DOCSLIB.ORG

Post 9/11 Challenges: a Study Into Conceptions of Controversy and Islam By

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Post 9/11 Challenges: a Study Into Conceptions of Controversy and Islam By University of Alberta Post 9/11 Challenges: A Study into Conceptions of Controversy and Islam by Zahra Nooruddin Kasamali A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education Department of Secondary Education ©Zahra Nooruddin Kasamali Spring 2012 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. Abstract One of the primary aims of education is assisting students in shaping their world- views through the presentation of multiple perspectives on many topics. Teachers have the responsibility to foster thought-provoking questions, insights and dialogue amongst their students. Within the context of post 9/11 education, it is rather challenging for many teachers to address controversial topics that they believe may be distastefully welcomed and invoke much discomfort amongst some students, parents and administrators. This study explores how two Religious Studies professors conceptualized controversy and the discussion of controversial topics in their religion courses. Further, notions gathered from participants were utilized to facilitate how secondary Social Studies teachers approach controversial topics, especially about religion and Islam specifically, with their students. Using a qualitative post modernist approach, participants were asked to share their perceptions of controversy and reflect on factors that perhaps influenced what they chose to address with their students. Acknowledgements There are many people I would like to thank for assisting me in the completion of my thesis. Dr. Kent den Heyer, my MEd program supervisor. Thank you for all of your support, inspiration, faith in my study, guidance and advice. I greatly appreciate you taking much time to reread numerous drafts and offer thoughtful questions and insight. Dr. Dwayne Donald and Dr. Ali Abdi comprised my MEd oral exam committee. Thank you for taking the time to read my work and offer important insight and thought provoking questions. I am left with much to ponder in light of these comments and questions. My sincerest thanks to my professors and fellow graduate students for inspiring me, providing me with support during the completion of my study, and for the inspiring conversations. I am very thankful for all of the help I received from everyone in the Secondary Education Office. I appreciate what all of you have done to answer all of my queries and concerns. I would like to express my gratitude to my closest friends Taz and Olya. Thank you for believing in me and supporting me through the toughest of moments. Finally, I would like to express my utmost gratitude to my sister Naureen and my parents, Noor and Polly Kasamali for their love, support and prayers. Thank you for believing in me when I did not believe in myself at times. Table of Contents Chapter One - Introduction ................................................................................. 1 Defining Instructional Decisions ............................................................................ 1 Instructional Decisions and the discussion of Divisive Topics in the Secondary Social Studies Classroom ........................................................................................ 2 Why Should Teachers Address Religion and Islam Specifically in their Social Studies Classrooms? ............................................................................................... 4 Defining Key Terms ............................................................................................... 5 Social Stocks of Knowledge: Is the way in which we think often oppressive? ...... 7 Coming to the Question: Implications on the Local Level ..................................... 8 The Question ........................................................................................................... 9 Locating Space for this Study ............................................................................... 10 Situating Myself in the Study ............................................................................... 11 Chapter Two - Reviewing the Literature .......................................................... 14 What is Anti-Racist Education? ............................................................................ 16 How is Islam becoming a Racialized Faith? ......................................................... 15 How can Anti-Racist Education assist Controversial Topics Discussions? ......... 16 The Consequences of Educators’ Pedagogical Practices? .................................... 18 Encountering Resistance From Students............................................................... 19 Fear and the Recognition of Islamophobia through the Application of Anti- Racist Education ................................................................................................... 20 Criticisms of Anti-Racist Education ..................................................................... 21 What is Multicultural Education? ......................................................................... 23 Multicultural Education and the Perpetuation of Colour –Blindness ................... 25 Defining Racialization .......................................................................................... 26 Defining Islamophobia and its History ................................................................. 28 Post 9/11 incidents of Islamophobia in Toronto Schools ..................................... 32 Hijabophobia in Canada ........................................................................................ 33 Victimizing the Victim ......................................................................................... 34 Challenges to Approaching neo-Orientalism and Islamophobic Sentiment in Canadian Schools .................................................................................................. 35 Challenges Encountered When Teaching as an ‘Outsider’ to Islam ..................... 37 Advantages of Teaching as an ‘Outsider’ to a Particular Religious Tradition ..... 39 Can we avoid Judging other Faith Traditions ....................................................... 39 Controversial Topics in the Social Studies Classroom: Avoidance in Response to Sanctions? ......................................................................................................... 40 Religious Instructions in Schools: Is Religious Instruction Legally Possible in Secular Schools? ............................................................................................... 42 The Impact of Bill 44 on Classroom Practice: False deterrent or legitimate threat? ................................................................................................................... 44 Hypocrisy inherent in Bill 44 ................................................................................ 45 Implications for Educators .................................................................................... 46 Chapter Three - Methodology ........................................................................... 48 Focus of the Study ................................................................................................ 48 The Research Question ......................................................................................... 49 Selecting a Research Approach............................................................................. 50 Research Method .................................................................................................. 52 Drawing the Sample .............................................................................................. 54 Interview Protocol ................................................................................................. 55 Data Analysis Procedures ..................................................................................... 56 Ethical Considerations .......................................................................................... 58 Qualitative Reliability ........................................................................................... 59 Qualitative Validity ............................................................................................... 60 The Interview Questions ....................................................................................... 60 Chapter Four - Interviews and Analysis ........................................................... 66 Identifying and Addressing Social Stocks of Knowledge .................................... 67 Popular Media Images and the Creation of ‘Final Ideas’ ..................................... 69 Readings of Controversial Topics ......................................................................... 70 Pedagogical Techniques used to Address Controversial Matters ......................... 72 Empowerment
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Human Rights and Creed Research and Consultation Report
    Human Rights and Creed Research and consultation report ISBN: 978-1-4606-3360-1 (Print) 978-1-4606-3361-8 (HTML) 978-1-4606-3362-5 (PDF) © 2013 Queen’s Printer for Ontario Available in various formats Also available online: www.ohrc.on.ca Disponible en français Human rights and creed research and consultation report Contents I. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 1. Setting the context................................................................................................... 1 2. The purpose of this report........................................................................................ 2 3. Criteria for assessing and developing human rights policy ...................................... 2 II. Executive summary................................................................................................... 3 III. Background and context ......................................................................................... 7 Key questions .............................................................................................................. 7 1. Current social and demographic trends ................................................................... 7 1.1 Diversity of creed beliefs and practices.............................................................. 7 1.2 Individual belief and practice............................................................................ 10 1.3 Policy and program trends ..............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Why Are You “Active”? - Voices of Young Muslim Women Post-9/11
    WHY ARE YOU “ACTIVE”? - VOICES OF YOUNG MUSLIM WOMEN POST-9/11 by Jabeen Aslam A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts Graduate Department of Sociology and Equity Studies in Education Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto © Copyright by Jabeen Aslam (2011) WHY ARE YOU “ACTIVE”? - VOICES OF YOUNG MUSLIM WOMEN POST-9/11 Master of Arts 2011 Jabeen Aslam Department of Sociology and Equity Studies in Education University of Toronto Abstract Contributing to the literature on the Muslim experience post-9/11, the purpose of this study was to engage with a group that is often talked about, but not with: Muslim youth. Using an integrative anti-racist and anti-colonial approach with an emphasis on a spiritual way of knowing, this study gives voice to young Muslim activists in Toronto who have made the choice to “do something”. The study aims to understand what motivates these young activists, particularly in the context of post-9/11 Islamophobia, with the goal being to challenge stereotypical perceptions of Muslims, while contributing to the body of knowledge that aims to disrupt dominant notions of what “Canadian” identity is. The following analysis helps answer this question, which includes the role of spirituality, the attachment to Canadian identity and the desire to educate. Key challenges and what these youth prescribe for Canada’s future are also discussed. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the numerous individuals who have been instrumental in completing this project. First, to the seven young women interviewed in this paper – for your willingness to participate I am forever grateful.
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Muslim Voting Guide: Federal Election 2019
    Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Sociology Faculty Publications Sociology Fall 2019 Canadian Muslim Voting Guide: Federal Election 2019 Jasmin Zine Wilfrid Laurier University, [email protected] Fatima Chakroun Wilfrid Laurier University Shifa Abbas Wilfrid Laurier University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/soci_faculty Part of the Islamic Studies Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Zine, Jasmin; Chakroun, Fatima; and Abbas, Shifa, "Canadian Muslim Voting Guide: Federal Election 2019" (2019). Sociology Faculty Publications. 12. https://scholars.wlu.ca/soci_faculty/12 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Sociology at Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PREPARED BY CANADIAN ISLAMOPHOBIA INDUSTRY RESEARCH PROJECT TABLE OF C ONTENTS Summary of Federal Party Grades 1 How to Use this Guide 1 Introduction 2 Muslim Canadian Voters 2 Key Issues 2 Key Issues 1 Alt-Right Groups & Islamophobia 1 Motion 103 4 Religious Freedom and Dress in Quebec (BILL 21 & BILL 62) 3 Immigration/Refugees 4 Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions (BDS) Movement 5 Foreign Policy 4 Conclusion 4 References by Section 5 The Canadian Muslim Voting Guide is led by Dr. Jasmin Zine, Professor, Wilfrid Laurier University. This guide was made possible with support from Hassina Alizai, Ryan Anningson, Sahver Kuzucuoglu, Doaa Shalabi, Ryan Hopkins and Phillip Oddi. The guide was designed by Fatima Chakroun and Shifa Abba. PAGE 01 S UMMARY OF FEDERAL PARTY GRADES Grades: P – Pass; N - Needs Improvement; F – Fail.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Muslims in Canada
    A Delicate Mosaic: The Future of Muslims in Canada Sahar Khelifa* Abstract Islam has had a long and, recently, very contested history in Canada. Studies after 9/11 show an increasingly negative view towards Islam and Muslims in Canada. The presence of Canadian Muslim diaspora, supposed clashes between Islam and the West, and the rise of Islamophobia and counter anti-Islamophobia movements have strained Muslim integration efforts and challenged Islam’s place in Canadian society, testing long-standing Canadian values and beliefs about multiculturalism, democracy and pluralism. This paper addresses the question of Canadian-Muslim integration, looking briefly at the history of Muslims in Canada, the issues they face today, and current events regarding Islam’s place in Canadian society, including Bill 94 and the niqab debate during the 2015 Canadian election. The paper also proposes a process where Muslim communities, the Canadian government and the public can work together to build understanding and resolve differences in order to move forward as a country. Keywords: Islam, Muslims, Canada, Canadian Muslims, integration, multiculturalism, immigrants, Islamophobia, anti- Islamophobia, policy of recognition, Islam vs. the West, Bill 94, niqab “It is not our differences that divide us. It is our inability to percent of Quebecers held unfavourable views of Islam recognize, accept, and celebrate those differences.” (Geddes). Four years later in 2013, the same study was -Audre Lorde conducted and found 54 percent of Canadians and 69 percent of Quebecers held unfavourable views of Islam, an Preamble increase of nearly 10 percent for Canadians outside of Quebec; Canada’s view on Islam is getting worse (Geddes).
    [Show full text]
  • Islamophobia As a Form of Governmentality: Unbearable Weightiness of the Politics of Fear
    imer • mim The Willy Brandt Series of Working Papers in International Migration and Ethnic Relations is a forum for research in, and debate about, issues of migration, ethnicity and related topics. It is associated with guest AYHAN KAYA professorship in memory of Willy Brandt. Thus, the Series makes available original manuscripts by the Willy Brandt Guest Professors. The guest professorship in memory of Willy Brandt is a gift to Malmö ISLAMOPHOBIA AS A FORM OF University financed by the City of Malmö, and sponsored by MKB Fastighets AB. The Willy Brandt professorship was established to strengthen GOVERNMENTALITY: and develop research in the field of international migration and ethnic relations, and to create close links to international research in this field. UNBEARABLE WEIGHTINESS OF THE POLITICS OF FEAR The Willy Brandt Series of Working Papers in International Migration and Ethnic Relations is available in print and online. Willy Brandt Series of Working Papers in International Migration and Ethnic Relations 1/11 MALMÖ UNIVERSITY SE-205 06 Malmö M Sweden A tel: +46 40-665 70 00 LM www.mah.se Ö 2011 MALMÖ UNIVERSITY MALMÖ INSTITUTE FOR STUDIES OF MIGRATION, DIVERSITY AND WELFARE (MIM) Willy Brandt Series of Working Papers 2/06 Sandro Cattacin. 2006. 1/11 Ayhan Kaya. 2011. in International Migration and Ethnic Relations Why not “Ghettos”? Islamophobia as a form of Govern- 1/11 The Governance of Migration mentality: Unbearable Weightiness in the Splintering City. of the Politics of Fear Published 1/07 Eva Morawska. 2007. 2011 International Migration: Its Various Mechanisms and Different Theories Editor that Try to Explain It.
    [Show full text]
  • United States and Canadian Islamophobia Expressed Through Public Policy
    University of Alberta No. No. Shari'a: United States and Canadian Islamophobia Expressed through Public Policy by Katherine Dyson A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Political Science ©Katherine Dyson Spring 2012 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-90162-5 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-90162-5 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Inclusion and Alienation Within the Sport Experiences of Hijabi Athletes in Ontario
    In and Out: Exploring Inclusion and Alienation within the Sport Experiences of Hijabi Athletes in Ontario by Asma Ahmed Abdin Khalil A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Graduate Department of Exercise Sciences University of Toronto © Copyright by Asma Ahmed Abdin Khalil 2018 In and Out: Exploring Inclusion and Alienation within the Sport Experiences of Hijabi Athletes in Ontario Asma Ahmed Abdin Khalil Master of Science Graduate Department of Exercise Sciences University of Toronto 2018 Abstract Western sport environments may create challenges for young Muslim women who choose to participate while adhering to their Islamic values and principles. In this way, participation in sport may serve to exclude young Muslim women when cultural and religious needs are not met. The purpose of this study was to explore how young Muslim women who wear the hijab experience inclusion or alienation due to their involvement in sport in Ontario. Data collection with seven Hijabi athletes consisted of semi-structured interviews and audio-diaries recorded over a one-month period to examine identity negotiation, social interactions with non-Muslim teammates and coaches, and the influence of broader discourses on the sport experiences of young Muslim women. Results pertained to solidarity as well as Islamophobic interactions with teammates, surveillance due to hypervisibility of the hijab, and behaviour modification. This research highlights the heterogeneity of Muslim women in Ontario and how they navigate sport experiences. ii Acknowledgements I am incredibly grateful for all the excitement, challenges and joy I have experienced these past two years. Alhamdulillah. I want to thank my wonderful research participants for the time and energy they put into this project.
    [Show full text]
  • Alleviating the Clash of Ignorance(S): an Ismaili Muslim Initiative in Canada
    Alleviating the Clash of Ignorance(s): An Ismaili Muslim Initiative in Canada Alyshea Cummins M.A. Wilfrid Laurier University, 2012 Thesis submitted to the University of Ottawa in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctorate in Philosophy degree in Religious Studies Department of Classics and Religious Studies Faculty of Arts University of Ottawa © Alyshea Cummins, Ottawa, Canada, 2021 Alleviating the Clash of Ignorance(s) - ii TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................ II ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................................. V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................................... VI LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................................. VIII LIST OF CHARTS .................................................................................................................................................... IX LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................................... X LEGEND ....................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Azeezah Kanji, LLM, Tim Mcsorley
    Prepared by Azeezah Kanji (JD, LLM; Noor Cultural Centre) Tim McSorley (International Civil Liberties Monitoring Group) July 22, 2021 Endorsements Organizations 1. Arab Canadian Lawyers Association 2. Atlantic Canada Palestinian Society 3. BC Civil Liberties Association (BCCLA) 4. Black Women United YEG 5. Canadian Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee 6. Canadian Arab Federation 7. Canadian Arab Institute 8. Canadian Association of Jews and Muslims 9. Canadian BDS Coalition 10. Canadian Council Of Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jama'ah 11. Canadian Council of Imams 12. Canadian Council of Indian Muslims 13. Canadian Council of Muslim Women (CCMW) 14. Canadian Council of Muslim Women Niagara Halton 15. Canadian Muslim Research Think Tank 16. Canadians Against Oppression And Persecution (CAOP) 17. Canada Pakistan Affiliated Chambers of Trade 18. Canada Palestine Association 19. Canadians for Justice and Peace in the Middle East (CJPME) 20. Center for Security, Race and Rights, Rutgers University 21. Chinese & Southeast Asian Legal Clinic 22. Coalition of Muslim Women of KW 23. Council of Agencies Serving South Asians (CASSA) 24. East Turkistan Association of Canada 25. Human Rights Research and Education Centre, University of Ottawa 26. Imam Services Inc. 27. Independent Jewish Voices Canada 28. Institute for Religious and Socio-Political Studies (I-RSS) 29. Islamic Centre of Cambridge 30. Islamic Family and Social Services Association 31. Islamic Foundation of Toronto 32. Islamic Humanitarian Service 33. Islamic Relief Canada 34. Islamic Social Services Association 35. Justice for All Canada 36. Just Peace Advocates/Mouvement Pour Une Paix Juste 37. Ligue des droits et libertés 2 38. Mathabah Institute 39. Muslim Association of Brantford 40.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamofobi - En Begreppsutredande Studie Av Begreppet Islamofobi
    Kandidatuppsats Att ’begreppa’ islamofobi - En begreppsutredande studie av begreppet islamofobi Författare: Johan Lind Handledare: Torsten Löfstedt Examinator: Jonas Svensson Termin: HT16 Ämne: Religionsvetenskap Nivå: Kandidat Kurskod: 2RKÄ06 Abstract Islamophobia as a concept has grown in popularity but is still controversial. This essay categorizes and analyses 153 scientific articles’ definition of the concept Islamophobia. It proposes two different categories which the definitions can be put in. First there is micro- islamophobia which includes definitions that defines islamophobia as an emotional or cognitive phenomenon. The focus here is on an individual level. The second category is macro- islamophobia, which focuses more on a structural level, and includes definitions of islamophobia as an ideology/discourse or islamophobia as racism. The essay concludes that these two different ways of defining islamophobia are complementary rather than competing. Negative emotions or cognitions do not appear from nowhere and an ideology needs a foundation in individuals. Nyckelord islamofobi, begreppsanalys Innehåll 1. Inledning ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduktion ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Syfte & frågeställning ...................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Tidigare forskning
    [Show full text]
  • The Waging of a Virtual War Against Islam: an Assessment of How Post-9/11 War- Themed Video Games Stereotype Muslims
    The Waging of a Virtual War against Islam: An Assessment of How Post-9/11 War-themed Video Games Stereotype Muslims by Taha Ibaid A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Criminology The Faculty of Social Science and Humanities University of Ontario Institute of Technology Oshawa, Ontario, Canada February 2019 © Taha Ibaid, 2019 THESIS EXAMINATION INFORMATION Submitted by: Taha Ibaid Master of Arts in Criminology Thesis title: The Waging of a Virtual War against Islam: An Assessment of How Post-9/11 War- themed Video Games Stereotype Muslims An oral defense of this thesis took place on February 11th, 2019 in front of the following examining committee: Examining Committee: Chair of Examining Committee Dr. Phillip Shon Research Supervisor Dr. Tanner Mirrlees Examining Committee Member Dr. Steven Downing External Examiner Dr. Aziz Douai The above committee determined that the thesis is acceptable in form and content and that a satisfactory knowledge of the field covered by the thesis was demonstrated by the candidate during an oral examination. A signed copy of the Certificate of Approval is available from the School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies. ii Abstract Research suggests that American popular culture represents Muslim peoples, places, and cultures in ways that perpetuate Islamophobic ideas, and scholars have examined how fictional television shows and films communicate Islamophobic ideology among the American public, and around the world. While much research focuses on popular culture in the form of television and film, less has addressed how video games represent Muslims.
    [Show full text]
  • Representing Muslims: Islamophobic Discourse and the Construction Of
    Representing Muslims: Islamophobic discourse and the construction of identities in Britain since 2001 Leonie Jackson BA, MA A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Wolverhampton for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 2015 This work or any part thereof has not previously been presented in any form to the University or to any other body whether for the purposes of assessment, publication or for any other purpose (unless otherwise indicated). Save for any express acknowledgments, references and/or bibliographies cited in the work, I confirm that the intellectual content of the work is the result of my own efforts and of no other person. The right of Leonie Jackson to be identified as author of this work is asserted in accordance with ss.77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. At this date copyright is owned by the author. Signature……………………………………….. Date…………………………………………….. 1 Abstract Employing critical race theory as a theoretical and analytical framework, this thesis explores the nature, structure and purpose of Islamophobic discourse, and offers two central contributions to the scholarly debate on Islamophobia. First, it contributes to the literature on the nature of Islamophobia by analysing the form and structure of discourse that seeks to represent Muslims and Islam in a number of social and political sites. Second, the thesis addresses a significant gap identified in the scholarly literature, which has largely overlooked the purpose that Islamophobic discourse serves for those employing it. In order to address the nature and structure of Islamophobic discourse, the thesis analyses representations of Muslims and Islam in dominant national community cohesion and counterterrorism discourses; rearticulation of these discourses at the local level in the West Midlands town of Dudley; the use of Islamophobic discourse by the English Defence League; and the ways in which Islamophobic narratives were used to mark national boundaries in Switzerland, Denmark, the Netherlands and France.
    [Show full text]