tall ruderal Triumph House, Birmingham Road, Allesley, Coventry CV5 9AZ T:01676 525880 F:01676 521400 E:[email protected]

This map is reproduced from the Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office. © Crown copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution of civil proceedings. $ Licence Number: 100040519 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-01-RevA Preliminary Ecological Assessment

Land South of High Street, Great Wakering

1. Embankment feature dominated by common umbellifers and false oat grass with bindweed and cleavers and bordered by a chain link fence along the top of the slope. 2. A small area has been developed by adjoining residential property as an additional garden zone with a range of ornamental species present including roses, iris, foxgloves an apple tree and a large walnut. 3. This margin of the survey area encompassed a broad swathe of tall ruderals, primarily nettles with docks, cleavers, coarse grasses, black horehound, some lilac bushes and stands of bramble. Garden refuse deposited here and the area is bordered by mixed wooden fencing types. 4. 3 m wide strip of grassland comprising perennial rye grass, cocksfoot, meadow grasses, bents and plantains. 5. This area was largely composed of dense bramble scrub. A rickety lean-to building present which was open-sided on its southern elevation. The unit was composed of corrugated metal/asbestos sheeting on a simple framework and possessed large amounts of ivy but was considered to provide no bat roosting potential. 6. A large area which at the time of the survey visit comprised bare ploughed earth. 7. Along the rear border of the adjacent residential properties and gardens was 3 m wide margin of bramble dominated vegetation with coarse grasses and common tall ruderal species including common mallow and bristly oxtongue. 8. Linear access point between the houses which was fenced and gated at its northern end. Although largely occupied by common grasses with both coarse and finer species recorded, a mixture of invading tall ruderals and some garden shrubs and herbaceous species also noted. Garden walls present on both sides of the access point fringed by shrubs. 9. Ditch/boundary feature between the two parcels of arable farmland. Frequent clumps of bramble along its length and a 5-6 m wide strip of coarse grasses dominated by false oat grass, perennial rye grass, goatsbeard and docks. 10. This area of the survey area consisted of several large wooden units/sheds containing a variety of stored equipment and materials associated with farming activities. The buildings/structures were considered to offer some, albeit low, bat roost potential. The zone surrounding the structures was vegetated by nettles, umbellifers, mugwort, mallow and mugwort with scattered elder and young cherry. 11. The eastern boundary of the arable field was formed by a dense block of mixed scrub comprising elm, bramble, elder, dogwood and blackthorn. 12. Northern lake of Star Lane Pits LWS site. This is the largest pool within the complex and is regularly fished by angling club members with access restricted to the southern shore only where a number of fishing platforms have been established. The lake is reported to be 3 m in depth at its maximum and supports a good range of species with some large specimen carp. It is enclosed by linear trees and scrub including several large willows some of which are reported to possess bat roots. Some areas of marginal vegetation were recorded including stands of common reed. Several patches of white water lily were also recorded scattered across this waterbody. 13. A large irregular pool which is also used for angling purposes. Several areas of common reed around margins with breeding reed warblers. Some sections of bank have been eroded and consisted of bare, compacted ground and there was evidence of fire hearths. Several areas of white water lily noted and some submerged aquatics visible. Good range of dragonflies and damselflies observed. A well-used pathway encircles this waterbody beyond which vegetation tends to comprise dense impenetrable scrub with willow/sallow/thorn and bramble the dominant species. Some areas of tall ruderal vegetation interspersed amongst scrub. Areas supports a good range of bird species. 14. Small pool area is used as a fish breeding area and contains very large numbers of mixed fish species including large numbers of fry. Pool enclosed by steep banks occupied by dense scrub with abundant sallow/willow. Some areas of common reed present. Large willow on side of pool reported by local angler to contain a bat roost.

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15. This area composed of dense scrub and stands of tall ruderal vegetation with access quite difficult. 16. Very dense bramble giving way to hawthorn and elder scrub. In one area vegetation becomes slightly more open with a patch of very short rabbit grazed turf present. 17. Narrow linear lake at southern end of Star Lane Pits LWS complex. This feature was largely enclosed by dense scrub with bramble, hawthorn and dogwood the dominant species. Water appeared reasonably shallow and very clear with a good range of fauna present including several broods of pochard. In places sallow/willow growing out into water to form wet woodland/carr. 18. An area of short grassland very closely grazed by rabbits and with some evidence of vehicular traffic with rutted tracks visible. This zone appears to be seasonally damp. Vegetation noted in this are included creeping cinquefoil, fleabane, teasel, ragwort, ground ivy, yarrow, stonecrop and bristly oxtongue with some non-flowering orchids also recorded. Scattered patches of 3 m tall hawthorn scrub also present in this area. Small concrete surfaced car park feature to south-east accessed by track. 19. This block of habitat comprised a mosaic of colonising scrub over seasonally wet ground possessing patches of close grazed grassland and ephemeral colonising species. Species composition similar to the area to the east. Several brash piles recorded within this area. Frequent patches of teasel and large amounts of thorn and rose scrub. Area is surrounded by access tracks. 20. An area of mounds and hollows occupied by a mixture of scrub, grassland and tall ruderals. Bramble and nettle were abundant with patches of thorn scrub. A shallow depression in the ground indicated dampness over the winter period with clumps of Juncus and fleabane noted. Some patches of rabbit grazing evident. Along the western edge of the compartment was a reptile barrier fence. 21. Builders yard which was largely devoid of vegetation at the time of the survey with some vegetation colonising around the margins consisting of weld, teasel, burdock, nettle, umbellifers and short perennial vegetation. To the east of the yard area was a zone of log piles and general builders rubbish on the edge of an area that had been cleared of scrub and piled up on the bank of the adjacent lake. Building present to which there was no access constructed form brick with pitched roof. 22. East-facing bank feature vegetated by nettles, common mallow, hemlock, bramble and cleavers with line of 7 m cypress along top and adjacent chain link fence. 23. North-facing bank feature up to 10 m in width in places vegetated by tall ruderals with scattered trees/scrub species. Primary species noted here consisted of nettle (dominant), cleavers, cow parsley, bindweed, bramble, cleavers, elder, young ash and semi-mature birch/sycamore with 10 m tall cypress. 24. Area of linear scrub and planted young trees. Mixture of woody species recorded including field maple, hawthorn, sallow, ash, alder, guelder rose and rowan up to 6 m in height. Very close canopy resulting in impoverished field layer. Evidence of mammal activity in here considered to relate to rabbit and fox. To the north is a concrete access track bordered by wooden hoarding separating the survey area form the adjacent works site. 25. Eastern end of planted trees becoming more hawthorn and bramble dominated with abundant nettle and some tall fescue on bank feature. To the north of this area beyond the access track is a small concrete block building largely covered by dense traveller’s joy with adjoining section of concrete wall. 26. Western margin of southern arable field possessed a broad margin of scrub and tall ruderals up to 6 m in width with abundant bramble and lesser amounts of nettle, umbellifers and scattered elder, blackthorn, field ample and occasional stand of elm. Rabbit netting along inside edge of field. 27. Arable crop contained singing corn bunting, skylark and yellow wagtail. 28. Boundary ditch feature which was dry at the time of the survey. Scattered along the ditch sides were patches of coarse grasses and tall ruderals with occasional scrub. A wide semi-improved grass strip was present to the west of the ditch adjacent to the arable crop with a much reduced strip on the eastern side. 29. A triangular area of coarse grass and tall ruderal vegetating an earth mound feature and consisting of nettle, fennel, traveller’s joy and false oat grass.

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30. Large block of bare earth. To the south is a broad margin of poor semi-improved grassland trackway. 31. Dry ditch feature along eastern edge of crop vegetated by coarse grasses and tall ruderals – bristly oxtongue, hogweed, cow parsley, false oat grass, brome and hoary cress. 32. Eastern edge of survey area formed by mixed fencelines of adjacent gardens with a 2 m strip of poor semi-improved grassland with black grass, nettle, common mallow, perennial rye grass, creeping bent and false oat grass. 33. 3-4 m wide surfaced access track which is degrading in places. On the field side is a 2-3 m margin of fennel, hogweed, thistles, umbellifers, weld and cocksfoot/false oat grass adjacent to the crop. Abundant evidence of rabbit presence in this area. Track well used by dog walkers.

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8. PHOTOGRAPHS

Plate A1: View east across Star Lane Pits LWS Plate A2: Closely cropped rabbit-grazed turf with Star Lane Pits LWS with scattered thorn scrub

Plate A3: Stock-rearing pool at Star Lane Pits Plate A4: Main fishing lake at Star Lane Pits LWS LWS

Plate A5: Central fishing lake at Star Lane Pits Plate A6: Western end of Star Lane Pits LWS – LWS hummocks and damp hollows with habitat mosaic

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Plate A7: Access track along southern edge of Plate A8: Dry ditch through arable farmland in Star Lane Pits LWS – arable farmland on right southern half of survey area hand side of image

Plate A9: Habitat mosaic on periphery of Star Plate A10: Arable farmland in southern area of Lane LWS the survey area

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REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

British Standards Institution (2013). British Standard 42020: 2013. Biodiversity – Code of practice for planning and development. British Standards Institution, London.

British Standards Institution. (2012). British Standard 5837:2012, Trees in relation to design, demolition and construction – recommendations. British Standards Institution, London.

Department for Communities and Local Government (2012). National Planning Policy Framework. Available: http://www.communities.gov.uk/planningandbuilding/planningsystem/planningpolicy/planningpolicyfra mework/

Essex Biodiversity Project (2012) Essex Biodiversity Action Plan 2011. Available: http://www.essexbiodiversity.org.uk/biodiversity-action-plan

Institute of Environmental Assessment. (1995). Guidelines for Baseline Ecological Assessment, Institute of Environmental Assessment. E&FN Spon, An Imprint of Chapman and Hall. London.

Joint Nature Conservation Committee (2010). Handbook for Phase 1 Habitat Survey: A technique for environmental audit (reprint). Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough.

Joint Nature Conservation Committee (2012). UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework. Available: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UK_Post2010_Bio-Fwork.pdf

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2012). Extended Phase 1 Habitat Survey. Report RT-MME-111181-02.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015a). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Initial Badger Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-02.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015b). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Water Vole Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-03.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015c). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Invertebrate Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-04.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015d). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Reptile Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-05.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015e). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Great Crested Newt Habitat Assessment and eDNA Sampling. Report RT-MME-119852-06.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015f). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Breeding Bird Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-07.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015g). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Winter Bird Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-08.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015h). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Daytime Bat Survey and Nocturnal Emergence Survey. Report RT-MME-120478.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015i). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Preliminary Bat Roost Assessment. Report RT-MME-122103-01.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2016). Land South Of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Habitat Regulations Assessment: Stage 1 Screening Report. Report RT-MME-121553.

The Essex Field Club (2015) Essex BAP Species. Available: http://www.essexfieldclub.org.uk/portal/p/Essex+BAP+species

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1: Summary of Statutory Nature Conservation Sites

APPENDIX 2: Overview of Relevant Legislation and Policy

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APPENDIX 1 Summary of Statutory Nature Conservation Sites

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European Statutory Sites within a 5 km radius

Site Check Report Report generated on Tue Jul 28 2015 You selected the location: Centroid Grid Ref: TQ936871 The following features have been found in your search area: Ramsar Sites (England) Name FOULNESS (MID-ESSEX COAST PHASE 5) Reference UK11026 Hectares 10942.13 Name BENFLEET AND SOUTHEND MARSHES Reference UK11006 Hectares 2283.97 Name CROUCH & ROACH ESTUARIES (MID-ESSEX COAST PHASE 3) Reference UK11016 Hectares 1745.11 Special Areas of Conservation (England) Name ESSEX ESTUARIES Reference UK0013690 Hectares 46109.96 Hyperlink http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/protectedsites/sacselection/sac.asp?eucode=UK0013690 Special Protection Areas (England) Name FOULNESS (MID-ESSEX COAST PHASE 5) Reference UK9009246 Hectares 10942.13 Name BENFLEET AND SOUTHEND MARSHES Reference UK9009171 Hectares 2283.97 Name CROUCH & ROACH ESTUARIES (MID-ESSEX COAST PHASE 3) Reference UK9009244 Hectares 1745.11

UK Statutory Sites within a 2 km radius of the survey area

Site Check Report Report generated on Tue Jul 28 2015 You selected the location: Centroid Grid Ref: TQ936871 The following features have been found in your search area: Ramsar Sites (England) Name FOULNESS (MID-ESSEX COAST PHASE 5) Reference UK11026 Hectares 10942.13 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (England)

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Name FOULNESS Reference 1006219 Natural England Contact NEIL FULLER Natural England Phone Number 0845 600 3078 Hectares 10946.15 Citation 1002984 Hyperlink http://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/SiteDetail.aspx?SiteCode=s1002984 Special Areas of Conservation (England) Name ESSEX ESTUARIES Reference UK0013690 Hectares 46109.96 Hyperlink http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/protectedsites/sacselection/sac.asp?eucode=UK0013690 Special Protection Areas (England) Name FOULNESS (MID-ESSEX COAST PHASE 5) Reference UK9009246 Hectares 10942.13 Ancient Woodland (England) No Features found Local Nature Reserves (England) No Features found National Nature Reserves (England) No Features found SSSI Impact Risk Zones – to assess planning applications for likely impacts on SSSIs/SACs/SPAs & Ramsar sites (England) 1. DOES PLANNING PROPOSAL FALL INTO ONE OR MORE OF THE CATEGORIES BELOW? 2. IF YES, CHECK THE CORRESPONDING DESCRIPTION(S) BELOW. LPA SHOULD CONSULT NATURAL ENGLAND ON LIKELY RISKS FROM THE FOLLOWING: All Planning Applications Infrastructure Pipelines, pylons and overhead cables. Any transport proposal including road, rail and by water (excluding routine maintenance). Airports, helipads and other aviation proposals. Wind & Solar Energy Solar schemes with footprint > 0.5Ha, all wind turbines. Quarry Planning applications for quarries, including: new proposals, Review of Minerals Permissions (ROMP), extensions, variations to conditions etc. Rural Non Residential Large non residential developments outside existing settlements/urban areas where footprint exceeds 1Ha. Residential Residential development of 50 units or more. Rural Residential Any residential development of 50 or more houses outside existing settlements/urban areas. Air Pollution Pig & Poultry Units. Any other development/ industrial or commercial process that could cause AIR POLLUTION. Combustion General combustion processes >50MW energy input. Incl: energy from waste incineration, other incineration, landfill gas generation plant, pyrolysis/gasification, anaerobic digestion, sewage treatment works, other incineration/ combustion. Waste Landfill. Incl: inert landfill, non-hazardous landfill, hazardous landfill. Composting Discharges

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Water Supply Guidance /Metadata_for_magic/SSSI IRZ User Guidance v2.2 MAGIC 05May2015.pdf 1. DOES PLANNING PROPOSAL FALL INTO ONE OR MORE OF THE CATEGORIES BELOW? 2. IF YES, CHECK THE CORRESPONDING DESCRIPTION(S) BELOW. LPA SHOULD CONSULT NATURAL ENGLAND ON LIKELY RISKS FROM THE FOLLOWING: All Planning Applications Infrastructure Pipelines, pylons and overhead cables. Any transport proposal including road, rail and by water (excluding routine maintenance). Airports, helipads and other aviation proposals. Wind & Solar Energy Solar schemes with footprint > 0.5Ha, all wind turbines. Quarry Planning applications for quarries: new proposals or extensions, outside or extending outside existing settlements/urban areas affecting greenspace, farmland or semi natural habitats. Rural Non Residential Large non residential developments outside existing settlements/urban areas where footprint exceeds 1Ha. Residential Residential development of 50 units or more. Rural Residential Any residential development of 50 or more houses outside existing settlements/urban areas. Air Pollution Pig & Poultry Units. Any other development/ industrial or commercial process that could cause AIR POLLUTION. Combustion General combustion processes >50MW energy input. Incl: energy from waste incineration, other incineration, landfill gas generation plant, pyrolysis/gasification, anaerobic digestion, sewage treatment works, other incineration/ combustion. Waste Landfill. Incl: inert landfill, non-hazardous landfill, hazardous landfill. Composting Discharges Water Supply Guidance /Metadata_for_magic/SSSI IRZ User Guidance v2.2 MAGIC 05May2015.pdf

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APPENDIX 2 Overview of Relevant Legislation and Policy

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This section provides an overview of the framework of legislation and policy which underpins nature conservation and is a material consideration in the planning process in England.

GENERAL BIODIVERSITY LEGISLATION AND POLICY

Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010, as amended (Habitats Regulations 2010, as amended) The Habitats Regulations 2010 consolidate and update the Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) Regulations 1994 and all its various amendments. The Habitats Regulations 2010 are the principal means by which the EEC Council Directive 92/43 (The Habitats Directive) as amended is transposed into English and Welsh law.

The Habitats Regulations 2010 place duty upon the relevant authority of government to identify sites which are of importance to the habitats and species listed in Annexes I and II of the Habitats Directive. Those sites which meet the criteria are, in conjunction with the European Commission, designated as Sites of Community Importance, which are subsequently identified as Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) by the European Union member states. The regulations also place a duty upon the government to maintain a register of European protected sites designated as a result of EC Directive 79/409/EEC on the Conservation of Wild Birds (The Birds Directive). These sites are termed Special Protection Areas (SPA) and, in conjunction with SACs, form a network of sites known as Natura 2000. The Habitats Directive introduces for the first time for protected areas, the precautionary principle; that is that projects can only be permitted having ascertained no adverse effect on the integrity of the site. Projects may still be permitted if there are no alternatives, and there are imperative reasons of overriding public interest.

The Habitats Regulations 2010 also provide for the protection of individual species of fauna and flora of European conservation concern listed in Schedules 2 and 5 respectively. Schedule 2 includes species such as otter and great crested newt for which the UK population represents a significant proportion of the total European population. It is an offence to deliberately kill, injure, disturb or trade these species. Schedule 5 plant species are protected from unlawful destruction, uprooting or trade under the regulations.

The Habitats Regulations 2010 were amended in August 2012 to ensure clearer transposition of the provisions of Articles 2, 3, 4(4) (second sentence) and Article 10 of the Wild Birds Directive, by giving additional and specific duties to relevant bodies. A number of amendments were also made to transpose more clearly certain elements of the Habitats Directive.

The Wildlife and Countryside Act (WCA) 1981 (as amended) The WCA, as amended, consolidates and amends pre-existing national wildlife legislation in order to implement the Bern Convention and the Birds Directive. It complements the Habitat Regulations 2010 (as amended), offering protection to a wider range of species. The Act also provides for the designation and protection of national conservation sites of value for their floral, faunal or geological features, termed Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs).

Schedules of the act provide lists of protected species, both flora and fauna, and detail the possible offences that apply to these species. All relevant species specific legislation is detailed later in this Appendix.

The Countryside and Rights of Way (CRoW) Act 2000 The CROW Act, introduced in England and Wales in 2000, amends and strengthens existing wildlife legislation detailed in the WCA. It places a duty on government departments and the National Assembly for Wales to have regard for biodiversity, and provides increased powers for the protection and maintenance of SSSIs. The Act also contains lists of habitats and species (Section 74) for which conservation measures should be promoted, in accordance with the recommendations of the Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio Earth Summit) 1992.

The Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act 2006 Section 40 of the NERC Act places a duty upon all local authorities and public bodies in England and Wales to promote and enhance biodiversity in all of their functions. Sections 41 (England) and 42 (Wales) list habitats and species of principal importance to the conservation of biodiversity. These lists superseded Section 74 of the CRoW Act 2000.

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The Hedgerow Regulations 1997 The Hedgerow Regulations make provision for the identification of important hedgerows which may not be removed without permission from the Local Planning Authority.

UK Biodiversity Action Plan The United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP), first published in 1994 and updated in 2007, was a government initiative designed to implement the requirements of the Convention of Biological Diversity to conserve and enhance species and habitats. The UK BAP contained a list of priority habitats and species of conservation concern in the UK, and outlined biodiversity initiatives designed to enhance their conservation status. Lists of Broad and Local habitats were also included. The priority habitats and species correlated with those listed on Section 41 and 42 of the NERC Act.

The UK BAP required that conservation of biodiversity was addressed at a County level through the production of Local BAPs. These were complementary to the UK BAP, however were targeted towards species of conservation concern characteristic of each area. In addition, a number of local authorities and large organisations have produced their own BAPs.

Species and Habitats of Material Consideration for Planning in England In 2011, the government published the ‘Biodiversity 2020: A strategy for England’s wildlife and ecosystem services’ to replace the previous England Biodiversity Strategy. In 2012 the UK BAP was replaced by the UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework.

Previous planning policy (and some supporting guidance which is still current, e.g. ODPM Circular 06/2005, now under revision), refers to UK BAP habitats and species as being a material consideration in the planning process. Equally many local plans refer to BAP priority habitats and species. Both remain as material considerations in the planning process but such habitats and species are now described as Species and Habitats of Principal Importance for Conservation in England, or simply priority habitats and priority species under the UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework. The list of habitats and species remains unchanged and is still derived from Section 41 list of the Natural Environmental and Rural Communities (NERC) Act 2006. As was previously the case when it was a BAP priority species hen harrier continues to be regarded as a priority species although it does not appear on the Section 41 list.

NATIONAL PLANNING POLICY FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICE GUIDANCE

In early 2012, the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) replaced much previous planning policy guidance, including Planning Policy Statement 9: Biological and Geological Conservation. The government circular 06/05: Biodiversity and Geological Conservation - Statutory Obligations and Their Impact within the Planning System, which accompanied PPS9, still remains valid. A presumption towards sustainable development is at the heart of the NPPF. This presumption does not apply however where developments require appropriate assessment under the Birds or Habitats Directives.

Chapter 11, on conserving and enhancing the natural environment, sets out how the planning system should contribute to and enhance the natural and local environment by minimising impacts on biodiversity and, where possible, provide net gains in biodiversity. Opportunities to incorporate biodiversity gains into a development should be encouraged.

If a proposed development would result in significant harm to the natural environment which cannot be avoided (through the use of an alternative site with less harmful impacts), mitigated or compensated for (as a last resort) then planning permission should be refused.

In March 2014 the Department for Communities and Local Government released guidance to support the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), known as the National Planning Practice Guidance (NPPG).

This has been produced to provide guidance for planners and communities which will help deliver high quality development and sustainable growth in England. The guidance includes a section entitled ‘Natural Environment: Biodiversity, ecosystems and green infrastructure’ which sets out information with respect to the following:  the statutory basis for minimising impacts on biodiversity and providing net gains where possible;  the local planning authority’s requirements for planning for biodiversity;  what local ecological networks are and how to identify and map them;

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 the sources of ecological evidence;  the legal obligations on local planning authorities and developers regarding statutory designated sites and protected species;  the considerations for local (non-statutory) designated sites;  definition of green infrastructure;  where biodiversity should be taken into account in preparing a planning application;  how development can enhance biodiversity;  how policy is applied to avoid, mitigate or compensate for significant harm to biodiversity and how mitigation and compensation measures can be ensured; and,  the consideration of ancient woodlands and veteran trees in planning decisions.

LOCAL PLANNING POLICY- ROCHFORD DISTIRCT http://www.rochford.gov.uk/planning/policy

Development Plan Documents (DPDs) The DPDs form part of the development plan for the District. They contain the policies which planning applications are assessed against and include:

 Allocations Plan  Core Strategy  Development Management Plan  Hockley Area Action Plan  London Southend Airport and Environs Joint Area Action Plan  Rochford Town Centre Area Action Plan

Core Strategy The Rochford District Core Strategy was formally adopted by the Council on the 13th December 2011. It is the main document of the Local Development Framework (LDF) and sets out the overall strategy for the future development of the District until 2025. The policy of relevance to ecology is:

Policy ENV1 – Protection and Enhancement of the Natural Landscape and Habitats and the Protection of Historical and Archaeological Sites The Council will maintain, restore and enhance sites of international, national and local nature conservation importance. These will include Special Areas of Conservation (SACs), Special Protection Areas (SPAs), Ramsar Sites, Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), Ancient Woodlands, Local Nature Reserves (LNRs) and Local Wildlife Sites (LoWSs). In particular, the Council will support the implementation of the Crouch and Roach Management Plan. The Council will also protect landscapes of historical and archaeological interest.

Development Management Plan The Rochford District Development Management Plan was formally adopted by the Council on the 16th December 2014. The Development Management Plan sets out the detailed day-to-day planning policies which planning applications will be assessed against. Those polices of relevance to ecology are:

Policy DM25 – Trees and Woodlands Development should seek to conserve and enhance existing trees and woodlands, particularly Ancient Woodland. Development which would adversely affect, directly or indirectly, existing trees and/or woodlands will only be permitted if it can be proven that the reasons for the development outweigh the need to retain the feature and that mitigating measures can be provided for, which would reinstate the nature conservation value of the features.

Where development would result in the unavoidable loss or deterioration of existing trees and/or woodlands, then appropriate mitigation measures should be implemented to offset any detrimental impact through the replacement of equivalent value and/or area as appropriate. Consideration should be given to the impact on the landscape character area and the findings of the Rochford District Historic Environment Characterisation Project (2006) when considering the potential loss of trees and/or woodland, and the replacement of these.

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Where existing trees and/or woodlands of ecological or landscape importance should be retained, any planning permission will be conditioned to ensure the retention and continued maintenance/management of these features. On-site environmental enhancements including opportunities to create/enhance/restore habitats will also be sought.

New woodland creation should be sought, where appropriate. In particular this should be encouraged within: (i) Schemes for the restoration of derelict or contaminated land and sites formerly used for mineral- extraction or industry; (ii) Green infrastructure projects, particularly in areas where sustainable development is promoted; (iii) Planting schemes along transport corridors; and (iv) Schemes to expand and link areas of native woodland taking into account the most up-to-date Rochford Biodiversity Action Plan targets.

Conditions will also be attached to planning permissions to encourage the proper management of these important trees and woodlands, where appropriate. In addition to, or instead of, the completion of a legal agreement will be required to secure the provision of replacement trees and woodlands of equivalent value and/or area as appropriate, and to ensure the future management of these features.

Policy DM26 – Other Important Landscape Features When considering proposals for development, it must be shown that consideration has been given to the landscape character of the area and the findings of the Rochford District Historic Environment Characterisation Project (2006). The Council will protect the following landscape features when considering proposals, where they are of importance for fauna and flora, from loss or damage: (i) Hedgerows; (ii) Semi-natural grasslands; (iii) Marshes; (iv) Watercourses; (v) Reservoirs; (vi) Lakes; (vii) Ponds; and (viii) Networks or patterns of other locally important habitats.

Development which would adversely affect, directly or indirectly, the landscape features listed above will only be permitted if it can be proven that the reasons for the development outweigh the need to retain the feature and that mitigating measures can be provided, which would reinstate the nature conservation value of the features.

Where a particular landscape feature is of ecological or landscape importance and should be retained, planning permission will be conditioned to ensure the retention and continued maintenance/management, where appropriate, of this landscape feature. On-site environmental enhancements including opportunities to create/enhance/restore habitats, and to contribute to Water Framework Directive objectives, will also be sought.

Conditions will be attached to planning permissions to encourage the proper management of these important landscape features, where appropriate. In addition to, or instead of, the completion of a legal agreement will be required to secure the provision of a replacement landscape feature of equivalent value, and to ensure the future management of this feature.

Policy DM27 – Species and Habitat Protection Proposals should not cause harm to priority species and habitats identified under Section 41 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act 2006. Development will only be permitted where it can be demonstrated that the justification for the proposal clearly outweighs the need to safeguard the nature conservation value of the priority habitat, and/or the priority species or its habitat. In such cases the Local Planning Authority will impose conditions and/or seek the completion of a legal agreement in order to: (i) secure the protection of individual members of the priority species and/or habitats; (ii) minimise the disturbance to the priority species and/or habitats; and (iii) provide adequate alternative habitats to sustain at least the current levels of population for protected species and/or provide a compensatory habitat to offset potential loss or disturbance of a priority habitat.

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In addition to the UK Biodiversity Action Plan, proposals for development should have regard to Local Biodiversity Action Plans, including those produced at District and County level.

SPECIES SPECIFIC LEGISLATION

This section contains a summary of legislation with relation to the species present or potentially present in the survey area. The reader should refer to the original legislation for definitive interpretation.

Badger Badgers and their setts are protected under the Protection of Badgers Act 1992. The Protection of Badgers Act 1992 is based primarily on the need to protect badgers from baiting and deliberate harm or injury, badgers are not protected for conservation reasons. The following are criminal offences:

 To intentionally or recklessly interfere with a sett. Sett interference includes disturbing badgers whilst they are occupying a sett, as well as damaging or destroying a sett or obstructing access to it.

 To wilfully kill, injure, take, possess or cruelly ill-treat a badger, or to attempt to do so.

A badger sett is defined in the legislation as:

 ‘Any structure or place that displays signs indicating current use by a badger’.

‘Current use’ is not synonymous with current occupation and a sett is defined as such (and thus protected) as long as signs of current usage are present. Therefore, a sett is protected until such a time as the field signs deteriorate to such an extent that they no longer indicate ‘current usage’.

Badger sett interference can result from a multitude of operations including excavation and coring, even if there is no direct damage to the sett, such as through the disturbance of badgers whilst occupying the sett. Any intentional or reckless work that results in the interference of badger setts is illegal without a licence from Natural England30. In England a licence must be obtained from Natural England before any interference with a badger sett occurs.

Bats Bats and the places they use for shelter or protection (i.e. roosts) receive European protection under The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010, as amended (Habitats Regulations 2010, as amended). They receive further legal protection under the Wildlife and Countryside Act (WCA) 1981, as amended. This protection means that bats, and the places they use for shelter or protection, are capable of being a material consideration in the planning process.

Regulation 41 of the Habitats Regulations 2010 (as amended), states that a person commits an offence if they:

 deliberately capture, injure or kill a bat;  deliberately disturb bats; or  damage or destroy a bat roost (breeding site or resting place).

Disturbance of animals includes in particular any disturbance which is likely to impair their ability to survive, to breed or reproduce, or to rear or nurture their young, or in the case of animals of a hibernating or migratory species, to hibernate or migrate; or to affect significantly the local distribution or abundance of the species to which they belong.

It is an offence under the Habitats Regulations 2010 (as amended) for any person to have in his possession or control, to transport, to sell or exchange or to offer for sale, any live or dead bats, part of a bat or anything derived from bats, which has been unlawfully taken from the wild.

Whilst broadly similar to the above legislation, the WCA 1981 (as amended) differs in the following ways:

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 Section 9(1) of the WCA makes it an offence to intentionally (rather than deliberately) kill, injure or take any protected species.  Section 9(4)(a) of the WCA makes it an offence to intentionally or recklessly* damage or destroy, or obstruct access to, any structure or place which a protected species uses for shelter or protection.  Section 9(4)(b) of the WCA makes it an offence to intentionally or recklessly* disturb any protected species while it is occupying a structure or place which it uses for shelter or protection.

*Reckless offences were added by the Countryside and Rights of Way (CRoW) Act 2000.

As bats re-use the same roosts (breeding site or resting place) after periods of vacancy, legal opinion is that roosts are protected whether or not bats are present.

The following bat species are Species of Principal Importance for Nature Conservation in England: Barbastelle Bat Barbastella barbastellus, Bechstein’s Bat Myotis bechsteinii, Noctule Bat Nyctalus noctula, Soprano Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pygmaeus, Brown Long-eared Bat Plecotus auritus, Greater Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum and Lesser Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus hipposideros.

Birds The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010 (as amended) places a duty on public bodies to take measures to preserve, maintain and re-establish habitat for wild birds.

Nesting and nest building birds are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act WCA 1981 (as amended).

Subject to the provisions of the act, if any person intentionally:  kills, injures or takes any wild bird;  takes, damages or destroys the nest of any wild bird while that nest is in use or being built; or  takes or destroys an egg of any wild bird, he shall be guilty of an offence.

Some species (listed in Schedule 1 of the WCA) are protected by special penalties. Subject to the provisions of the act, if any person intentionally or recklessly:  disturbs any wild bird included in Schedule 1 while it is building a nest or is in, on or near a nest containing eggs or young; or  disturbs dependent young of such a bird, he shall be guilty of an offence.

Several bird species are Species of Principal Importance for Nature Conservation in England, making them capable of being material considerations in the planning process.

Common amphibians Common frogs, common toad, smooth newt and palmate newt are protected in Britain under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981, as amended) with respect to sale only. They are also listed under Annex III of the Bern Convention 1979. Any exploitation of wild fauna specified in Appendix III shall be regulated in order to keep the populations out of danger. The convention seeks to prohibit the use of all indiscriminate means of capture and killing and the use of all means capable of causing local disappearance of, or serious disturbance to, populations of a species.

Common toad is listed as a Species of Principal Importance for Nature Conservation in England.

Great crested newt Great crested newts (GCN) and the places they use for shelter or protection receive European protection under The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010, as amended (Habitats Regulations 2010, as amended). They receive further legal protection under the Wildlife and Countryside Act (WCA) 1981, as amended. This protection means that GCN, and the places they use for shelter or protection, are capable of being a material consideration in the planning process.

Regulation 41 of the Habitats Regulations 2010 (as amended), states that a person commits an offence if they:

 deliberately capture, injure or kill a GCN;

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 deliberately disturb GCN;  deliberately take or destroy eggs of a GCN; or  damage or destroy a GCN breeding site or resting place.

Disturbance of animals includes in particular any disturbance which is likely to impair their ability to survive, to breed or reproduce, or to rear or nurture their young, or in the case of animals of a hibernating or migratory species, to hibernate or migrate; or to affect significantly the local distribution or abundance of the species to which they belong.

It is an offence under the Habitats Regulations 2010 (as amended) for any person to have in his possession or control, to transport, to sell or exchange or to offer for sale, any live or dead GCN, part of a GCN or anything derived from GCN, which has been unlawfully taken from the wild. This legislation applies to all life stages of GCN.

Whilst broadly similar to the above legislation, the WCA 1981 (as amended) differs in the following ways:

 Section 9(1) of the WCA makes it an offence to intentionally (rather than deliberately) kill, injure or take any protected species.  Section 9(4)(a) of the WCA makes it an offence to intentionally or recklessly* damage or destroy, or obstruct access to, any structure or place which a protected species uses for shelter or protection.  Section 9(4)(b) of the WCA makes it an offence to intentionally or recklessly* disturb any protected species while it is occupying a structure or place which it uses for shelter or protection.

*Reckless offences were added by the Countryside and Rights of Way (CRoW) Act 2000.

Hedgehog Hedgehogs receive some protection under Schedule 6 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended); this section of the Act lists animals which may not be killed or taken by certain methods, namely traps and nets, poisons, automatic weapons, electrical devices, smokes/gases and various others. Humane trapping for research purposes requires a licence.

Hedgehogs are a Species of Principal Importance for Nature Conservation in England and are thus capable of being material considerations in the planning process.

Reptiles All of the UK’s native reptiles are protected by law. The two rarest species – sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) and smooth snake (Coronella austriaca) – benefit from the greatest protection.

Common lizard (Zootoca vivipara), slow-worm (Anguis fragilis), adder (Vipera berus) and grass snake (Natrix natrix) are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 as amended from intentional killing or injuring.

Sand lizard and smooth snake are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) and The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010 which together make it illegal to kill, injure, capture, handle or disturb these animals. Places they use for breeding, resting, shelter and protection are protected from being damaged or destroyed. It is also illegal to obstruct these animals from using such areas.

In England and Wales, this Act has been amended by the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (CRoW), which adds an extra offence, makes species offences arrestable, increases the time limits for some prosecutions and increases penalties. All native reptiles are Species of Principal Importance for Nature Conservation in England.

The reader is referred to the original legislation for the definitive interpretation.

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This is a simplified description of the legislation. In particular, the offences mentioned here may be absolute, intentional, deliberate or reckless. Note that where it is predictable that reptiles are likely to be killed or injured by activities such as site clearance, this could legally constitute intentional killing or injuring.

English Nature (2004) has stated that:

Reptiles are likely to be threatened, and the law potentially breached, by activities such as the following:  Archaeological and geotechnical investigations  Clearing land, installing site offices or digging foundations  Cutting vegetation to a low height  Laying pipelines or installing other services  Driving machinery over sensitive areas  Storing construction materials in sensitive areas  Removing rubble, wood piles and other debris.

In general English Nature would expect reasonable avoidance to include measures such as altering development layouts to avoid key areas, as well as capture and exclusion of reptiles.

For sand lizards and smooth snakes, licences may be issued for some activities (such as disturbance and capture) that would otherwise be prohibited.

Water vole Water voles receive protection under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended), which makes it an offence to:  Intentionally kill, injure or take (capture) a water vole;  Possess or control live or dead water voles or any derivatives;  Intentionally or recklessly* damage, destroy or obstruct access to any structure or place which water voles use for shelter or protection;  Intentionally or recklessly* disturb water voles whilst occupying a structure or place used for that purpose; or  Sell, offer for sale or advertise for live or dead water voles.

*Reckless offences were added by the Countryside and Rights of Way (CRoW) Act 2000.

Water voles are listed as Species of Principal Importance on the UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework (2012), and as such are capable of becoming material considerations in the planning process.

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LAND SOUTH OF HIGH STREET, GREAT WAKERING, ESSEX

INITIAL BADGER SURVEY

A Report to: Taylor Wimpey

Report No: RT-MME-119852-02-RevA

Date: July 2016

Triumph House, Birmingham Road, Allesley, Coventry CV5 9AZ Tel: 01676 525880 Fax: 01676 521400 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.middlemarch-environmental.com Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-02-RevA Initial Badger Survey

REPORT VERIFICATION AND DECLARATION OF COMPLIANCE

This study has been undertaken in accordance with British Standard 42020:2013 “Biodiversity, Code of practice for planning and development”.

Report Date Completed by: Checked by: Approved by: Version Dr Katy Read CEnv Hannah Train Dr Philip Fermor MCIEEM MCIWEM Final 19/08/2015 (Ecological Project MCIEEM CEnv C.WEM DipSM Officer) (Managing Director) (Executive Director) Dr Katy Read CEnv Dr Tom Matthews Dr Philip Fermor MCIEEM MCIWEM Rev A 13/07/2016 (Senior Ecological MCIEEM CEnv C.WEM DipSM Consultant) (Managing Director) (Executive Director)

The information which we have prepared is true, and has been prepared and provided in accordance with the Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management’s Code of Professional Conduct. We confirm that the opinions expressed are our true and professional bona fide opinions.

DISCLAIMER

The contents of this report are the responsibility of Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. It should be noted that, whilst every effort is made to meet the client’s brief, no site investigation can ensure complete assessment or prediction of the natural environment.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd accepts no responsibility or liability for any use that is made of this document other than by the client for the purposes for which it was originally commissioned and prepared.

VALIDITY OF DATA

The findings of this study are valid for a period of 18 months from the date of survey. If works have not commenced by this date, an updated site visit should be carried out by a suitably qualified ecologist to assess any changes in the habitats present on site, and to inform a review of the conclusions and recommendations made.

REPORT CONFIDENTIALITY

For reasons of animal welfare and in accordance with best ecological practice, the contents of this report are confidential and should not be made available to the public.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 1 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-02-RevA Initial Badger Survey

NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY

In June 2015, Middlemarch Environmental Ltd was commissioned by Taylor Wimpey to carry out a Badger Survey at land south of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex. This information is required to inform a planning application associated with the redevelopment of the site for housing. The illustrative masterplan indicates that the site will mainly comprise residential housing, and that the Local Wildlife Site adjacent to the south of the site boundary will be retained. The drainage plans indicate that drainage from the site will run into the ponds within the LWS to the south of the site, and that a balancing pond will be constructed to the south of the LWS.

Initial consultation with Taylor Wimpey resulted in the survey area for the proposed development being delineated to follow the original development site boundary. However, the site boundary subsequently changed, such that the current site boundary is now smaller (i.e. encompassed within) than the survey area. This report and its conclusions are based on the current site boundary; however, the survey data relates to the wider survey area.

The large fields utilised for arable farming, which stretch across the northern and southern regions of the survey area, as well as the grassland and open boundaries, are considered to provide good foraging habitats for use by badgers, but limited habitat for sett-building. However, Star Lane Pits Local Wildlife Site and a large area of dense scrub to the east of the site boundary do provide suitable sett-building habitat and features that could be exploited by badgers.

No badger activity, such as footprints, hairs, latrines or setts was identified during the survey, either within the survey area or the immediate 30 m buffer zone around its edge. It should be noted, however, that access was restricted to large areas of dense vegetation within the LWS and to the east of the proposed development site boundary. It is possible that badgers may be present within these areas and recommendations are therefore made as follows:

R1 During construction, any excavations on site should either be covered at night, or fitted with suitable mammal ramps in order to prevent badgers, or any other mammals, from becoming trapped. Any open pipework with an outside diameter of greater than 150 mm must be blocked off at the end of each work day to prevent badgers entering or becoming trapped.

R2 Due to the presence of suitable habitat on or adjacent to the survey area, it is possible that badgers may colonise and excavate new setts in the area prior to works commencing. Consequently, it is important to remain vigilant and, should any potential setts be identified, it will be necessary to contact a suitably experienced ecologist.

R3 Should no work have commenced within 18 months, this survey should be updated.

R4 The LWS towards the centre of the survey area should not become isolated as a result of the works and should maintain connectivity with other habitat features within and adjacent to the survey area. This may include creation of a buffer zone around the LWS, and use of directional lighting away from the LWS to ensure dark passages remain through the survey area.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 2 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-02-RevA Initial Badger Survey

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 4

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ...... 4 1.2 DEVELOPMENT SITE DESCRIPTION AND CONTEXT ...... 4 1.3 DOCUMENTATION PROVIDED ...... 5 2. METHODOLOGY ...... 6

2.1 DESK STUDY ...... 6 2.2 HABITAT ASSESSMENT ...... 6 2.3 PRESENCE/ABSENCE SURVEY ...... 6 3. DESK STUDY RESULTS ...... 7

3.1 BIOLOGICAL RECORDS ...... 7 3.2 PREVIOUS BADGER SURVEYS ...... 7 4. RESULTS ...... 8

4.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 8 4.2 SURVEY CONSTRAINTS ...... 8 4.3 HABITAT SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT ...... 8 4.4 PRESENCE/ABSENCE SURVEY RESULTS ...... 8 5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ...... 9

5.1 SUMMARY OF SITE PROPOSALS ...... 9 5.2 STATUS OF BADGERS ON SITE ...... 9 5.3 CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS ...... 9 6. RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 10 7. DRAWINGS ...... 11 8. PHOTOGRAPHS ...... 13 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 14 APPENDIX 1 ...... 15

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 3 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-02-RevA Initial Badger Survey

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND In June 2015, Taylor Wimpey commissioned Middlemarch Environmental Ltd to undertake a survey for badger Meles Meles at the site of a proposed development at land south of High Street in Great Wakering. Essex. This information is required to inform a planning application associated with the redevelopment of the site for housing. The illustrative masterplan indicates that the site will mainly comprise residential housing, and that the Local Wildlife Site adjacent to the south of the site boundary will be retained. The drainage plans indicate that drainage from the site will run into the ponds within the LWS to the south of the site, and that a balancing pond will be constructed to the south of the LWS.

Initial consultation with Taylor Wimpey resulted in the survey area for the proposed development being delineated to follow the original development site boundary. However, the site boundary subsequently changed, such that the current site boundary is now smaller (i.e. encompassed within) than the survey area. This report and its conclusions are based on the current site boundary; however, the survey data relates to the wider survey area. The difference between the survey area and the site boundary is highlighted on Drawing C119852-02-01 RevA in Chapter 7.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd has previously carried out Extended Phase 1 Habitat Survey and Initial Ecological Appraisal at this site in 2012 (Report number RT-MME-112349). In addition, Middlemarch Environmental Ltd has undertaken the following assessments:

 Preliminary Ecological Assessment, Report RT-MME-119852-01;  Water Vole Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-03;  Invertebrate Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-04;  Reptile Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-05;  Great Crested Newt Habitat Assessment and eDNA Sampling, Report RT-MME-119852-06;  Breeding Bird Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-07;  Wintering Bird Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-08;  Daytime Bat Survey, Report RT-MME-120478-01;  Preliminary Bat Roost Assessment, Report RT-MME-122103-01; and,  Habitat Regulations Assessment: Stage 1 Screening Report (Report RT-MME-121553).

Badgers are a protected species and are capable of being a material consideration in the planning process. A summary of the legislation protecting badgers is included within Appendix 1. Please note that the location of badger setts should remain confidential, and the findings of this survey should not be disclosed outside of the intended purpose of this report.

1.2 DEVELOPMENT SITE DESCRIPTION AND CONTEXT The surveyed area was a flat, roughly rectangular-shaped area of land measuring approximately 32 ha, located to the south west of Great Wakering, Essex, centred at National Grid Reference TQ 9374 8723. The survey area was dominated by arable farmland consisting of large cereal fields delineated by a mixture of open boundaries, ditches and irregularly managed hedgerows. To the south of the site boundary (but within the surveyed area) were several pools and ponds surrounded by dense scrub interspersed with some areas of short grassland possessing colonising scrub and tall ruderal vegetation. This section is designated as a Local Wildlife Site. Additional habitats recorded within the survey area included bare ground and buildings/structures.

The site is bordered to the north by residential properties situated off the High Street and Southend Road. To the west lies a former industrial estate, a small area of active works and Star Lane. Bordering the site to the east is a belt of dense scrub with residential properties to the south-east, and to the south of the site was the LWS and two arable fields that formed part of the survey area (see Drawing C119852-02-01 RevA in Chapter 7).

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1.3 DOCUMENTATION PROVIDED The conclusions and recommendations made in this report are based on information provided by the client regarding the scope of the project. Documentation made available by the client is listed in Table 1.1.

Document Name / Drawing Number Author Location Plan: 1571 / P / 10-01 CMYK (Planning & Design) Ltd Illustrative Site Layout: 1571 / P / 10-02 CMYK (Planning & Design) Ltd Drainage Strategy: ST-2488-17-E Stomor Civil Engineering Consultants Foul Drainage Strategy: ST-2488-23 Stomor Civil Engineering Consultants Landscape Masterplan: TWEL20425-10 ACD Environmental Landscape Proposals: TWEL20425-11 ACD Environmental Table 1.1: Documentation Provided by Client

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2. METHODOLOGY

2.1 DESK STUDY As part of the Preliminary Ecological Appraisal (Report RT-MME-119852-01) an ecological desk study was undertaken. The consultees for the desk study were:  Natural England - MAGIC website for statutory conservation sites;  Essex Ecology Services Ltd; and,  Essex Field Club.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd then assimilated and reviewed the desk study data provided by these organisations. Relevant badger data are discussed in Chapter 3. In compliance with the terms and conditions relating to its commercial use, the full desk study data are not provided within this report.

2.2 HABITAT ASSESSMENT A habitat assessment was undertaken to identify the suitability of the survey area for use by foraging and sett building badgers. This takes the nature of the surrounding landscape and connectivity with other areas of suitable habitat into account.

2.3 PRESENCE/ABSENCE SURVEY The survey area was subject to a comprehensive walkover assessment for the presence of badger field signs. Such signs include badger setts, footprints, pathways, hairs, snuffle holes and latrine sites. Any signs recorded were plotted on an appropriately scaled map. Where possible, the survey included a 30 m radius around the survey area.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 6 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-02-RevA Initial Badger Survey

3. DESK STUDY RESULTS

3.1 BIOLOGICAL RECORDS As part of the Preliminary Ecological Assessment completed by Middlemarch Environmental Ltd, a desk study for records of protected species was completed. This study identified 15 badger records within a 2 km radius of the site, summarised in Table 3.1. The location of badger setts is confidential; therefore precise grid references of records are not provided in this report.

Date Proximity of Record to Site 2011 On site 2011 On site 2010 190 m west 2010 490 m west 2010 740 m east Not specified 930 m south-east Not specified 930 m south-east Not specified 970 south-west 1997 1020 m south-west 1994 1240 m south-east 1995 1250 m south-east 1997 1290 m west 1995 1300 m south-east 1995 1410 m south-east 2003 1430 m north-west Table 3.1: Badger Records Within 2 km of the Development Boundary

3.2 PREVIOUS BADGER SURVEYS No previous reports were provided to Middlemarch Environmental Ltd.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 7 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-02-RevA Initial Badger Survey

4. RESULTS

4.1 INTRODUCTION The results of the Badger Survey are presented in Sections 4.3-4.4. Drawing C119852-02-01 RevA details the survey area, and is provided in Chapter 7. Photographs taken during the field survey are presented in Chapter 8.

The Badger Survey was undertaken on 17th June 2015 by Tim Hextall (Principal Technical Ecological Consultant). Table 4.1 details the weather conditions at the time of the survey.

Parameter Condition Temperature (ºC) 19 Cloud (%) 20 Wind (Beaufort) F3 Precipitation Dry Table 4.1: Weather Conditions During the Survey

4.2 SURVEY CONSTRAINTS The presence of dense scrub and overgrown vegetation within the LWS, and adjacent to the eastern survey area boundary, restricted a thorough assessment of these areas being undertaken.

4.3 HABITAT SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT 4.3.1 Proposed Development Areas

The proposed development area to the north of Star Lane Pits LWS is largely flat, comprising large arable fields and open boundaries. The arable farmland and grassland habitats provide moderate foraging areas and badgers are likely to use the survey area for through-routing, but within these areas there is limited habitat suitable for sett building. Badger movement is likely to be somewhat restricted to the north of the development site, where residential areas are present.

4.3.2 Star Lane Pits LWS

Star Lane Pits LWS occupies the central section of the survey area and consists of several pools and ponds surrounded by dense scrub interspersed with some areas of short grassland possessing colonising scrub and tall ruderal vegetation. The undulating topography and earth banks provide suitable sett building conditions for badgers and the mixed vegetation including scrub and trees provide suitable foraging habitat. The LWS situated within the development boundary adjoins a belt of dense scrub located immediately east of the development boundary. This area also provides potential suitable sett building habitat.

In addition, the desk study revealed that badgers have been recorded on, and in close proximity to, the site in the past, which suggests that there is at least suitable foraging habitat present.

4.4 PRESENCE/ABSENCE SURVEY RESULTS No signs of badger usage such as mammal paths, badger hairs, footprints or latrines were observed during the survey.

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5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

5.1 SUMMARY OF SITE PROPOSALS The badger surveys are required as part of the baseline survey work to inform a planning application associated with the proposed development of the Great Wakering site.

The illustrative masterplan indicates that the site will primarily comprise residential housing, and that the Local Wildlife Site adjacent to the southern site boundary will be retained. The drainage plans indicate that drainage from the site will run into the ponds within the LWS to the south of the site, and that a balancing pond will be constructed to the south of the LWS.

The following discussions and proposals are based on Middlemarch Environmental Ltd.’s current understanding of the site proposals, as detailed on the Illustrative Masterplans (see Table 1.1). Detail of the likely construction methods is not known at this stage, and therefore a precautionary approach has been adopted when considering the potential for the works to impact badgers. The following discussion and recommendations should be reviewed and amended, where appropriate, once the site proposals are finalised.

5.2 STATUS OF BADGERS ON SITE The arable fields and open boundaries are considered generally to be sub-optimal for use by badgers. The LWS, however, is considered to provide suitable habitat for sett building and foraging badgers. No evidence of badger activity (latrines, footprints, setts and hairs) was identified within the survey area. However, access was restricted within areas of dense scrub within the LWS and to the east of the survey area and as such evidence may have been missed.

5.3 CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS Badgers are considered to be absent from the arable fields situated within the areas proposed for development, although it is possible that badgers are present within Star Lane Pits LWS. There are no development works proposed within the LWS, however badgers are a mobile species and in the absence of mitigation, there may be adverse impacts on this species as a result of the development.

Lighting, noise and vibration could disturb and impact upon badgers utilising habitats within or adjacent to the site, both short-term during the construction phase of the development, and long-term due to recreational disturbance once the development is complete. No evidence of badgers was identified during the survey, but due to records of badgers on the site in the past and the presence of suitable habitat within and adjacent to the survey area, a number of precautionary recommendations are made in Chapter 6.

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6. RECOMMENDATIONS

All recommendations provided in this section are based on Middlemarch Environmental Ltd’s current understanding of the site proposals, correct at the time the report was compiled. Should the proposals alter, the conclusions and recommendations made in the report should be reviewed to ensure that they remain appropriate.

As no evidence of badger activity was found on site, no further survey or mitigation works with regard to this species are required at this stage. However, as certain areas of dense vegetation within and adjacent to the site could not be fully assessed, and given the fact that badgers are mobile animals and may pass through the area, the following recommendations are made:

R1 Any excavations on site should either be covered at night, or fitted with suitable mammal ramps in order to prevent badgers, or any other mammals, from becoming trapped. Any open pipework with an outside diameter of greater than 150mm must be blocked off at the end of each work day to prevent badgers entering or becoming trapped.

R2 Due to the presence of suitable habitat on or adjacent to the survey area, it is possible that badgers may colonise and excavate new setts in the area prior to works commencing. Consequently, it is important to remain vigilant and, should any potential setts be identified, it will be necessary to contact a suitably experienced ecologist.

R3 Should no work have commenced within 18 months, this survey should be updated.

R4 The LWS towards the centre of the survey area should not become isolated as a result of the works and should maintain connectivity with other habitat features within and adjacent to the survey area. This may include creation of a buffer zone around the LWS, and use of directional lighting away from the LWS to ensure dark passages remain through the survey area.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 10 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-02-RevA Initial Badger Survey

7. DRAWINGS

Drawing C119852-02-01 RevA – Badger Survey Area

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 11 593400 593600 593800 594000 0 0 0 0 4 4 7 7 8 8 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 7 7 8 8 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 8 8 1 1 0 0 0 0 8 8 6 6 8 8 1 1

0 100 200 m

593400 593600 593800 594000

Project Legend Land South of High Street, Great Wakering Drawing Application boundary Badger Survey Client Study area Taylor Wimpey C 1 Drawing Number Revision

Areas within LWS and immediately east of site 1

boundary - access restricted due to dense C119852-02-01-RevA Rev A 9 vegetation, potential habitat suitable for badger Scale @ A4 Date 8 1:4,000 June 2016 5 sett building 2 Approved By Drawn By - TH RP 0 2 - 0

Note: the remaining areas within the site boundary 1 -

and a 30 m buffer zone around its edge were surveyed R

fully, and no evidence of badgers was found. e v A

Triumph House, Birmingham Road, Allesley, Coventry CV5 9AZ T:01676 525880 F:01676 521400 E:[email protected]

This map is reproduced from the Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office. © Crown copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution of civil proceedings. $ Licence Number: 100040519 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-02-RevA Initial Badger Survey

8. PHOTOGRAPHS

Plate 1: Ditch, which bisects arable fields in Plate 2: Example of grassland habitat and tall southern region of the survey area ruderal vegetation along survey area boundary

Plate 3: Scrub and woodland habitat bordering Plate 4: Mosaic of habitats, including grassland, a pond within the Local Wildlife Site arable farmland and unmanaged hedgerow

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 13 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-02-RevA Initial Badger Survey

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

English Nature (2002). Badgers and Development. English Nature. Peterborough.

Essex Biodiversity Project (2012). The Essex Biodiversity Action Plan 2010 – 2020: A vision to protect and enhance the biodiversity of Essex [online]. Available: http://www.essexbiodiversity.org.uk/biodiversity- action-plan. Accessed March 2015.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015a). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex: Preliminary Ecological Assessment. Report number RT-MME-119852-01.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015b). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Water Vole Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-03.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015c). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Invertebrate Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-04.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015d). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Reptile Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-05.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015e). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Great Crested Newt Habitat Assessment and eDNA Sampling. Report RT-MME-119852-06.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015f). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Breeding Bird Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-07.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015g). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Winter Bird Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-08.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015h). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Daytime Bat Survey and Nocturnal Emergence Survey. Report RT-MME-120478.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015i). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Preliminary Bat Roost Assessment. Report RT-MME-122103-01.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2016). Land South Of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Habitat Regulations Assessment: Stage 1 Screening Report. Report RT-MME-121553.

Natural England. (2009a). Badgers and Development: A Guide to Best Practice and Licensing. Interim Guidance Document Version 11/09. Natural England, Peterborough

Natural England (2009b). Protection of Badgers Act 1992 (as amended): Guidance on “current use” of a badger sett

Natural England (2009c). Protection of Badgers Act 1992 (as amended): Interpretation of ‘Disturbance’ in relation to badgers occupying a sett

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 14 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-02-RevA Initial Badger Survey

APPENDIX 1

Badger Legislation

Badgers and their setts are protected under the Protection of Badgers Act 1992. The Protection of Badgers Act 1992 is based primarily on the need to protect badgers from baiting and deliberate harm or injury, badgers are not protected for conservation reasons. The following are criminal offences:

 To intentionally or recklessly interfere with a sett. Sett interference includes disturbing badgers whilst they are occupying a sett, as well as damaging or destroying a sett or obstructing access to it.

 To wilfully kill, injure, take, possess or cruelly ill-treat a badger, or to attempt to do so.

A badger sett is defined in the legislation as:

 ‘Any structure or place that displays signs indicating current use by a badger’.

‘Current use’ is not synonymous with current occupation and a sett is defined as such (and thus protected) as long as signs of current usage are present. Therefore, a sett is protected until such a time as the field signs deteriorate to such an extent that they no longer indicate ‘current usage’.

Badger sett interference can result from a multitude of operations including excavation and coring, even if there is no direct damage to the sett, such as through the disturbance of badgers whilst occupying the sett. Any intentional or reckless work that results in the interference of badger setts is illegal without a licence from Natural England30. In England a licence must be obtained from Natural England before any interference with a badger sett occurs.

Previous guidance from English Nature, Badgers and Development (English Nature, 2002) considered that the following types of activity may require licensing within certain distances of the sett entrances (these distances are not included within the Protection of Badgers Act, 1992):

 using very heavy machinery (generally tracked vehicles) within 30 m of any entrance to an active sett;  using lighter machinery (generally wheeled vehicles), particularly any digging operation, within 20 m of any entrance to the active sett;  light work such as hand digging or scrub clearance within 10 m of any entrance to the active sett.

However, some activities may cause disturbance at greater distances, including pile driving and the use of explosives. These activities require individual consideration to ensure that best ecological practice is followed, however, it is generally considered that a licence is more likely to be required if these works are undertaken within 50m of an active badger sett.

New guidance was issued by NE in 2009 which states that disturbance is something less than what might otherwise be considered damage to a sett, but it is also something more than limited noise or activity near a sett at levels which badgers commonly tolerate, without apparently being disturbed. NE therefore believes that badgers are relatively tolerant of moderate levels of disturbance at or near to badger setts, but such disturbance does not necessarily disturb the badgers occupying the setts. The disturbance, which different activities may or may not cause to a badger sett, should therefore be assessed on a case by case basis.

Although the above prescriptive distances are no longer referred to by NE, they can be used as an aid to assess where works would constitute a disturbance to each sett.

The reader should refer to the original legislation for the definitive interpretation.

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LAND SOUTH OF HIGH STREET, GREAT WAKERING, ESSEX

BREEDING BIRD SURVEY

A Report to: Taylor Wimpey

Report No: RT-MME-119852-07-RevB

Date: July 2016

Triumph House, Birmingham Road, Allesley, Coventry CV5 9AZ Tel: 01676 525880 Fax: 01676 521400 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.middlemarch-environmental.com Land South of Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-07-RevB Breeding Bird Survey

REPORT VERIFICATION AND DECLARATION OF COMPLIANCE

This study has been undertaken in accordance with British Standard 42020:2013 “Biodiversity, Code of practice for planning and development”.

Report Date Completed by: Checked by: Approved by: Version Dr Katy Read CEnv Tim Hextell MCIEEM Dr Philip Fermor MCIEEM MCIWEM Final 17/09/2015 (Principal Technical CEnv MCIEEM C.WEM Ecological Consultant) (Managing Director) (Executive Director) Tim Hextell MCIEEM (Principal Technical Dr Katy Read CEnv Dr Philip Fermor Ecological Consultant) MCIEEM MCIWEM Rev A 24/05/2016 CEnv MCIEEM and Dr Tom Matthews C.WEM DipSM (Managing Director) (Senior Ecological (Executive Director) Consultant) Tim Hextell MCIEEM (Principal Technical Dr Katy Read CEnv Dr Philip Fermor Ecological Consultant) MCIEEM MCIWEM Rev B 13/07/2016 CEnv MCIEEM and Dr Tom Matthews C.WEM DipSM (Managing Director) (Senior Ecological (Executive Director) Consultant)

The information which we have prepared is true, and has been prepared and provided in accordance with the Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management’s Code of Professional Conduct. We confirm that the opinions expressed are our true and professional bona fide opinions.

DISCLAIMER

The contents of this report are the responsibility of Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. It should be noted that, whilst every effort is made to meet the client’s brief, no site investigation can ensure complete assessment or prediction of the natural environment.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd accepts no responsibility or liability for any use that is made of this document other than by the client for the purposes for which it was originally commissioned and prepared.

VALIDITY OF DATA

The findings of this study are valid for a period of 24 months from the date of survey. If works have not commenced by this date, an updated site visit should carried out by a suitably qualified ecologist to assess any changes in the habitats present on site, and to inform a review of the conclusions and recommendations made.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 2 Land South of Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-07-RevB Breeding Bird Survey

NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY

In May 2015, Taylor Wimpey commissioned Middlemarch Environmental Ltd to undertake a Breeding Bird Survey of the site of a proposed development of land located at Great Wakering near Southend in Essex. This report will support a planning application in relation to the proposed development. The illustrative masterplan indicates that the site will mainly comprise residential housing, and that the Local Wildlife Site adjacent to the south of the site boundary will be retained. The drainage plans indicate that drainage from the site will run into the ponds within the LWS to the south of the site, and that a balancing pond will be constructed to the south of the LWS.

Initial consultation with Taylor Wimpey resulted in the survey area for the proposed development being delineated to follow the original development site boundary. However, the site boundary subsequently changed, such that the current site boundary is now smaller (i.e. encompassed within) than the survey area. This report and its conclusions are based on the current site boundary; however, the survey data relates to the wider survey area.

The current report assesses the suitability of the habitat at the site for breeding birds, and presents breeding bird presence/absence within the site and quantitative data. Field surveys were undertaken in June and July 2015 and April and May 2016 by Tim Hextell MCIEEM (Principal Technical Consultant), Tom Docker MCIEEM (Ecological Impact Assessment Manager) and Dr Tom Matthews (Senior Ecological Consultant). Findings of the surveys are summarised in Table A.

Total Number of Confirmed/Probable Breeding 41 Species Confirmed / Probable Breeding 9 (corn bunting, cuckoo, dunnock, house sparrow, linnet, reed bunting, skylark, Species of Principal Importance song thrush and yellow wagtail) in England Confirmed / Probable Breeding 2 (skylark and song thrush) Local BAP Species Confirmed / Probable Breeding 8 (corn bunting, cuckoo, house sparrow, linnet, pochard, skylark, song thrush RSPB Red List Species and yellow wagtail) Confirmed / Probable Breeding 4 (dunnock, mallard, mute swan and reed bunting) RSPB Amber List Species Significant Concentrations of Three broods of pochard were recorded. Other important breeding species Confirmed / Probable Breeding observed on site included house sparrow, Cetti’s warbler, song thrush, skylark, Species corn bunting, linnet and cuckoo. Table A: Summary of Breeding Bird Survey Findings

A further 13 species were recorded using the survey area, but were not considered to have bred.

Based on adapted site evaluation criteria originally produced by Fuller (1980), the breeding bird assemblage within the survey area is considered to be of District value, and measures should be taken to safeguard the breeding bird assemblage during any site development activities. In order to do this the following recommendations are made:

R1 A targeted Landscape and Ecology Management Plan should be compiled for the development area in order to maximize the value for breeding birds. Elements which should be included within such a document could include access management controls to limit human disturbance to birds and habitats. It is further advised that appropriate management of Star Lane Pits LWS be undertaken, including rotational cutting of scrub to promote diverse age structure and prevent encroachment into areas of grassland and tall ruderals.

R2 Any site landscaping should incorporate native or wildlife-friendly species.

R3 Any necessary lighting required for proposed development areas should be low level and directional so as not to illuminate areas of value to breeding birds.

R4 The whole site should incorporate an appropriate nestbox scheme in order to provide a range of potential nesting locations for passerine species. Boxes for house sparrow and species such as swifts should be installed within the proposed residential areas.

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R5 As the site provides habitat which is currently being used by skylark, a declining farmland bird species, mitigation options associated with habitat improvements for these species within the wider area should be considered.

R6 Any vegetation to be removed should be undertaken outside of the bird nesting season; this generally extends between March and September but is weather dependent. If this is not possible, the area concerned should be checked immediately prior to removal by a suitably experienced ecologist. Nesting and nest building birds are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act WCA 1981 (as amended). Specific species, as listed in Schedule 1 of the WCA, are protected by special penalties.

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CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 6

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ...... 6 1.2 SITE DESCRIPTION ...... 6 1.3 DOCUMENTATION PROVIDED ...... 7 2. METHODOLOGY ...... 8

2.1 DESK STUDY ...... 8 2.2 FIELDWORK METHODOLOGY ...... 8 3. RESULTS ...... 9

3.1 DESK STUDY ...... 9 3.2 PREVIOUS SURVEYS AND ADDITIONAL RECORDS ...... 11 3.3 HABITAT ASSESSMENT ...... 11 3.4 FIELD SURVEY ...... 12 3.5 SURVEY CONSTRAINTS ...... 14 4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ...... 15

4.1 SUMMARY OF SITE PROPOSALS ...... 15 4.2 SUMMARY OF DESKTOP FINDINGS ...... 15 4.3 FIELD SURVEY FINDINGS AND EVALUATION ...... 15 4.4 POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON BREEDING BIRDS AS A RESULT OF THE DEVELOPMENT ...... 19 5. RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 21 6. DRAWINGS ...... 22 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 24 APPENDIX 1 ...... 25

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND In May 2015, Taylor Wimpey commissioned Middlemarch Environmental Ltd to undertake a Breeding Bird Survey at a proposed development site located at Great Wakering near Southend in Essex. This information is required to inform a planning application associated with the redevelopment of the site for housing. The illustrative masterplan indicates that the site will mainly comprise residential housing, and that the Local Wildlife Site adjacent to the south of the site boundary will be retained. The drainage plans indicate that drainage from the site will run into the ponds within the LWS to the south of the site, and that a balancing pond will be constructed to the south of the LWS.

Initial consultation with Taylor Wimpey resulted in the survey area for the proposed development being delineated to follow the original development site boundary. However, the site boundary subsequently changed, such that the current site boundary is now smaller (i.e. encompassed within) than the survey area. This report and its conclusions are based on the current site boundary; however, the survey data relates to the wider survey area. The difference between the survey area and the site boundary is highlighted on Drawing C119852-07-01 RevB in Chapter 6.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd has previously carried out an Extended Phase 1 Habitat Survey and Initial Ecological Appraisal at the site in 2012 (Report number RT-MME-112349). In addition, Middlemarch Environmental Ltd was commissioned to undertake the following assessments in 2015:

 Preliminary Ecological Assessment (Report RT-MME-119852-01);  Initial Badger Survey (Report RT-MME-119852-02);  Water Vole Survey (Report RT-MME-119852-03);  Invertebrate Survey (Report RT-MME-119852-04);  Reptile Survey (Report RT-MME-119852-05);  Great Crested Newt Habitat Assessment and eDNA Sampling (Report RT-MME-119852-06);  Wintering Bird Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-08;  Daytime Bat Survey, Report RT-MME-120478-01;  Preliminary Bat Roost Assessment, Report RT-MME-122103-01; and,  Habitat Regulations Assessment: Stage 1 Screening Report (Report RT-MME-121553).

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. has also undertaken a Habitat Regulations Assessment (Report RT-MME- 121553) in regards to the site’s proximity to a number of statutory nature conservation site.

The current report assesses the suitability of the habitat at the site for breeding birds, and presents breeding bird presence/absence within the site and quantitative data. Due to the initial date of instruction (late May 2015), field surveys were undertaken in June and July 2015, and then in April and May 2016 in order to obtain an accurate assessment of breeding birds at the site across the breeding season. Legislation relating to birds is provided in Appendix 1.

1.2 SITE DESCRIPTION The surveyed area was a flat, roughly rectangular-shaped area of land measuring approximately 32 ha, located to the south west of Great Wakering, Essex, centred at National Grid Reference TQ 9374 8723. The survey area was dominated by arable farmland consisting of large cereal fields delineated by a mixture of open boundaries, ditches and irregularly managed hedgerows. To the south of the site boundary (but within the surveyed area) were several pools and ponds surrounded by dense scrub interspersed with some areas of short grassland possessing colonising scrub and tall ruderal vegetation. This section is designated as a Local Wildlife Site. Additional habitats recorded within the survey area included bare ground and buildings/structures.

The site is bordered to the north by residential properties situated off the High Street and Southend Road. To the west lies a former industrial estate, a small area of active works and Star Lane. Bordering the site to the east is a belt of dense scrub with residential properties to the south-east, and to the south of the site was the LWS and two arable fields that formed part of the survey area (see Drawing C119852-07-01 RevB in Chapter 6).

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1.3 DOCUMENTATION PROVIDED The conclusions and recommendations made in this report are based on information provided by the client regarding the scope of the project. Documentation made available by the client is listed in Table 1.1.

Document Name / Drawing Number Author Location Plan: 1571 / P / 10-01 CMYK (Planning & Design) Ltd Illustrative Site Layout: 1571 / P / 10-02 CMYK (Planning & Design) Ltd Drainage Strategy: ST-2488-17-E Stomor Civil Engineering Consultants Foul Drainage Strategy: ST-2488-23 Stomor Civil Engineering Consultants Landscape Masterplan: TWEL20425-10 ACD Environmental Landscape Proposals: TWEL20425-11 ACD Environmental Table 1.1: Documentation Provided by Client

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2. METHODOLOGY

2.1 DESK STUDY A desk study was undertaken to determine the presence of records of birds within a 2 km radius of the site. The consultees for the desk study were:  Essex Ecology Services Ltd; and,  Essex Field Club.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. then assimilated and reviewed the desk study data provided by these organisations. The data collected from these consultees are discussed in Chapter 3. In compliance with the terms and conditions relating to its commercial use, the full desk study data are not provided within this report.

A review was also undertaken of previous ecology reports for the site. Relevant information is provided in Chapter 3.

2.2 FIELDWORK METHODOLOGY The breeding bird survey was conducted in line with specifications detailed by the British Trust for Ornithology (Gilbert, 1998), although the methodology was tailored to site conditions. The methodology is a ‘scaled down’ version of the Common Bird Census (CBC) approach defined in Gilbert, with five site visits deemed appropriate to provide sufficient breeding bird data for the survey site.

For each survey visit, the survey area was walked at a slow pace in suitable weather conditions to locate and identify all individual bird species within the survey boundaries. Registrations of birds were plotted onto suitably scaled maps on each visit and all activities were noted i.e. singing, alarm calling, nest-building, feeding young and other behaviours indicative of breeding activities. Subsequent analysis of field maps enabled the approximate territories of species to be calculated and the number of territories of individual species worked out. Survey visits were undertaken generally during the early morning (prior to 10.00) although one evening visit was undertaken in order to identify any species which are more visible/audible at dusk e.g. owls. All surveys were undertaken by experienced field ornithologists. None of the visits were conducted in cold weather, heavy rain, poor visibility or strong winds. For details of weather conditions please refer to Table 3.2.

The modified CBC methodology involved walking the entire survey area and passing within 50 m of every point. A different route was chosen so as to sample all habitats recorded within the survey area.

From the initial visit survey transects were identified within the survey area to ensure that all habitats within the survey arfea were surveyed. Important breeding bird features such as open grassland, mature hedgerows and trees, woodland and abundant food supply (for example berry bearing shrubs) were identified.

Due to the instruction being received in late May 2015, initially three survey visits were undertaken between June and July with at least ten days between each visit. Two surveys were subsequently undertaken in April and May 2016. During all surveys the survey transects were walked at a slow pace making note of bird species and locations.

All bird data, including species territories, were recorded onto maps and a final species list was compiled which is presented in Table 4.2. Particular note was made of any Schedule 1 Species, National and Local BAP Priority Species and those listed as being of Conservation Concern (Red and Amber Listed).

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3. RESULTS

3.1 DESK STUDY The desk study completed by Middlemarch Environmental Ltd in July 2015 identified a number of protected sites within a 2 km radius of the survey area for which birds are either the primary reason for designation or an important faunal component of the site. These sites are detailed in Table 3.1.

Proximity to Site Name Designation Description Survey Area European Statutory Sites Foulness is located on the coast of Essex, north of the mouth of the Thames estuary. The site is part of an open coast estuarine system comprising grazing marsh, saltmarsh, intertidal mud-flats, cockle-shell banks and sand-flats. It includes one of the three largest continuous sand-silt flats in the UK. The diversity of high quality coastal habitats present support 1.30 km important populations of breeding, migratory and Foulness (Mid Essex RAMSAR, north and wintering waterbirds. Key species during the breeding Coast Phase 5) SPA 1.50 km season include: avocet Recurvirostra avosetta, little south-east tern Sternula albifrons, common tern Sterna hirundo, Sandwich tern Thalasseus sandvicensis and ringed plover Charadrius hiaticula. Key species during the winter include: hen harrier Circus cyaneus, avocet, Barnacle geese Branta leucopsis, knot Calidris canutus, oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus, grey plover Pluvialis squatarola and common redshank Tringa totanus. The site is designated as it supports Annex 1 habitats including: estuaries, mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide; Salicornia and other annuals 1.30 km colonising mud and sand; Spartina swards; Atlantic salt north and meadows Glauco-Puccinellietalia and Mediteranian and Essex Estuaries SAC 1.50 km thermo-Atlantic halophilion scrub Sarcocornetea south-east fruticosi. In addition, the site supports the following Annex I habitats which are present as qualifying features but not the primary reason for site selection: Sandbanks which are slightly covered by seawater. Benfleet and Southend Marshes are located on the north shore of the outer Thames Estuary in southern England. The site comprises an extensive series of saltmarshes, cockle shell banks, mud-flats, and Benfleet and Southern RAMSAR, 2.8 km grassland that supports a diverse flora and fauna. The Marshes SPA south-west productive mud-flats, cockle shell banks and diverse saltmarsh communities provide a wide range of feeding and roosting opportunities for internationally important numbers of wintering wildfowl and waders. The Crouch and Roach Estuaries are located on the coast of south Essex. The River Crouch occupies a shallow valley between two ridges of London Clay, whilst the River Roach is set predominantly between areas of brick earth and loams with patches of sand Croach and Roach and gravel. The intertidal zone along the Rivers Crouch RAMSAR, 3.20 km Estuaries (Mid-Essex and Roach is 'squeezed' between the sea walls along SPA north-west Coast Phase 3) both banks and the river channel. Unlike more extensive estuaries elsewhere in Essex, this leaves a relatively narrow strip of tidal mud which, nonetheless, is used by significant numbers of birds. The site is of importance for wintering waterbirds, especially dark- bellied brent goose Branta b. bernicla. Table 3.1 (continues): Summary of Nature Conservation Sites of Importance for Birds

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Proximity to Site Name Designation Description Survey Area UK Statutory Sites The site comprises of intertidal sand-silt flats, saltmarsh, beaches, grazing marshes, rough grass and scrubland. The flats are of national and international importance as winter feeding grounds 1.30 km north for nine species of wildfowl and waders with the Foulness SSSI and 1.50 km islands, creeks and grazing land forming an south-east integral part as sheltered feeding sites. A number of rare eelgrass species are recorded at the site. The site also supports unimproved grassland habitats and is of prime importance for its invertebrates. Non-statutory Sites These former clay pits with overlying sands and gravel form an interesting mosaic of scrub, rough grassland and aquatic habitats. The Essex Red List species pyramidal orchid Anacamptis Star Lane Pits LWS Within site pyramidalisis has been recorded here. The lakes, stocked with fish, have beds of reedmace Typha spp. and common reed Phragmites australis, which, in turn, support reed and sedge warblers. Great Wakering Common provides a wide range of habitats, with a consequently diverse flora and fauna. Millers Pond, to the south side of the common, contains a significant quantity of the Essex Red Listed Mare’s-tail Hippuris vulgaris and the margins support pink water speedwell Veronica catenata (also Essex Red Listed). The pond is known to support smooth and great crested newts, common toad and common frog Great Wakering Common LWS 1.03 km east and grass snakes also inhabit the common. The boundary ditches provide important brackish aquatic habitat for species such as the Essex Red Listed divided sedge Carex divisa and common reed Phragmites australis with breeding reed and Cetti’s warblers in recent years. A reasonable number of dragonflies and damselflies have been recorded on the site including Scarce emerald damselfly breeding on Millers Pond. This landfill site was closed in 2001 and has since developed coastal grassland and flower rich grassland communities. The Nationally Scarce sea barley Hordeum marinum is locally dominant Wakering Landfill Site 1.53 km north- in places that have been subjected to more recent LWS east disturbance. The Nationally Scarce sea clover

Trifolium squamosum and pale flax Linum bienne, both on the Essex Red List, also occur along the more open path margins. Breeding bird species include Skylark and Common Whitethroat. Key: SAC: Special Area of Conservation SPA: Special Protection Area SSSI: Site of Special Scientific Interest RAMSAR: Site listed on The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention) LWS: Local Wildlife Site Table 3.1 (cont.): Summary of Nature Conservation Sites of Importance for Birds

The desk study completed by Middlemarch Environmental Ltd in July 2015 identified several bird records within a 2 km radius of the site. A summary of the protected bird species (under Annex 1 of the Birds Directive or Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended)), and those of Principal Importance, are detailed in Table 3.2 below.

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Most Proximity of Species of Legislation / No. of Local Species Recent Nearest Record Principal Conservation Records BAP? Record to Study Area Importance? Status Birds

Cetti’s warbler 1 2011 On site - - WCA 1i Cettia cetti House sparrow RSPB Red. 2 2011 On site  - Passer domesticus SPI. Starling RSPB Red. 1 2011 On site  - Sturnus vulgaris SPI. Lapwing RSPB Red. 2 2011 On site  - Vanellus vanellus SPI. Cuckoo RSPB Red. 8 2012 On site  - Cuculus canorus SPI. Key SPI: Species of principal importance for nature conservation in England. RSPB Red: Species included on RSPB Red List of Conservation Concern. Table 3.2: Summary of Protected/Notable Bird Species Records Within 2 km of Survey Area

In addition to the tabulated records, the desk study also identified the presence of common whitethroat Sylvia communis on site in 2011.

3.2 PREVIOUS SURVEYS AND ADDITIONAL RECORDS Middlemarch Environmental Ltd 2012 Middlemarch Environmental Ltd have previously undertaken an Extended Phase 1 Habitat Survey (Middlemarch Environmental Ltd Report Number RT-MME-112349-01) in July 2012, during which the following bird species were recorded: sedge warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, reed warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus, long-tailed tit Aegithalos caudatus, mallard Anas platyrhynchos, tufted duck Aythya fuligula, linnet Carduelis cannabina, greenfinch Carduelis chloris, Cetti’s warbler Cettia cetti, wood pigeon Columba palumbus, house martin Delichon urbica, robin Erithacus rubecula, coot Fulica atra, moorhen Gallinula chloropus, swallow Hirundo rustica, common whitethroat Sylvia communis, house sparrow Passer domesticus, green woodpecker Picus viridis, dunnock Prunella modularis, wren Troglodytes troglodytes and blackbird Turdus merula. Although the survey was undertaken relatively late in the breeding season, a number of these species potentially bred on site.

Ecology Solutions 2012 An Ecological Assessment – Scoping Survey was previously undertaken on land immediately adjacent to the west of the current study area by Ecology Solutions in April 2012. This identified that the wooded belt, scrub habitats and reedbeds offer suitable nesting habitat for birds whilst the lakes offer suitable nesting opportunities for aquatic bird species. The arable and rough grassland habitats also provide suitable foraging habitat for a range of bird species. A range of bird species were recorded during field surveys, including species of conservation concern, of which the most notable were deemed to be common whitethroat, dunnock, mallard, Cetti’s warbler, house sparrow, linnet and cuckoo.

3.3 HABITAT ASSESSMENT The survey area occupies a footprint of approximately 32 ha, and divides into two discrete zones. The northern and southern areas of the survey area are occupied by arable farmland totaling some 25 ha of intensively managed habitat. Boundary features enclosing these arable areas encompassed dry ditches with associated linear tall ruderals and scattered scrub (the remains of previous boundary hedgerows) whilst dense linear scrub was noted in places. The flat open nature of the arable farmland is considered to offer habitat for a limited though important selection of bird species several of which are considered to be declining farmland bird species.

The central core area of the survey area comprised Star Lane LWS, a mosaic of habitats including open water, dense and scattered scrub, rough grassland, planted young trees, bare/colonising ground and stands of tall ruderals. Although this central area is subject to human disturbance, largely as a result of angling

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 11 Land South of Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-07-RevB Breeding Bird Survey activities, it is considered that the habitat mosaic present provides a range of habitats likely to be utilized by a rich selection of passerines and non-passerine species.

3.4 FIELD SURVEY The weather conditions for the survey days are detailed in Table 3.3. The bird surveys were undertaken by Tim Hextell MCIEEM (Principal Technical Consultant), Tom Docker MCIEEM (Ecological Impact Assessment Manager) and Dr Tom Matthews (Senior Ecological Consultant).

The results of the breeding bird survey are presented below in Tables 3.4 and 3.5. An Annotated Survey Drawing (Drawing C119852-07-01 RevB) is provided in Chapter 7 which highlights bird territories recorded.

Parameter Date Temperature (ºC) Cloud (%) Wind (Beaufort) Precipitation 15-June-15 18 20 F3 Nil 30-June-15 21 0 F1 Nil 20-July-15 17 100 F1 Nil 18-April-16 10 75 F2 Nil 13-May-16 14 25 F2-3 Nil Table 3.3: Dates and Weather Conditions During the Breeding Bird Surveys During the breeding bird survey visits, a total of 54 species were recorded using the survey area, of which 41 were confirmed to have bred or probably/possibly did so. Of these 41 species:

 Nine species are listed as Species of Principal Importance in England Priority Species (corn bunting, cuckoo, house sparrow, linnet, reed bunting, skylark, song thrush and yellow wagtail).  Two species are listed as Priority Species in the Essex Biodiversity Action Plan (skylark and song thrush).  Eight species identified are Red Listed by The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (corn bunting, cuckoo, house sparrow, linnet, pochard, skylark, song thrush and yellow wagtail).  Four species are Amber Listed by The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (dunnock, mallard, mute swan and reed bunting).

No. of Territories No. of Territories Species Scientific Name Conservation Status (2015) (2016) Blackbird Turdus merula - 9 10 Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla - 8 9 Blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus - * 7 Carrion crow Corvus corone - * 1 Cetti’s warbler Cettia cetti WCA1i. 1 0 Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs - 2 3 Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita - 1 2 Collared dove Streptopelia decaocto - 4 3 Common whitethroat Sylvia communis - 7 8 Coot Fulica atra - 6 5 Corn bunting Emberiza calandra RSPB Red. SPI. 1 1 Cuckoo Cuculus canorus RSPB Red. SPI. 1 0 Dunnock Prunella modularis RSPB Amber. SPI. 8 6 Goldcrest Regulus regulus - * 3 Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis - 2 1 Great spotted Dendrocopos major - 1 1 woodpecker Great tit Parus major - * 3 Green woodpecker Picus viridis - 1 1 Greenfinch Chloris chloris - 5 4 House sparrow Passer domesticus RSPB Red. SPI. 2 2 Table 3.4 (continues): Territory-holding Bird Species Recorded During the Survey

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No. of Territories No. of Territories Species Scientific Name Conservation Status (2015) (2016) Long-tailed Tit Aegithalos caudatus - * 2 Linnet Linaria cannabina RSPB Red. SPI. 1 1 Magpie Pica pica - * 2 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos RSPB Amber. 3 3 Moorhen Gallinula chloropus - 5 7 Mute swan Cygnus olor RSPB Amber. 1 1 Pheasant Phasianus colchicus - 1 1 Pied wagtail Motacilla alba - 1 2 Pochard Aythya ferina RSPB Red. 3 3 Red-legged partridge Alectoris rufa - 1 0 Reed bunting Emberiza schoeniclus RSPB Amber. SPI. 0 1 Reed warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus - 10 8 Robin Erithacus rubecula - 5 6 Sedge warbler Acrocephalus - 2 1 schoenobaenus Skylark Alauda arvensis RSPB Red. SPI. LBAP. 2 2 Song thrush Turdus philomelos RSPB Red. SPI. LBAP. 2 3 Tufted duck Aythya fuligula - 1 2 Woodpigeon Columba palumbus - 10 8 Wren Troglodytes troglodytes - 9 9 Yellow wagtail Motacilla flava RSPB Red. SPI. 1 1 Key *Birds present but surveys undertaken too late in season to determine territories

SPI: Species of principal importance for nature conservation in England. LBAP: Species listed in the Essex Biodiversity Action Plan. RSPB Red: Species included on RSPB Red List of Conservation Concern (see below). RSPB Amber: Species included on RSPB Amber List of Conservation Concern (see below).

Notes for RSPB Red List Criteria BDp: Rapid (>50%) decline in UK breeding population over the last 25 years. HD: Historic population decline in UK during 1800-1995. Additional Amber-listing Criteria. SPEC 2 or 3: Species with unfavourable conservation status in Europe (SPEC = Species of European Conservation Concern).

Notes for RSPB Amber List Criteria BDMp: Moderate (25-49%) decline in UK breeding range over last 25 years. BDMr: Moderate (25-49%) contraction in UK breeding range over last 25 years. SPEC 2 or 3: Species with unfavourable conservation status in Europe (SPEC = Species of European Conservation Concern). Hdrec: Historic population decline during 1800-1995, but recovering: population size has more than doubled over last 25 years. BI: >20% of European breeding population in UK. WI: >20% of NW European (wildfowl), East Atlantic Flyway (waders) or European (others) non-breeding populations in UK. Table 3.4 (cont.): Territory-holding Bird Species Recorded During the Survey

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Species Scientific Name Conservation Status Black-headed gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus RSPB Amber. Common buzzard Buteo buteo - Common gull Larus canus RSPB Amber. Common swift Apus apus RSPB Amber. Herring gull Larus argentatus RSPB Red. SPI. House martin Delichon urbicum RSPB Amber. Jay Garrulus glandarius - Kestrel Falco tinnunculus RSPB Amber. Lesser black-backed gull Larus fuscus RSPB Amber. Starling Sturnus vulgaris RSPB Red. SPI. Stock dove Columba oenas RSPB Amber. Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus - Swallow Hirundo rustica - Key SPI: Species of principal importance for nature conservation in England. RSPB Red: Species included on RSPB Red List of Conservation Concern (see below). RSPB Amber: Species included on RSPB Amber List of Conservation Concern (see below).

Notes for RSPB Red List Criteria BDp: Rapid (>50%) decline in UK breeding population over the last 25 years. HD: Historic population decline in UK during 1800-1995. Additional Amber-listing Criteria. SPEC 2 or 3: Species with unfavourable conservation status in Europe (SPEC = Species of European Conservation Concern).

Notes for RSPB Amber List Criteria BDMp: Moderate (25-49%) decline in UK breeding range over last 25 years. BDMr: Moderate (25-49%) contraction in UK breeding range over last 25 years. SPEC 2 or 3: Species with unfavourable conservation status in Europe (SPEC = Species of European Conservation Concern). Hdrec: Historic population decline during 1800-1995, but recovering: population size has more than doubled over last 25 years. BI: >20% of European breeding population in UK. WI: >20% of NW European (wildfowl), East Atlantic Flyway (waders) or European (others) non-breeding populations in UK. Table 3.5: Non-Territory-holding Bird Species Recorded During the Surveys

3.5 SURVEY CONSTRAINTS No survey constraints were noted during the field surveys.

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4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

4.1 SUMMARY OF SITE PROPOSALS The breeding bird survey works are required as part of the baseline survey work to inform a planning application associated with the proposed development of the Great Wakering site.

The illustrative masterplan indicates that the site will primarily comprise residential housing, and that the Local Wildlife Site adjacent to the southern site boundary will be retained. The drainage plans indicate that drainage from the site will run into the ponds within the LWS to the south of the site, and that a balancing pond will be constructed to the south of the LWS.

The following discussions and proposals are based on Middlemarch Environmental Ltd.’s current understanding of the site proposals, as detailed on the Illustrative Masterplans (see Table 1.1). Details of the likely construction methods are not known at this stage, and therefore a precautionary approach has been adopted when considering the potential for the works to impact breeding birds. The following discussion and recommendations should be reviewed and amended, where appropriate, once the site proposals are finalised.

4.2 SUMMARY OF DESKTOP FINDINGS The desk study information obtained from various sources recorded a rather limited range of notable bird species within a 2 km radius of the surveyed site. These records comprised the following protected and/or notable bird species: Cetti’s warbler, house sparrow, starling, lapwing, cuckoo and common whitethroat. All of the species were recorded on site and dated from 2011 and 2012. It is considered that the habitats present within the study area continue to provide optimal habitat for all of these species, providing excellent foraging and nesting potential.

Desk study information also highlighted the presence of several protected sites within the surrounding area which have either been designated for their ornithological interest or have habitats within them that are considered highly suitable to support a wide range of species many of which are likely to be of conservation concern. These sites included Foulness (Mid Essex Coast Phase 5) RAMSAR, SPA which is located 1.3 and 1.5 km north and south-east of the survey area respectively and Benfleet and Southern Marshes RAMSAR, SPA which is approximately 2.8 km to the south-west. Both of these coastal locations are designated for their ornithological interest, supporting a range of wildfowl and wading bird species including avocet, little tern, hen harrier, barnacle goose, oystercatcher and grey plover. Many of the birds highlighted for these sites are likely to be wintering species or passage migrants and are therefore unlikely to occur on site during the breeding season. Breeding and summering species such as avocet, little tern, Sandwich tern and ringed plover have quite specific breeding requirements, with species such as little and Sandwich tern being confined exclusively to coastal locations, whilst avocet and ringed plover require wetland habitats of generally large scale, undisturbed and open in nature with limited vegetation. Although the Great Wakering site possesses open water habitat it is considered unsuitable to support these species as it comprises well established fishing lakes surrounded by dense scrub which render them unsuitable for these species.

Star Lane Pits is a designated Local Wildlife Site (LWS), and although designated for its range of habitats, variety of invertebrates and botanical interest, the mosaic of habitats contained within the site is considered highly suitable to support a diverse range of bird species.

Wakering Landfill Site LWS is located just over 1.5 km from the study area and supports breeding skylark and common whitethroat. Habitat suitable for both species occurs within the study area.

4.3 FIELD SURVEY FINDINGS AND EVALUATION During the breeding bird survey visits to the Great Wakering survey area, a moderate selection of breeding species was noted. A total of 54 bird species were recorded, of which 41 were confirmed to have bred or probably/possibly did so. The remaining 13 species were all observed using the habitats within the survey area or overflying it, but were not considered to be breeding within the study area; these species may be breeding in the local vicinity e.g. house martin.

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The field surveys recorded a range of largely common and widespread bird species using the habitats within the Great Wakering survey area. However, several species noted utilising the survey area are considered to be of particular significance. These species were Cetti’s warbler, corn bunting, cuckoo, pochard, skylark and yellow wagtail.

Corn bunting, skylark and yellow wagtail are birds that are closely associated with arable farmland habitat. These species, and other farmland birds, are classified as being of conservation concern and have shown notable declines in their populations over the last 30 years due to changes in arable farmland management activities. The survey area supported single territories of both corn bunting and yellow wagtail with additional territory holding birds recorded in the surrounding areas where arable farmland was present; however, it should be noted that both these species occurred within the arable fields to the south of the site boundary (i.e. within the survey area but outside of the site boundary). Thus, although there is the potential risk of impacts arising from construction to adversely affect these species, there should be limited loss of suitable breeding habitat. At least two skylark territories were present (one inside and one outside the site boundary). Skylark require large, open fields of cereals with grassland margins for successful breeding. It is considered that any loss of arable habitat within the proposed development area will detrimentally impact this species.

At least one territory-holding male Cetti’s warbler was recorded within the Star Lane Pits LWS during the 2015 surveys; the species was not recorded during the 2016 surveys although it is considered likely to still be present. Cetti’s warblers have a rather limited UK distribution, favouring eastern and southern England. Essex supports a good population of the species; in the region of 40 territory holding males (Holling et al, 2014). This resident warbler species is generally found in wetland habitats possessing large amounts of scrub. The Star Lane Pits complex is considered to offer optimal habitat for this unobtrusive species. This is a bird that can co-exist with a degree of development providing the wet scrub component is retained and managed appropriately.

It was thought that cuckoo almost certainly bred within the survey area. A calling male was reported to be present within the central mosaic of scrub and aquatic habitats by local anglers. During the field surveys, a female bird was disturbed from an area of reedbed occupied by reed warblers, which are a primary host of this parasitic species, and a juvenile bird was recorded in the central area of the LWS. Cuckoo is a Species of Principal Importance and red-listed bird of conservation concern, and has been declining in the UK and in the county of Essex. The continued presence of this species within the survey area requires potential host species to be present together with relatively undisturbed areas to which this rather shy species can retire.

What is considered to be the most significant breeding bird species recorded within the Great Wakering survey area is pochard. Three broods of this scarce breeding duck were noted on the southernmost waterbody within the Star Lane LWS site with a potential fourth female present. This is a scarce breeding wildfowl species on both a local and national level, with roughly 650 pairs breeding nationally, and around 70 pairs in breeding in the county.

The variety of waterbodies within the Star Lane Pits LWS supported an additional selection of aquatic bird species. The stands of common reed held a number of singing reed warblers, whilst at least one sedge warbler territory and one reed bunting territory were also recorded. Stands of common reed are an important element for breeding reed warblers and although common and widespread, this species generally only occurs where this habitat type is present. Sedge warbler often inhabits the same type of areas as reed warbler but is more a bird of tall ruderal and wet scrub habitat specialist.

The open water habitat enabled several female mallards to rear broods. This is an amber listed species of conservation concern but is generally still fairly common and widespread. Mallard will breed on a wide range of open water habitats and often some distance from waterbodies. The Star Lane Pits LWS offers excellent breeding habitat for this species.

One pair of mute swan bred within the Star Lane Pits LWS during both 2015 and 2016, rearing three young during the 2015 breeding season, with several pairs of both coot and moorhen also raising young on site – all three species are common components of wetland habitats at both a local and national level. Several tufted ducks (both male and female) were also recorded utilising the various waterbodies within the survey area.

Additional breeding/territory-holding species recorded at Great Wakering which are of conservation concern were common whitethroat, dunnock, green woodpecker, house sparrow, and song thrush. At least seven

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 16 Land South of Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-07-RevB Breeding Bird Survey common whitethroat territories were identified. This is a bird of open farmland and scrubby habitats and is both common and widespread within the county. It is likely to continue to maintain a presence on site provided suitable habitat zones are retained within the development site. It is considered that an opening up of some of the dense blocks of scrub within the Star Lane Pits LWS could increase suitable habitat for this species.

Several dunnock territories were noted during the field surveys. This is a species which has similar habitat requirements as whitethroat but tends to be much more widespread, inhabiting gardens and highly urban habitats as long as parcels of shrubs and herbaceous borders are present.

Green woodpecker is a bird of open woodland, heathland and parkland habitats, requiring mature trees in which to excavate nest chambers and open grassland habitats on which to forage for invertebrates though with a fondness for ants. The habitats within the current survey area, and more so within the Star Lane Pits LWS provide excellent habitat for this reasonably common Essex resident, although it is somewhat shy and generally avoids areas of high public disturbance. It is generally absent from intensively farmed arable areas and it is considered that it should continue to occur within the Great Wakering site as long as the Star Lane Pits LWS is retained and managed appropriately.

Several house sparrows were recorded during site visits, confined to the northern and eastern boundaries (the eastern boundary territory occurs outside of the site boundary) of the survey area and associated with the residential developments that occur on these margins. The houses and associated structures provide potential nesting locations whilst the gardens offer a rich foraging resource. The adjacent arable farmland also offers a potentially rich foraging resource for this species. Potential loss of arable farmland is not considered to be a major factor in relation to this species’ continued presence but good landscaping design together with a targeted nestbox scheme may well maintain or even increase breeding numbers.

Song thrush is a species that has undergone a degree of decline over the last few years but is beginning to exhibit signs of increase. It is a bird of a variety of habitats but is perhaps most common in suburban and woodland areas, in the latter case along the woodland margins. At least one territory was recorded within the Star Lane Pits LWS which is considered to offer optimal habitat, and provided this area is retained and enhanced it should remain a constant component of the ornithological make-up of the site.

In terms of other breeding bird species identified within the survey area boundaries, it is considered that the site generally supports species that are common and widespread within the county i.e. blackbird, robin, long- tailed tit, blue tit, great tit, wren and so forth. These species thrive in a variety of habitat types, although it is considered that the habitat mosaic present within the Star Lane Pits LWS is an important factor in supporting relatively good densities of breeding birds. Species such as pheasant and red-legged partridge are naturalized game bird species that are closely linked to farmland habitats and any development of arable areas will lead to their displacement although this is not considered to be of notable conservation significance. It is considered that as long as the Star Lane Pits LWS is retained, suitably managed and enhanced appropriately for its breeding bird communities then a majority of species should not be adversely impacted to any great extent.

In addition to those species considered to have bred on site (or probably/possibly did so) a range of other species were recorded, though largely overflying the survey area. Four species of gull were observed regularly flying over the site and were presumed to be heading for coastal locations which are within 2 km of the site boundary. Birds were observed to be both adults and sub-adults and three of the four species are known to bred in the county, with only common gull not doing so.

Three other species recorded are highly mobile aerial feeders: common swift, house martin and swallow. All three species require buildings or structures for nesting purposes and it is considered that those that occur within the study area provide no real nesting opportunities for common swift or house martin. Both of these species could well utilize the surrounding residential dwellings for breeding purposes however. The wooden units in the northern zone of the arable farmland may provide some nesting potential for swallow although no field evidence was identified to suggest that this was so.

Starling was noted overflying the site and is almost certainly breeding within surrounding residential areas. Limited nesting sites are present within the survey area although it does offer some foraging potential with harvested arable farmland providing feeding areas for invertebrate prey and areas of berry-bearing scrub

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 17 Land South of Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-07-RevB Breeding Bird Survey providing an early autumn glut of food. Any development of the survey area is unlikely to detrimentally impact this species and may even increase breeding potential.

Sparrowhawk was recorded hunting across site on two occasions. The Great Wakering site provides excellent hunting opportunities for this common raptor species but nesting locations are considered to be rather limited for a species that favors woodland or copses as nest sites.

Evaluation In terms of evaluating the site for its breeding bird significance the following criteria have been taken into account:  The species richness of the bird assemblage of the site, i.e. how many different types of species the site supports.  The presence of species listed as being of Principal Importance in England, species on local and national Biodiversity Action Plans (BAPs) and Red or Amber listed Species of Conservation Concern.  The occurrence of significant concentrations of a bird species, particularly if these comprise a significant proportion (1% or more) of the national breeding population.

Table 4.1 presents a summary of the above criteria based on the current field survey data for the site.

Total Number of Confirmed/Probable Breeding 41 Species Confirmed / Probable 9 (corn bunting, cuckoo, dunnock, house sparrow, linnet, reed bunting, Breeding Species of Principal skylark, song thrush and yellow wagtail) Importance in England Confirmed / Probable 2 (skylark and song thrush) Breeding Local BAP Species Confirmed / Probable 8 (corn bunting, cuckoo, house sparrow, linnet, pochard, skylark, song Breeding RSPB Red List thrush and yellow wagtail) Species Confirmed / Probable Breeding RSPB Amber List 4 (dunnock, mallard, mute swan and reed bunting) Species Significant Concentrations of Three broods of pochard were recorded. Other important breeding Confirmed / Probable species observed on site included house sparrow, Cetti’s warbler, song Breeding Species thrush, skylark, corn bunting, linnet and cuckoo. Table 4.1: Summary of Breeding Bird Evaluation Criteria

Fuller (1980) describes a method for assessing the ornithological interest of sites, whereby the importance is defined by the assemblage of breeding species present. Table 4.2 provides a summary of the geographical valuation criteria identified by Fuller. For the purposes of this assessment, Fuller’s geographical levels have been adapted, so that Fuller’s “local” importance is assumed to correspond to District importance as described in CIEEM’s Guidelines for Ecological Impact Assessment (CIEEM, 2006). Since the publication of the evaluation criteria in 1980, declines have been observed in many bird populations, and for this reason it is therefore judged appropriate to recalibrate the categories slightly to reflect this change.

Number of Breeding Species Level of Importance Fuller (1980) Adapted Criteria Local 25-49 Species <25 District - 25-49 County 50-69 50-69 Regional 70-84 70-84 National 85+ 85+ Table 4.2: Breeding Bird Assemblage Evaluation Criteria Based on Fuller (1980)

According to Fuller’s (1980) criteria the survey area is classified as being of District importance in terms of breeding birds, as between 25 and 49 breeding species are present and were either confirmed to have or

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 18 Land South of Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-07-RevB Breeding Bird Survey probably/possibly did so. As such, the survey area is considered to be of moderate value for its breeding bird population, and the impact of the proposed development on the breeding bird assemblage within the survey area is considered to be moderate. Although there are valuable habitats for breeding birds, such as the Star Lane Pits LWS habitat mosaic and the adjoining areas of arable farmland, these habitats are generally well represented in the wider area, and the Star Lane Pits LWS habitat mosaic will be retained as part of the proposed development.

The survey area is considered to support a variety of species of conservation concern. In terms of significant concentrations of notable species in a national context none of the species recorded within the surveyed area were considered to be significant, although the presence of three broods of pochard is of potential county significance. The arable farmland also supports several species which are considered to be declining farmland bird species, namely corn bunting, linnet, and skylark.

Overall it is considered that the survey area supports a reasonable range of generally common breeding bird species associated with woodland, scrub and wetland habitats.

It is possible that the appropriate design of any development of the site could preserve and even enhance the value of the site to breeding birds, and recommendations to this effect are made in Chapter 5. It is not considered that the development of the site will have a significant effect on the favorable conservation status of local bird populations but will lead to the displacement of some species of which those species of conservation concern associated with farmland are considered to be the most notable.

4.4 POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON BREEDING BIRDS AS A RESULT OF THE DEVELOPMENT Initial details of development activities within the Great Wakering area indicate that it will be redeveloped to include residential development on the arable fields to the north of the Star Lane LWS site. In addition, the existing Star Lane Pits LWS will be retained but with some formal amenity space created along its northern margin. A new balancing pond will be created to the south of the LWS.

The loss of arable farmland within the development area to accommodate residential development, an employment area and public open space will, it is considered, have detrimental impacts on several species which are considered to be declining farmland bird species. For example, there will be direct loss of extensive arable habitat which will lead to the loss and displacement of skylark. Although this species will be impacted it is considered that there is abundant suitable arable farmland habitat within the surrounding area to which birds will have the option to move into. Skylark, in addition to corn bunting and yellow wagtail, was recorded in surrounding areas during the field surveys. A further species recorded holding territory within the arable areas was common whitethroat. This species is associated with hedgerow and scrub habitats and is also likely to be displaced due to proposed site development activities. Impacts to these species could be tempered to some extent through ensuring that the proposed development includes habitat zones that may offer these species some breeding habitat.

It is understood that the Star Lane Pits LWS will be retained within the development and will undergo enhancement and management works. Providing any proposed site works are specifically targeted towards enhancing the site for bird species it is considered that this will be beneficial for a range of species. Drainage from the residential development to the north of the site will runoff into ponds within the LWS and could thus potentially impact breeding water birds, although any impacts are considered to be minimal.

It is considered that there is a potential for the increase in the numbers of visitors and users of the Star Lane Pits LWS site, which may reduce some breeding bird activity, although the majority of some species which were recorded within this area are species that can tolerate a degree of disturbance so long as suitable breeding habitat and less disturbed areas are maintained within the LWS. Implementation of visitor management measures will be required to minimize disturbance to important wetland bird species. It is not known whether the proposed development will lead to an increase in usage of the waterbodies within Star Lane Pits LWS. However, if there is to be a change of levels of current usage then this will detrimentally impact water birds and may lead to a loss of some as breeding species. Any impacts to the reedbed areas along the margins of the lakes may impact breeding reed warblers, leading to a potential reduction in breeding numbers.

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It is considered likely that some existing trees and vegetation will require removal to facilitate the development works but as long as any vegetation works are timed to occur outside of the breeding bird season it is considered that impacts to breeding birds are likely to be negligible. Any removal of vegetation/wildlife corridor features which link the Star Lane Pits LWS with surrounding habitats and areas is likely to lead to the isolation of the Star Lane Pits LWS. It is imperative that this does not happen and measures will need to be employed ensuring that it remains connected with surrounding areas and habitats.

It is likely that there could be an increase in some breeding bird activity if suitable nestboxes are installed on, and adjacent to, structures on site, and if feeding stations are provided as part of the proposed recreational facilities. The site currently lacks features that can be used by cavity-nesting species, and an appropriate and targeted nestbox regime is likely to lead to an increase in those species that will utilize nestboxes, including species of conservation concern such as house sparrow.

It is considered that the implementation of a targeted and robust management plan, could be targeted specifically to provide habitats and features that offer breeding opportunities for existing species recorded during the field surveys.

Overall, it is considered that those areas to be of most importance because they support, or have the potential to support, species of conservation concern within the assessed areas will either need to be safeguarded during the course of any site works or appropriately mitigated and compensated for. Much of the survey area currently has either no formal public access or very low levels of human activity, which undoubtedly contributes to a moderate diversity of breeding birds.

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5. RECOMMENDATIONS

All recommendations provided in this section are based on Middlemarch Environmental Ltd’s current understanding of the site proposals (as shown on Illustrative Masterplan Three: 6076/1103 provided by Stanley Bragg Architects), correct at the time the report was compiled. Should the proposals alter, the conclusions and recommendations made in the report should be reviewed to ensure that they remain appropriate.

In order to minimise potential adverse impacts on breeding bird species, the following recommendations are made:

R1 A targeted Landscape and Ecology Management Plan should be compiled for the development area in order to maximize their value for breeding birds. Elements which should be included within such a document could include access management controls to limit human disturbance to birds and habitats. It is further advised that appropriate management of Star Lane Pits LWS be undertaken, including rotational cutting of scrub to promote diverse age structure and prevent encroachment into areas of grassland and tall ruderals.

R2 Any site landscaping should incorporate native or wildlife-friendly species.

R3 Any necessary lighting required for proposed development areas should be low level and directional so as not to illuminate areas of value to breeding birds.

R4 The whole site should incorporate an appropriate nestbox scheme in order to provide a range of potential nesting locations for passerine species. Boxes for house sparrow and species such as swifts should be installed within the proposed residential areas.

R5 As the site provides habitat which is currently being used by skylark, a declining farmland bird species, mitigation options associated with habitat improvements for these species within the wider area should be considered.

R6 Any vegetation to be removed should be undertaken outside of the bird nesting season; this generally extends between March and September but is weather dependent. If this is not possible, the area concerned should be checked immediately prior to removal by a suitably experienced ecologist. Nesting and nest building birds are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act WCA 1981 (as amended). Specific species, as listed in Schedule 1 of the WCA, are protected by special penalties.

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6. DRAWINGS

Drawing C119852-07-01 RevB – Breeding Bird Survey

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 22 593400 593600 593800 594000

B. HS GR R. WR D. B. CD CD CD D. WH GO

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1 S. 1 WR BC WR WP CH WP D. BT BC WH WH BC B. WR BC WR GR SW MH MA CO BC PW RW RW CO WH GR R. BT MA GS SW D. BC WR WP B. CC RW B. BC CK D. RW MG GT 0 RW GT 0 0 0 2 WH WP RW 2 7 G. CO 7

8 WR 8 1 MS BT 1 LI LT LT CC RW BC GR MH R. MA D. BC ST ST WH MA BT WR RW CH TU CO RB MH PO R. WP CW WP GR MH RW WR PO B. R. CD PO RW MH WH CO CO RL PH BT B. WP WH WR 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 8 8 1 1 GO CB

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Project Legend Land South of High Street, Great Wakering Drawing Application boundary CODE SPECIES NAME CODE SPECIES NAME CB Corn bunting G. Green woodpecker Breeding Bird Survey Update Study area CK Cuckoo GC Goldcrest Client Taylor Wimpey C

HS House sparrow GO Goldfinch 1

LI Linnet GR Greenfinch Drawing Number Revision 1 C119852-07-01-RevB Rev B 9

PO Pochard GS Great spotted woodpecker 8 Scale @ A4 Date S. Skylark GT Great tit 5

1:4,000 June 2016 2 ST Song thrush LT Long-tailed tit Approved By Drawn By - YW Yellow wagtail MG Magpie 0

TH AM 7 D. Dunnock MH Moorhen - MA Mallard PH Pheasant 0 1

MS Mute swan PW Pied wagtail - RB Reed bunting R. Robin R e

B. Blackbird RL Red-legged partridge v

BC Blackcap RW Reed warbler B BT Blue tit SW Sedge warbler CC Chiffchaff TU Tufted duck Triumph House, Birmingham Road, Allesley, Coventry CV5 9AZ T:01676 525880 F:01676 521400 CD Collared dove WH Whitethroat E:[email protected] CH Chaffinch WP Woodpigeon This map is reproduced from the Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf CO Coot WR Wren of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office. © Crown copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution of civil proceedings. CW Cetti's warbler $ Licence Number: 100040519 Land South of Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-07-RevB Breeding Bird Survey

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bibby, C.J. Burgess, N & Hill, D (1992). Bird Census Techniques. R.S.P.B. and B.T.O. joint publication. Academic Press.

Brown, A and Grice, P., (2005). Birds in England. T& A D Poyser.

Essex Biodiversity Project (2012). The Essex Biodiversity Action Plan 2010 – 2020: A vision to protect and enhance the biodiversity of Essex [online]. Available: http://www.essexbiodiversity.org.uk/biodiversity- action-plan. Accessed March 2015.

Ecology Solutions Ltd (2012). Former Brickworks Site, Star Lane, Great Wakering, Southend On Sea. Ecological Assessment.

Essex Biodiversity Project (2012). The Essex Biodiversity Action Plan 2010 – 2020: A vision to protect and enhance the biodiversity of Essex [online]. Available: http://www.essexbiodiversity.org.uk/biodiversity- action-plan. Accessed September 2015.

Fuller, R.J. (1980). A Method for Assessing the Ornithological Interest of Sites for Conservation. Biological Conservation 17 P-229-239.

Fuller, R.J. (1982). Bird Habitats in Britain. T & A D Poyser.

Gibbons, D.W, Reid, J. B & Chapman, R.A. (1993). The New Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland: 1988-1991. T & A.D. Poyser.

Gilbert et al (1998). ‘Bird Monitoring Methods’

H.M.S.O. (1981). Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. H.M.S.O. London.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015a). Land at Great Wakering, Preliminary Ecological Assessment. Report RT-MME-119852-01.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015b). Land at Great Wakering, Initial Badger Survey. Report RT-MME- 119852-02.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015c). Land at Great Wakering, Water Vole Survey. Report RT-MME- 119852-03.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015d). Land at Great Wakering, Invertebrate Survey. Report RT-MME- 119852-04.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015e). Land at Great Wakering, Reptile Survey. Report RT-MME-119852- 05.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015f). Land at Great Wakering, Great Crested Newt Habitat Assessment and eDNA Sampling. Report RT-MME-119852-06.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015g). Land at Great Wakering, Wintering Bird Survey. Report RT-MME- 119852-08.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015h). Land at Great Wakering, Daytime Bat Survey and Nocturnal Emergence Survey. Report RT-MME-120478.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2016). Land at Great Wakering, Habitat Regulations Assessment: Stage 1 Screening Report. Report RT-MME-121553.

Wood, S (2007). The Birds of Essex. Christopher Helm.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 24 Land South of Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-07-RevB Breeding Bird Survey

APPENDIX 1

LEGISLATION Nesting and nest building birds are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act WCA 1981 (as amended). Some species (listed in Schedule 1 of the WCA) are protected by special penalties.

Subject to the provisions of the act, if any person intentionally: kills, injures or takes any wild bird; takes, damages or destroys the nest of any wild bird while that nest is in use or being built; or takes or destroys an egg of any wild bird, he shall be guilty of an offence.

‘Reckless’ offences with regard to the disturbance of nesting wild birds included in Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act were added by the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000.

The Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act 2006 places a duty on Government Departments to have regard for the conservation of biodiversity and maintains lists of species and habitats which are of principal importance for the purposes of conserving biodiversity in England and Wales. These lists include a number of bird species.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 25

LAND SOUTH OF HIGH STREET, GREAT WAKERING, ESSEX

WINTER BIRD SURVEY

A Report to: Taylor Wimpey

Report No: RT-MME-119852-08-RevA

Date: July 2016

Triumph House, Birmingham Road, Allesley, Coventry CV5 9AZ Tel: 01676 525880 Fax: 01676 521400 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.middlemarch-environmental.com Land South of Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-08-RevA Winter Bird Survey

REPORT VERIFICATION AND DECLARATION OF COMPLIANCE

This study has been undertaken in accordance with British Standard 42020:2013 “Biodiversity, Code of practice for planning and development”.

Report Date Completed by: Checked by: Approved by: Version Tim Hextell MCIEEM Dr Katy Read CEnv Dr Philip Fermor (Principal Technical MCIEEM MCIWEM CEnv MCIEEM Final 24/02/2016 Ecological Consultant) C.WEM DipSM (Managing Director) and Dr Tom Matthews (Executive Director) (Ecological Consultant) Tim Hextell MCIEEM (Principal Technical Dr Katy Read CEnv Dr Philip Fermor Ecological Consultant) MCIEEM MCIWEM CEnv MCIEEM Rev A 13/07/2016 and Dr Tom Matthews C.WEM DipSM (Managing Director) (Senior Ecological (Executive Director) Consultant)

The information which we have prepared is true, and has been prepared and provided in accordance with the Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management’s Code of Professional Conduct. We confirm that the opinions expressed are our true and professional bona fide opinions.

DISCLAIMER

The contents of this report are the responsibility of Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. It should be noted that, whilst every effort is made to meet the client’s brief, no site investigation can ensure complete assessment or prediction of the natural environment.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd accepts no responsibility or liability for any use that is made of this document other than by the client for the purposes for which it was originally commissioned and prepared.

VALIDITY OF DATA

The findings of this study are valid for a period of 24 months from the date of survey. If works have not commenced by this date, an updated site visit should carried out by a suitably qualified ecologist to assess any changes in the habitats present on site, and to inform a review of the conclusions and recommendations made.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 1 Land South of Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-08-RevA Winter Bird Survey

NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY

In November 2015, Taylor Wimpey commissioned Middlemarch Environmental Ltd to undertake a Winter Bird Survey at a proposed development site located south of the village of Great Wakering, near Southend in Essex. This information is required to inform a planning application associated with the redevelopment of the site for housing. The illustrative masterplan indicates that the site will mainly comprise residential housing, and that the Local Wildlife Site adjacent to the south of the site boundary will be retained. The drainage plans indicate that drainage from the site will run into the ponds within the LWS to the south of the site, and that a balancing pond will be constructed to the south of the LWS.

Initial consultation with Taylor Wimpey resulted in the survey area for the proposed development being delineated to follow the original development site boundary. However, the site boundary subsequently changed, such that the current site boundary is now smaller (i.e. encompassed within) than the survey area. This report and its conclusions are based on the current site boundary; however, the survey data relates to the wider survey area.

The current report provides an assessment of the findings of the wintering bird survey undertaken for the site, and is based on four survey visits undertaken in November and December 2015, and January and February 2016. The report also provides discussion and evaluation of the ornithological value of the site in terms of identifying important areas/habitats on site for feeding and roosting and Species of Conservation Concern, and an evaluation of the site in a County and regional context.

The 2015/2016 winter bird surveys identified a total of 39 bird species across the survey area. Based on the results of the winter bird surveys, the survey area is considered to be of low importance to wintering birds overall, but relatively important for a number of species of conservation concern, including house sparrow, pochard, and starling. No species identified as qualifying species in the nearby Foulness Special Protected Area and Ramsar Site, were recorded using the proposed development site, and it is not considered likely, due to the lack of suitable habitat, that any will do so. Table A presents a summary of the field survey data for the survey area:

Total Number of Wintering/Passage Species 39 Recorded 7 (dunnock, herring gull, house sparrow, linnet, song thrush, skylark and Wintering/Passage Species of starling). Principal Importance in England

Wintering/Passage Local BAP 2 (skylark and song thrush). Species Wintering/Passage RSPB Red 8 (herring gull, house sparrow, linnet, pochard, redwing, skylark, song thrush List Species and starling). Wintering/Passage RSPB Amber 7 (black-headed gull, common gull, dunnock, kestrel, lesser black-backed gull, List Species mallard and mute swan). Significant Concentrations of Low to moderate numbers of house sparrow, linnet, pochard and starling, but Wintering/Passage Species considered to be of minor significance. Table A: Summary of Wintering Bird Evaluation Criteria, Land South of Great Wakering

Overall, the survey area is considered to be of low value for its winter bird population in terms of the overall number of species and individuals, and the impact of the proposed development on the wintering bird assemblage at the survey area is considered to be minor. Although there are valuable habitats for wintering birds, such as the pond and scrub features within the Star Lane Pits LWS, these habitats are be retained, and the arable habitat that will be lost as part of the proposed development is well represented in the wider area.

The following recommendations are made:

R1 The scrub habitat within Star Lane Pits LWS should be managed in order to provide a more diverse age structure, and thus a more valuable habitat resource for wintering bird species.

R2 Whilst the removal of some hedgerows is unavoidable, where possible, existing native hedgerows and boundary features should be retained and buffered to provide suitable habitat for winter bird

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species, including house sparrow and dunnock. The creation of native species rich hedgerows should be incorporated into the landscape design for the scheme where possible.

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CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 5

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ...... 5 1.2 SITE DESCRIPTION ...... 5 1.3 DOCUMENTATION PROVIDED ...... 6 2. METHODOLOGIES...... 7

2.1 DESK STUDY ...... 7 2.2 FIELDWORK ...... 7 3. RESULTS ...... 8

3.1 DESK STUDY ...... 8 3.2 PREVIOUS SURVEYS AND ADDITIONAL RECORDS ...... 8 3.3 FIELD SURVEY ...... 8 3.4 SURVEY CONSTRAINTS ...... 10 4. DISCUSSION ...... 11

4.1 SUMMARY OF PROPOSALS ...... 11 4.2 SUMMARY OF DESKTOP STUDY FINDINGS AND PREVIOUS SURVEYS ...... 11 4.3 FIELD SURVEY FINDINGS AND EVALUATION ...... 11 5. RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 14 6. DRAWINGS ...... 15 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 17

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 4 Land South of Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-08-RevA Winter Bird Survey

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND In November 2015, Taylor Wimpey commissioned Middlemarch Environmental Ltd to undertake a Winter Bird Survey at a proposed development site located south of the village of Great Wakering, near Southend in Essex. This information is required to inform a planning application associated with the redevelopment of the site for housing. The illustrative masterplan indicates that the site will mainly comprise residential housing, and that the Local Wildlife Site adjacent to the south of the site boundary will be retained. The drainage plans indicate that drainage from the site will run into the ponds within the LWS to the south of the site, and that a balancing pond will be constructed to the south of the LWS.

Initial consultation with Taylor Wimpey resulted in the survey area for the proposed development being delineated to follow the original development site boundary. However, the site boundary subsequently changed, such that the current site boundary is now smaller (i.e. encompassed within) than the survey area. This report and its conclusions are based on the current site boundary; however, the survey data relates to the wider survey area. The difference between the survey area and the site boundary is highlighted on Drawing C119852-08-01 RevA in Chapter 6.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd has previously carried out Preliminary Ecological Assessment at the site in 2012 (Report RT-MME-112349). In addition, Middlemarch Environmental Ltd has undertaken the following assessments:

 Preliminary Ecological Assessment (Report RT-MME-119852-01);  Initial Badger Survey (Report RT-MME-119852-02);  Water Vole Survey (Report RT-MME-119852-03);  Invertebrate Survey (Report RT-MME-119852-04);  Reptile Survey (Report RT-MME-119852-05);  Great Crested Newt Habitat Assessment and eDNA Sampling (Report RT-MME-119852-06);  Breeding Bird Survey (Report RT-MME-119852-07);  Daytime Bat Survey and Nocturnal Emergence Survey (Report RT-MME-120478);  Preliminary Bat Roost Assessment, Report RT-MME-122103-01; and,  Habitat Regulations Assessment: Stage 1 Screening Report (Report RT-MME-121553).

Valuable data that can be collected from winter surveys include:

 Identifying important areas for wintering waterfowl and wading birds;  Identifying important roost sites;  Identifying important feeding areas; and,  Identifying important species that may be present on site i.e. Birds of Conservation Concern that may only be present on site during the winter months.

The current report provides an assessment of the findings of the wintering bird survey undertaken for the site, and is based on four survey visits undertaken in November and December 2015, and January and February 2016. The report also provides discussion and evaluation of the ornithological value of the site in terms of identifying important areas/habitats on site for feeding and roosting and Species of Conservation Concern, and an evaluation of the site in a County and regional context.

1.2 SITE DESCRIPTION The surveyed area was a flat, roughly rectangular-shaped area of land measuring approximately 32 ha, located to the south west of Great Wakering, Essex, centred at National Grid Reference TQ 9374 8723. The survey area was dominated by arable farmland consisting of large cereal fields delineated by a mixture of open boundaries, ditches and irregularly managed hedgerows. To the south of the site boundary (but within the surveyed area) were several pools and ponds surrounded by dense scrub interspersed with some areas of short grassland possessing colonising scrub and tall ruderal vegetation. This section is designated as a Local Wildlife Site. Additional habitats recorded within the survey area included bare ground and buildings/structures.

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The site is bordered to the north by residential properties situated off the High Street and Southend Road. To the west lies a former industrial estate, a small area of active works and Star Lane. Bordering the site to the east is a belt of dense scrub with residential properties to the south-east, and to the south of the site was the LWS and two arable fields that formed part of the survey area (see Drawing C119852-08-01 RevA in Chapter 6).

1.3 DOCUMENTATION PROVIDED The conclusions and recommendations made in this report are based on information provided by the client regarding the scope of the project. Documentation made available by the client is listed in Table 1.1.

Document Name / Drawing Number Author Location Plan: 1571 / P / 10-01 CMYK (Planning & Design) Ltd Illustrative Site Layout: 1571 / P / 10-02 CMYK (Planning & Design) Ltd Drainage Strategy: ST-2488-17-E Stomor Civil Engineering Consultants Foul Drainage Strategy: ST-2488-23 Stomor Civil Engineering Consultants Landscape Masterplan: TWEL20425-10 ACD Environmental Landscape Proposals: TWEL20425-11 ACD Environmental Table 1.1: Documentation Provided by Client

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2. METHODOLOGIES

2.1 DESK STUDY A desk study was undertaken to determine the presence of records of birds within a 2 km radius of the site. The consultees for the desk study were:  Essex Ecology Services Ltd; and,  Essex Field Club.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd then assimilated and reviewed the desk study data provided by these organisations. The data collected from these consultees are discussed in Chapter 3. In compliance with the terms and conditions relating to its commercial use, the full desk study data are not provided within this report.

A review was also undertaken of previous ecology reports for the site. Relevant information is provided in Chapter 3.

2.2 FIELDWORK The objective of the field survey was to identify important species or habitats that are present within the survey area and in what numbers, both in terms of number of species and quantities of individual birds present, and the areas that they favour. Particular attention was paid to the presence of birds of Conservation Concern (species that are listed as either red or amber by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds) and those listed as UK Species of Principal Importance and as priority species on the Local Biodiversity Action Plan.

Counts of passage and wintering birds were carried out on four occasions in November and December 2015, and January and February 2016.

The passage and wintering bird survey comprised a walkover survey by an experienced field ornithologist in line with the method described by Hilden (1986, 1987), highlighted in ‘Bird Census Techniques’ (Bibby et al, 1992). The observer followed a defined route taking in all the major habitats within the survey area, maintaining a slow, steady pace. The observer logged all birds and their activities both visually and by call. Care was taken not to log the same birds twice, although some duplication is inevitable. In addition, some point counts were undertaken at dusk in order to establish important roosting sites. These point counts were usually carried out in the vicinity of habitats that are known to be valuable as roosting areas i.e. patches of dense scrub and hedgerows. Survey visits generally lasted between three and four hours.

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3. RESULTS

3.1 DESK STUDY The desk study completed by Middlemarch Environmental Ltd in July 2015 identified several bird records within a 2 km radius of the site. A summary of the protected bird species (under Annex 1 of the Birds Directive or Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended)), those of Principal Importance, and those listed on the Essex Biodiversity Action Plan, are detailed in Table 3.1 below. Only bird species that are present in Essex during the winter are included in Table 3.1.

Most Proximity of Species of Legislation / No. of Local Species Recent Nearest Record Principal Conservation Records BAP? Record to Study Area Importance? Status Cetti’s warbler 1 2011 On site - - WCA 1i Cettia cetti House sparrow 2 2011 On site  - - Passer domesticus Starling 1 2011 On site  - - Sturnus vulgaris Lapwing 2 2011 On site  - - Vanellus vanellus Table 3.1: Summary of Protected/Notable Bird Species Records within 2 km of Survey Area

3.2 PREVIOUS SURVEYS AND ADDITIONAL RECORDS Middlemarch Environmental Ltd 2012 Middlemarch Environmental Ltd have previously undertaken an Extended Phase 1 Habitat Survey (Report RT-MME-112349-01) at the site. Although this survey was undertaken in July, the following winter bird species (i.e. species which are resident in the UK during the whole year) were recorded: long-tailed tit Aegithalos caudatus, mallard Anas platyrhynchos, tufted duck Aythya fuligula, linnet Carduelis cannabina, greenfinch Carduelis chloris, Cetti’s warbler Cettia cetti, wood pigeon Columba palumbus, robin Erithacus rubecula, coot Fulica atra, moorhen Gallinula chloropus, house sparrow Passer domesticus, green woodpecker Picus viridis, dunnock Prunella modularis, wren Troglodytes troglodytes and blackbird Turdus merula.

Ecology Solutions 2012 An Ecological Assessment – Scoping Survey was previously undertaken on land immediately adjacent to the west of the current study area by Ecology Solutions in April 2012. This identified that the lakes on site offer suitable nesting opportunities for aquatic bird species. The arable and rough grassland habitats also provide suitable foraging habitat for a range of bird species. Although this survey was undertaken in April, a number of winter bird species (i.e. species which are resident in the UK during the whole year) were recorded, including dunnock, mallard, Cetti’s warbler, house sparrow and linnet.

3.3 FIELD SURVEY The dates and weather conditions of the winter bird survey are detailed in Table 3.2.

Parameter Date Temperature (ºC) Cloud (%) Wind (Beaufort) Precipitation 24-Nov-15 11oC 60%-100% F3-4 Nil 16-Dec-15 12oC 90% F2 Nil 28-Jan-16 8oC 20% F3 Nil 19-Feb-16 11oC 80% F1 Nil Table 3.2: Dates and Weather Conditions of Winter Bird Surveys at Land South of Great Wakering

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During the winter bird survey visits completed to date, a total of 39 species were recorded using the survey area. Of these 39 species:

 Seven species are listed as Species of Principal Importance (dunnock, herring gull, house sparrow, linnet, song thrush, skylark and starling).  Two species are listed as Priority Species in the Essex Biodiversity Action Plan (skylark and song thrush).  Eight species identified are Red Listed by The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (herring gull, house sparrow, linnet, pochard, redwing, skylark, song thrush and starling).  Seven species are Amber Listed by The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (black-headed gull, common gull, dunnock, kestrel, lesser black-backed gull, mallard and mute swan).

The species list and numbers of each bird species recorded within the survey area during the winter bird survey visits completed to date are presented in Table 3.3 which also highlights the conservation status of the species, i.e. whether they are locally or nationally important.

Common Name Scientific Name Conservation Status 24/11/15 16/12/15 28/01/16 19/02/16 Blackbird Turdus merula - 46 29 31 16 Black-headed Chroicocephalus ridibundus RSPB Amber. 13 27 5 2 gull Blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus - 7 12 11 12 Carrion crow Corvus corone - 2 4 2 3 Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs - 10 4 2 8 Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita - 1 2 - - Collared dove Streptopelia decaocto - 6 9 4 4 Common gull Larus canus RSPB Amber. 1 - 7 4 Coot Fulica atra - 14 9 6 9 Dunnock Prunella modularis RSPB Amber. Species 11 11 8 5 of Principal Importance. Goldcrest Regulus regulus - 6 3 2 - Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis - 12 37 6 13 Great spotted Dendrocopos major - 1 - - - woodpecker Great tit Parus major - 2 7 6 7 Green Picus viridis - 1 1 1 2 woodpecker Greenfinch Chloris chloris - 8 1 1 10 Herring gull Larus argentatus RSPB Red. Species of 2 - - 3 Principal Importance. House sparrow Passer domesticus RSPB Red. Species of 10 24 16 3 Principal Importance. Jay Garrulus glandarius - 2 - 1 1 Kestrel Falco tinnunculus RSPB Amber. 1 1 1 Lesser black- Larus fuscus RSPB Amber. - - 1 - backed gull Linnet Linaria cannabina RSPB Red. Species of - - - 2 Principal Importance. Long-tailed tit Aegithalos caudatus - 6 2 13 9 Magpie Pica pica - - 9 3 16 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos RSPB Amber. 11 10 6 16 Moorhen Gallinula chloropus - 9 5 5 6 Mute swan Cygnus olor RSPB Amber. 2 - - - Pochard Aythya ferina RSPB Red. - 2 7 14 Pied wagtail Motacilla alba - - - 1 7 Redwing Turdus iliacus RSPB Red. WCA1i. 25 - - - Robin Erithacus rubecula - 8 8 10 6 Table 3.3 (continues): Winter Bird Survey Data, Land South of Great Wakering, Essex

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Common Name Scientific Name Conservation Status 24/11/15 16/12/15 28/01/16 19/02/16 Siskin Spinus spinus - - - - 1 Song thrush Turdus philomelos RSPB Red. Species of Principal 7 3 4 5 Importance. Local BAP. Skylark Alauda arvensis RSPB Red. Species of Principal - - 1 1 Importance. Local BAP. Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus - 1 - - - Starling Sturnus vulgaris RSPB Red. Species of Principal 1 3 4 3 Importance. Tufted duck Aythya fuligula - 4 1 3 4 Woodpigeon Columba palumbus - 58 28 265 290 Wren Troglodytes - 8 11 6 6 troglodytes Key WCA 1i: Schedule 1 Part 1 of Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended). Birds protected by special penalties at all times. Species of Principal Importance: Species of principal importance for nature conservation in England. Local BAP: Species listed on the Essex Biodiversity Action Plan. RSPB Red: Species included on RSPB Red List of Conservation Concern (see below). RSPB Amber: Species included on RSPB Amber List of Conservation Concern (see below).

Notes for RSPB Red List Criteria Species that meet any of the following criteria are red listed: IUCN: Global Conservation Status. Species listed by Birdlife International as being Globally Threatened using IUCN criteria. HD: Historic Decline. A severe decline in the UK between 1800-1995,without substantial recent recovery. BDp: Breeding Population Decline. Severe decline in the UK breeding population size, of more than 50% over the last 25years (BDp1) or the entire period used for assessments since the first BoCC review, starting in 1969 (“longer term”) (BDp2). WDp: Non-breeding Population Decline. Severe decline in the UK non-breeding population size, of more than 50%, over 25 years (WDp1) or the longer term (WDp2). BDr: Breeding Range Decline. Severe decline in the UK range, of more than 50%, as measured by number of 10 km squares occupied by breeding birds, over 25 years (BDr1) or the longer term (BDr2).

Notes for RSPB Amber List Criteria Species that meet any of the following criteria, but none of the red listed criteria, are amber listed: SPEC: European Conservation Status. Categorised as a Species of European Conservation Concern (SPEC 1, 2 or 3). Hdrec: Historic Decline – Recovery. Red listed for Historical Decline in a previous review but with substantial recent recovery (more than doubled in the last 25 years). BDMp: Breeding population Decline. As for red list criteria BDp1 and BDp2 but with moderate decline (by more than 25% but less than 50%). WDMp: Non-breeding population Decline. As for red list criteria WDp1 and WDp2, but with moderate decline (by more than 25% but less than 50%). BDMr: Breeding Range Decline. As for red list criteria BDr1 and BDr2 but with moderate decline (by more than 25% but less than 50%). BR and WR rarity. UK breeding population of less than 300 pairs (BR), or non-breeding population of less than 900 individuals (WR). BL and WL Localisation. At least 50% of the UK breeding (BL) or non-breeding (WL) population found in 10 or fewer sites. BI and WI International Importance. At least 20% of the European breeding (BI) or non-breeding (WI) population found in the UK. Table 3.3 (cont.): Winter Bird Survey Data, Land South of Great Wakering, Essex

3.4 SURVEY CONSTRAINTS No survey constraints were noted.

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4. DISCUSSION

4.1 SUMMARY OF PROPOSALS The winter bird survey works are required as part of the baseline survey work to inform a planning application associated with the proposed development of the Great Wakering site.

The illustrative masterplan indicates that the site will primarily comprise residential housing, and that the Local Wildlife Site adjacent to the southern site boundary will be retained. The drainage plans indicate that drainage from the site will run into the ponds within the LWS to the south of the site, and that a balancing pond will be constructed to the south of the LWS.

The following discussions and proposals are based on Middlemarch Environmental Ltd.’s current understanding of the site proposals, as detailed on the Illustrative Masterplans (see Table 1.1). Detail of the likely construction methods is not known at this stage, and therefore a precautionary approach has been adopted when considering the potential for the works to impact wintering birds. The following discussion and recommendations should be reviewed and amended, where appropriate, once the site proposals are finalised.

4.2 SUMMARY OF DESKTOP STUDY FINDINGS AND PREVIOUS SURVEYS The desk study information obtained for a 2 km radius around the survey area contained records of four bird species of conservation concern, all of which related to the study area itself: Cetti’s warbler, house sparrow, starling and lapwing.

Whilst it is understood that no winter bird surveys have previously been undertaken at the site, an Extended Phase 1 Habitat Survey, undertaken by Middlemarch Environmental Ltd in July 2012, recorded a number of winter bird species, including linnet, house sparrow, dunnock, and green woodpecker. In addition, an Ecological Assessment of land adjacent to the proposed development site, undertaken by Ecology Solutions in April 2012, also recorded a number of winter bird species, including dunnock, mallard, Cetti’s warbler, house sparrow and linnet.

4.3 FIELD SURVEY FINDINGS AND EVALUATION The 2015/2016 winter bird surveys identified a total of 39 bird species across the survey area. Based on the results of the winter bird surveys, the survey area is considered to be of low importance to wintering birds overall, but relatively important for a number of species of conservation concern, including house sparrow, pochard, and starling. No species identified as qualifying species in the nearby Foulness Special Protected Area and Ramsar Site were recorded using the survey area, and it is not considered likely, due to the lack of suitable habitat, that any will do so. Other important wintering species recorded within the survey area included dunnock, linnet, skylark and song thrush.

Of particular note is the population of house sparrows observed using the survey area. A peak count of 24 individuals was recorded during the December survey situated along the linear scrub present in the northern arable field. The birds were observed commuting between this linear scrub habitat and adjacent residential gardens. It is considered that the northern arable field at the site offers potential feeding habitat for this species, although the residential gardens are likely to be of more value. Due to the amount of arable habitat in the wider area, the loss of arable habitat as a result of the proposed development is unlikely to have a significant impact on this species during winter.

Small numbers of starling were observed during the surveys at the northern boundary of the site, using the adjacent gardens for feeding and the bramble along the site boundary for refuge. Again, due to the amount of suitable habitat in the wider area, this species should not be adversely impacted as a result of the proposed development.

The ponds within Star Lane Pits LWS, situated to the south of the site, were found to support small numbers of mainly common wildfowl species. Of note was the small number of pochard wintering at the site, as this species is known to breed at the site and is a rare UK breeding species (approximately 500 UK breeding pairs). It is considered that the site is unlikely to support large numbers of wildfowl due to the small size of

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 11 Land South of Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-08-RevA Winter Bird Survey the ponds and their enclosed nature; being surrounded by scrub and thus reducing the ability of wildfowl to observe potential predators.

In addition to the aforementioned species, two linnets were observed within the survey area during the February survey, but not during any of the previous three surveys, and a single skylark was observed during both the January and February surveys. Both of these species are declining UK farmland species; however, due to the supply of arable habitat in the wider area, the proposed development will not detrimentally impact these species. Moderate numbers of song thrush and blackbird were observed within the survey area; the latter species most likely contained a number of continental wintering individuals. Both species were primarily associated with scrub habitat in the northern arable field and Star Lane Pits LWS. Large numbers of woodpigeon, including a peak count of 290 individuals during the February survey, were recorded using the large arable field in the south western corner of the survey area (outside of the site boundary). A number of gull species, including herring gull, were also observed feeding on the arable fields within the survey area.

Impacts During construction there will be a loss of arable habitat but it is understood that Star Lane Pits LWS, situated to the south of the proposed development site, will be retained. Drainage from the residential development to the north of the site will runoff into ponds within the LWS and could thus potentially impact breeding water birds, although any impacts are considered to be minimal. The loss of arable habitat and associated field margins will likely result in the displacement of a small number of farmland birds, such as linnet and skylark from the site. The gull species observed using the site were recorded in far greater numbers on the large open arable fields to the west of the site, and it is considered likely that the smaller, enclosed arable fields within the site are likely to provide only a minor proportion of the habitat available in the wider landscape for these species.

Overall, it is not considered that the proposed development will have a significant adverse impact on wintering bird species. In terms of mitigation, it would be beneficial to undertake management of the scrub habitat on site, particularly in Star Lane Pits LWS, to provide a diverse age structure and thus greater value habitat for a number of wintering bird species. Where possible, boundary features at the site should be retained. Recommendations in this regard are provided in Chapter 5.

Evaluation In terms of evaluating the site for its wintering bird significance, the following criteria have been taken into account:  The species richness of the bird assemblage of the site, i.e. how many different types of species the site supports.  The presence of species listed as being of Principal Importance in England, species on local and national Biodiversity Action Plans (BAPs) and Red or Amber listed Species of Conservation Concern.  The occurrence of significant concentrations of a bird species, particularly if these comprise a significant proportion (1% or more) of the national breeding population.

Table 4.1 presents a summary of the above criteria based on the current field survey data for the survey area:

Total Number of Wintering/Passage Species 39 Recorded 7 (dunnock, herring gull, house sparrow, linnet, song thrush, skylark and Wintering/Passage Species of starling). Principal Importance in England

Wintering/Passage Local BAP 2 (skylark and song thrush). Species Wintering/Passage RSPB Red 8 (herring gull, house sparrow, linnet, pochard, redwing, skylark, song thrush List Species and starling). Wintering/Passage RSPB Amber 7 (black-headed gull, common gull, dunnock, kestrel, lesser black-backed gull, List Species mallard and mute swan). Significant Concentrations of Low to moderate numbers of house sparrow, linnet, pochard and starling, but Wintering/Passage Species considered to be of minor significance. Table 4.1: Summary of Wintering Bird Evaluation Criteria, Land South of Great Wakering

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Overall, the survey area is considered to be of low value for its winter bird population in terms of the overall number of species and individuals, and the impact of the proposed development on the wintering bird assemblage at the survey area is considered to be minor. Although there are valuable habitats for wintering birds, such as the pond and scrub features within the Star Lane Pits LWS, these habitats are be retained, and the arable habitat that will be lost as part of the proposed development is well represented in the wider area. However, the site does support a number of important bird species, including house sparrow and pochard, and the site should be managed in a way that is not detrimental to the persistence of these species on site; a number of recommendations in this regard are given in Chapter 5.

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5. RECOMMENDATIONS

All recommendations provided in this section are based on Middlemarch Environmental Ltd’s current understanding of the site proposals, correct at the time the report was compiled. Should the proposals alter, the conclusions and recommendations made in the report should be reviewed to ensure that they remain appropriate.

R1 The scrub habitat within the Star Lane Pits LWS should be managed in order to provide a more diverse age structure, and thus a more valuable habitat resource for wintering bird species.

R2 Whilst the removal of some hedgerows is unavoidable, where possible, existing native hedgerows and boundary features should be retained and buffered to provide suitable habitat for winter bird species, including house sparrow and dunnock. The creation of native species rich hedgerows should be incorporated into the landscape design for the scheme where possible.

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6. DRAWINGS

Drawing C119852-08-01 RevA – Summary of Winter Bird Survey Findings

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 15 593400 593600 593800 594000

SI

SI SI 0 0 0 0 4 SI 4 7 7 8 8

1 A 1 A

SI 0 0 0 0 2 2 7 7 8 8 1 SI 1

0 I 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 8 8 1 1

A A

I 0 0 0 0 8 8 6 6 8 8 1 1

0 100 200 m

593400 593600 593800 594000

Project Legend Land South of High Street, Great Wakering Drawing Application boundary Building Winter Bird Survey Study area Dense scrub Client Taylor Wimpey C 1 Drawing Number Revision

Main habitat areas for wintering birds Hardstanding 1

C119852-08-01-RevA Rev A 9 Phase 1 habitats I Improved grassland Scale @ A4 Date 8 1:4,000 June 2016 5 &§ 2 Scattered broad-leaved tree Approved By Drawn By SI Neutral semi-improved grassland - TH RP 0 Scattered scrub 8

E Plantation broad-leaved woodland - 0

Poor semi-improved grassland 1 E Scattered ephemeral/short perennial SI - R

Standing water e

A Arable v

! ! A ! ! Tall ruderal ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Bare ground ! ! Triumph House, Birmingham Road, Allesley, Coventry CV5 9AZ ! ! ! ! ! ! T:01676 525880 F:01676 521400 ! ! E:[email protected]

This map is reproduced from the Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office. © Crown copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution of civil proceedings. $ Licence Number: 100040519 Land South of Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-08-RevA Winter Bird Survey

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bibby, C. J., Hill, D. A., Burgess, N. D. and Mustoe, S., (1992). Bird Census Techniques. Academic Press.

BTO Birdtrack. Available: http://www.bto.org/volunteer-surveys/birdtrack

Fuller, R.J. (1982). Bird Habitats in Britain. T & A D Poyser.

Gibbons, D.W, Reid, J. B & Chapman, R.A. (1993). The New Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland: 1988-1991. T & A.D. Poyser.

Gilbert et al (1998) ‘Bird Monitoring Methods’.

Joint Nature Conservation Committee (2012). UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework. Available: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UK_Post2010_Bio-Fwork.pdf

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2012). Extended Phase 1 Habitat Survey. Report RT-MME-111181-02.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015a). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Preliminary Ecological Assessment. Report RT-MME-119852-01.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015b). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Initial Badger Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-02.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015c). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Water Vole Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-03.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015d). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Invertebrate Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-04.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015e). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Reptile Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-05.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015f). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Great Crested Newt Habitat Assessment and eDNA Sampling. Report RT-MME-119852-06.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015g). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Breeding Bird Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-07.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015h). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Daytime Bat Survey and Nocturnal Emergence Survey. Report RT-MME-120478.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015i). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Preliminary Bat Roost Assessment. Report RT-MME-122103-01.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2016). Land South Of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Habitat Regulations Assessment: Stage 1 Screening Report. Report RT-MME-121553.

R.S.P.B. et al (2009). Birds of Conservation Concern 3 (2209). Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy.

UK Biodiversity Group (1998). Tranche 2 Action Plans. Volume 1 – Vertebrates and Vascular Plants. English Nature.

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LAND SOUTH OF HIGH STREET, GREAT WAKERING, ESSEX

GREAT CRESTED NEWT HABITAT SUITABILITY INDEX ASSESSMENT AND eDNA SAMPLING

A Report to: Taylor Wimpey

Report No: RT-MME-119852-06-RevA

Date: July 2016

Triumph House, Birmingham Road, Allesley, Coventry CV5 9AZ Tel: 01676 525880 Fax: 01676 521400 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.middlemarch-environmental.com Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-06-RevA Great Crested Newt Habitat Suitability Index Assessment and eDNA Sampling

REPORT VERIFICATION AND DECLARATION OF COMPLIANCE

This study has been undertaken in accordance with British Standard 42020:2013 “Biodiversity, Code of practice for planning and development”.

Report Date Completed by: Checked by: Approved by: Version Dr Katy Read CEnv Hannah Train Dr Philip Fermor MCIEEM MCIWEM Final 18/08/2015 (Ecological Project MCIEEM CEnv C.WEM DipSM Officer) (Managing Director) (Executive Director) Dr Katy Read CEnv Dr Tom Matthews Dr Philip Fermor MCIEEM MCIWEM Rev A 13/07/2016 (Senior Ecological MCIEEM CEnv C.WEM DipSM Consultant) (Managing Director) (Executive Director)

The information which we have prepared is true, and has been prepared and provided in accordance with the Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management’s Code of Professional Conduct. We confirm that the opinions expressed are our true and professional bona fide opinions.

DISCLAIMER

The contents of this report are the responsibility of Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. It should be noted that, whilst every effort is made to meet the client’s brief, no site investigation can ensure complete assessment or prediction of the natural environment.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd accepts no responsibility or liability for any use that is made of this document other than by the client for the purposes for which it was originally commissioned and prepared.

VALIDITY OF DATA

The findings of this study are valid for a period of two to four years, depending upon the nature of works proposed and the potential for these works to impact upon great crested newts. If works have not commenced within two years of this study, it may be necessary to undertake an updated survey to allow any changes in the status of great crested newts on site to be assessed, and to inform a review of the conclusions and recommendations made.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 1 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-06-RevA Great Crested Newt Habitat Suitability Index Assessment and eDNA Sampling

NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY

In June 2015, Middlemarch Environmental Ltd was commissioned by Taylor Wimpey to carry out a Great Crested Newt Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) Assessment and eDNA Analysis Survey at land south of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex. This information is required to inform a planning application associated with the redevelopment of the site for housing. The illustrative masterplan indicates that the site will mainly comprise residential housing, and that the Local Wildlife Site adjacent to the south of the site boundary will be retained. The drainage plans indicate that drainage from the site will run into the ponds within the LWS to the south of the site, and that a balancing pond will be constructed to the south of the LWS.

The ecological desk study exercise identified 16 records of great crested newts within a 2 km radius of the site, including one record on site. The most recent record was from 2012, 1680 m east of the site boundary.

A total of six ponds (Ponds P1 to P6) were assessed to determine their suitability to support great crested newts using the great crested newt HSI Assessment. Although the HSI Assessment is not suitable for ditches, all 13 ditches (Ditches D1 to D13) within a 500 m radius of the site were visually assessed for their suitability to support great crested newts.

Ponds P1 to P4, located within the Star Lane Pits Local Wildlife Site (LWS) to the south of the site boundary, underwent further assessment in the form of eDNA analysis, to determine whether great crested newts were present in these ponds.

The HSI survey of the ponds and habitat assessment of the ditches was undertaken on 17th June 2015 by Tim Hextell (Principal Technical Ecological Consultant). All ponds (P1 to P6) scored ‘Poor’, largely due to the presence of fish in Ponds P1 to P4, and the presence of water fowl in Pond P6. Pond P5 scored the lowest, as it was a dry arable pond, unsuitable for great crested newts. All of the ditches were dry and overgrown with vegetation and were not considered to provide suitable habitat for great crested newts.

The eDNA analysis results were negative for all four of the ponds assessed (Ponds P1 to P4), confirming that great crested newts are not present in these ponds within the LWS.

It is concluded that great crested newts are unlikely to be impacted by the proposed development. It is however, suggested that common and widespread amphibians may be present on site and so recommendations are provided as follows:

R1 If a great crested newt is discovered during any works at the site all works should cease immediately and Natural England and / or a great crested newt licensed ecologist should be contacted immediately to determine a way forward.

R2 If development works have not commenced within 24 months, this survey should be updated to assess if the habitat suitability and the presence of great crested newt has changed.

R3 Common amphibians should be taken into consideration during any management works. Should any common amphibians be discovered during construction works, they should be relocated to a safe location within Star Lane Pits LWS.

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CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 4

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ...... 4 1.2 DEVELOPMENT SITE DESCRIPTION AND CONTEXT ...... 4 1.3 SURVEY AREA AND JUSTIFICATION ...... 4 1.4 DOCUMENTATION PROVIDED ...... 5 2. METHODOLOGY ...... 6

2.1 DESK STUDY ...... 6 2.2 HABITAT SUITABILITY INDEX AND CONNECTIVITY ASSESSMENT ...... 6 2.3 GREAT CRESTED NEWT EDNA ANALYSIS ...... 6 3. DESK STUDY RESULTS ...... 7

3.1 BIOLOGICAL RECORDS ...... 7 3.2 PREVIOUS GREAT CRESTED NEWT SURVEYS ...... 7 4. RESULTS ...... 8

4.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 8 4.2 SURVEY CONSTRAINTS ...... 8 4.3 HABITAT SUITABILITY INDEX ASSESSMENT AND CONNECTIVITY ASSESSMENT ...... 8 4.4 GREAT CRESTED NEWT ENVIRONMENTAL DNA (EDNA) ANALYSIS RESULTS ...... 12 5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ...... 13

5.1 SUMMARY OF SITE PROPOSALS ...... 13 5.2 HABITAT SUITABILITY INDEX ASSESSMENT ...... 13 5.3 GREAT CRESTED NEWT EDNA ANALYSIS FINDINGS ...... 13 5.4 CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS ...... 13 6. RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 14 7. DRAWINGS ...... 15 8. PHOTOGRAPHS ...... 17 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 18 APPENDIX 1 ...... 19 APPENDIX 2 ...... 21

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 3 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-06-RevA Great Crested Newt Habitat Suitability Index Assessment and eDNA Sampling

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND In June 2015, Taylor Wimpey commissioned Middlemarch Environmental Ltd to undertake a survey for great crested newts Triturus cristatus at the site of a proposed development at land south of High Street in Great Wakering, Essex. This information is required to inform a planning application associated with the redevelopment of the site for housing. The illustrative masterplan indicates that the site will mainly comprise residential housing, and that the Local Wildlife Site adjacent to the south of the site boundary will be retained. The drainage plans indicate that drainage from the site will run into the ponds within the LWS to the south of the site, and that a balancing pond will be constructed to the south of the LWS.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd has previously carried out an Extended Phase 1 Habitat Survey and Initial Ecological Appraisal at this site in 2012 (Report number RT-MME-112349). In addition, Middlemarch Environmental Ltd has undertaken the following assessments:

 Preliminary Ecological Assessment, Report RT-MME-119852-01;  Initial Badger Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-02;  Water Vole Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-03;  Invertebrate Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-04;  Reptile Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-05;  Breeding Bird Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-07;  Wintering Bird Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-08;  Daytime Bat Survey, Report RT-MME-120478-01;  Preliminary Bat Roost Assessment, Report RT-MME-122103-01; and,  Habitat Regulations Assessment: Stage 1 Screening Report (Report RT-MME-121553).

Great crested newts are European protected species and they are capable of being material considerations in the planning process. A summary of the legislation protecting great crested newts is included within Appendix 1. This section also provides some brief information on the ecology of great crested newts.

1.2 DEVELOPMENT SITE DESCRIPTION AND CONTEXT The study area was a flat, roughly rectangular-shaped area of land measuring approximately 32 ha, located to the south west of Great Wakering, Essex, centred at National Grid Reference TQ 9374 8723. The studyarea was dominated by arable farmland consisting of large cereal fields delineated by a mixture of open boundaries, ditches and irregularly managed hedgerows. To the south of the site boundary (but within the study area) were several pools and ponds surrounded by dense scrub interspersed with some areas of short grassland possessing colonising scrub and tall ruderal vegetation. This section is designated as a Local Wildlife Site. Additional habitats recorded within the survey area included bare ground and buildings/structures.

The site is bordered to the north by residential properties situated off the High Street and Southend Road. To the west lies a former industrial estate, a small area of active works and Star Lane. Bordering the site to the east is a belt of dense scrub with residential properties to the south-east, and to the south of the site was the LWS and two arable fields that formed part of the study area (see Drawing C119852-06-01 RevA in Chapter 7).

1.3 SURVEY AREA AND JUSTIFICATION

Reference to Ordnance Survey mapped data indicates the potential presence of up to six ponds and 13 ditches within a 500 m radius of the study area.

All six ponds (Ponds P1 to P6) within a 500 m radius were subject to a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) assessment. Ponds P1 to P4, located within the LWS within the proposed development site boundary, were subject to eDNA analysis. The habitat was assessed along all the ditches (D1 to D13) within a 500 m radius of the survey area, to determine their suitability for great crested newts.

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The distances of all ponds within the survey area from the study area boundary (see Drawing C119852-06- 01 in Chapter 7), are provided in Table 1.1, along with the justification for inclusion or exclusion from the survey effort. The locations of these ponds and ditches in relation to the proposed development site are shown on Middlemarch Environmental Ltd Drawing C119852-06-01 RevA in Chapter 7.

Pond Distance from Study Subject to Survey Type and Justification Reference Area Boundary Survey? P1 Within the study area Yes HSI and eDNA analysis. Within the study area. P2 Within the study area Yes HSI and eDNA analysis. Within the study area. P3 Within the study area Yes HSI and eDNA analysis. Within the study area. P4 Within the study area Yes HSI and eDNA analysis. Within the study area. P5 110 m south Yes HSI only. Within 500 m but outside of study area boundary. P6 275 m west Yes HSI only. Within 500 m but outside of study area boundary. D1 Within the study area Yes Habitat assessment only. D2 Within the study area Yes Habitat assessment only. D3 90 m south Yes Habitat assessment only. D4 Adjacent to study area Yes Habitat assessment only. boundary D5 100 m south Yes Habitat assessment only. D6 300 m west Yes Habitat assessment only. D7 300 m west Yes Habitat assessment only. D8 320 m north Yes Habitat assessment only. D9 490 m north-east Yes Habitat assessment only. D10 480 m east Yes Habitat assessment only. D11 400 m east Yes Habitat assessment only. D12 460 m south-east Yes Habitat assessment only. D13 500 m south-east Yes Habitat assessment only. Table 1.1: Distance of Ponds and Ditches from the Study Area Boundary

1.4 DOCUMENTATION PROVIDED The conclusions and recommendations made in this report are based on information provided by the client regarding the scope of the project. Documentation made available by the client is listed in Table 1.2.

Document Name / Drawing Number Author Location Plan: 1571 / P / 10-01 CMYK (Planning & Design) Ltd Illustrative Site Layout: 1571 / P / 10-02 CMYK (Planning & Design) Ltd Drainage Strategy: ST-2488-17-E Stomor Civil Engineering Consultants Foul Drainage Strategy: ST-2488-23 Stomor Civil Engineering Consultants Landscape Masterplan: TWEL20425-10 ACD Environmental Landscape Proposals: TWEL20425-11 ACD Environmental Table 1.1: Documentation Provided by Client

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 5 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-06-RevA Great Crested Newt Habitat Suitability Index Assessment and eDNA Sampling

2. METHODOLOGY

2.1 DESK STUDY

As part of the Preliminary Ecological Assessment (Report RT-MME-119852-01) an ecological desk study was undertaken. The consultees for the desk study were:  Natural England - MAGIC website for statutory conservation sites;  Essex Ecology Services Ltd; and,  Essex Field Club.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd then assimilated and reviewed the desk study data provided by these organisations. Relevant great crested newt data are discussed in Chapter 3. In compliance with the terms and conditions relating to its commercial use, the full desk study data are not provided within this report.

2.2 HABITAT SUITABILITY INDEX AND CONNECTIVITY ASSESSMENT

All surveyed ponds were visually assessed for their suitability to support great crested newts by a suitably qualified ecologist. Ponds were assessed utilising the modified great crested newt Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) (Oldham et al, 2000). The HSI is a numerical index between 0 and 1, wherein a score of 1 represents optimal habitat for great crested newts. The HSI score is used to define the suitability of the pond on a categorical scale (Table 2.1). It should be noted, however, that the system is not precise enough to allow the conclusion that a pond with a high score will definitely support great crested newts whilst those with a low score will not.

HSI Score Pond Suitability < 0.5 Poor 0.5 – 0.59 Below average 0.6 – 0.69 Average 0.7 – 0.79 Good > 0.8 Excellent Table 2.1: Great Crested Newt HSI Scoring

The HSI is given by assigning a quantitative figure to each of 10 variables, including pond area, water quality and level of shading, which are all factors thought to affect great crested newts. The tenth root of the product of these variables is then calculated, giving a figure for habitat suitability. An assessment was also made of the habitat connectivity between ponds and the site, based on a review of habitat survey data (if available) and mapped sources.

Ditches were not assessed using the HSI methodology as this is not designed to be used for ditches or other watercourses. All ditches were, however, visually assessed for their suitability for use by great crested newts.

2.3 GREAT CRESTED NEWT EDNA ANALYSIS

In accordance with guidance approved by Natural England (Biggs et al. 2014), environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis was completed on Ponds P1 to P4.

Water samples were collected by a great crested newt licence holder with suitable experience and training. A total of 20 water samples were taken from around each pond margin. The samples were taken from at least 80% of the pond perimeter and target areas of egg laying habitat and open water which may be used for displaying. The samples were combined within a Whirl-Pak bag and 15 ml of the mixture was extracted using a pipette and added to a sterile tube containing 35 ml of ethanol. This was repeated a total of six times. The samples were sent to the Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA) for qPCR (quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction) testing to determine the presence/absence of great crested newts.

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3. DESK STUDY RESULTS

3.1 BIOLOGICAL RECORDS

As part of the Extended Phase 1 Habitat Survey completed by Middlemarch Environmental Ltd, a desk study for records of protected species was completed. Records of great crested newts identified during this study are summarised in Table 3.1.

Proximity of Date Grid Reference Additional Information Record Not specified TQ938873 On site - Not specified TQ946872 670 m east - 2005 TQ928861 800 m south-west - Potentially within a 1984 TQ9587 1 km radius* - Potentially within a 1984 TQ9487 1 km radius* - Potentially within a 1980 TQ9487 1 km radius* Direct observation of individual. 1983 TQ950870 1050 m east - 1997 TQ921882 1390 north-west Direct observation of individual. 1997 TQ921882 1390 north-west - 1997 TQ921882 1390 north-west - 2002 TQ954877 1500 m east Direct observation of individual. 2002 TQ954877 1500 m east - 2002 TQ954877 1500 m east - 1985 TQ954877 1500 m east - 1983 TQ954877 1500 m east Direct observation of individual. 2012 TQ956874 1680 m east - Key: *: Grid reference provided was four figures only. Table 3.1: Great Crested Newt Records Within 2 km of the Study Area Boundary

3.2 PREVIOUS GREAT CRESTED NEWT SURVEYS

No previous reports were provided to Middlemarch Environmental Ltd.

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4. RESULTS

4.1 INTRODUCTION The surveys were undertaken between 17th June 2015 and 30th June 2015 by:  Tim Hextall (Principal Technical Ecological Consultant and Natural England Great Crested Newt Class Licence holder); and,  Jemma Gaskin (Principal Technical Ecological Consultant and Natural England Great Crested Newt Class Licence holder).

Any constraints encountered during the surveys are detailed in Section 4.2.

Each pond was subject to a habitat assessment to determine its suitability to support great crested newts. The findings of this assessment, including the calculated HSI score for each pond surveyed, are provided in Section 4.3.

The results of the great crested newt eDNA analysis are detailed in Section 4.4.

4.2 SURVEY CONSTRAINTS No constraints were experienced during the survey.

4.3 HABITAT SUITABILITY INDEX ASSESSMENT AND CONNECTIVITY ASSESSMENT

Table 4.1 provides a brief description of each of the surveyed ponds, and assesses the presence or absence of habitat features favoured by great crested newts. Pond locations are shown on Middlemarch Environmental Ltd Drawing C119852-06-01 RevA in the Chapter 7. Photographs of surveyed ponds are provided in Chapter 8.

Ditches D1 to D13 were visually assessed for their suitability to support great crested newts. All the ditches were dry, heavily shaded due to dense bank-side vegetation with no aquatic vegetation present, and were deemed unsuitable for use by great crested newts. Descriptions are therefore not provided for the ditches in Table 4.1.

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Attribute Description Pond P1 Description A large, irregular shaped pond, which stretches across the northern region of Star Lane Pits LWS. Grid Reference TQ 9379 8727 Pond Area Approx. 15000 m2 Distance from Within study area boundary. Development Boundary Permanence Pond permanently present. Water Quality Moderate botanical diversity and invertebrate diversity. No pollution or odour present. Shade 100 % shading on south bank, 80 % shading on east, north and west banks, due to trees. Macrophytes Emergent species including typha and common reed. No floating vegetation present. Egg Laying No suitable egg laying habitat. Habitat Open Yes. Courtship Area Wildfowl No. Fish Yes. Known fishing pond, fishing platforms present. Surrounding Pond surrounded by dense scrub and trees. Terrestrial Habitat Photo Plate 8.1 Reference (see Chapter 8) Pond P2 Description A medium-sized, irregular shaped pond, located in close proximity to Pond P1, within the LWS. Grid Reference TQ 9375 8723 Pond Area 1000 m2 Distance from Within study area boundary. Development Boundary Permanence Pond permanently present. Water Quality Moderate botanical diversity and invertebrate diversity. No pollution or odour present. Shade 100 % shading on all banks due to trees. Macrophytes Emergent species including typha and common reed. No floating vegetation present. Egg Laying No suitable egg laying habitat. Habitat Open Yes. Courtship Area Wildfowl No. Fish Yes. Known fishing pond, fishing platforms present. Surrounding Pond surrounded by dense scrub and trees. Terrestrial Habitat Photo Plate 8.2 Reference (see Chapter 8) Table 4.1: Pond Description and Assessment of Habitat Features for Great Crested Newts (continues)

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Attribute Description Pond P3 Description A medium-sized, irregular shaped pond, situated within the eastern region of the LWS, and adjacent to the eastern development site boundary. Grid Reference TQ 9387 8720 Pond Area 9100 m2 Distance from Within study area boundary. Development Boundary Permanence Pond permanently present. Water Quality Good botanical diversity and moderate invertebrate diversity. No pollution or odour present. Shade Shading between 40 % and 100 % along banks. Macrophytes Emergent species including lesser bulrush and yellow flag iris. Water lilies present. Egg Laying No suitable egg laying habitat. Habitat Open Yes. Courtship Area Wildfowl Swans present. Fish Yes. Known fishing pond, fishing platforms present. Surrounding Pond surrounded by dense scrub and trees. Terrestrial Habitat Photo Plate 8.3 Reference (see Chapter 8) Pond P4 Description A long, narrow pond, which stretches across the southern region of the LWS and widens out at either end. Grid Reference TQ 9378 8713 Pond Area Approx. 8000 m2 Distance from Within study area boundary. Development Boundary Permanence Pond permanently present. Water Quality Good botanical diversity and moderate invertebrate diversity. No pollution or odour present. Shade Shading between 40 % and 100 % along banks. Macrophytes Emergent species including yellow flag iris, common reed, typha and hard rush. No floating vegetation present. Egg Laying No suitable egg laying habitat. Habitat Open Yes. Courtship Area Wildfowl No. Fish Yes. Known fishing pond, fishing platforms present. Surrounding Pond surrounded by dense scrub and trees. Terrestrial Habitat Photo Plate 8.4 Reference (see Chapter 8) Table 4.1 (continued): Pond Description and Assessment of Habitat Features for Great Crested Newts (continues)

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Attribute Description Pond P5 Description A small dry pond, dominated by sedges Carex sp. and rushes Juncus sp. Grid Reference TQ 9309 8721 Pond Area 140 m2 Distance from 275 m west Development Boundary Permanence Pond is dry. Water Quality No water present. Shade 20 % shading from scrub. Macrophytes Dominated by sedges Carex sp. and rushes Juncus sp. Egg Laying No suitable egg laying habitat. Habitat Open No open courtship area. Courtship Area Wildfowl No. Fish No. Surrounding Pond surrounded by scrub and tall ruderal vegetation. Terrestrial Habitat Photo Plate 8.5 Reference (see Chapter 8) Pond P6 Description A small duck pond, situated within a farm complex. Grid Reference TQ 9356 8672 Pond Area 130 m2 Distance from 110 m south Development Boundary Permanence Pond permanently present. Water Quality Poor. Shade 100 % shading along north and east banks from trees, no shading along south and west banks. Macrophytes No aquatic vegetation. Egg Laying No suitable egg laying habitat. Habitat Open Yes. Courtship Area Wildfowl Yes – duck pond. Fish No. Surrounding Pond surrounded by trees and shrubs. Terrestrial Habitat Photo Plate 8.6 Reference (see Chapter 8) Table 4.1 (continued): Pond Description and Assessment of Habitat Features for Great Crested Newts

The HSI score for each of the ponds assessed is detailed in Table 4.2.

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Pond HSI Category HSI Score Ref. SI 1 SI 2 SI 3 SI 4 SI 5 SI 6 SI 7 SI 8 SI 9 SI 10 0.49 P1 1 - 0.9 1 0.6 0.67 0.01 0.7 1 0.6 (Poor) 0.49 P2 1 0.95 0.9 1 0.3 0.67 0.01 0.7 1 0.6 (Poor) 0.46 P3 1 - 0.9 1 0.3 0.67 0.01 0.7 1 0.8 (Poor) 0.44 P4 1 - 0.9 1 0.2 0.67 0.01 0.7 1 0.8 (Poor) 0.17 P5 1 0.01 0.1 0.01 1 1 1 0.7 0.01 0.3 (Poor) 0.36 P6 1 0.2 0.9 0.67 0.3 0.01 0.67 0.7 0.67 0.3 (Poor) Key: SI 1 – Location SI 6 – Waterfowl SI 2 – Pond Area SI 7 – Fish SI 3 – Pond Drying SI 8 – Ponds Within 1km SI 4 – Water Quality SI 9 – Terrestrial Habitat SI 5 – Shade SI 10 – Macrophytes Table 4.2: Habitat Suitability Index of Ponds Within 500 m of Study Area

4.4 GREAT CRESTED NEWT ENVIRONMENTAL DNA (EDNA) ANALYSIS RESULTS A summary of the eDNA analysis results provided by FERA is given in Table 4.3.

Pond Ref. Fera Sample Ref. GCN Detection Inhibition Degradation P1 S15-081174 Negative No No P2 S15-081171 Negative No No P3 S15-081172 Negative No No P4 S15-081173 Negative No No Key: Negative – DNA from the species was not detected Inhibition/Degradation – In the case of negative samples the DNA extract is further tested for PCR inhibitors and degradation of the sample. A ‘no’ indicates the negative result for GCN detection is conclusive. Table 4.3: eDNA Analysis Results

The results indicate that eDNA for great crested newts was not detected in any of the four samples provided. These results provide confirmation that great crested newts are not present in any of the four ponds within the LWS (Ponds P1 to P4). The full report from FERA is provided in Appendix 2.

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5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

5.1 SUMMARY OF SITE PROPOSALS

The great crested newt surveys are required as part of the baseline survey work to inform a planning application associated with the proposed development of the Great Wakering site.

The illustrative masterplan indicates that the site will primarily comprise residential housing, and that the Local Wildlife Site adjacent to the southern site boundary will be retained. The drainage plans indicate that drainage from the site will run into the ponds within the LWS to the south of the site, and that a balancing pond will be constructed to the south of the LWS.

At the time of writing no detail regarding the construction phase of the development has been provided, therefore a precautionary approach has been adopted when assessing potential impacts. The following discussion and recommendations should be reviewed and amended, where appropriate, once the site proposals are finalised.

5.2 HABITAT SUITABILITY INDEX ASSESSMENT

The results of the HSI index assessment for all ponds surveyed are summarised in Table 5.1.

Pond Suitability for Great HSI Score Pond Reference Crested Newt < 0.5 Poor P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6 0.5 – 0.59 Below average - 0.6 – 0.69 Average - 0.7 – 0.79 Good - > 0.8 Excellent - Table 5.1: Pond Habitat Suitability Index Results

The HSI Assessment categorised all ponds as having ‘Poor’ habitat suitability for great crested newts. Ponds P1, P2, P3 and P4 are large fishing ponds situated within the Star Lane Pits LWS, which is located to the south of the development site. Pond P5, located 275 m west of the development boundary, was dry and was considered unsuitable to support great crested newts. Pond P6, located 110 m south of the study area was unsuitable for great crested newts, due to the moderate impact of water fowl.

5.3 GREAT CRESTED NEWT EDNA ANALYSIS FINDINGS

The eDNA analysis results were negative for all four ponds assessed (Ponds P1 to P4), indicating that great crested newts were not present in any of the surveyed ponds.

5.4 CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS

It is not considered that the development proposals outlined in Section 5.1 will impact upon the favourable conservation status of this species. The ponds surveyed were all considered to provide ‘poor’ potential to be used by great crested newts for breeding and eDNA tests confirmed the absence of great crested newts in the ponds tested.

A recommendation is made in Chapter 6 regarding other amphibian species that are likely to be present within the LWS and may be impacted by the development.

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6. RECOMMENDATIONS

All recommendations provided in this section are based on Middlemarch Environmental Ltd’s current understanding of the site proposals, correct at the time the report was compiled. Should the proposals alter, the conclusions and recommendations made in the report should be reviewed to ensure that they remain appropriate.

No great crested newts were identified within any of the ponds included within the study.

R1 If a great crested newt is discovered during any works at the site all works should cease immediately and Natural England and / or a great crested newt licensed ecologist should be contacted immediately to determine a way forward.

R2 If development works have not commenced within 24 months, this survey should be updated to assess if the habitat suitability and the presence of great crested newt has changed.

No further recommendations are made regarding this species.

R3 Common amphibians should be taken into consideration during any management works. Should any common amphibians be discovered during construction works, they should be relocated to a safe location within Star Lane Pits LWS.

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7. DRAWINGS

Drawing C119852-06-01 RevA – Pond Location Plan

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 15 593000 593500 594000 594500

0 D9 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 8 8 1 1

D8 0 0 0 0 5 5 7 7 8 8 1 1 D2

D7

P1

P3 P2 P5 D10 D6 P4 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 D1 7 8 8 1 1

D4 D11

D5

P6 D3 0 0 0 0 5 5 6 6 8 8 1 1 D12

D13

0 250 500 m

593000 593500 594000 594500

Project Legend Land South of High Street, Great Wakering Drawing Great Crested Newt Habitat Waterbody subject to HSI assessment and eDNA analysis: no great crested newt found Suitability Index Assessment and eDNA Sampling Waterbody subject to HSI assessment only: 'poor' habitat suitability for great crested newt Client Taylor Wimpey C 1 Drawing Number Revision

Watercourse unsuitable for great crested newt 1

C119852-06-01-RevA Rev A 9

500 m radius from site boundary Scale @ A4 Date 8 1:10,000 June 2016 5 2 Approved By Drawn By

Application boundary - HT RP 0 6

Study area - 0 1 - R e v A

Triumph House, Birmingham Road, Allesley, Coventry CV5 9AZ T:01676 525880 F:01676 521400 E:[email protected]

This map is reproduced from the Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office. © Crown copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution of civil proceedings. Licence Number: 100040519 Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, $ IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-06-RevA Great Crested Newt Habitat Suitability Index Assessment and eDNA Sampling

8. PHOTOGRAPHS

Plate 1: Pond P1 Plate 2: Pond P2

Plate 3: Pond P3 Plate 4: Pond P4

Plate 5: Pond P5 Plate 6: Pond P6

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REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

Countryside Rights of Way Act, 2000.

English Nature. (2001). Great Crested Newt Mitigation Guidelines. English Nature, Peterborough.

Essex Biodiversity Project (2012). The Essex Biodiversity Action Plan 2010 – 2020: A vision to protect and enhance the biodiversity of Essex [online]. Available: http://www.essexbiodiversity.org.uk/biodiversity- action-plan. Accessed March 2015.

Gent, A. and Gibson, S. (1998). Herptofauna Workers Manual, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough.

Joint Nature Conservation Committee (2012). UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework. Available: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UK_Post2010_Bio-Fwork.pdf

Langton, T., Beckett, C. and Foster, J. (2001). Great Crested Newt: Conservation Handbook. Froglife, Suffolk.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015a). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex: Preliminary Ecological Assessment. Report number RT-MME-119852-01.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015b). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Initial Badger Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-02.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015c). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Water Vole Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-03.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015d). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Invertebrate Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-04.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015e). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Reptile Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-05.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015f). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Breeding Bird Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-07.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015g). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Winter Bird Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-08.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015h). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Daytime Bat Survey and Nocturnal Emergence Survey. Report RT-MME-120478.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015i). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Preliminary Bat Roost Assessment. Report RT-MME-122103-01.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2016). Land South Of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Habitat Regulations Assessment: Stage 1 Screening Report. Report RT-MME-121553.

Oldham R. S., Keeble, J., Swan, M. J. S. and Jeffcote, M. (2000). ‘Evaluating the suitability of habitat for the Great Crested Newt (Triturus cristatus)’. Herptetological Journal 10 (4), 143-155.

The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010, as amended.

The Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981 (as amended).

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 18 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-06-RevA Great Crested Newt Habitat Suitability Index Assessment and eDNA Sampling

APPENDIX 1

LEGISLATION Great crested newts and the places they use for shelter or protection receive European protection under The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010 (Habitats Regulations 2010). They receive further legal protection under the Wildlife and Countryside Act (WCA) 1981, as amended. This protection means that great crested newts, and the places they use for shelter or protection, are capable of being a material consideration in the planning process.

Regulation 41 of the Habitats Regulations 2010, states that a person commits an offence if they:

 deliberately capture, injure or kill a great crested newt;  deliberately disturb great crested newt;  deliberately take or destroy eggs of a great crested newt; or  damage or destroy a great crested newt breeding site or resting place.

Disturbance of animals includes in particular any disturbance which is likely to impair their ability to survive, to breed or reproduce, or to rear or nurture their young, or in the case of animals of a hibernating or migratory species, to hibernate or migrate; or to affect significantly the local distribution or abundance of the species to which they belong.

It is an offence under the Habitats Regulations 2010 for any person to have in his possession or control, to transport, to sell or exchange or to offer for sale, any live or dead great crested newt, part of a great crested newt or anything derived from great crested newt, which has been unlawfully taken from the wild. This legislation applies to all life stages of great crested newt.

Whilst broadly similar to the above legislation, the WCA 1981 (as amended) differs in the following ways:

 Section 9(1) of the WCA makes it an offence to intentionally (rather than deliberately) kill, injure or take any protected species.  Section 9(4)(a) of the WCA makes it an offence to intentionally or recklessly* damage or destroy, or obstruct access to, any structure or place which a protected species uses for shelter or protection.  Section 9(4)(b) of the WCA makes it an offence to intentionally or recklessly* disturb any protected species while it is occupying a structure or place which it uses for shelter or protection.

*Reckless offences were added by the Countryside and Rights of Way (CRoW) Act 2000.

Great crested newts are listed as Species of Principal Importance on the UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework (2012), and as such are material considerations in the planning process. Great crested newts are listed on the Essex Biodiversity Action Plan.

ECOLOGY The great crested newt is the largest of the three newt species in the UK. Like all UK amphibians, they breed within ponds but great crested newts spend the majority of the year on land. Great crested newts prefer to breed in medium to large ponds without fish or significant numbers of waterfowl. Ponds which lack shade on the southern margins appeared to be favoured. Newts enter the ponds to breed in the spring, immediately after they come out of their winter dormancy. The females lay eggs individually on the leaves of aquatic vegetation, and these generally hatch within four weeks, although the exact timing is dependent on environmental conditions. The larvae then stay in the water until the metamorphosing into adult newts (when they lose their external gills) between August and October and are now able to leave the water. Great crested newts can live up to 14 years in the wild and spend most of their lives out of the ponds, foraging at night in areas of undisturbed habitat, favouring rough grassland, scrub and woodland areas. Newts may travel up to 1 km from a breeding pond, but most tend to travel no more than 250 m if the ponds are close to suitable terrestrial habitat. Great crested newts are predators from birth, taking a variety of live prey including aquatic invertebrates, frog tadpoles, slugs, earthworms, spiders and other land invertebrates. Great crested

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 19 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-06-RevA Great Crested Newt Habitat Suitability Index Assessment and eDNA Sampling newt hibernate during the winter months in underground crevices, such as gaps between tree roots, or under piles of logs, rubble etc.

Great crested newt populations have declined significantly in Britain, and continental Europe, since the 1940s as a result of habitat loss.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 20 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-06-RevA Great Crested Newt Habitat Suitability Index Assessment and eDNA Sampling

APPENDIX 2 eDNA assessment results from FERA

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 21

DNA ANALYSIS REPORT Commercial in Confidence

Customer: Middlemarch Environmental Ltd Address: Triumph House Birmingham Road Coventry CV5 9AZ

Contact: Lucy Grant Email: [email protected] Tel: 01676 525880

Report date: 21 July 2015

Order Number: GCN293

Samples: Pond Water

Analysis Requested: Detection of Great Crested Newt eDNA from pond water.

Thank you for submitting your samples for analysis with the Fera eDNA testing service. The details of the analysis are as follows:

Method: The method detects pond occupancy from great crested newts (GCN) using traces of DNA shed into the pond environment (eDNA). The detection of GCN eDNA is carried out using real time PCR to amplify part of the cytochrome 1 gene found in mitochondrial DNA. The method followed is detailed in Biggs J., et al , (2014). Analytical and methodological development for improved surveillance of the Great Crested Newt. Appendix 5. Technical advice note for field and laboratory sampling of great crested newt ( Triturus cristatus ) environmental DNA. Freshwater Habitats Trust, Oxford.

The limits of this method are as follows: 1) the results are based on analyses of the samples supplied by the client and as received by the laboratory, 2) any variation between the characteristics of this sample and a batch will depend on the sampling procedure used. 3) the method is qualitative and therefore the levels given in the score are for information only, they do not constitute the quantification of GCN DNA against a calibration curve, 4) a ‘not detected’ result does not exclude presence at levels below the limit of detection.

The results are defined as follows: Positive: DNA from the species was detected. eDNA Score: Number of positive replicates from a series of twelve. Negative: DNA from the species was not detected; in the case of negative samples the DNA extract is further tested for PCR inhibitors and degradation of the sample. Inconclusive: Controls indicate degradation or inhibition of the sample, therefore the lack of detection of GCN DNA is not conclusive evidence for determining the absence of the species in the sample provided.

Official – Commercial Page 1 of 2

This test report may not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of Fera. Fera hereby excludes all liability for any claim, loss, demands or damages of any kind whatsoever (whether such claims, loss, dema nds or damages were foreseeable, known or otherwise) arising out of or in connection with the preparation of any technical or scientific report , including without limitation, indirect or consequential loss or damage; loss of actual or anticipated profits (including loss of profits on contracts); loss of revenue; loss of business; loss of opportunity; loss of anticipated savings; loss of goodwill; loss of reputation; loss of damage to or corruption of data; loss of use of money or otherwise, and whether or not advised of the possibility of such claim, loss demand or damages and whether arising in tort (including negligence), contract or otherwise. This statement does not affect your statut ory rights. Nothing in this disclaimer excludes or limits Fera liability for: (a) death or personal injury caused by Fera’s neg ligence (or that of its employees, agents or directors); or (b) the tort of deceit; [or (c) any breach of the obligations implied by Sale of Goods Act 1979 or Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 (including those relating to the title, fitness for purpose and satisfactory quality of goods);] or (d) any liability which may not be limited or excluded by law (e) fraud or fraudulent misrepresentation. The parties agree that any matters are governed by English law and irrevocably submit to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts.

DNA ANALYSIS REPORT Commercial in Confidence

Results:

Customer Reference Fera Sample Ref. GCN Detection GCN Score Inhibition Degradation - S15-081171 Negative 0 No No - S15-081172 Negative 0 No No - S15-081173 Negative 0 No No - S15-081174 Negative 0 No No

The results indicate that eDNA for great crested newts was not detected in any of the four samples submitted. Analysis was conducted in the presence of the following controls: 1) Extraction blank, 2) appropriate positive and negative PCR controls for each of the TaqMan assays (GCN, Inhibition, and Degradation). All controls performed as expected.

This test procedure was developed using research funded by the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, and was performed under the conditions of licensing arrangements with Applied Biosystems and patent rights owned by F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd.

Issuing officer: Steven Bryce Tel: 01904 462 324 Email: [email protected]

Official – Commercial Page 2 of 2

This test report may not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of Fera. Fera hereby excludes all liability for any claim, loss, demands or damages of any kind whatsoever (whether such claims, loss, dema nds or damages were foreseeable, known or otherwise) arising out of or in connection with the preparation of any technical or scientific report , including without limitation, indirect or consequential loss or damage; loss of actual or anticipated profits (including loss of profits on contracts); loss of revenue; loss of business; loss of opportunity; loss of anticipated savings; loss of goodwill; loss of reputation; loss of damage to or corruption of data; loss of use of money or otherwise, and whether or not advised of the possibility of such claim, loss demand or damages and whether arising in tort (including negligence), contract or otherwise. This statement does not affect your statut ory rights. Nothing in this disclaimer excludes or limits Fera liability for: (a) death or personal injury caused by Fera’s neg ligence (or that of its employees, agents or directors); or (b) the tort of deceit; [or (c) any breach of the obligations implied by Sale of Goods Act 1979 or Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 (including those relating to the title, fitness for purpose and satisfactory quality of goods);] or (d) any liability which may not be limited or excluded by law (e) fraud or fraudulent misrepresentation. The parties agree that any matters are governed by English law and irrevocably submit to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts.

LAND SOUTH OF HIGH STREET, GREAT WAKERING, ESSEX

TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC INVERTEBRATE SURVEY

A Report to: Taylor Wimpey

Report No: RT-MME -119852-04-RevA

Date: July 2016

Triumph House, Birmingham Road, Allesley, Coventry CV5 9AZ Tel: 01676 525880 Fax: 01676 521400 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.middlemarch-environmental.com Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-04-RevA Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrate Survey

REPORT VERIFICATION AND DECLARATION OF COMPLIANCE

This study has been undertaken in accordance with British Standard 42020:2013 “Biodiversity, Code of practice for planning and development”.

Report Date Completed by: Checked by: Approved by: Version Dr Katy Read CEnv Richard Wright Dr Philip Fermor MCIEEM MCIWEM Interim 19/10/2015 (Terrestrial Invertebrate CEnv MCIEEM C.WEM DipSM Specialist) (Managing Director) (Executive Director) Richard Wright (Terrestrial Invertebrate Specialist) and Tom Docker MCIEEM Dr Philip Fermor Final 17/05/2016 Dr Katy Read CEnv (Ecological Impact CEnv MCIEEM MCIEEM MCIWEM Assessment Manager) (Managing Director) C.WEM DipSM (Executive Director) Richard Wright (Terrestrial Invertebrate Tom Docker MCIEEM Dr Philip Fermor Specialist) and Rev A 13/07/2016 (Ecological Impact CEnv MCIEEM Dr Tom Matthews Assessment Manager) (Managing Director) (Senior Ecological Consultant)

The information which we have prepared is true, and has been prepared and provided in accordance with the Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management’s Code of Professional Conduct. We confirm that the opinions expressed are our true and professional bona fide opinions.

DISCLAIMER

The contents of this report are the responsibility of Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. It should be noted that, whilst every effort is made to meet the client’s brief, no site investigation can ensure complete assessment or prediction of the natural environment.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd accepts no responsibility or liability for any use that is made of this document other than by the client for the purposes for which it was originally commissioned and prepared.

VALIDITY OF DATA

The findings of this study are valid for a period of 12 months from the date of survey. If works have not commenced by this date, an updated site visit should carried out by a suitably qualified ecologist to assess any changes in the habitats present on site, and to inform a review of the conclusions and recommendations made.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 1 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-04-RevA Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrate Survey

NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY

In June 2015, Middlemarch Environmental Ltd was commissioned by Taylor Wimpey to carry out an invertebrate survey at a proposed development site at Great Wakering, Essex. This information is required to inform a planning application associated with the redevelopment of the site for housing. The illustrative masterplan indicates that the site will mainly comprise residential housing, and that the Local Wildlife Site adjacent to the south of the site boundary will be retained. The drainage plans indicate that drainage from the site will run into the ponds within the LWS to the south of the site, and that a balancing pond will be constructed to the south of the LWS..

An ecological desk study was undertaken with records of invertebrates obtained from the Essex Recorders partnership and the Essex Field Club from within a 2 km radius around the study site. Of the species provided on the desk study, only one was recorded on site during the surveys.

Three days of field survey were undertaken between 28th June and 29th August 2015 as a result of which a total of 259 invertebrate species was recorded, four of which are considered of conservation concern. All of these species were associated with the open mosaic habitat in the west of the survey area, which was assessed as being of the most importance for invertebrates.

As the 2015 survey was commissioned rather late in the year and as such did not commence until 28th June 2015. Further survey was therefore undertaken on 3rd and 10th May 2016 in order to record additional species which may only been present earlier in the season. Aquatic invertebrates were also surveyed during the May 2016 survey visits.

The survey focused on the Star Lane Pits LWS area, as an assessment of the agricultural land to the north and south of the Star Lane Pits LWS concluded that this area was of little interest for terrestrial or aquatic invertebrates. While the majority of the Star Lane Pits LWS is unlikely to be significantly affected by the development, an area near the western edge may be impacted. The following recommendations are provided:

R1 The impact of the construction of an access road at the westernmost edge of the LWS should be kept to a minimum to minimise the loss of open mosaic habitat at this location.

R2 Any planting that takes place should not stray onto the open habitat in the western part of the LWS, nor should materials or other items be stored here.

R3 Although the open mosaic habitat may not look intrinsically attractive, it provides good habitat for many species and any attempts to “improve” it e.g. by planting trees or creating habitat such as wildflower meadows should not be considered.

R4 The open mosaic is largely kept open by rabbit activity and hence rabbits should not be controlled.

R5 The scrub and wooded areas are of little interest to terrestrial invertebrates and would benefit from being opened up, which could perhaps best be achieved along the existing paths.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 2 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-04-RevA Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrate Survey

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION...... 4 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ...... 4 1.2 SITE DESCRIPTION AND CONTEXT ...... 4 1.3 DOCUMENTATION PROVIDED ...... 4 1.4 LEGISLATION ...... 4 2. METHODOLOGY...... 6 2.1 DESK STUDY ...... 6 2.2 TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATE HABITAT ASSESSMENT ...... 6 2.3 TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATE SURVEY ...... 6 2.4 TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATE ASSESSMENT ...... 7 2.5 AQUATIC INVERTEBRATE SURVEY ...... 8 3. DESK STUDY RESULTS ...... 9 3.1 BIOLOGICAL RECORDS ...... 9 4. RESULTS ...... 10 4.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 10 4.2 SURVEY CONSTRAINTS ...... 10 4.3 INVERTEBRATE HABITAT ASSESSMENT ...... 10 4.4 INVERTEBRATE SURVEY RESULTS ...... 11 4.5 SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN ...... 11 4.5.1 Hymenoptera...... 11 4.5.2 Diptera ...... 12 4.5.3 Coleoptera...... 12 4.5.4 Arachnida ...... 13 4.6 AQUATIC INVERTEBRATE SURVEY ...... 13 4.7 ANALYSIS USING ISIS ...... 14 5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ...... 15 5.1 SUMMARY OF SITE PROPOSALS ...... 15 5.2 HABITATS AND SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS ...... 15 5.3 INVERTEBRATE SPECIES AND SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS ...... 15 6. RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 16 7. DRAWINGS ...... 17 8. PHOTOGRAPHS ...... 19 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 20 APPENDIX 1: FULL SPECIES LIST ...... 21

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 3 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-04-RevA Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrate Survey

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND In June 2015, Middlemarch Environmental Ltd was commissioned by Taylor Whimpey to carry out an invertebrate survey at a proposed development site at Great Wakering, Essex. This information is required to inform a planning application associated with the redevelopment of the site for housing. The illustrative masterplan indicates that the site will mainly comprise residential housing, and that the Local Wildlife Site adjacent to the south of the site boundary will be retained. The drainage plans indicate that drainage from the site will run into the ponds within the LWS to the south of the site, and that a balancing pond will be constructed to the south of the LWS.

Initial consultation with Taylor Wimpey resulted in the survey area for the proposed development being delineated to follow the original development site boundary. However, the site boundary subsequently changed, such that the current site boundary is now smaller (i.e. encompassed within) than the survey area. The difference between the survey area and the site boundary is highlighted on Drawing C119852-04-01 RevA in Chapter 7.

In addition, Middlemarch Environmental Ltd has undertaken the following assessments:  Preliminary Ecological Assessment, Report RT-MME-119852-01;  Initial Badger Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-02;  Water Vole Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-03;  Reptile Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-05;  Great Crested Newt Habitat Assessment and eDNA Sampling, Report RT-MME-119852-06;  Breeding Bird Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-07;  Wintering Bird Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-08;  Daytime Bat Survey, Report RT-MME-120478-01;  Preliminary Bat Roost Assessment, Report RT-MME-122103-01; and,  Habitat Regulations Assessment: Stage 1 Screening Report (Report RT-MME-121553).

1.2 SITE DESCRIPTION AND CONTEXT The surveyed area was a flat, roughly rectangular-shaped area of land measuring approximately 32 ha, located to the south west of Great Wakering, Essex, centred at National Grid Reference TQ 9374 8723. The survey area was dominated by arable farmland consisting of large cereal fields delineated by a mixture of open boundaries, ditches and irregularly managed hedgerows. To the south of the site boundary (but within the surveyed area) were several pools and ponds surrounded by dense scrub interspersed with some areas of short grassland possessing colonising scrub and tall ruderal vegetation. This section is designated as a Local Wildlife Site. Additional habitats recorded within the survey area included bare ground and buildings/structures.

The site is bordered to the north by residential properties situated off the High Street and Southend Road. To the west lies a former industrial estate, a small area of active works and Star Lane. Bordering the site to the east is a belt of dense scrub with residential properties to the south-east, and to the south of the site was the LWS and two arable fields that formed part of the survey area (see Drawing C119852-04-01 RevA in Chapter 7).

1.3 DOCUMENTATION PROVIDED The conclusions and recommendations made in this report are based on information provided by the client regarding the scope of the project. Documentation made available by the client is listed in Table 1.1.

Document Name / Drawing Number Author Location Plan: 1571 / P / 10-01 CMYK (Planning & Design) Ltd Illustrative Site Layout: 1571 / P / 10-02 CMYK (Planning & Design) Ltd Drainage Strategy: ST-2488-17-E Stomor Civil Engineering Consultants Foul Drainage Strategy: ST-2488-23 Stomor Civil Engineering Consultants Landscape Masterplan: TWEL20425-10 ACD Environmental Landscape Proposals: TWEL20425-11 ACD Environmental Table 1.1: Documentation Provided by Client

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 4 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-04-RevA Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrate Survey

1.4 LEGISLATION Several species of invertebrate have been afforded statutory protection under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended). A number of invertebrate species are listed as priority species on the United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP), Section 41 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act 2006 and the Essex Local Biodiversity Action Plan. Species of conservation concern have also been identified and listed in the British Red Data Book for Insects (Shirt, 1987) as well as in a number of reviews of scarce and threatened invertebrates, published by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) and listed in Section 2.3.4.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 5 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-04-RevA Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrate Survey

2. METHODOLOGY

2.1 DESK STUDY A desk study was undertaken to determine the presence of records of invertebrates within a 2 km radius of the site. The consultee for the desk study was Essex Ecology Services Ltd and Essex Field Club.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd then assimilated and reviewed the desk study data provided by these organisations. The data collected from these consultees are discussed in Chapter 3. In compliance with the terms and conditions relating to its commercial use, the full desk study data are not provided within this report.

2.2 TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATE HABITAT ASSESSMENT The survey area was divided into habitat areas, roughly corresponding to Phase 1 Habitat Types (JNCC, 1993), for the invertebrate habitat assessment. These areas were assessed for their value to invertebrates, within the context of the survey area and surrounding landscape and then assigned a value of low, medium or high value.

Areas shown as “semi-improved grassland” in the Phase 1 survey are better characterised for invertebrate interest as “open mosaic habitats on previously developed land” which is included as a UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) habitat but which is not available within the Phase 1 options. The area in the western half of the survey area is quite small, but clearly corresponds to the definition of the open mosaic habitat type.

2.3 TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATE SURVEY It should be noted that the surveyor was only contracted to survey the Star Lane Pits Local Wildlife Site (LWS), which is the area in the centre of Drawing C119852-04-01 RevA. Neither the area of former buildings to the west, nor the arable fields to the north and south of the survey area were surveyed. A brief visit was made to the arable fields, in particular to assess the field margins, but it was judged that there was highly unlikely to be any significant invertebrate interest. The remainder of this report therefore concerns only the Star Lane Pits LWS.

The terrestrial invertebrate survey was undertaken on the 29th June, 21st and 28th August 2015 and on 3rd and 9th May 2016 by Richard Wright (Specialist Invertebrate Surveyor). Table 2.1 details the weather conditions at the time of the survey.

Weather Condition Parameter 29-06-2015 21-08-2015 28-08-2015 03-05-2016 09-05-2016 Temperature 21 24 18 18 22 (ºC) Cloud (%) 40 10 50 80 29 Wind F3 F3 F4 F4 F2 (Beaufort) Precipitation No rain No rain No rain No rain No rain Table 2.1: Weather Conditions During Field Surveys

On each visit, the whole site was walked, while direct observation, sweeping and beating of vegetation was undertaken in all areas.

On 21st August, water (pan) traps were installed. These traps were emptied and removed on 28th August. A total of 40 water traps were put in place in 10 areas, consisting of coloured bowls (2 white, 1 yellow and 1 blue) of 14 cms diameter, filled with salt solution as preservative. These traps were all placed in the open habitats towards the west of the site where it was anticipated they would bring the best results. It was impossible to find suitable locations for such traps around the pools as the activity from fishermen and walkers was such that they would almost certainly have attracted attention and been disturbed.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 6 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-04-RevA Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrate Survey

During the 2015 visits the ground was very hard and it was not possible to use pitfall traps. On 3rd May 2016, a total of 30 pitfall traps, 6 lines of 5 traps, was put in place in the dry and sparsely vegetated ground. 30 water traps were also put in place, 6 lines each of 5 traps. These were emptied and removed on 9th May. However, 15 of the water traps and 12 of the pitfall traps had been disturbed or removed and contained no specimens. Nevertheless a good sample was obtained from the remaining traps.

2.4 TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATE ASSESSMENT Identified species of conservation concern were assigned a status. These statuses were taken from the most recently available publications, which are published by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and cover the following groups:  Coleoptera: Hyman & Parsons 1992, 1994; Telfer (2016  Diptera: Falk,1991a;  Hemiptera: Kirby, 1992;  Hymenoptera: Falk, 1991b;  Spiders: Harvey et al., 2002.

Most species of invertebrate were assigned statuses using a now outdated set of criteria and categories. The definitions and criteria for ascribing species to these scarcity/threat categories are detailed in Table 2.2. Species of conservation concern are assigned either Red Data Book (RDB) categories or Nationally Scarce categories depending on the level of threat.

Status Category Definition and Criteria Taxa in danger of extinction whose numbers have been reduced to a critical level or habitat has been reduced such that they are deemed to be in immediate danger of extinction. RDB1: Endangered Species known or believed to occur only as a single population within one 10 km square of the National Grid. Taxa believed likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if causal factors RDB2: Vulnerable continue to operate. Included are taxa of which most or all of the populations are declining. Taxa with small populations that are not at present Endangered or Vulnerable, but are at risk. RDB3: Rare Species which are estimated to exist in only 15 or fewer post 1970 10km squares of the National Grid. RDBK: Insufficiently Taxa suspected to fall within the Red Data Book categories but with too little information to Known allow confident assignment to any of the previous categories. Nationally Scarce: Taxa which do not fall within RDB categories but which are considered to be uncommon in Category A (Na) Great Britain. Species occurring in 30 or fewer 10km squares of the National Grid. Nationally Scarce: Taxa which do not fall within RDB categories but which are considered to be uncommon in Category B (Nb) Great Britain. Species occurring in between 31 – 100 10km squares of the National Grid. Table 2.2: Definitions and Criteria for Scarcity / Threat Categories for Invertebrates (Old)

However, many groups have been re-evaluated using the revised criteria of the IUCN. This process is ongoing so that many groups have still only been evaluated using the older criteria and categories. The definitions and criteria for ascribing species to these scarcity/threat categories are detailed in Table 2.3.

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Status Category Definition and Criteria CRITICALLY A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the ENDANGERED (CR) wild in the immediate future. A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critically Endangered but is facing a very high risk of ENDANGERED (EN) extinction in the wild in the near future, A taxon is Vulnerable when it is not Critically Endangered or Endangered but is facing a high VULNERABLE (VU) risk of extinction in the wild in the medium term future, A taxon is Lower Risk when it has been evaluated but does not satisfy the criteria for any of the categories Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable. Taxa included in the Lower Risk category can be separated into three sub-categories:

Conservation Dependent (cd). Taxa which are the focus of a continuing taxon-specific or habitat-specific conservation programme targeted towards the taxon in question, the LOWER RISK (LR) cessation of which would result in the taxon qualifying for one of the threatened categories above within a period of five years.

Near Threatened (nt). Taxa which do not qualify for Lower Risk (Conservation Dependent), but which are close to qualifying for Vulnerable.

Least Concern (lc). Taxa which do not qualify for Lower Risk (Conservation Dependent) or Lower Risk (Near Threatened). Table 2.3: Definitions and Criteria for Scarcity / Threat Categories for Invertebrates (New)

2.5 AQUATIC INVERTEBRATE SURVEY

Three main freshwater pools are present within the survey area. The largest (northern) is known as the Syndicate pool and the central one is known as the Match pool. The south pool appears to have no name and consists of a length of water which is continuous at high water levels but breaks into a series of pools when water is low. The Syndicate pool was not sampled because gates onto the area were locked. The Match pool and south pools were sampled at the margins with a standard pond net. The Match pool was sampled at six points, but the south pool was only accessible for sampling at three points. Each sample comprised one minute of netting in all of the habitats accessible from the bank, but with particular emphasis on the areas of emergent vegetation which is where the majority of invertebrates are generally found in pools with fish. Samples from each pool were combined and taken away for later analysis. As far as possible, invertebrates found were identified to species but in many cases this was not possible, for example all of the dragonfly nymphs were very immature and could only be identified to family level.

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3. DESK STUDY RESULTS

3.1 BIOLOGICAL RECORDS The following is a summary of invertebrate species records from within a 2 km radius of the survey area provided by Essex Field Club and Essex Ecology Services Ltd. It should be noted that the absence of records should not be taken as confirmation that a species is absent from the search area.

Butterflies Small Heath Coenonympha pamphilus, Wall Lasiommata megera

Moths Garden Tiger Arctia caja¸ Gypsy Moth Lymantria dispar, Ground Lackey Malacosoma castrensis, Merrifieldia baliodactylus, Oidaematophorus lithodactyla, Ovendenia lienigianus, Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla, Stenoptilia zophodactylus, Cinnabar Tyria jacobaeae.

Dragonflies (Odonata) Small Red-eyed Damselfly Erythromma viridulum, Ruddy Darter Sympetrum sanguineum, Scarce Emerald Damselfly Lestes dryas.

Bees Andrena florea, Andrena fulvago, Andrena pilipes sens. str., Andrena thoracica, Andrena tibialis, Andrena trimmerana, Bombus sylvarum, Coelioxys inermis, Dasypoda hirtipes, Hylaeus pectoralis, Hylaeus signatus, Lasioglossum malachurum, Lasioglossum puncticolle, Lasioglossum xanthopus, Megachile dorsalis, Melitta leporina, Melitta tricincta, Nomada fucata, Sphecodes crassus, Sphecodes longulus, Sphecodes reticulatus, Sphecodes spinulosus.

Wasps Ancistrocerus parietum, Nysson trimaculatus, Odynerus melanocephalus, Passaloecus clypealis, Philanthus triangulum, Priocnemis gracilis, Pseudospinolia neglecta, Smicromyrme rufipes.

Beetles (Coleoptera) Berosus fulvus, Dryops similaris, Melanotus punctolineatus, Paracymus aeneus, Sunius bicolor, Tanymecus palliates.

Flies (Diptera) Bombylius discolor, Bradysia pallipes, Ephydra riparia, Hylemya urbica, Leucopomyia silesiaca, Lipara lucens, Lispe loewi, Melieria picta, Neoascia interrupta, Nephrotoma guestfalica, Pelatachina tibialis, Prochyliza nigrimana, Rhamphomyia maculipennis, Rhaphium laticorne, Stratiomys longicornis, Stratiomys singularior.

Spiders (Araneae) Argenna subnigra, Argiope bruennichi, Enoplognatha mordax, Trachyzelotes pedestris, Zilla diodia, Zodarion italicum.

Only one of these species, the bee Dasypoda hirtipes was recorded on the survey.

Many of these species could potentially occur on the site. It should be noted that the survey, although spread over two years, did not cover the period mid-May to mid-June, which is the peak season for many species.

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4. RESULTS

4.1 INTRODUCTION The results of the invertebrate surveys are presented in Sections 4.2 to 4.5. Photographs taken during the field survey are presented in Chapter 8.

4.2 SURVEY CONSTRAINTS The survey is considered adequate for an initial assessment of the overall value of the site for invertebrates, but did not cover the period mid-May to mid-June. The aquatic invertebrate survey was constrained by the large size of the pools and the fact that only small areas near to the banks could be accessed, although it is considered that a fair representative sample was taken from two of the pools. The third pool could not be accessed because gates onto the pool were locked at the time of the survey visits.

4.3 INVERTEBRATE HABITAT ASSESSMENT The main survey area is mainly dominated by three habitats. On disturbed ground in the east of the site there are smaller areas of tall ruderal plants and large areas of bare ground mosaic with ephemeral vegetation. Secondary woodland and scrub is present across much of the survey area. Three fishing pools are present together with small seasonal pools within the centre of the survey area. Arable land is present to the north and south of the survey area.

Table 4.1 presents an assessment of the value of the habitats within the site to invertebrates.

Connectivity and Habitat Description Representation within Value to Invertebrates Local Surroundings A fairly large area around the A sparse ground flora and heavy Woodland and pools is dominated by rather Further similar habitat shading greatly reduce the value for scrub dense scrub and planted trees adjoins to the east invertebrates and it is considered to be of low importance. Patches of tall ruderal Low – the patches of tall ruderal vegetation are situated vegetation present are unlikely to Tall ruderal Probably widespread in throughout the survey area. offer habitat areas to support any vegetation small patches. These are generally limited in significant populations of any extent and in variety of species notable species. Medium – high. The species present The western part of the survey Habitat is isolated and provide food plants for some insects area is a typical mosaic of Open mosaic appears to be poorly and the bare areas provide potential sparsely vegetated ground with habitat represented within the nest sites for bees and wasps. All of taller vegetation and good vicinity. the scarce invert species were structural diversity. recorded in this habitat. Large fishing pools dominate Medium – high. Fish are generally a Several more pools are the eastern half of the survey negative factor but abundant Standing water present within a 2 km area. A good range of marginal marginal and aquatic vegetation radius vegetation is present. provides shelter for invertebrates. Table 4.1: Invertebrate Habitat Assessment - Summary Information

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4.4 INVERTEBRATE SURVEY RESULTS A total of 367 species of invertebrate was recorded on the survey. This total is considered adequate for a fair assessment of the site’s invertebrate value to be made. Table 4.2 provides a summary of the numbers of invertebrates recorded by group with the number of species of conservation concern in each group also highlighted.

Number of Species Species of Conservation Group English Name Recorded Concern Coleoptera Beetles 129 5 Diptera Flies 67 1 Hymenoptera Bees, wasps, ants and sawflies 51 4 Arachnida Spiders and harvestmen 42 1 Hemiptera True bugs and leafhoppers 46 - Lepidoptera Butterflies and moths 11 - Orthoptera Grasshoppers and crickets 5 - Odonata Dragonflies and damselflies 6 - Others - 8 - Total 367 11 Table 4.2: Invertebrates Recorded by Group

4.5 SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN This section provides information about the terrestrial invertebrate species of conservation concern which were recorded at Star Lane Pits LWS during the surveys and a discussion about their conservation status and habitat preferences.

The location of the different survey areas discussed in this section is shown on Drawing C119852-04-01 RevA in Chapter 7.

4.5.1 Hymenoptera Hour species of aculeate Hymenoptera were recorded which are of conservation concern. All were collected in water traps among the disturbed ground towards the very western edge of the site (see Plate 1, Chapter 8)

Hairy Legged Mining Bee Dasypoda hirtipes (Apidae)  Nationally Notable “B”  Essex RDB listed.  This species is still widespread around the coasts of the southern half of England and Wales, including Essex where it is mainly confined to the Thames Estuary.  One female collected, perhaps suggesting a small population.

Astata boops (Crabronidae) A solitary wasp.  No national designation. Widespread in much of southern England.  Essex RDB listed.  “It occurs mainly in sandy localities, such as inland heaths and coastal dunes. The wasp is usually confined to old heathland or acid grassland sites, and is very scarce in Essex, often confined to specific small habitat patches.” (Essex Field Club web site)  One female collected.

Priocnemis agilis (Pompilidae). A spider hunting wasp.  Nationally Notable “B”  Essex RDB listed  “There are very few records in Essex, although it has been found in numbers at some sites. It is typically encountered in dry, open, grassy situations such as sunny banks and south facing slopes.” (Essex Field Club web site)  Two males collected in water traps in 2015.

Blue Carpenter Bee Ceratina cyanea  Nationally Scarce

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 Essex RDB listed  A bee which was previously very rare but has recently become much more widespread in south-east England and locally common. Most Essex records are from the Thames Estuary area and around Colchester. This may be the first record for the Southend area.  One taken in a water trap in the dry part of the survey area.

4.5.2 Diptera Merzomyia westermanni (Tephritidae)  Nationally Scarce.  Essex RDB listed.  “The species is scarce, with nearly all Essex records in the south of the county. Nationally it has a strongly south-eastern distribution with almost all records south of a line between the Wash and Severn…It is a gallfly, whose larvae form a gall in the flower head of Ragwort Senecio, especially Hoary Ragwort S. erucifolius.” (Essex Field Club web site).  Two specimens swept from open ground towards the west of the survey area.

In the Local Wildlife Site description this site is noted as being the only recent site in Essex for the Spotted Bee Fly Bombylius discolor. A detailed search was made for this fly on both visits in May 2016 but it was not found. This should not be taken to mean that it is absent as it is a species which is known to vary in numbers greatly from year to year.

4.5.3 Coleoptera There are no accounts of beetles on the Essex Field Club site, apart from a list of those included in the RDB.

Platynaspis luteorubra (Coccinellidae)  Nationally Scarce “A”.  Essex RDB listed.  A small member of the ladybird family which is associated with ants on sparsely vegetated dry ground, mainly in south-east England. The atlas of ladybirds (Roy et al., 2011) shows post 1990 records from only three 10 km squares in Essex.  Two specimens in pitfall traps in the dry area of the survey area in May 2016.

Longitarsus dorsalis (Chrysomelidae)  Essex RDB listed.  This flea beetle, associated with ragwort, is included here as it is still on the Essex RDB list. However, it is now known to be widespread and locally abundant across much of England and its nationally scarce status has recently been removed (Hubble, 2014). Its status in Essex should therefore also be reviewed.  Extremely abundant in the drier areas of the survey area where ragwort was present.

Ground Ivy Jewel Beetle Trachys scrobiculatus (Buprestidae)  Nationally Scarce.  Not Essex RDB listed.  A small jewel beetle associated with Ground-Ivy Glechoma hederacea usually growing in open situations. Quite widespread but very localised in the southern half of England.  This species is not included on the Essex Red Data List. However, the NBN Gateway shows no records for the species in Essex. In 2015, the author of this report recorded this species at a site in the county near Waltham Abbey and suggested it might represent the first record for the county.  A single specimen was swept from open dry ground with abundant Ground-Ivy.

Bombardier beetle Brachinus crepitans (Carabidae)  Nationally Scarce.  Essex RDB listed.  The NBN Gateway shows only a few records of this ground beetle in Essex. It is very typical of open mosaic habitats and although it has a limited national distribution it can be abundant at some post- industrial sites in the Thames Estuary area.  A single specimen collected in a pitfall trap in the open ground in May 2016.

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Orthochaetes setiger (Curculionidae)  Nationally Scarce.  Essex RDB listed.  A small weevil found on open short sward dry ground. Essex Field Club notes “Old records for the Southend area”. This species is now known to be more widespread than previously thought, being cryptic and easily overlooked. It may lose its status in a review of the group currently in progress.  One specimen in a pitfall trap in the dry area of the survey area.

4.5.4 Arachnida Zodarion italicum (Zodariidae)  Nationally Scarce.  Essex RDB listed.  “The centre of distribution in Britain is the East Thames Corridor in south Essex and north Kent. The species is recorded from only 16 ten-kilometre squares in Britain, and many of its habitats are threatened by development. It is currently assigned Scarce A status in a national status review in preparation. The spider is strongly associated with dry, warm, sunny open habitats containing a proportion of bare ground. The spider makes an igloo-like retreat and feeds on ants such as the common black ant Lasius niger.” (Essex Field Club web site).  Very abundant in the open areas of the survey area; the most common spider in the pitfall traps.

4.6 AQUATIC INVERTEBRATE SURVEY On 9th May 2016 samples were taken from the margins of two of the three main pools on the site using a standard pond net. The third, and largest, pool (the Syndicate Pool) could not be accessed owing to the gates being locked and no key available. The pools sampled were the one on the southern margin of the LWS and the one on the eastern side (Match Pool). It should be noted that the southern pool is shown as two pools on the plan, but these are in fact connected when water levels are reasonably high. Only very small areas of the banks could be accessed for sampling, but these areas included good quantities of emergent and submerged vegetation and fair samples could be taken.

A noticeable feature of both pools was the apparent high productivity with large numbers of invertebrates present. In addition to those used in the following analysis, small crustacea (Cladocera and Copeopoda) and water mites (Hydracarina) were very abundant. This high productivity no doubt explains the large number and size of fish present. Observation of the Syndicate Pool in 2015 indicated that it was very similar to the Match Pool and it is highly likely to have a similar invertebrate fauna.

Data were analysed using the BMWP (Biological Monitoring Working Party) scores. This is a commonly used method to assess water quality without identifying invertebrates beyond family level. Each macroinvertebrate family recorded is allocated a score from 1 to 10 according to its water quality requirements, 10 for those requiring the highest quality, 1 for those found in even the poorest waters. These scores are added to give a total BMWP score. This is also divided by the number of scoring taxa to give an Average Score Per Taxon (ASPT). The higher these are, the better the water quality.

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Order Family Score South Pool Match Pool Mollusca Lymnaeidae 3 3 3 Planorbidae 3 3 Crustacea Asellidae 2 2 2 Gammaridae 6 6 Odonata Coenagriidae 6 6 6 Libellulidae 8 8 Ephemeroptera Baetidae 4 4 4 Trichoptera Limnephilidae 7 7 Heteroptera Corixidae 5 5 5 Hydrometridae 5 5 Notonectidae 5 5 5 Pleidae 5 5 Coleoptera Dytiscidae 5 5 5 Haliplidae 5 5 Hydrophilidae 5 5 5 Diptera Chironomidae 2 2 2 BMWP score 47 66 Number of scoring taxa 11 14 ASPT 4.3 4.7 Table 4.6. BMWP and ASPT scores for Two Pools Surveyed

The BMWP scores of 47 and 66, with ASPT scores of 4.3 and 4.7 respectively indicate good water quality. The Match pool higher score probably reflects the fact that much of the South pool is heavily shaded.

4.7 ANALYSIS USING ISIS ISIS is an Excel based application developed by Natural England to identify invertebrate assemblage types and scores each assemblage type according to its conservation value. ISIS is based on a definition of an assemblage as a suite of species occurring in the same piece of homogenous habitat. Two levels of assemblage type are recognised by ISIS:

. Broad Assemblage Types (BATs): These are characterised by species that are more widespread; . Specific Assemblage Types (SATs): These are characterised by stenotopic species that are habitat specialists and considered to have intrinsic conservation value and are generally found on sites with conservation interest.

SATs are more narrowly defined in terms of habitat type than BATs and each SAT is nested within a parent BAT. Assemblage types are linked to species by a coding system that carries information on the closeness of their relationship. BATs are identified by a two digit code and SATs by a four digit code.

An assessment of the value of the invertebrate assemblages present within a site is then undertaken using the results generated and the species information provided by ISIS.

The species list from the site was fed into ISIS and the following results were obtained.

 The site was found to be in Favourable condition for one SAT, F002 rich flower resource, reflecting the number of bee species present.

 The largest number of species, 134, was allocated to BAT F2 grassland and scrub matrix. The majority of these are common and widespread species found in the wider countryside e.g. along road verges and hedgerows and are of little significance for conservation.

 69 species were allocated to BAT F1 unshaded early successional mosaic. This included all of the species of conservation concern discussed above. This BAT did not reach favourable status, but nevertheless is a good number of species considering the total area of this habitat is very small.

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5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

5.1 SUMMARY OF SITE PROPOSALS The invertebrate survey works are required as part of the baseline survey work to inform a planning application associated with the proposed development of the Great Wakering site.

The illustrative masterplan indicates that the site will primarily comprise residential housing, and that the Local Wildlife Site adjacent to the southern site boundary will be retained. The drainage plans indicate that drainage from the site will run into the ponds within the LWS to the south of the site, and that a balancing pond will be constructed to the south of the LWS.

The following discussions and proposals are based on Middlemarch Environmental Ltd.’s current understanding of the site proposals, as detailed on the Illustrative Masterplans (see Table 1.1). Full details of proposed works are unknown at this stage and therefore a precautionary approach has been adopted when discussing the potential for impacting invertebrates. The following discussion and recommendations should be reviewed and amended, where appropriate, once the site proposals are finalised.

5.2 HABITATS AND SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS It is understood that Star Lane Pits LWS will largely be unaffected by the development.

The areas most likely to be impacted are the unshaded early successional mosaic habitats, since these have developed on disturbed ground adjoining the proposed development area to the east. Although these areas look physically unimpressive, all of the scarce species recorded on the survey were found here, particularly on the hilly area immediately east of the survey area. The Extended Phase 1 Habitat Survey & Initial Ecological Appraisal (Middlemarch Environmental Ltd (2012)) notes that “to facilitate the provision of a new access road linking the northern section of the site to Star Lane, it will be necessary to impact a narrow band of habitat on the westernmost edge of the Star Lane Pits LWS.” As this westernmost edge area includes some of the best open habitat, this impact should be kept as small as possible.

The woodland and scrub areas were of little interest and it is assumed that the works will not affect these significantly.

It is understood that there is a proposal to connect the hydrology of the pools to create an overflow system, with the linking channel at the top water level. There appears to be very little significant difference between the invertebrate fauna of the pools and as such these proposals are unlikely to have any negative impact. Large areas of the South Pool are heavily shaded and would benefit from clearance of shading marginal scrub and trees.

5.3 INVERTEBRATE SPECIES AND SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS While the Star Lane Pits LWS site cannot be considered outstanding for invertebrates, nevertheless it does include a good number of species, including ten of conservation concern. Considering the very small size of the Star Lane Pits LWS site this is considerable. The most important habitat present is the area of open mosaic on the western side of the LWS site, this is where all of the eleven scarce species recorded were found. The only likely adverse impact of the scheme proposals on invertebrates would therefore be if substantial areas near the western edge of the LWS were to be affected. This area appears to be largely managed by rabbit activity and possible decline in rabbit numbers associated with adjoining development might possibly also have a negative impact.

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6. RECOMMENDATIONS All recommendations provided in this section are based on Middlemarch Environmental Ltd’s current understanding of the site proposals, correct at the time the report was compiled. Should the proposals alter, the conclusions and recommendations made in the report should be reviewed to ensure that they remain appropriate.

R1 The impact of the construction of an access road at the westernmost edge of the LWS should be kept to a minimum to minimise the loss of open mosaic habitat at this location.

R2 Any planting that takes place should not stray onto the open habitat in the western part of the LWS, nor should materials or other items be stored here.

R3 Although the open mosaic habitat may not look intrinsically attractive, it provides good habitat for many species and any attempts to “improve” it e.g. by planting trees or creating habitat such as wildflower meadows should not be considered.

R4 The open mosaic is largely kept open by rabbit activity and hence rabbits should not be controlled.

R5 The scrub and wooded areas are of little interest to terrestrial invertebrates and would benefit from being opened up, which could perhaps best be achieved along the existing paths.

No particular recommendations are made for the pools where it presently appears that the level of fishing activity is perfectly compatible with both the aquatic and marginal invertebrate fauna.

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7. DRAWINGS

Drawing C119452-04-01 RevA – Invertebrate Survey

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 17 593400 593600 593800 594000

SI

SI SI EE E

EE&§&§ &§&§ &§ E E EE E &§ E &§ 0 0 0 0 4 SI 4 7 &§ 7 8 8

1 A 1 &§E A E &§ EE &§ E &§ E EE

E E E E E E EE EE SI EE E 0 0

0 EE 0 2 2

7 E 7

8 E 8 1 EE SI 1 E E E E EE

E E

EE

0 I 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 8 8 1 E 1 E A A E E

E E

E I E E 0 0 0 0 8 8 6 6 8 8 1 1

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593400 593600 593800 594000

Project Legend Land South of High Street, Great Wakering Drawing Study area Dense scrub Invertebrate Survey Area Application boundary Hardstanding Client Taylor Wimpey C 1 &§ Drawing Number Revision Scattered broad-leaved tree I Improved grassland 1

C119852-04-01-RevA Rev A 9 Scattered scrub SI Neutral semi-improved grassland Scale @ A4 Date 8

E 5 1:4,000 June 2016 2 Approved By Drawn By

Plantation broad-leaved woodland - E Scattered ephemeral/short perennial TH RP 0 4

SI Poor semi-improved grassland - A Arable 0

! ! 1 ! ! ! ! ! ! Standing water ! ! - ! ! Bare ground R ! ! ! ! ! ! e ! ! Tall ruderal Building v A

Triumph House, Birmingham Road, Allesley, Coventry CV5 9AZ T:01676 525880 F:01676 521400 E:[email protected]

This map is reproduced from the Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office. © Crown copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution of civil proceedings. $ Licence Number: 100040519 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-04-RevA Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrate Survey

8. PHOTOGRAPHS

Plate 1: Mosaic habitat on west edge of survey area Plate 2: Open mosaic habitat

Plate 3: More open mosaic habitat Plate 4: Vertical face at end of pool with numerous nests of bees including Anthophora plumipes

Plate 5 : Match Pool, with marginal vegetation Plate 6 : Further view of Match Pool

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REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alexander, K.N.A.A. 2014. A review of the scarce and threatened beetles of Great Britain. Buprestidae, Cantharidae, Cleridae, Dasytidae, Drilidae, Lampyridae, Lycidae, Lymexylidae, Malachiidae, Phloiophilidae and Trogossitidae. Species Status No.16. Natural England.

Falk, S. (1991b). ‘A review of the scarce and threatened bees, wasps and ants of Great Britain’. Research and Survey in Nature Conservation. No.35. JNCC, Peterborough.

Hubble, D.S. 2014. A review of the scarce and threatened beetles of Great Britain The leaf beetles and their allies Chrysomelidae, Megalopodidae and Orsodacnidae. Species Status No.19. Natural England Commissioned Report NECR 161.

Joint Nature Conservation Committee (2012). UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework. Available: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UK_Post2010_Bio-Fwork.pdf.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015a). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex: Preliminary Ecological Assessment. Report number RT-MME-119852-01.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015b). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Initial Badger Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-02.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015c). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Water Vole Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-03.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015d). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Reptile Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-05.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015e). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Great Crested Newt Habitat Assessment and eDNA Sampling. Report RT-MME-119852-06.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015f). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Breeding Bird Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-07.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015g). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Winter Bird Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-08.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015h). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Daytime Bat Survey and Nocturnal Emergence Survey. Report RT-MME-120478.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015i). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Preliminary Bat Roost Assessment. Report RT-MME-122103-01.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2016). Land South Of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Habitat Regulations Assessment: Stage 1 Screening Report. Report RT-MME-121553.

Roy, H.E., Brown, P.M.J., Frost, R. & Poland, R.L. 2011. The Ladybird (Coccinellidae) of Britain and Ireland. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology.

The Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act 2006.

The Wildlife & Countryside Act (WCA) 1981, as amended.

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APPENDIX 1 FULL SPECIES LIST * = species of conservation concern

Order Family Species English name Isopoda Armadillidae Armadillidium vulgare Common Pill Woodlouse woodlice Asellidae Asellus aquaticus

Oniscidae Oniscus asellus Common Shiny Woodlouse

Philosciidae Philoscia muscorum Common Striped Woodlouse

Porcellionidae Porcellio scaber Common Rough Woodlouse

Diplopoda Julidae Ophyiulus pilosus millipedes Tachypodoiulus niger

Polydesmidae Polydesmus angustus

Insecta

Odonata Aeshnidae Anax imperator Emperor Dragonfly dragonflies & damselflies Orthetrum cancellatum Black-tailed Skimmer

Coenagriidae Coenagrion puella Azure Damselfly

Enallagma cyathigerum Common Blue Damselfly

Ischnura elegans Blue-tailed Damselfly

Libellulidae Sympetrum striolatum Common Darter

Orthoptera Acrididae Chorthippus brunneus Common Field Grasshopper grasshoppers and crickets Chorthippus parallelus Meadow Grasshopper

Phaneropteridae Leptophyes punctatissima Speckled Bush Cricket

Tetrigidae Tetrix undulata Common Ground Hopper

Tettigoniidae Metrioptera roeselii Roesel's Bush Cricket

Dermaptera Forficulidae Forficula auricularia Common Earwig Heteroptera Anthocoridae Anthocoris nemorum true bugs Orius niger

Coreidae Coreus marginatus Dock Bug

Corixidae Callicorixa praeusta

Cymatia coleoptrata

Sigara dorsalis

Hydrometridae Hydrometra stagnorum Water Measurer

Lygaediae Chilacis typhae

Cymus melanocephalus

Heterogaster urticae

Ischnodemus sabuleti European Cinchbug

Nysius ericae

Scolopostethus affinis

Scolopostethus thomsoni

Miridae Adelphocoris lineolatus

Capsus ater

Chlamydatus pullus

Closterotomus norwegicus

Table A1.1 (continued): Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrate Species List, Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, 2015-2016 (continues)

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Order Family Species English name Deraeocoris ruber

Dicyphus epilobii

Grypocoris stysi

Heterotoma planicornis

Leptopterna dolabrata

Liocoris tripustulatus

Lopus decolor

Megaloceroea recticornis

Notostira elongata

Phytocoris varipes

Plagiognathus arbustorum

Plagiognathus chrysanthemi

Stenodema calcarata

Stenodema laevigata

Stenotus binotatus

Nabidae Himacerus major Grey Damsel Bug

Nabis limbatus Marsh Damsel Bug

Nabis rugosus Common Damsel Bug

Notonectidae Notonecta glauca

Pentatomidae Aelia acuminata Bishop's Mitre

Dolycoris baccarum Hairy Shieldbug

Eysarcoris venustissimus Woundwort Shieldbug

Palomena prasina Common Green Shieldbug

Podops inuncta Turtle Shieldbug

Pleidae Plea minutissima

Auchenorrhyncha Aphrophoridae Aphrophora alni leafhoppers Neophilaenus lineatus

Philaenus spumarius Common Froghopper

Lepidoptera Hesperiidae Thymelicus lineola/sylvestris Small/Essex Skipper butterflies Lycaenidae Lycaena phlaeas Small Copper Nymphalidae Aglais urticae Small Tortoiseshell

Inachis io Peacock

Polygonia c-album Comma

Pieridae Pieris brassicae Large White

Pieris napi Green-veined White

Pieris rapae Small White

Satyridae Maniola jurtina Meadow Brown

Pararge aegeria Speckled Wood

Pyronia tithonus Gatekeeper

Coleoptera Apionidae Ceratapion onopordi beetles Eutrichapion ervi

Eutrichapion viciae

Holotrichapion aethiops

Protapion apricans

Table A1.1 (continued): Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrate Species List, Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, 2015-2016 (continues)

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 22 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-04-RevA Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrate Survey

Order Family Species English name Taeniapion urticarium

Buprestidae Trachys scrobiculatus* Ground-ivy Jewel Beetle

Byrrhidae Chaetophora spinosa Byturidae Byturus tomentosus

Cantharidae Rhagonycha fulva Rhagonycha limbata

Carabidae Amara aenea

Amara familiaris

Amara ovata

Anchomenus dorsalis

Asaphidion curtum

Badister bullatus

Bembidion illigeri Bembidion lampros

Bembidion obtusum

Bembidion properans

Brachinus crepitans*

Calathus fuscipes

Curtonotus aulicus

Demetrias atricapillus

Harpalus affinis

Harpalus rubripes

Harpalus rufipes

Microlestes maurus

Nebria brevicollis

Nebria salina

Notiophilus biguttatus

Notiophilus substriatus

Paradromius linearis

Poecilus cupreus

Pterostichus madidus

Pterostichus melanarius

Syntomus foveatus

Trechus quadristriatus

Cerambycidae Pogonocherus hispidus

Chrysomelidae Altica lythri

Aphthona euphorbiae

Bruchus rufimanus

Cassida rubiginosa Thistle Tortoise Beetle

Cassida vibex

Chaetocnema concinna Chaetocnema hortensis

Crepidodera aurata

Crepidodera fulvicornis

Table A1.1 (continued): Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrate Species List, Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, 2015-2016 (continues)

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 23 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-04-RevA Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrate Survey

Order Family Species English name Crepidodera plutus

Cryptocephalus fulvus

Lochmaea crataegi

Longitarsus dorsalis*

Longitarsus flavicornis

Longitarsus pratensis Longitarsus suturellus

Neocrepidodera ferruginea

Oulema obscura

Phaedon tumidulus

Phyllotreta atra Phyllotreta nigripes

Phyllotreta undulata

Sphaeroderma testaceum

Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata 7-spot Ladybird

Hippodamia variegata Adonis' Ladybird

Nephus redtenbacheri

Platynaspis luteorubra

Propylea quattuordecimpunctata 14-spot Ladybird

Psyllobora vigintiduopunctata 22-spot Ladybird

Rhyzobius litura

Scymnus frontalis

Subcoccinella 24-spot Ladybird vigintiquattuorpunctata Tytthaspis sedecimpunctata 16-spot Ladybird

Curculionidae Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus

Glocianus distinctus

Hypera plantaginis

Mecinus pascuorum

Nedyus quadrimaculatus

Orthochaetes setiger*

Pachyrhinus lethierryi

Phyllobius roboretanus

Polydrusus pterygomalis

Rhinusa antirrhini

Sciaphilus asperatus

Sitona lepidus

Sitona lineatus

Sitona sulcifrons

Sitona suturalis

Trachyphloeus angustisetulus

Dryops ernesti Dryopidae Laccophilus minutus Dytiscidae Elateridae Agriotes lineatus

Table A1.1 (continued): Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrate Species List, Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, 2015-2016 (continues)

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 24 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-04-RevA Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrate Survey

Order Family Species English name Agriotes obscurus

Agriotes sputator

Kibunea minuta

Haliplidae Haliplus ruficollis

Helophoridae Helophorus brevipalpis

Hydrophilidae Anacaena limbata

Kateretidae Brachypterolus pulicarius

Brachypterus glaber

Brachypterus urticae

Latridiidae Cartodere bifasciata

Cortinicara gibbosa

Enicmus transversus

Leiodidae Catops tristis

Nargus velox

Ptomaphagus subvillosus

Sciodrepoides watsoni

Nitidulidae Meligethes aeneus

Meligethes ovatus

Oedemeridae Oedemera lurida

Oedemera nobilis

Phalacridae Olibrus aeneus

Stilbus testaceus

Rhynchitidae Tatianaerhynchites aequatus

Salpingidae Salpingus planirostris

Scirtidae Cyphon coarctatus

Cyphon laevipennis

Scraptiidae Anaspis frontalis

Anaspis maculata

Staphylinidae Anotylus rugosus

Anotylus tetracarinatus

Ocypus olens

Philonthus cognatus

Platystethus arenarius

Quedius semiaeneus

Stenus brunnipes

Tachyporus hypnorum

Tachyporus solutus

Diptera Anisopodidae Sylvicola fenestralis flies Asilidae Dioctria baumhaueri

Leptogaster cylindrica

Bombyliidae Bombylius major Common Bee Fly

Bibionidae Bibio johannis

Bibio marci

Dilophus febrilis

Table A1.1 (continued): Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrate Species List, Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, 2015-2016 (continues)

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 25 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-04-RevA Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrate Survey

Order Family Species English name Calliphoridae Calliphora vicina

Lucilia sericata

Lucilia silvarum

Melinda gentilis

Pollenia rudis

Dolichopodidae Argyra argyria

Chrysotus gramineus

Empididae Empis livida

Empis nuntia

Empis stercorea

Empis trigramma

Hilara maura

Lauxaniidae Meiosimyza rorida

Minettia fasciata (=rivosa)

Lonchopteridae Lonchoptera lutea

Muscidae Coenosia tigrina

Helina lasiophthalma

Phaonia palpata

Phaonia subventa

Phaonia tuguriorum

Opomyzidae Opomyza florum

Opomyza germinationis

Psilidae Chamaepsila rosae

Ptychopteridae Ptychoptera contaminata

Rhagionidae Chrysopilus cristatus

Sarcophagidae Sarcophaga crassimargo

Sarcophaga depressifrons

Sarcophaga incisilobata

Sarcophaga nigriventris

Sarcophaga subvicina

Sarcophaga variegata

Scathophagidae Scathophaga stercoraria

Sciomyzidae Coremacera marginata

Euthycera fumigata

Pherbellia cinerella

Sepsidae Nemopoda nitidula

Sepsis fulgens

Stratiomyidae Chloromyia formosa

Pachygaster atra

Syrphidae Cheilosia vernalis

Epistrophe eligans

Episyrphus balteatus

Eristalis pertinax

Eristalis tenax

Table A1.1 (continued): Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrate Species List, Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, 2015-2016 (continues)

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 26 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-04-RevA Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrate Survey

Order Family Species English name Melanostoma mellinum

Neoascia tenur Pipizella viduata

Platycheirus albimanus

Platycheirus clypeatus

Sphaerophoria scripta

Syritta pipiens

Syrphus vitripennis

Volucella pellucens

Tabanidae Tabanus autumnalis

Tachinidae Eriothrix rufomaculata

Tephritidae Anomoia purmunda

Merzomyia westermanni*

Tephritis neesi

Tipulidae Tipula oleracea

Ulidiidae Herina lugubris Hymenoptera – Symphyta Tenthredinidae Athalia liberta sawflies Selandria serva

Tenthredo atra

Tenthredopsis litterata

Hymenoptera – Aculeata Apidae Andrena flavipes bees, wasps & ants Andrena fulva Tawny Mining Bee

Andrena haemorrhoa Early Mining Bee

Andrena minutula

Andrena scotica

Hairy Footed Flower Bee Anthophora plumipes Bombus hortorum Small Garden Bumble Bee

Bombus lapidarius Large Red-tailed Bumble Bee

Bombus lucorum White-tailed Bumble Bee

Bombus pascuorum Common Carder Bee

Bombus pratorum Early Bumble Bee

Bombus terrestris Buff-tailed Bumble Bee

Ceratina cyanea* Blue Carpenter Bee

Hairy Legged Mining Bee Dasypoda hirtipes Halictus rubicundus

Halictus tumulorum

Lasioglossum calceatum

Lasioglossum leucopus

Lasioglossum morio

Lasioglossum parvulum

Lasioglossum villosulum

Nomada flava

Nomada flavoguttata

Nomada marshamella

Table A1.1 (continued): Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrate Species List, Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, 2015-2016 (continues)

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 27 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-04-RevA Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrate Survey

Order Family Species English name Osmia leaiana

Panurgus calcaratus

Sphecodes geoffrellus

Sphecodes monilicornis

Chrysididae Hedychridium ardens Crabronidae Astata boops* Cerceris arenaria Sand Tailed Digger Wasp

Entomognathus brevis

Harpactus tumidus

Oxybelus uniglumis

Passaloecus singularis

Psenulus concolor

Trypoxylon attenuatum

Trypoxylon medium

Formicidae Lasius flavus Yellow Meadow Ant

Lasius niger sens. str. Black Ant

Myrmica rubra

Myrmica ruginodis Red Ant

Pompilidae Anoplius nigerrimus Arachnospila trivialis

Priocnemis agilis*

Priocnemis perturbator

Vespidae Vespula vulgaris Common Wasp

Arachnida – Araneae Agelenidae Tegenaria silvestris spiders Araneidae Araneus diadematus

Larinioides cornutus

Clubionidae Cheiracanthium virescens

Clubiona comta

Clubiona neglecta sens. str.

Clubiona reclusa

Dysderidae Dysdera crocata

Gnaphosidae Drassyllus pusillus

Haplodrassus signifer

Zelotes latreillei

Hahniidae Antistea elegans

Hahnia nava

Linyphiidae Bathyphantes gracilis

Erigone atra

Erigone dentipalpis

Lepthyphantes tenuis

Neriene peltata

Walckenaeria acuminata

Liocranidae Phrurolithus festivus

Lycosidae Alopecosa pulverulenta

Table A1.1 (continued): Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrate Species List, Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, 2015-2016 (continues)

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 28 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-04-RevA Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrate Survey

Order Family Species English name Pardosa nigriceps

Pardosa prativaga

Pardosa pullata

Trochosa ruricola

Trochosa terricola

Pisauridae Pisaura mirabilis

Salticidae Heliophanus cupreus

Tetragnathidae Metellina mengei

Metellina segmentata sens. str.

Pachygnatha degeeri

Tetragnatha montana

Theridiidae Enoplognatha ovata sens. str.

Neottiura bimaculata Thomisidae Xysticus cristatus

Zodariidae Zodarion italicum*

Opiliones Leiobunidae Leiobunum rotundum harvestmen Phalangiidae Mitopus morio

Opilio saxatilis

Paroligolophus agrestis

Phalangium opilio

Platybunus triangularis

Table A1.1 (continued): Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrate Species List, Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, 2015-2016

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 29

LAND SOUTH OF HIGH STREET, GREAT WAKERING, ESSEX

REPTILE SURVEY

A Report to: Taylor Wimpey

Report No: RT-MME-119852-05-RevA

Date: July 2016

Triumph House, Birmingham Road, Allesley, Coventry CV5 9AZ Tel: 01676 525880 Fax: 01676 521400 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.middlemarch-environmental.com Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-05-RevA Reptile Survey

REPORT VERIFICATION AND DECLARATION OF COMPLIANCE

This study has been undertaken in accordance with British Standard 42020:2013 “Biodiversity, Code of practice for planning and development”.

Report Date Completed by: Checked by: Approved by: Version Dr Katy Read CEnv Hannah Train Dr Philip Fermor MCIEEM MCIWEM Final 18/08/2015 (Ecological Project MCIEEM CEnv C.WEM DipSM Officer) (Managing Director) (Executive Director) Dr Katy Read CEnv Dr Tom Matthews Dr Philip Fermor MCIEEM MCIWEM Rev A 13/07/2016 (Senior Ecological MCIEEM CEnv C.WEM DipSM Consultant) (Managing Director) (Executive Director)

The information which we have prepared is true, and has been prepared and provided in accordance with the Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management’s Code of Professional Conduct. We confirm that the opinions expressed are our true and professional bona fide opinions.

DISCLAIMER

The contents of this report are the responsibility of Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. It should be noted that, whilst every effort is made to meet the client’s brief, no site investigation can ensure complete assessment or prediction of the natural environment.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd accepts no responsibility or liability for any use that is made of this document other than by the client for the purposes for which it was originally commissioned and prepared.

VALIDITY OF DATA

The findings of this study are valid for a period of 24 months from the date of survey. If works have not commenced by this date, it may be necessary to undertake an updated survey to assess any changes in the status of reptile species on site, and to inform a review of the conclusions and recommendations made.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 1 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-05-RevA Reptile Survey

NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY

In June 2015, Middlemarch Environmental Ltd was commissioned by Taylor Wimpey to carry out a Reptile Survey at land south of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex. This information is required to inform a planning application associated with the redevelopment of the site for housing. The illustrative masterplan indicates that the site will mainly comprise residential housing, and that the Local Wildlife Site adjacent to the south of the site boundary will be retained. The drainage plans indicate that drainage from the site will run into the ponds within the LWS to the south of the site, and that a balancing pond will be constructed to the south of the LWS.

Initial consultation with Taylor Wimpey resulted in the survey area for the proposed development being delineated to follow the original development site boundary. However, the site boundary subsequently changed, such that the current site boundary is now smaller (i.e. encompassed within) than the survey area. This report and its conclusions are based on the current site boundary; however, the survey data relates to the wider survey area.

An ecological desk study from Essex Ecology Services Ltd and Essex Field Club identified a total of eight records of reptiles from four species within a 2 km radius of the proposed development site, with the most recent from 2012 and records of grass snake, common lizard and slow worm all from within the development site boundary.

The reptile habitat assessment and presence/absence survey were undertaken between 20th July 2015 and 7th August 2015 by Jamie Fletcher (Ecological Project Officer) and Victoria Aelen (Ecological Project Officer). At the time of the survey, the survey area was dominated by arable farmland to the north and associated irregularly managed hedgerows. The southern section of the survey area, comprising Star Lane Pits Local Wildlife Site (LWS), largely consisted of several pools and ponds surrounded by dense scrub interspersed with some areas of short grassland possessing colonising scrub and tall ruderal vegetation.

The survey area contains habitats suitable for use by reptile species, which include open areas of grassland for basking, as well as very dense scrub and woodland for refuge.

Low populations of common lizard, slow worm and grass snake were found during the surveys and the survey area therefore meets one of the five Froglife criteria to be classed as a Key Reptile Site.

The main predicted impact on reptiles is the potential for direct killing or injury of individual reptiles during the construction phase of the proposed development. Long-term impacts are considered to include loss of reptile habitat in the southern region of the survey area. However, the retention of the Local Wildlife Site means that the survey area is likely to continue to provide suitable habitat for reptiles if managed appropriately.

In order to ensure that the proposed development does not result in a breach of legislation with regard to reptile species, and that the favourable conservation status of the reptile population within the survey area is maintained, the following recommendations are made:

R1 A Reptile Mitigation Strategy should be compiled. This strategy will detail how the works will proceed without breaching wildlife legislation, and will ensure that:  Reptiles will be protected from harm that might arise during development work;  Any reptiles are safely translocated from affected habitat; and,  Sufficient quality, quantity and connectivity of habitat is provided to accommodate the reptile population, either on-site or at an alternate site, with no net loss of favourable conservation status.

The scope of the reptile mitigation strategy should be agreed with the local authority ecologist prior to any works commencing.

R2 The LWS should be subject to long-term management to ensure that the habitats continue to be suitable for reptile species, and that the survey area continues to act as a Key Reptile Site. This may include, for example, grassland management, scrub thinning and the creation of artificial refugia and hibernacula within the survey area.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 2 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-05-RevA Reptile Survey

R3 If development works have not commenced within 24 months, this survey should be updated to assess if the habitat suitability and the presence of reptiles has changed.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 3 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-05-RevA Reptile Survey

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 5

1.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 5 1.2 DEVELOPMENT SITE DESCRIPTION AND CONTEXT ...... 5 1.3 DOCUMENTATION PROVIDED ...... 5 2. METHODOLOGIES...... 7

2.1 DESK STUDY ...... 7 2.2 SITE SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT ...... 7 2.3 PRESENCE/ABSENCE SURVEY ...... 7 2.4 ASSESSMENT OF SITE IMPORTANCE FOR REPTILES ...... 8 3. DESK STUDY ...... 9

3.1 BIOLOGICAL RECORDS ...... 9 3.2 PREVIOUS REPTILE SURVEYS...... 9 4. RESULTS ...... 10

4.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 10 4.2 SURVEY CONSTRAINTS ...... 10 4.3 SITE SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT ...... 10 4.4 PRESENCE / ABSENCE SURVEY ...... 10 4.5 ASSESSMENT OF SITE IMPORTANCE FOR REPTILES ...... 11 5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ...... 13

5.1 SUMMARY OF SITE PROPOSALS ...... 13 5.2 HABITAT ASSESSMENT ...... 13 5.3 FINDINGS OF REPTILE SURVEY AND KEY REPTILE SITE ASSESSMENT...... 13 5.4 CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS ...... 13 6. RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 14 7. DRAWINGS ...... 15 8. PHOTOGRAPHS ...... 17 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 18 APPENDIX 1 ...... 19

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 4 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-05-RevA Reptile Survey

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION In June 2015, Taylor Wimpey commissioned Middlemarch Environmental Ltd to undertake a Reptile Survey of the site of a proposed development at land south of High Street in Great Wakering. Essex. This information is required to inform a planning application associated with the redevelopment of the site for housing. The illustrative masterplan indicates that the site will mainly comprise residential housing, and that the Local Wildlife Site adjacent to the south of the site boundary will be retained. The drainage plans indicate that drainage from the site will run into the ponds within the LWS to the south of the site, and that a balancing pond will be constructed to the south of the LWS.

Initial consultation with Taylor Wimpey resulted in the survey area for the proposed development being delineated to follow the original development site boundary. However, the site boundary subsequently changed, such that the current site boundary is now smaller (i.e. encompassed within) than the survey area. This report and its conclusions are based on the current site boundary; however, the survey data relates to the wider survey area. The difference between the survey area and the site boundary is highlighted on Drawing C119852-05-01 RevA in Chapter 7.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd has previously carried out an Extended Phase 1 Habitat Survey and Initial Ecological Appraisal at this site in 2012 (Report number RT-MME-112349). In addition, Middlemarch Environmental Ltd has undertaken the following assessments:

 Preliminary Ecological Assessment, Report RT-MME-119852-01;  Initial Badger Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-02;  Water Vole Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-03;  Invertebrate Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-04;  Great Crested Newt Habitat Assessment and eDNA Sampling, Report RT-MME-119852-06;  Breeding Bird Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-07;  Wintering Bird Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-08;  Daytime Bat Survey, Report RT-MME-120478-01;  Preliminary Bat Roost Assessment, Report RT-MME-122103-01; and,  Habitat Regulations Assessment: Stage 1 Screening Report (Report RT-MME-121553).

All native reptile species receive protection under UK law and are capable of being material considerations in the planning process. Further information about the legislation that protects reptile species is provided in Appendix 1.

1.2 DEVELOPMENT SITE DESCRIPTION AND CONTEXT The surveyed area was a flat, roughly rectangular-shaped area of land measuring approximately 32 ha, located to the south west of Great Wakering, Essex, centred at National Grid Reference TQ 9374 8723. The survey area was dominated by arable farmland consisting of large cereal fields delineated by a mixture of open boundaries, ditches and irregularly managed hedgerows. To the south of the site boundary (but within the surveyed area) were several pools and ponds surrounded by dense scrub interspersed with some areas of short grassland possessing colonising scrub and tall ruderal vegetation. This section is designated as a Local Wildlife Site. Additional habitats recorded within the survey area included bare ground and buildings/structures.

The site is bordered to the north by residential properties situated off the High Street and Southend Road. To the west lies a former industrial estate, a small area of active works and Star Lane. Bordering the site to the east is a belt of dense scrub with residential properties to the south-east, and to the south of the site was the LWS and two arable fields that formed part of the survey area (see Drawing C119852-05-01 RevA in Chapter 7).

1.3 DOCUMENTATION PROVIDED The conclusions and recommendations made in this report are based on information provided by the client regarding the scope of the project. Documentation made available by the client is listed in Table 1.1.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 5 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-05-RevA Reptile Survey

Document Name / Drawing Number Author Location Plan: 1571 / P / 10-01 CMYK (Planning & Design) Ltd Illustrative Site Layout: 1571 / P / 10-02 CMYK (Planning & Design) Ltd Drainage Strategy: ST-2488-17-E Stomor Civil Engineering Consultants Foul Drainage Strategy: ST-2488-23 Stomor Civil Engineering Consultants Landscape Masterplan: TWEL20425-10 ACD Environmental Landscape Proposals: TWEL20425-11 ACD Environmental Table 1.1: Documentation Provided by Client

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 6 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-05-RevA Reptile Survey

2. METHODOLOGIES

2.1 DESK STUDY As part of the Preliminary Ecological Assessment (Report number RT-MME-119852-01) an ecological desk study was undertaken. The consultees for the desk study were:  Natural England - MAGIC website for statutory conservation sites;  Essex Ecology Services Ltd; and,  Essex Field Club.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd then assimilated and reviewed the desk study data provided by these organisations. Relevant badger data are discussed in Chapter 3. In compliance with the terms and conditions relating to its commercial use, the full desk study data are not provided within this report.

2.2 SITE SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT An assessment of the suitability of the survey area to support reptile species was undertaken, based on a review of habitat characteristics and other parameters known to influence reptile distribution. The following parameters were considered:  Location of site in relation to species range of native reptiles;  Site management and disturbance;  Topography and aspect of site;  Vegetation type and structure;  Likely prey abundance;  Presence of refugia and potential hibernation habitat;  Egg-laying site potential (grass snake and sand lizard only); and,  Connectivity to surrounding habitat of potential value to reptiles.

The suitability assessment was used to design the route of survey transects for the presence/absence survey (see Section 2.3).

2.3 PRESENCE/ABSENCE SURVEY A presence/absence survey for reptiles was undertaken in accordance with the best practice methodology detailed in the Herpetofauna Workers Manual (Gent and Gibson, 2003). This consisted of the following works:  An initial assessment of the potential reptile habitat characteristics was undertaken, in order to identify features and habitats of potential value to reptile species.  Survey transects through the survey area were identified to ensure all suitable habitats were covered by the survey.  Checks of any natural refugia present within the survey area, such as log piles or rubble piles, were undertaken.  A series of artificial refugia were installed within the survey area to facilitate detection of reptiles (further detailed below).  Seven survey visits to the survey area were undertaken to inspect natural and artificial refugia in suitable weather conditions.

200 artificial survey refugia were installed within the survey area prior to the first survey visit. These refugia consisted of squares of roofing felt approximately 500 mm x 500 mm.

Reptiles are ectotherms, deriving their body heat from the external environment. Therefore the timing of the survey visits was dictated by the time of year and weather conditions. Where possible, surveys were undertaken on warm sunny days with little cloud cover and wind to maximise the probability of recording reptiles within the survey area. Suitable weather conditions for undertaking refugia checks are outlined in the Herpetofauna Workers Manual, and are summarised in Table 2.1.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 7 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-05-RevA Reptile Survey

Parameter Value Temperature 9 - 17° C Sunshine Preferable Cloud Little or None Wind Low/None Table 2.1: Suitable Weather Conditions for Reptile Surveys

2.4 ASSESSMENT OF SITE IMPORTANCE FOR REPTILES Current best practice guidance recognises that undertaking detailed population assessments for reptile species is difficult, as the number of survey visits required to give an accurate assessment is prohibitive for the majority of projects.

It is desirable, however, to attempt to judge the overall importance of the survey site for reptiles. In order to provide a basic assessment of site importance, the results of the survey were analysed in the context of Froglife Advice Sheet 10 - Survey Assessment: Key Reptile Sites (Froglife, 1999). This provides a simple methodology for assessing the value of a site to reptile species, based upon the number of species recorded on site and the peak adult count for each species per hectare, when refugia are installed at a density of up to 10 per hectare.

The guidelines for assessing the value of the site to reptile species are summarised in Table 2.2.

Low Population Good Population Exceptional Population Score Reptile Species Score 1 Score 2 3 Adder <5 individuals/ha 5-10 individuals/ha >10 individuals/ha Grass snake <5 individuals/ha 5-10 individuals/ha >10 individuals/ha Common lizard <5 individuals/ha 5-20 individuals/ha >20 individuals/ha Slow worm <5 individuals/ha 5-20 individuals/ha >20 individuals/ha Table 2.2: Key Reptile Site Population Class Assessment and Scoring Criteria

Froglife define a Key Reptile Site as one that meets any of the following criteria: 1. Site supports at least three reptile species; 2. Site supports two snake species; 3. Site supports an ‘exceptional population’ of one species (see Table 2.2); 4. Site supports an assemblage of species scoring at least 4 (see Table 2.2); or, 5. Site does not satisfy Points 1-4 but is of particular regional importance due to local rarity.

Sites that support populations of either smooth snake or sand lizard are also considered to be Key Reptile Sites.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 8 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-05-RevA Reptile Survey

3. DESK STUDY

3.1 BIOLOGICAL RECORDS Desk study records of reptiles within a 2 km radius of the survey area are summarised in Table 3.1.

Most Proximity of Species of Legislation / No. of Local Species Recent Nearest Record Principal Conservation Records BAP? Record to Study Area Importance? Status

Reptiles Grass snake WCA 5 S9(1) 3 2012 On site  - Natrix natrix WCA 5 S9(5) Common lizard WCA 5 S9(1) 1 2011 On site  - Zootoca vivipara WCA 5 S9(5) Slow worm WCA 5 S9(1) 3 2011 On site  - Anguis fragilis WCA 5 S9(5) Adder Potentially within WCA 5 S9(1) 1 1987  - Vipera berus a 2 km radius* WCA 5 S9(5) Key: *: Grid reference provided was four figures only.

WCA 5 S9(1): Schedule 5 Section 9(1) of Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended). Protected animals (other than birds). Protection limited to intentional killing, injury or taking. WCA 5 S9(5): Schedule 5 Section 9(5) of Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended). Protected animals (other than birds). Protection limited to selling, offering for sale, processing or transporting for purpose of sale, or advertising for sale, any live or dead animal, or any part of, or anything derived from, such animal.

Species of Principal Importance: Species of Principal Importance for Nature Conservation in England. Local BAP: Essex Biodiversity Action Plan

Note. This table does not include reference to the Berne Convention (Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats), the Bonn Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals or the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Table 3.1: Summary of Reptile Records Within 2 km of Survey Area

3.2 PREVIOUS REPTILE SURVEYS No previous reports were provided to Middlemarch Environmental Ltd.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 9 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-05-RevA Reptile Survey

4. RESULTS

4.1 INTRODUCTION The reptile habitat assessment and presence/absence survey were undertaken between 20th July 2015 and 7th August 2015 by the following members of staff:  Jamie Fletcher (Ecological Project Officer); and,  Victoria Aelen (Ecological Project Officer).

4.2 SURVEY CONSTRAINTS No constraints were experienced during any of the survey visits.

4.3 SITE SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT The habitat characteristics of the survey area with regard to suitability to support reptile species are summarised in Table 4.1. Photographs of the habitats present within the survey area are provided in Chapter 8.

Reptile Habitat Characteristic Description Location of site in relation to The survey area is located within an area where the more common reptile species range of native reptiles species, namely common lizard Lacerta viviparia, adder Vipera berus, grass snake Natrix natrix and slow worm Aguis fragilis are present. Species such as sand lizard and smooth snake are unlikely to occur within the area. Site management and disturbance Much of the survey area is managed as arable farmland, whilst the central region of the survey area, comprising Star Lane Pits, is designated as a Local Wildlife Site. Topography and aspect of site The survey area is generally flat, although within the Local Wildlife Site the land is more undulating, with mounds and hollows present along the western edge. Vegetation type and structure The survey area consists of arable farmland to the north, and irregularly managed hedgerows. The southern region consists of several pools and ponds surrounded by dense scrub interspersed with some areas of short grassland possessing colonising scrub and tall ruderal vegetation. Likely prey abundance The varied habitat within the survey area, and in particular the ponds and vegetation within the Local Wildlife Site, means that it is likely to support invertebrates, amphibians, small mammals and birds. Presence of refugia and potential The survey area offers a range of refugia and hibernacula opportunities hibernation habitat including grassland, tall ruderal vegetation, woodland and scrub habitats. Egg-laying site potential (grass No suitable egg laying habitat was recorded. snake and sand lizard only) Connectivity to surrounding habitat The Local Wildlife Site towards the centre of the survey area is well connected of potential value to reptiles to scrub and woodland habitats to the east of the survey area boundary, and arable field boundaries in the form of ditches and hedge rows provide some connectivity to further suitable habitat. Table 4.1: Summary of Reptile Habitat Characteristics

It should be noted that the presence of good quality reptile habitat (e.g. habitat providing features of value to reptiles) does not confirm that reptiles will be present at the survey area, just as the presence of low quality habitat does not confirm that reptiles will be absent.

4.4 PRESENCE / ABSENCE SURVEY Artificial refugia were installed within the survey area on the 17th June 2015. During this visit, natural refugia was lifted to check for reptiles. Monitoring visits to check the artificial and natural refugia were undertaken between the 20th July and 7th August 2015.

Weather conditions at the time of each of the survey visits are presented in Table 4.2.

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Cloud cover Air temperature Wind speed Date/Time Parameter Precipitation (%) (C) (F) 20-07-15 Preceding survey Warm, dry, with scattered clouds and a very light wind. 08:10 During survey 100 17 Dry 1 22-07-15 Preceding survey Warm, dry and clear with a light wind. 08:15 During survey 75 16 Dry 1 24-07-15 Preceding survey Warm, dry and clear with a very light wind. 07:30 During survey 100 14 Occasional rain 0 27-07-15 Preceding survey Warm and cloudy with occasional light rain showers and a light to moderate wind. 09:15 During survey 95 17 Occasional rain 3 29-07-15 Preceding survey Cool, dry, with some clouds forming and a light to moderate wind. 07:05 During survey 5 14 Dry 2-3 31-07-15 Preceding survey Warm and dry with some scattered clouds and a light wind. 14:25 During survey 20 17 Dry 2-3 07-08-15 Preceding survey Dry and clear with a very light wind. 07:20 During survey 0 16 Dry 1 Table 4.2: Weather Conditions During the Survey Visits The findings of the presence/absence survey are detailed in Table 4.3. The location of the reptile survey transects and any reptiles recorded within the survey area are plotted on Drawing C119852-05-01 RevA in Chapter 7.

Common Smooth Sand Lizard Visit Date Slow-worm Grass Snake Adder Lizard Snake 1 20-07-15 1 ♂; 3 ♀ 4 ♀ - - - - 2 22-07-15 3 ♂; 4 ♀; 1 ♀; 1 Juv - - - - 1 sloughed skin 3 24-07-15 4 ♂; 4 ♀; 1 Juv 1 Juv - - - 2 Juv 4 27-07-15 1 ♂; 2 ♀; 2 ♂; 7 ♀; - - - - 1 Juv 2 Juv 5 29-07-15 4 ♂; 4 ♀; 2 ♀ - - - - 3 Juv 6 31-07-15 1 ♂; 1 ♀; 2 ♂; 4 ♀; - - - - 1 Juv 3 Juv 7 07-08-15 9 ♂; 4 ♀; 4 ♀ - - - - 9 Juv Key ♂: Male, ♀:Female, Juv – Juvenile Table 4.3: Presence/Absence Survey Results

Common lizard and slow-worm were recorded during all of the survey visits. Individuals were primarily located within and around the LWS, with slow-worms recorded along the ditch that bisects the arable fields in the southern region of the survey area (outside of the site boundary; see Plate 1 in Chapter 8). A single juvenile grass snake was recorded within scrub in close proximity to Pond P1 within the LWS during the third survey visit, on 24th July 2015.

4.5 ASSESSMENT OF SITE IMPORTANCE FOR REPTILES The results of the presence/absence survey were assessed using Froglife’s site valuation methodology, outlined in Section 2.3. The results of this assessment are detailed in Table 4.4.

Estimate of Maximum Count of Number of Key Reptile Site Species Population Level Individuals* Individuals / ha Score During Survey Common lizard 13 0.4 Low 1 Slow-worm 9 0.3 Low 1 Grass snake 0 0 Low - 1 Juvenile found 1 Adder 0 0 0 0 * Maximum count of adults recorded by surveyor on one visit Total Score 3 Table 4.4: Reptile Population Estimate

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It is noted that the Froglife guidelines for population estimates only take adults into consideration, however the current legislation protecting reptiles does not differentiate between adults and juveniles. The current surveys only found one juvenile grass snake within scrub in the centre of the LWS, however, it is concluded that this area supports a low population of grass snakes.

The survey area meets the Key Reptile Site criterion 1 listed in Section 2.3, as it supports at least three reptile species.

It is understood that no works will be undertaken within the LWS as part of the development. The majority of reptiles were recorded within the LWS, which is well connected to scrub and woodland habitat to the east of the survey area boundary. Recommendations regarding mitigation and management to ensure the survey area remains suitable for reptiles are given in Chapter 6.

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5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

5.1 SUMMARY OF SITE PROPOSALS The reptile survey works are required as part of the baseline survey work to inform a planning application associated with the proposed development of the Great Wakering site.

The illustrative masterplan indicates that the site will primarily comprise residential housing, and that the Local Wildlife Site adjacent to the southern site boundary will be retained. The drainage plans indicate that drainage from the site will run into the ponds within the LWS to the south of the site, and that a balancing pond will be constructed to the south of the LWS.

The following discussions and proposals are based on Middlemarch Environmental Ltd.’s current understanding of the site proposals, as detailed on the Illustrative Masterplans (see Table 1.1). At the time of writing no detail regarding the construction phase of the development has been provided, therefore a precautionary approach has been adopted when assessing potential impacts. The following discussion and recommendations should be reviewed and amended, where appropriate, once the site proposals are finalised.

5.2 HABITAT ASSESSMENT The survey area contains habitats suitable for reptiles, including open areas of grassland/arable field margins suitable for basking and areas of dense scrub providing refuge. In particular, the mosaic of scrub and rough grassland situated within the LWS provides highly suitable habitat for reptiles.

5.3 FINDINGS OF REPTILE SURVEY AND KEY REPTILE SITE ASSESSMENT The reptile surveys undertaken in 2015 found that the survey area supports low populations of common lizard, slow worm and grass snake. The site is classed as a Key Reptile site, as it meets one of the five Froglife criteria detailed in Section 2.4.

5.4 CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS The majority of reptiles were recorded within the LWS, which is due to be retained as part of the development. In addition, the LWS is well connected to further scrub and woodland habitats to the east of the development site and significant areas of suitable habitat will remain available to reptiles both within the survey area and in the surrounding area in the short and long term.

Reptiles were also recorded within scrub and grassland habitats along the access road to the south of the LWS, and along the ditch that bisects the arable fields in the southern region of the survey. Both of these areas were within the survey area but outside of the site boundary and thus, whilst the areas may be impacted by construction activities, this habitat will not be lost as part of the proposed development.

As the survey area was found to support reptiles, in the absence of mitigation, there is the potential for the killing, injury or disturbance of reptiles present within the survey area. This would result in a breach of legislation under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended), which protects common reptiles from intentional killing or injuring (see Appendix 1).

Insensitive management, such as regular, close mowing of the grassland and harsh management of the scrub habitats, has the potential to have negative implications on the suitability of habitats for reptiles in the long term.

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6. RECOMMENDATIONS

All recommendations provided in this section are based on Middlemarch Environmental Ltd’s current understanding of the site proposals, correct at the time the report was compiled. Should the proposals alter, the conclusions and recommendations made in the report should be reviewed to ensure that they remain appropriate.

R1 In order to ensure that works proceed in compliance with wildlife legislation and planning policy, a reptile mitigation strategy is required. This strategy will detail how the works will proceed without breaching wildlife legislation, and will ensure that:  Reptiles will be protected from harm that might arise during development work; and,  Sufficient quality, quantity and connectivity of habitat is provided to accommodate the reptile population, either on-site or at an alternate site, with no net loss of favourable conservation status.

The scope of the reptile mitigation strategy should be agreed with the local authority ecologist prior to any works commencing.

R2 Star Lane Pits LWS should be subject to long-term management to ensure that the habitats continue to be suitable for reptile species, and that the survey area continues to act as a Key Reptile Site. This may include, for example, grassland management, scrub thinning and the creation of artificial refugia and hibernacula within the survey area. In particular, the habitats within the LWS should be maintained to ensure the survey area as a whole continues to support reptiles.

R3 If development works have not commenced within 24 months, this survey should be updated to assess if the habitat suitability and the presence of reptiles has changed.

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7. DRAWINGS

Drawing C119852-05-01 RevA – Survey Transects and Findings

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 15 593400 593600 593800 594000 0 0 0 0 4 4 7 7 8 8 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 7 7 8 8 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 8 8 1 1 0 0 0 0 8 8 6 6 8 8 1 1

0 100 200 m

593400 593600 593800 594000

Project Legend Land South of High Street, Great Wakering Drawing Reptile tile transect Reptile Survey Common lizard recorded Client Taylor Wimpey C 1

Grass snake recorded Drawing Number Revision 1

C119852-05-01-RevA Rev A 9 Slow-worm recorded Scale @ A4 Date 8 1:4,000 June 2016 5 2

Application boundary Approved By Drawn By - HT RP 0 5

Study area - 0 1 - R e v A

Triumph House, Birmingham Road, Allesley, Coventry CV5 9AZ T:01676 525880 F:01676 521400 E:[email protected]

This map is reproduced from the Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office. © Crown copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution of civil proceedings. $ Licence Number: 100040519 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-05-RevA Reptile Survey

8. PHOTOGRAPHS

Plate 1: Ditch, which bisects arable fields in Plate 2: Example of grassland habitat and tall southern region of the survey area (outside of ruderal vegetation along survey area boundary the site boundary)

Plate 3: Scrub and woodland habitat bordering Plate 4: Mosaic of habitats, including grassland, a pond within the Local Wildlife Site arable farmland and unmanaged hedgerow

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REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

Betts, C. (2002). Checklist of Protected British Species. 2nd edition. Environmental Biology, Worcester.

Blomberg, S. and Shine, R. (1996), ‘Reptiles’. IN: Sutherland, W. J. (ed). Ecological Census Techniques: a handbook. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

English Nature. (2004). Reptiles: guidelines for developers. English Nature, Peterborough.

Essex Biodiversity Project (2012). The Essex Biodiversity Action Plan 2010 – 2020: A vision to protect and enhance the biodiversity of Essex [online]. Available: http://www.essexbiodiversity.org.uk/biodiversity- action-plan. Accessed March 2015.

Gent, T. and Gibson, S. (2003). Herpetofauna Worker’s Manual – Second Edition, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough.

The Highways Agency, Scottish Executive, Welsh Assembly Government and The Department For Regional Development. (2005). ‘Design Manual For Roads And Bridges: Nature Conservation Advice in Relation to Reptiles and Roads’.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015a). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex: Preliminary Ecological Assessment. Report number RT-MME-119852-01.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015b). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Initial Badger Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-02.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015c). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Water Vole Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-03.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015d). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Invertebrate Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-04.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015e). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Great Crested Newt Habitat Assessment and eDNA Sampling. Report RT-MME-119852-06.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015f). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Breeding Bird Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-07.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015g). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Winter Bird Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-08.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015h). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Daytime Bat Survey and Nocturnal Emergence Survey. Report RT-MME-120478.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015i). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Preliminary Bat Roost Assessment. Report RT-MME-122103-01.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2016). Land South Of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Habitat Regulations Assessment: Stage 1 Screening Report. Report RT-MME-121553.

National Amphibian and Reptile Recording Scheme. Reptile Methods and Protocols. Available: http://www.narrs.org.uk

Wildlife & Countryside Act (1981) As Amended.

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APPENDIX 1

LEGISLATION All of the UK’s native reptiles are protected by law. The two rarest species – sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) and smooth snake (Coronella austriaca) – benefit from the greatest protection.

Common lizard (Zootoca vivipara), slow-worm (Anguis fragilis), adder (Vipera berus) and grass snake (Natrix natrix) are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) from intentional killing or injuring.

Sand lizard and smooth snake are protected under The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010 (as amended) and the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) which together make it illegal to kill, injure, capture, handle or disturb these animals. Places they use for breeding, resting, shelter and protection are protected from being damaged or destroyed. It is also illegal to obstruct these animals from using such areas.

All native reptile species are listed as Species of Principal Importance on the UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework (2012), and as such are material considerations in the planning process.

This is a simplified description of the legislation. In particular, the offences mentioned here may be absolute, intentional, deliberate or reckless. Note that where it is predictable that reptiles are likely to be killed or injured by activities such as site clearance, this could legally constitute intentional killing or injuring.

The reader should refer to the original legislation for the definitive interpretation.

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LAND SOUTH OF HIGH STREET, GREAT WAKERING, ESSEX

WATER VOLE SURVEY

A Report to: Taylor Wimpey

Report No: RT-MME-119852-03-RevA

Date: July 2016

Triumph House, Birmingham Road, Allesley, Coventry CV5 9AZ Tel: 01676 525880 Fax: 01676 521400 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.middlemarch-environmental.com Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-03-RevA Water Vole Survey

REPORT VERIFICATION AND DECLARATION OF COMPLIANCE

This study has been undertaken in accordance with British Standard 42020:2013 “Biodiversity, Code of practice for planning and development”.

Report Date Completed by: Checked by: Approved by: Version Dr Katy Read CEnv Hannah Train Dr Philip Fermor MCIEEM MCIWEM Final 18/08/2015 (Ecological Project MCIEEM CEnv C.WEM DipSM Officer) (Managing Director) (Executive Director) Dr Katy Read CEnv Dr Tom Matthews Dr Philip Fermor MCIEEM MCIWEM Rev A 13/07/2016 (Senior Ecological MCIEEM CEnv C.WEM DipSM Consultant) (Managing Director) (Executive Director)

DISCLAIMER

The contents of this report are the responsibility of Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. It should be noted that, whilst every effort is made to meet the client’s brief, no site investigation can ensure complete assessment or prediction of the natural environment.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd accepts no responsibility or liability for any use that is made of this document other than by the client for the purposes for which it was originally commissioned and prepared.

VALIDITY OF DATA

The findings of this study are valid for a period of 24 months from the date of survey. If works have not commenced by this date, an updated site visit should carried out by a suitably qualified ecologist to assess any changes in water vole status on site, and to inform a review of the conclusions and recommendations made.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 1 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-03-RevA Water Vole Survey

NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY

In June 2015, Middlemarch Environmental Ltd was commissioned by Taylor Wimpey to carry out a Water Vole Survey at land south of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex. This information is required to inform a planning application associated with the redevelopment of the site for housing. The illustrative masterplan indicates that the site will mainly comprise residential housing, and that the Local Wildlife Site adjacent to the south of the site boundary will be retained. The drainage plans indicate that drainage from the site will run into the ponds within the LWS to the south of the site, and that a balancing pond will be constructed to the south of the LWS.

An ecological desk study from Essex Ecology Services Ltd and Essex Field Club identified a total of two records of water vole within a 2 km radius of the proposed development site, both from 2011 and located within the development site boundary, in Star Lane Pits Local Wildlife Site.

In line with the specifications detailed by Strachan et al. (2011), a habitat assessment and presence / likely absence survey was undertaken on the ponds and ditches within the site on 30th June 2015 by Jemma Gaskin (Principal Technical Ecological Consultant) and Indre Barsketyte (Ecological Consultant). Pond P5 and all ditches within and adjacent to the site were dry and deemed unsuitable for water vole. Pond P6, a small duck pond situated outside of the development site boundary, was also deemed unsuitable for water vole. The habitat assessment identified that Ponds P3 and P4, situated within Star Lane Pits Local Wildlife Site (LWS) provided suitable water vole habitat. No evidence of water vole, such as burrows, footprints, latrines and feeding remains, were recorded along the banks of any of the ponds surveyed, although it should be noted that access was not possible to all of the pond’s edges due to the presence of thick vegetation and steep banks.

However, due to the records of water vole on the site in the past, limitations with access to the pond edges and the presence of suitable habitat, it is possible that water voles may still be present within the LWS. Full details of the proposed works are currently unknown and therefore a precautionary approach has been adopted when discussing the potential for the development to impact water voles. The recommendations, which should be reviewed and amended, where appropriate, once the proposals are finalised, are as follows:

R1 As drainage from the residential development to the north of the LWS will run into ponds within the LWS, an updated water vole survey visit of the drainage area within the LWS will be required once the drainage plans for the site have been finalised.

R2 As water voles have been recorded on site in the past and may colonise the site in future, if feasible, consideration should be given to the potential for positive enhancement measures for water voles within any waterbodies created within the development area.

R3 If development works have not commenced within 24 months, this survey should be updated as water vole usage of the ponds within the site may change.

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CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 4

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ...... 4 1.2 SITE DESCRIPTION AND CONTEXT ...... 4 1.3 DOCUMENTATION PROVIDED ...... 4 2. METHODOLOGIES...... 6

2.1 DESK STUDY ...... 6 2.2 HABITAT ASSESSMENT ...... 6 2.3 PRESENCE / LIKELY ABSENCE SURVEY ...... 6 3. DESK STUDY RESULTS ...... 7

3.1 BIOLOGICAL RECORDS ...... 7 3.2 PREVIOUS WATER VOLE SURVEYS ...... 7 4. RESULTS ...... 8

4.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 8 4.2 SURVEY CONSTRAINTS ...... 8 4.3 HABITAT ASSESSMENT ...... 8 4.4 PRESENCE / LIKELY ABSENCE SURVEY ...... 9 5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ...... 10

5.1 SUMMARY OF SITE PROPOSALS ...... 10 5.2 STATUS OF WATER VOLE ON SITE ...... 10 5.3 CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS ...... 10 6. RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 11 7. DRAWINGS ...... 12 8. PHOTOGRAPHS ...... 14 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 15 APPENDIX 1 ...... 16

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 3 Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-03-RevA Water Vole Survey

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND In June 2015, Taylor Wimpey commissioned Middlemarch Environmental Ltd to undertake a survey for water vole Arvicola amphibius at the site of a proposed development at land south of High Street in Great Wakering. Essex. This information is required to inform a planning application associated with the redevelopment of the site for housing. The illustrative masterplan indicates that the site will mainly comprise residential housing, and that the Local Wildlife Site adjacent to the south of the site boundary will be retained. The drainage plans indicate that drainage from the site will run into the ponds within the LWS to the south of the site, and that a balancing pond will be constructed to the south of the LWS.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd has previously carried out Extended Phase 1 Habitat Survey and Initial Ecological Appraisal at this site in 2012 (Report number RT-MME-112349). In addition, Middlemarch Environmental Ltd has undertaken the following assessments:

 Preliminary Ecological Assessment, Report RT-MME-119852-01;  Initial Badger Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-02;  Invertebrate Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-04;  Reptile Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-05;  Great Crested Newt Habitat Assessment and eDNA Sampling, Report RT-MME-119852-06;  Breeding Bird Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-07;  Wintering Bird Survey, Report RT-MME-119852-08;  Daytime Bat Survey, Report RT-MME-120478-01; and,  Preliminary Bat Roost Assessment, Report RT-MME-122103-01; and,  Habitat Regulations Assessment: Stage 1 Screening Report (Report RT-MME-121553).

Water vole receive protection under UK law and are capable of being material considerations in the planning process. Further information about the legislation that protects water vole is provided in Appendix 1. This section also provides some brief information on their ecology.

1.2 SITE DESCRIPTION AND CONTEXT The surveyed area was a flat, roughly rectangular-shaped area of land measuring approximately 32 ha, located to the south west of Great Wakering, Essex, centred at National Grid Reference TQ 9374 8723. The survey area was dominated by arable farmland consisting of large cereal fields delineated by a mixture of open boundaries, ditches and irregularly managed hedgerows. To the south of the site boundary (but within the surveyed area) were several pools and ponds surrounded by dense scrub interspersed with some areas of short grassland possessing colonising scrub and tall ruderal vegetation. This section is designated as a Local Wildlife Site. Additional habitats recorded within the survey area included bare ground and buildings/structures.

The site is bordered to the north by residential properties situated off the High Street and Southend Road. To the west lies a former industrial estate, a small area of active works and Star Lane. Bordering the site to the east is a belt of dense scrub with residential properties to the south-east, and to the south of the site was the LWS and two arable fields that formed part of the survey area (see Drawing C119852-03-01 RevA in Chapter 7).

1.3 DOCUMENTATION PROVIDED The conclusions and recommendations made in this report are based on information provided by the client regarding the scope of the project. Documentation made available by the client is listed in Table 1.1.

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Document Name / Drawing Number Author Location Plan: 1571 / P / 10-01 CMYK (Planning & Design) Ltd Illustrative Site Layout: 1571 / P / 10-02 CMYK (Planning & Design) Ltd Drainage Strategy: ST-2488-17-E Stomor Civil Engineering Consultants Foul Drainage Strategy: ST-2488-23 Stomor Civil Engineering Consultants Landscape Masterplan: TWEL20425-10 ACD Environmental Landscape Proposals: TWEL20425-11 ACD Environmental Table 1.1: Documentation Provided by Client

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2. METHODOLOGIES

2.1 DESK STUDY As part of the Preliminary Ecological Appraisal (Report RT-MME-119852-01) an ecological desk study was undertaken. The consultees for the desk study were:  Natural England - MAGIC website for statutory conservation sites;  Essex Ecology Services Ltd; and,  Essex Field Club.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd then assimilated and reviewed the desk study data provided by these organisations. Relevant badger data are discussed in Chapter 3. In compliance with the terms and conditions relating to its commercial use, the full desk study data are not provided within this report.

2.2 HABITAT ASSESSMENT In line with the specifications detailed by Strachan et al. (2011), the ponds within the proposed development site were surveyed on all banks with regard to their suitability for water vole.

Pond P5, and all ditches within and adjacent to the site were deemed unsuitable for water vole and ruled out of further assessment due to being dry, heavily shaded in parts, with no aquatic vegetation and minimal bankside habitat. Pond P6 is a small duck pond, also unsuitable for water vole. These waterbodies will not be discussed further within this report.

2.3 PRESENCE / LIKELY ABSENCE SURVEY In line with the specifications detailed by Strachan et al. (2011), this consisted of a search of the ponds located on the development site for any signs of water vole presence, such as burrows, droppings, latrine sites, feeding stations or footprints/runs. The search area encompassed the banks of all ponds, where access and health and safety allowed.

The survey area is illustrated on Drawing C119852-03-01 RevA in Chapter 7.

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3. DESK STUDY RESULTS

3.1 BIOLOGICAL RECORDS As part of the Preliminary Ecological Assessment completed by Middlemarch Environmental Ltd, a desk study for records of protected species was completed. This desk study identified the following records of water vole within a 2 km radius of the proposed development site. These data are summarised in Table 3.1.

Proximity of Date Grid Reference Additional Information Record 2011 TQ 9375 8721 On site Droppings 2011 TQ 9375 8721 On site Droppings Table 3.1: Water Vole Records Within 2 km of the Development Boundary

3.2 PREVIOUS WATER VOLE SURVEYS No previous reports were provided to Middlemarch Environmental Ltd.

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4. RESULTS

4.1 INTRODUCTION The survey was carried out on 30th June 2015 by Jemma Gaskin (Principal Technical Ecological Consultant) and Indre Barsketyte (Ecological Consultant). Table 4.1 details the weather conditions at the time of the survey.

Parameter Condition Temperature (ºC) 35 Cloud (%) 0 Wind (Beaufort) 0-1 Precipitation Dry Table 4.1: Weather Conditions During the Field Survey

The weather prior to this survey had been clement and Middlemarch Environmental is not aware of any heavy rainfall or flooding that could wash away signs of water vole in the days preceding the survey.

4.2 SURVEY CONSTRAINTS Many of the banks of the ponds were very steep and formed of deep silt, and could therefore not be accessed fully for reasons of health and safety.

4.3 HABITAT ASSESSMENT This section describes the habitat characteristics along the banks of the ponds surveyed. Photographs of the area surveyed are included in Chapter 8.

4.3.1 Pond P1

Pond P1 is a large, irregular shaped pond, which stretches across the northern region of Star Lane Pits LWS. Sparse pockets of marginal vegetation encroached into the water. Species present included bulrush Typha latifolia and common reed Phragmites australis. The majority of the pond was surrounded by dense scrub and trees.

4.3.2 Pond P2

Pond P2 is a medium-sized, irregular shaped pond, located in close proximity to Pond P1. Pockets of marginal vegetation were present, dominated by lesser bulrush T.angustifolia and common reed. The pond was surrounded by dense scrub and trees.

4.3.3 Pond P3

Pond P3 is a medium-sized, irregular shaped pond, situated within the eastern region of the LWS, and adjacent to the eastern development site boundary. Large areas of marginal vegetation were present, including water lilies Nymphaea sp., yellow flag iris Iris pseudacorus and lesser bulrush. The pond was surrounded by dense scrub and trees.

4.3.4 Pond P4

Pond P3 is a long, narrow pond, which stretches across the southern region of the LWS and widens out at either end. The steep sided banks of the pond were dominated by dense scrub. Pockets of marginal vegetation consisted of yellow flag iris, common reed, lesser bulrush and hard rush Juncus inflexus.

Table 4.2 details the characteristics of the ponds surveyed.

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Feature Pond P1 Pond P2 Pond P3 Pond P4 Channel Width 15 – 90 m 20 m 65 m 42 m at widest point Length 300 m 50 m 140 m 220 m Depth Unknown. Unknown. Unknown. Unknown. Substrate Silt. Silt. Silt. Silt. Vegetation Marginal Pockets of marginal Some areas of Large areas of Pockets of marginal vegetation, including marginal vegetation marginal vegetation, vegetation, including typha and common dominated by lesser including water lilies, yellow flag iris, reed. bulrush and common yellow flag iris and common reed, typha reed. lesser bulrush. and hard rush. Floating None. None. Water lilies. None. Water Flow N/A N/A N/A N/A Quality No visibility. No visibility. Medium visibility. Medium visibility. Banks Height 0-5 – 1 m 0.5 – 1 m 0.3 – 0.8 m 0.5 – 3 m Width 0.5 m 0.5 – 1 m 0.5 – 1 m 0.5 – 4 m Angle 80° – 90° 80° – 90° 70° – 90° 80° – 90° Substrate Soil Soil Soil Soil/earth banks Vegetation Majority of banks Majority of banks Banks surrounded by Banks dominated by surrounded by surrounded by scrub. dense scrub. grassland, tall ruderal grassland, tall ruderal vegetation, dense vegetation, dense scrub and trees. scrub and trees. Shading Heavily shaded on Heavily shaded on all Shading on some Shading on some south bank due to banks due to trees. banks due to trees. banks due to trees. trees, moderate shading on other banks. Suitability for Suitable, but limited Limited suitability, Moderate suitability, Moderate suitability, water voles due to sparse due to limited due to plenty of due to plenty of pockets of marginal habitat, but marginal vegetation. marginal vegetation. vegetation. connectivity to other ponds provides potential. Table 4.2: Habitat Characteristics of Ponds P1 to P4

Ponds P3 and P4 were found to provide suitable habitat for water voles to be present, due to the presence of:  An abundance of marginal and bank side vegetation offering suitable foraging resources for water vole.  Banks which were suitable for the establishment of water vole burrows.  Unshaded habitats and contained open water, with only small sections found to be dry or shaded by trees.

Ponds P1 and P2 provided much more limited suitable habitat for water voles, due to sparse pockets of marginal vegetation, and a high level of shading on the majority of banks.

4.4 PRESENCE / LIKELY ABSENCE SURVEY Within the ponds surveyed, no evidence of water voles, or evidence of recent activity of water voles, e.g. burrows, footprints, latrines, feeding stations or lawns were recorded along any of the banks, although due to access constraints it cannot be conclusively confirmed that water vole are not present within the ponds surveyed.

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5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

5.1 SUMMARY OF SITE PROPOSALS The water vole survey works are required as part of the baseline survey work to inform a planning application associated with the proposed development of the Great Wakering site.

The illustrative masterplan indicates that the Local Wildlife Site will be retained, with a new balancing pond created to the south of the LWS, and land to the north of the LWS will be developed for housing. The masterplans also indicate that drainage from the residential development to the north of the LWS will run into ponds within the LWS.

The following discussions and proposals are based on Middlemarch Environmental Ltd.’s current understanding of the site proposals, as detailed on the Illustrative Masterplans (see Table 1.1). Detail of the likely construction methods is not known at this stage, and therefore a precautionary approach has been adopted when considering the potential for the works to impact water voles. The following discussion and recommendations should be reviewed and amended, where appropriate, once the site proposals are finalised.

5.2 STATUS OF WATER VOLE ON SITE The habitat assessment identified that Ponds P3 and P4 provided moderate habitat suitable for water vole, whilst Ponds P1 and P2 provided some limited suitability for water vole. Two records of water vole were recorded within a 2 km radius of the proposed development site, both recorded in 2011 within the development site boundary. No evidence of water vole, such as burrows, latrines and feeding remains, was recorded along the banks of the ponds surveyed. However, access was restricted at some locations to the pond edge and as such evidence may have been missed.

5.3 CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS Whilst no evidence of water voles was found during the surveys, it is possible that water vole are present within Star Lane Pits LWS. As drainage from the residential development to the north of the LWS will run into ponds within the LWS, an updated water vole survey visit of the drainage area within the LWS will be required once the drainage plans for the site have been finalised. A precautionary recommendation in this regard is provided in Chapter 6.

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6. RECOMMENDATIONS

All recommendations provided in this section are based on Middlemarch Environmental Ltd’s current understanding of the site proposals, correct at the time the report was compiled. Should the proposals alter, the conclusions and recommendations made in the report should be reviewed to ensure that they remain appropriate.

R1 As drainage from the residential development to the north of the LWS will run into ponds within the LWS, an updated water vole survey visit of the drainage area within the LWS will be required once the drainage plans for the site have been finalised.

R2 As water voles have been recorded on site in the past and may colonise the site in future, if feasible, consideration should be given to the potential for positive enhancement measures for water voles within any waterbodies created within the development area.

R3 If development works have not commenced within 24 months, this survey should be updated as water vole usage of the ponds within the site may change.

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7. DRAWINGS

Drawing C119852-03-01 Rev A Water Vole Survey

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. Page 12 593000 593500 594000 594500

0 D9 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 8 8 1 1

D8 0 0 0 0 5 5 7 7 8 8 1 1 D2

D7

P1

P3 P2 P5 D10 D6 P4 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 D1 7 8 8 1 1

D4 D11

D5

P6 D3 0 0 0 0 5 5 6 6 8 8 1 1 D12

D13

0 250 500 m

593000 593500 594000 594500

Project Legend Land South of High Street, Great Wakering Drawing Waterbody surveyed for water vole: no evidence found Water Vole Survey Client

Waterbody unsuitable for water vole: waterbody dry C

Taylor Wimpey 1

Waterbody unsuitable for water vole: duck pond Drawing Number Revision 1 C119852-03-01-RevA Rev A 9 8 Scale @ A4 Date 500 m radius from site boundary 5

1:10,000 June 2016 2

Approved By Drawn By -

Application boundary 0

HT RP 3

Study area - 0 1 - R e v A

Triumph House, Birmingham Road, Allesley, Coventry CV5 9AZ T:01676 525880 F:01676 521400 E:[email protected]

This map is reproduced from the Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office. © Crown copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution of civil proceedings. Licence Number: 100040519 Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, $ IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex RT-MME-119852-03-RevA Water Vole Survey

8. PHOTOGRAPHS

Plate 1: Pond P1 Plate 2: Pond P2

Plate 3: Pond P3 Plate 4: Pond P4

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REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

DEFRA. (2005). Fourth Quinquennial Review of Schedules 5 and 8 of The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Department for Environmental, Food and Rural Affairs, London.

Essex Biodiversity Project (2012). The Essex Biodiversity Action Plan 2010 – 2020: A vision to protect and enhance the biodiversity of Essex [online]. Available: http://www.essexbiodiversity.org.uk/biodiversity- action-plan. Accessed March 2015.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015a). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex: Preliminary Ecological Assessment. Report number RT-MME-119852-01.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015b). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Initial Badger Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-02.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015c). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Invertebrate Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-04.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015d). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Reptile Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-05.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015e). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Great Crested Newt Habitat Assessment and eDNA Sampling. Report RT-MME-119852-06.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015f). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Breeding Bird Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-07.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015g). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Winter Bird Survey. Report RT-MME-119852-08.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015h). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Daytime Bat Survey and Nocturnal Emergence Survey. Report RT-MME-120478.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2015i). Land South of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Preliminary Bat Roost Assessment. Report RT-MME-122103-01.

Middlemarch Environmental Ltd. (2016). Land South Of High Street, Great Wakering, Essex, Habitat Regulations Assessment: Stage 1 Screening Report. Report RT-MME-121553.

Natural England. (2008). ‘Water Voles and Development: Licensing Policy’. Natural England Leaflet TIN042.

Natural England. (2008). ‘Water Voles – The Law in Practice. Guidance for Planners and Developers’. Natural England Leaflet NE86.

Strachan, R., Moorhouse, T. and Gelling, M (2011). Water Vole Conservation Handbook – Third Edition. The Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Oxford.

Woodruffe, G. (2000). The Water Vole. The Mammal Society.

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APPENDIX 1

Legislation Water voles receive protection under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended), which makes it an offence to:  Intentionally kill, injure or take (capture) a water vole;  Possess or control live or dead water voles or any derivatives;  Intentionally or recklessly* damage, destroy or obstruct access to any structure or place which water voles use for shelter or protection;  Intentionally or recklessly* disturb water voles whilst occupying a structure or place used for that purpose; or  Sell, offer for sale or advertise for live or dead water voles.

*Reckless offences were added by the Countryside and Rights of Way (CRoW) Act 2000.

Water voles are listed as Species of Principal Importance on the UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework (2012), and as such are capable of becoming material considerations in the planning process. Water vole are listed on the Essex Biodiversity Action Plan.

The reader should refer to the original legislation for the definitive interpretation.

Ecology Water vole are closely associated with fresh water habitats, generally slow-flowing, less than 3 m wide and approximately 1 m deep, including rivers, ditches, lakes and canals. They favour well vegetated steep banks, which need to be suitable for burrowing. Their diet is almost exclusively vegetarian, including grasses, reeds and other herbaceous vegetation. Strachan et al. (2011) states that depending on the overall population density, season and habitat quality the length of territory can vary from 30 m to 150 m for females and 60 m to 300 m for males, with larger territories in areas with low population density and poor habitat.

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