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Overview of Diplomatic Letters Listed Geographically and Chronologically by Diplomat Region: Africa Egypt Location: Cairo Diplomat Name Alternative names Hekimo ğlu Ali Pasha Grand Vizier Hekimo ğlu Ali Pasha Period (from/to): 1756- 1757 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 1 Ethiopia Location: Addis Ababa Diplomat Name Alternative names Iyasu I Joshua I Period (from/to): 1682- 1706 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 3 Location: Gondar Diplomat Name Alternative names Yohannes I A'ilaf Sagad Period (from/to): 1667- 1682 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 1 South Africa Location: Cape of Good Hope Diplomat Name Alternative names Sultan Abdul Bashir (exile) Period (from/to): 1700- 1701 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 2 www.sejarah-nusantara.anri.go.id - ANRI TCF 2015 Page 1 of 224 Overview of Diplomatic Letters Listed Geographically and Chronologically by Diplomat Raden Suryakasuma Saloringpasar Period (from/to): 1722- 1726 Historically known?N Number of letters: 5 Not to be confused with the son of Pakubuwono I Son of Damala Daeng Mamongon Period (from/to): 1741- 1741 Historically known?N Number of letters: 1 Kaicili Putra Ahmad Period (from/to): 1786- 1786 Historically known?N Number of letters: 1 Location: Robben Island Diplomat Name Alternative names Raja Christofeel Manoppo Raja Bolaang Period (from/to): 1773- 1773 Historically known?N Number of letters: 1 Region: East Asia China Location: Amoy Diplomat Name Alternative names Bu Yuan of Xiamen Period (from/to): 1688- 1688 Historically known?N Number of letters: 2 Governor Kao Chi Chuo Period (from/to): 1688- 1688 Historically known?N Number of letters: 1 Recipient unconfirmed www.sejarah-nusantara.anri.go.id - ANRI TCF 2015 Page 2 of 224 Overview of Diplomatic Letters Listed Geographically and Chronologically by Diplomat Governors of Xiamen Period (from/to): 1688- 1688 Historically known?N Number of letters: 1 Brieven van ‘Tjuongh hooft over de militie mitsgaders casteel ende stadtbwaarder op ’t eyland’; ‘Tsysankon gouverneur admiraal ende veltheer over de militie van Chinceenio Aymuy ende de provientien Hockien’; ‘Tsaykien Compou ontfanger van de rijxincomsten Kim Hab Sung Period (from/to): 1802- 1806 Historically known?N Number of letters: 4 Li Kong Hu Period (from/to): 1806- 1806 Historically known?N Number of letters: 1 A merchant from Amoy Period (from/to): 1808- 1808 Historically known?N Number of letters: 1 Cho Ha Cheng Period (from/to): 1808- 1808 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 1 See: http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Indonesia_princely_states2.html#Tanette Location: Beijing Diplomat Name Alternative names Shunzhi Emperor Period (from/to): 1638- 1661 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 1 Kangxi Emperor K'ang-hsi Emperor Period (from/to): 1661- 1722 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 13 Mandarin of Beijing Lepus of Beijing Period (from/to): 1663- 1668 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 4 www.sejarah-nusantara.anri.go.id - ANRI TCF 2015 Page 3 of 224 Overview of Diplomatic Letters Listed Geographically and Chronologically by Diplomat Rulers of Beijng Period (from/to): 1685- 1685 Historically known?N Number of letters: 1 Qianlong Emperor Chien-lung Emperor Period (from/to): 1735- 1796 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 3 Regent of Beijing Hoppo of Beijing Period (from/to): 1741- 1742 Historically known?N Number of letters: 3 Location: Canton Diplomat Name Alternative names Singamong King of Canton Period (from/to): 1653- 1653 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 1 Son of Geng Jimao Period (from/to): 1676- 1676 Historically known?N Number of letters: 1 Pingham Sinong-Siong Viceroy of Canton Period (from/to): 1677- 1678 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 3 Not mentioned in G.B. Souza's The Survival of Empire. Chong Lauw Cantonese merchant Period (from/to): 1678- 1678 Historically known?N Number of letters: 1 Chen Hin-Qua Chinese Merchant Period (from/to): 1679- 1679 Historically known?N Number of letters: 1 www.sejarah-nusantara.anri.go.id - ANRI TCF 2015 Page 4 of 224 Overview of Diplomatic Letters Listed Geographically and Chronologically by Diplomat Governor Chu Hong-Qu Period (from/to): 1688- 1688 Historically known?N Number of letters: 1 Recipient unconfirmed Hoppo Kuan-Yin-Pao Period (from/to): 1688- 1688 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 1 See Weng Eang Cheong, The Hong Merchants of Canton: Chinese Merchants in Sino-Western Trade, 1684-1798, 195 Apostle in Canton Period (from/to): 1710- 1710 Historically known?N Number of letters: 1 Governor Yang Unpis Yang Unpis Period (from/to): 1734- 1738 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 1 See Weng Eang Cheong's The Hong Merchants of Canton: Chinese Merchants in Sino-Western Trade, 1684-1798; 203 and 195 plus 196. Due to limited access it could not be determined whether Governor Yang Unpis (start of rule 1734) was still in power in 1738 Cheng Wu-Sai Acting Hoppo Period (from/to): 1736- 1741 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 2 See Weng Eang Cheong's The Hong Merchants of Canton: Chinese Merchants in Sino-Western Trade, 1684-1798; 203 and 195 plus 196. Governor Wang An-kuo Governor of Canton Period (from/to): 1740- 1744 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 1 Location: Chi Engling Diplomat Name Alternative names Sukong Honggua Ni-Chanko Uj-Qianco Choe-Huo Period (from/to): 1739- 1739 Historically known?N Number of letters: 1 Unconfirmed; Soekong Honggua Nie Kanko Oeij Janco Koellones might be transcribed differently Location: Fuzhou Diplomat Name Alternative names www.sejarah-nusantara.anri.go.id - ANRI TCF 2015 Page 5 of 224 Overview of Diplomatic Letters Listed Geographically and Chronologically by Diplomat Li Pui General of Fuzhou Period (from/to): 1663- 1665 Historically known?N Number of letters: 4 Geng Jimao Keng Chi-mao Period (from/to): 1663- 1676 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 7 There appears to be confusion on his assumed date of death (1671), for letters from his hand were still received in 1676. Fuzhou Lieutenant Combon Fuzhou Period (from/to): 1664- 1665 Historically known?N Number of letters: 3 Shi Chetoq Sitetock Period (from/to): 1665- 1665 Historically known?N Number of letters: 1 Chang Pui Army commander in Fuzhou Period (from/to): 1668- 1668 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 2 Quo Kayko Chinese translator Period (from/to): 1675- 1675 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 1 Kako Translator of Geng Jimao Period (from/to): 1676- 1676 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 1 Bu Yuan Yao Qisheng Yao Qisheng of Fuijan Period (from/to): 1677- 1683 Historically known?N Number of letters: 8 Timping Siong Qon-Qing The second generalissimus of the Ka Period (from/to): 1678- 1678 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 1 www.sejarah-nusantara.anri.go.id - ANRI TCF 2015 Page 6 of 224 Overview of Diplomatic Letters Listed Geographically and Chronologically by Diplomat Kon Cenongh Viceroy of Fuzhou Period (from/to): 1678- 1680 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 3 Bu Yuan Wan Zhengse The Governor of Fuzhou Period (from/to): 1678- 1687 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 8 Guy, Qing Governors and Their Provinces, 267 Li Lau-Ya Ambassador of the Kangxi Emperor Period (from/to): 1679- 1680 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 6 Lio Lau-Ya Ambassador of the Kangxi Emperor Period (from/to): 1679- 1680 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 6 Chou-Qi Chon Tsjoukkitton' Period (from/to): 1681- 1681 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 1 Chuo-Guoshi Theogouhi' Period (from/to): 1681- 1681 Historically known?N Number of letters: 1 Not found, but transcription might be incorrect Delegates of Fuzhou Period (from/to): 1681- 1681 Historically known?N Number of letters: 1 Quo-Chinlin Siam Goutchijelun Siam' Period (from/to): 1681- 1681 Historically known?N Number of letters: 1 Not found, but transcription might be incorrect Hai Fang t'ung Chih Period (from/to): 1682- 1682 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 1 See J. Vixseboxse's Een Hollansch Gezantschap naar China in de Zeventiende Eeuw (1685-1687); 50 www.sejarah-nusantara.anri.go.id - ANRI TCF 2015 Page 7 of 224 Overview of Diplomatic Letters Listed Geographically and Chronologically by Diplomat Bu Yuan of Fuzhou Period (from/to): 1686- 1686 Historically known?N Number of letters: 3 Location: Macao Diplomat Name Alternative names Sebastião Lobo da Silveira Period (from/to): 1638- 1645 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 1 Senate of Macau Senado de Macau Period (from/to): 1685- 1742 Historically known?N Number of letters: 18 Governor Diogo do Pinho Teixeira Period (from/to): 1706- 1710 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 1 Governor Diogo Pereira Diogo Pereira Period (from/to): 1738- 1743 Historically known?Y Number of letters: 3 Location: Quintang Diplomat Name Alternative names Bu Yuan Wu Xingzuo Wu Xingzuo Period (from/to): 1683- 1688 Historically known?N Number of letters: 2 Bu Yuan Shi Liu Period (from/to): 1689- 1691 Historically known?N Number of letters: 2 Recipient Unconfirmed www.sejarah-nusantara.anri.go.id - ANRI TCF 2015 Page 8 of 224 Overview of Diplomatic Letters Listed Geographically and Chronologically by Diplomat Mandarins of Qingyuan Period (from/to): 1735- 1741 Historically known?N Number of letters: 5 Hoppo Che-Li Hin-Cheng Toa-Lo Regent of Qingyuan Period (from/to): 1739- 1739 Historically known?N Number of letters: 3 Unconfirmedl J.A. and Houpou Telie Hiembeeng Toeal might be transcribed differently Shoa-La Lin Bu-Chi So Toa-Lo Regent of Qingyuan Period (from/to): 1739- 1739 Historically known?N Number of letters: 3 Unconfirmed; Sontoh Toeala Boeki Chi Teaalo might be transcribed differently Chuo-Yok Chou-Woh Period (from/to): 1740- 1740 Historically known?N Number of letters: 1 A merchant. He cannot be found in Weng Eang Cheong's The Hong Merchants of Canton: Chinese Merchants in Sino-Western Trade, 1684-1798.
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  • The Emergence of Proto-Entrepreneurial Groups in the City of Ayutthaya During the 17Th-18Th Centuries*

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    The Emergence of Proto-entrepreneurial Groups in the City of Ayutthaya During the 17th-18th Centuries* Warangkana Nibhatsukit Abstract This article attempts to view the emergence of proto- entrepreneurs, groups of people whose social and political status were achieved as a result of commercial wealth, in the society of Ayutthaya. As Kings and nobilities needed trading experts to cope with international trade expansion, resident foreigners and mestizos were able to utilize their skill, and came to dominate commercial activities of Siam. Some outstanding merchants were drawn into the court of Siam and appointed officials while other maintained their wealth and economic strength by making close connections with high-rank nobles and officials. This consequence of social changes in context of economic changes during the 17th-18th centuries significantly reveals the emergence of proto-entrepreneurial groups who were forerunners of the bourgeoisie in Ratanakosin Era. Proto-entrepreneurial groups can be categorized into four groups: the private merchants and tax farmers in Ayutthaya, the trading expert officials and the court merchants, the traders and peddlers, and the local officials. * As part of the Ph.D. dissertation “Trade-related Groups in Ayutthaya Society, 1629-1767”, this article couldn’t have been possible without considerable helps and valuable guidance from Dr. Dhiravat Na Bombejra, my advisor, and Associate Professor Dr. Dhida Saraya, my co-advisor. The Emergence of Proto-entrepreneurial Groups 92 in the City of Ayutthaya During the 17th-18th Centuries U U ndertaking various commercial ventures on private capital and for lucrative purposes, proto-entrepreneurs became visible in Siam during the Ayutthaya Period around the 17th century due to the kings’ attempt to sustain political and economic stability, and the rising demand for forest products from outside markets.
  • Ayutthaya Wat Phra Si Sanphet Saraburi • Ang Thong • Suphan Buri Pathum Thani • Nonthaburi Contents Ayutthaya 8 Pathum Thani 44

    Ayutthaya Wat Phra Si Sanphet Saraburi • Ang Thong • Suphan Buri Pathum Thani • Nonthaburi Contents Ayutthaya 8 Pathum Thani 44

    Ayutthaya Wat Phra Si Sanphet Saraburi • Ang Thong • Suphan Buri Pathum Thani • Nonthaburi Contents Ayutthaya 8 Pathum Thani 44 Saraburi 24 Nonthaburi 50 Ang Thong 32 Suphan Buri 38 8 Wat Mahathat Ayutthaya The ancient city of Ayutthaya, formally designated Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya was the Thai capital for 417 years, and is one of Thailand’s major tourist attractions. 8 9 Ayutthaya province is relatively small at 2,557 sq. km. and is easily accessible due to good road, rail and river connections and its proximity to Bangkok. Straddling the Chao Phraya River, the nation’s principal waterway, the province is extremely important, as it was the Siamese capital for four centuries. The city of Ayutthaya is 76 km. north of Bangkok and boasts numerous magnificent ruins from its days as the capital. Just to the south, in perfect condition, stands the royal palace of Bang Pa-in set in splendid gardens. The province is also noted for H.M. the Queen’s Bang Sai Arts and Crafts Centre. The ancient city of Ayutthaya, formally designated Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya was the Thai capital for 417 years, and is one of Thailand’s major tourist attractions. Many ancient ruins and art works can be seen in a city that was founded in 1350 by King U-Thong when the Thais were forced southwards by northern neighbours. During the period when Ayutthaya was capital, 33 kings and several dynasties ruled the kingdom, until the glittering city was sacked by the Burmese in 1767, ruined and abandoned. The extensive ruins and the historical records demonstrate that Ayutthaya was one of Southeast Asia’s most prosperous cities.