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ESA BIC CHEOPS Orbital Services Kerbal Space Program Van De Hoofdredacteur ESA BIC CHEOPS Orbital Services Kerbal Space Program Van de hoofdredacteur: Nu voor velen het thuiswerken tijdens de Coronacrisis overgaat in een vakantieperiode met beperkte mogelijk- heden om te reizen, zijn er twee activiteiten waarop de Ruimtevaartredactie u attent wilt maken. Ten eerste is er de afgelopen periode veel voortgang gemaakt met het scannen en online plaatsen van het NVR Ruimtevaartarchief. We krijgen hier regelmatig vragen over van zowel leden als niet-leden van de vereniging en zijn ons daardoor bewust van de behoefte aan toegang tot deze belangrijke bron van informatie over de vaderlandse ruimtevaartgeschiedenis. Als u nu naar de archiefpagina op de NVR website surft zult u Bij de voorplaat zien dat ook de uitgaven uit de jaren vijftig en zestig volledig beschikbaar zijn. Er wordt hard gewerkt, door met name Artist’s impression of the recently launched CHEOPS, the Charac- Chris Verhoeven en Rob Bronckers, om ook de resterende terising Exoplanet Satellite, with an exoplanet system in the back- jaargangen compleet te maken op de website. ground. [ESA/ATG medialab] Het tweede onderwerp is het ruimtevaart-simulatieprogram- ma Kerbal Space Program waarin het mogelijk is eigen missies en bijbehorende simulaties op te zetten. Het programma biedt de mogelijkheid om dit vanuit de woonkamer te doen, en zonder al te veel voorkennis, en daarmee reden genoeg voor de redactie om de mogelijkheden eens nader te onder- zoeken. De uitkomst vindt u in dit nummer en we hopen dat het u zal inspireren om ook zelf aan de slag te gaan. Verder in dit nummer aandacht voor het belang van ruimte- vaart voor ook de Nederlandse defensie, het Avatar centrum en SBIC op de space campus in Noordwijk, een experiment voor het meten van een sterparallax met bijdragen van professionals en amateurs en nog veel meer. We danken alle auteurs voor hun bijdragen en roepen iedereen op om Nederlandse bijdragen aan ruimtemissies, bij voorkeur bij de lancering, te blijven melden. Foto van het kwartaal NASA astronauten Bob Behnken en Doug Hurley in SpaceX ruimte- Peter Buist pak, voor de SpaceX Falcon 9 raket met SpaceX Crew Dragon ruim- teschip. De lancering op 30 mei was de eerste vlucht van een privaat ontwikkeld, bemand ruimteschip ooit, en de eerste bemande lance- ring vanaf Amerikaans grondgebied sinds 2011. [Kim Shiflett/NASA] Nederlandse Vereniging voor Ruimtevaart (NVR) Bestuur Websitecommissie Kascommissie Copyright © 2020 NVR Het bestuur van de NVR wordt Drs. B. ten Berge (voorzitter) C. Martinus Alle rechten voorbehouden. Gehele of gekozen door de leden en bestaat uit: Dr. R.P.N. Bronckers Ir. J.A. Meijer gedeeltelijke overname van artikelen, Dr. Ir. G.J. Blaauw (voorzitter) D. Jeyakodi LLM Drs. T. Wierenga foto’s en illustraties uit Ruimtevaart Dr. Ir. P.J. Buist (vice-voorzitter) S. Praal, MA is alleen toegestaan na overleg met Drs. B. ten Berge (secretaris) Ereleden en akkoord van de redactie, en met Ir. M. de Brouwer (penningmeester) Sociale media-commissie Ir. D. de Hoop bronvermelding. De NVR noch de Ir. P.A.W. Batenburg Mr. S.V. Pieterse (voorzitter) Prof. Dr. C. de Jager drukker kan aansprakelijk gesteld worden D. Jeyakodi LLM Drs. B. ten Berge Drs. A. Kuipers voor de juistheid van de informatie in dit Mr. F.N.E. van ’t Klooster M. Marcik Ir. J.H. de Koomen blad of voor eventuele zet- of drukfouten. Ir. A.G.M. Marée F. Overtoom Drs. T. Masson-Zwaan Dr. Ir. C. Verhoeven F. Roelfsema Ir. H.J.D. Reijnen Kopij D. Stefoudi P. Smolders Indien u een bijdrage aan het blad Redactie ‘Ruimtevaart� Drs. Ing. R. Timmermans Prof. Ir. K.F. Wakker wilt leveren of suggesties wilt geven, Dr. Ir. P.J. Buist (hoofdredacteur) neem dan contact op met de redactie Ir. M.O. van Pelt (eindredacteur) Evenementencommissie Contact via [email protected]. De B. Vis (eindredacteur) Ir. P.A.W. Batenburg (voorzitter) Richelle Scheffers redactie behoudt zich het recht voor om Drs. P.G. van Diepen Ir. S. de Jong Kapteynstraat 1 ingezonden stukken in te korten of niet te Ir. E.A. Kuijpers Ing. R.H. Linde 2201 BB Noordwijk plaatsen. Ing. M.C.A.M. van der List Ir. S. Petrovic [email protected] Ir. H.M. Sanders MBA Ir. N. Silvestri www.ruimtevaart-nvr.nl Vormgeving en opmaak Ir. L. van der Wal ISSN 1382-2446 Esger Brunner/NNV Drukker Bariet Ten Brink, Meppel Geen (Nederlandse) SCN AVATAR defensie zonder 4 Virtual en augmented reality voor 9 ruimtevaarttoepassingen. ‘Military Space’ Een artikel over het belang van geopolitieke en militaire aspecten van ruimtevaart. CHEOPS The commercial future of A modest-budget space mission 12 orbital services 16 to characterise exo-planets. Future Market Demand for Active Debris Removal Services (ADRS) and In Orbit Satellite Servicing (IOS) Missions. New Horizons en Wat gebeurt er in astronomen meten 20 een ESA Business 27 sterparallax Incubation Centre? Een waarneemcampagne van astro- Kweekvijver voor bedrijven en nomen samen met de New Horizons startups. sonde om de schijnbare verschuiving van de ster Wolf 359 vast te leggen. Soviet Space Graphics Kerbal Space Program Space art and propaganda Een ruimtevaart-simulatieprogramma from the USSR. 30 voor iedereen. 32 Vluchtleider Viktor Ruimtevaartkroniek Blagov (1936-2019) Alle lanceringen en belangrijke 38 ruimtevaartgebeurtenissen tussen 40 De vaste column van Piet Smolders. 1 januari 2020 en 31 mei 2020. Geen (Nederlandse) defensie zonder ‘Military Space’ Patrick Bolder, Strategic Analyst, The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies De Verenigde Staten, Rusland en China hebben van oudsher de ruimte omarmd om militaire operaties op het land, op en boven zee, en in de lucht mogelijk te maken. Sinds vorig jaar hebben meer landen een uit- gesproken militaire ruimtestrategie ontwikkeld of zijn daar mee bezig. Frankrijk en het Verenigd Koninkrijk hebben hun eigen militaire ruimte- macht en ook Japan heeft onlangs een eigen mini ‘Space Force’ opge- richt. Eind 2019 zijn de regeringsleiders van de NAVO een ruimtestrate- gie overeengekomen. In mei 2020 publiceerde het The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies een zogenaamd Space Alert [1] waarin verschillende ontwikkelingen in het ruimtedomein aan de orde komen en die verband houden met Nederland. In dit artikel wordt nader ingaan op de geopoli- tieke en militaire aspecten van ruimtevaart die in de Space Alert staan, hoe die elkaar beïnvloeden en wat dat voor Nederland kan betekenen. Militaire toepassingen Ook observatie van weersystemen is stra- voor verbruiksartikelen en reparaties. ruimtevaart tegische informatie voor militairen. Deze Steeds meer zal het communicatiekanaal Als we kijken waar de ruimtevaart tot nut waarnemingen spelen een essentiële rol ook gebruikt gaan worden voor aanstu- komt voor militaire operaties zijn dat uiter- in de totstandkoming van weersverwach- ring van onbemande wapensystemen en aard de taken Observatie, Communicatie tingen. Afhankelijk van de te verwachten het transport van exponentieel veel meer en Positie-Navigatie-Timing (PNT). weerscondities kan het verstandig zijn informatie voor het inlichtingenproces. Observatie is een van de oudste toepas- om sommige tactische operaties juist wel PNT-diensten zijn niet meer weg te den- singen. Door vanuit de ruimte de aarde te of niet uit te voeren en zo een strategisch ken bij zogenaamde kinetische aanvallen. observeren is te zien wat een (potentiële) voordeel te behalen. Ongeacht of het om artillerie vanaf sche- tegenstander aan het doen is, waar hij Communicatie is nodig om snel en veilig pen of vanaf het land gaat, of bombarde- strategische systemen heen verplaatst, grote hoeveelheden data over grote af- menten vanuit de lucht: precisie is vereist. wat hij aan het opbouwen is, of waar standen te verzenden. Deze data bestaan Het minimaliseren van nevenschade en hij voor aan het trainen en oefenen is. in eerste instantie uit de gegevens die vooral het voorkomen van burgerslacht- Persistente observatie vanuit de ruimte met de observatietaken zijn verkregen. offers is niet mogelijk zonder het gebruik met een hoge resolutie vraagt goede Deze informatie en gegevens worden van munitie voorzien van navigatiebe- sensoren, korte periodes tussen obser- door inlichtingendiensten tot intelligence geleiding. Westerse militaire wapens vatiemomenten en weersonafhankelijk- producten verwerkt, en tot rapporten, be- gebruiken hier (nu nog) het GPS signaal heid. Om de zo verworven informatie velen en orders die verband houden met van de Verenigde Staten (VS) voor, en dan naar het commandovoeringselement te het uitvoeren van operaties, status van specifiek de militaire code van het door brengen zijn goede verbindingen vereist. onderhoud van materieel en bestellingen satellieten gegenereerde signaal. 4 Ruimtevaart 2020 | 3 Geopolitieke ontwikkelingen Voor degene die een beetje het nieuws volgt is het geen verrassing: na jaren van relatieve ontspanning na het eind van de Koude Oorlog zijn we terug in de great power competition. Defensie gaat niet meer alleen om interventies en vredes- opbouwmissies in staten vaak ver van het eigen land. Een agressief en zelfverzekerd opererend Rusland valt in 2008 Georgië binnen, neemt in 2014 de Krim in en lijkt medeplichtig aan het neerhalen van vlucht MH17. Op het gebied van informa- tieoorlogvoering beïnvloeden ze het Brit- se Brexit referendum en de Amerikaanse verkiezingen van 2016, proberen digitaal in te breken bij de Organisatie voor het Verbod op Chemische Wapens in Den Haag en worden gif-aanslagen uitgevoerd in het Verenigd Koninkrijk (VK). China is met een agressieve economische uitbrei- ding bezig waarmee via een schuldenval Europese
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