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Trials of the War Criminals
TRIALS OF THE WAR CRIMINALS General Considerations The Fascist regime that ruled Romania between September 14, 1940, and August 23, 1944, was brought to justice in Bucharest in May 1946, and after a short trial, its principal leaders—Ion and Mihai Antonescu and two of their closest assistants—were executed, while others were sentenced to life imprisonment or long terms of detention. At that time, the trial’s verdicts seemed inevitable, as they indeed do today, derived inexorably from the defendants’ decisions and actions. The People’s Tribunals functioned for a short time only. They were disbanded on June 28, 1946,1 although some of the sentences were not pronounced until sometime later. Some 2,700 cases of suspected war criminals were examined by a commission formed of “public prosecutors,”2 but only in about half of the examined cases did the commission find sufficient evidence to prosecute, and only 668 were sentenced, many in absentia.3 There were two tribunals, one in Bucharest and one in Cluj. It is worth mentioning that the Bucharest tribunal sentenced only 187 people.4 The rest were sentenced by the tribunal in Cluj. One must also note that, in general, harsher sentences were pronounced by the Cluj tribunal (set up on June 22, 1 Marcel-Dumitru Ciucă, “Introducere” in Procesul maresalului Antonescu (Bucharest: Saeculum and Europa Nova, 1995-98), vol. 1: p. 33. 2 The public prosecutors were named by communist Minister of Justice Lucret iu Pătrăşcanu and most, if not all of them were loyal party members, some of whom were also Jews. -
August 22, 1989 Report of the Embassy of Romania in Warsaw to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 0145 Hr
Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified August 22, 1989 Report of the Embassy of Romania in Warsaw to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 0145 hr Citation: “Report of the Embassy of Romania in Warsaw to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 0145 hr,” August 22, 1989, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Document 72 in Dumitru Preda and Mihai Retegan, 1989 – Principiul Dominoului: Prabusirea Regimurilor Comuniste Europene, Bucharest, Editura Fundatiei Culturale Romane, 2000, pp. 164-167; AMAE, Varsovia/1989, vol. 3, f. 57-63. Translated for CWIHP by Larry Watts. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121612 Summary: Romanian Ambassador to Poland Ion Tesu reports on the Polish response to Ceaușescu's 19 August message to all of the socialist countries. Includes a written response from the PUWP leadership Original Language: Romanian Contents: English Translation Report of the Embassy of Romania in Warsaw to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs August 22, 1989, 0145 hr RCP CC – Comrade Secretary Ion Stoian, MFA – Comrade Minister Ioan Totu, Comrade Deputy Minister Constantine Oancea, DR I In the evening of 21/08/1989 I was called to the CC of the PUWP where I was received by comrade W. Natorf, the CC Secretary for International Relations, and by B. Kulski, the deputy minister of the Polish MFA. Comrade Natorf made known to me that he called me in order to communicate the point of view of the PUWP leadership referring to the considerations of the party and state leadership of S. R. Romania, and personally of comrade Nicolae Ceaușescu, secretary general of the Romanian Communist Party, president of the Socialist Republic of Romania, transmitted in the evening of 19- 20 August of this year to the party and state leaderships of all of the socialist countries. -
Communism and Post-Communism in Romania : Challenges to Democratic Transition
TITLE : COMMUNISM AND POST-COMMUNISM IN ROMANIA : CHALLENGES TO DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION AUTHOR : VLADIMIR TISMANEANU, University of Marylan d THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FO R EURASIAN AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARC H TITLE VIII PROGRA M 1755 Massachusetts Avenue, N .W . Washington, D .C . 20036 LEGAL NOTICE The Government of the District of Columbia has certified an amendment of th e Articles of Incorporation of the National Council for Soviet and East European Research changing the name of the Corporation to THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR EURASIAN AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARCH, effective on June 9, 1997. Grants, contracts and all other legal engagements of and with the Corporation made unde r its former name are unaffected and remain in force unless/until modified in writin g by the parties thereto . PROJECT INFORMATION : 1 CONTRACTOR : University of Marylan d PR1NCIPAL 1NVEST1GATOR : Vladimir Tismanean u COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 81 1-2 3 DATE : March 26, 1998 COPYRIGHT INFORMATIO N Individual researchers retain the copyright on their work products derived from research funded by contract with the National Council for Eurasian and East European Research . However, the Council and the United States Government have the right to duplicate an d disseminate, in written and electronic form, this Report submitted to the Council under thi s Contract, as follows : Such dissemination may be made by the Council solely (a) for its ow n internal use, and (b) to the United States Government (1) for its own internal use ; (2) for further dissemination to domestic, international and foreign governments, entities an d individuals to serve official United States Government purposes ; and (3) for dissemination i n accordance with the Freedom of Information Act or other law or policy of the United State s Government granting the public rights of access to documents held by the United State s Government. -
Daniela NICOLAIE
Daniela NICOLAIE Sustainable Tourism Destinations: Cultural Sites Generated by Romanian People of Genius as a Potential Resource for Cultural Tourism Daniela NICOLAIE1a University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geography, No1, N. Bălcescu Avenue, 010041, Romania Abstract: The progress of humankind brought forth the world nations’ assets. People of genius from different parts of the world, who showed interest in various areas of knowledge, increased over the centuries the cultural heritage of the people they came from. Thus, cultural tourism can put forward those works of science and art, architecture, sculpture and painting, literature and history, which became part of the world heritage through their unique features and role. Part of these works emerged from Romanian men of genius cluster. Public attitude towards cultural awareness is essential, both for the prestige of those working in this sector and for the whole system of values of Romanian cultural heritage. The aim of this article is to identify those places generated by the Romanian people of genius life activity as well as their areas of interest as potential resources for cultural tourism. The research is grounded on secondary data such as biographic method of inquiry. The results show that cultural sites generated by Romanian people of genius’s life and works represent a wide range of resources that can be integrated into a cultural tourism package for those interested in this type of journeys. Local authorities can get fully involved in rehabilitation, maintenance and protection of all these national assets as distinctive national elements that can support for an attractive tourism market. Key words: sustainable destinations, cultural heritage, cultural tourism, men of genius, Romania. -
Ironim Muntean Ion Todor
Ironim Muntean Ion Todor o n ■.000 Ediția a IV-a revăzută și adăugită Editura Alba lulia - 2019 Ironim Muntean Ion Todor Liceeni... odinioară Descrierea CIP a Biblotccii Naționale a României MUNTEAN, IRONIM Liceeni... odinioară / Ironim Muntean, Ion Todor; Ediție revăzută și adăugită / Cluj-Napoca: Grinta, 2011 ISBN 978-973-126-330-4 Tipărirea volumului finanțată de Opticline Alba lulia REDACTOR DE CARTE: Ion Alexandru Aldea Ironim Muntean Ion Todor Liceeni... odinioară Ediție revăzută și adăugită COLf;G?J; .HOREA. Ș| i ALBA MJA i Nr înv -^0^- Alba lulia 2019 PREFAȚĂ Autorii acestei cărți, Ironim Muntean și ion Todor mi-au fost colegi de facultate la Filologia clujeană, între anii 1960-1965 ai veacului încheiat. A fost o promoție numeroasă, din care dacă nu au ieșit personalități proeminente ale scrisului românesc contemporan, s-au afirmat destui ca remarcabili profesori secundari. Ironim Muntean și Ion Todor veneau din Alba lulia, capitala Marii Uniri, vechiul Bălgrad al începuturilor de scris românesc, absolvenți ai Liceului „Horia, Cloșca și Crișan”, care până după al doilea război mondial, purta numele gloriosului unificator de țară Mihai Viteazul. După absolvirea facultății nu s-au limitat ca mulți dascăli de literatura română, numai la activitatea catedratică, înțelegând scrisul didactic sau literar ca o completare firească a muncii la clasă. După ani și ani au ajuns profesori chiar în orașul în care absolviseră liceul, unul dintre ei, Ironim Muntean chiar la liceul „Horia, Cloșca și Crișan”, al cărui eminent absolvent fusese în urmă cu o jumătate de secol. Ambii au înțeles că este o datorie profesională, dar și de conștiință morală și patriotică studierea și punerea în lumină, sub riguros raport documentar, a tradițiilor istorice și liceale, pe care colegii le pot integra în lecțiile de istorie sau de literatură. -
Romania Redivivus
alexander clapp ROMANIA REDIVIVUS nce the badlands of neoliberal Europe, Romania has become its bustling frontier. A post-communist mafia state that was cast to the bottom of the European heap by opinion- makers sixteen years ago is now billed as the success story Oof eu expansion.1 Its growth rate at nearly 6 per cent is the highest on the continent, albeit boosted by fiscal largesse.2 In Bucharest more politicians have been put in jail for corruption over the past decade than have been convicted in the rest of Eastern Europe put together. Romania causes Brussels and Berlin almost none of the headaches inflicted by the Visegrád Group—Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia— which in 1993 declined to accept Romania as a peer and collectively entered the European Union three years before it. Romanians con- sistently rank among the most Europhile people in the Union.3 An anti-eu party has never appeared on a Romanian ballot, much less in the parliament. Scattered political appeals to unsavoury interwar traditions—Legionnairism, Greater Romanianism—attract fewer voters than do far-right movements across most of Western Europe. The two million Magyars of Transylvania, one of Europe’s largest minorities, have become a model for inter-ethnic relations after a time when the park benches of Cluj were gilded in the Romanian tricolore to remind every- one where they were. Indeed, perhaps the aptest symbol of Romania’s place in Europe today is the man who sits in the Presidential Palace of Cotroceni in Bucharest. Klaus Iohannis—a former physics teacher at a high school in Sibiu, once Hermannstadt—is an ethnic German head- ing a state that, a generation ago, was shipping hundreds of thousands of its ‘Saxons’ ‘back’ to Bonn at 4,000–10,000 Deutschmarks a head. -
Königs-Und Fürstenhäuser Aktuelle Staatsführungen DYNASTIEN
GESCHICHTE und politische Bildung STAATSOBERHÄUPTER (bis 2019) Dynastien Bedeutende Herrscher und Regierungschefs europ.Staaten seit dem Mittelalter Königs-und Fürstenhäuser Aktuelle Staatsführungen DYNASTIEN Römisches Reich Hl. Römisches Reich Fränkisches Reich Bayern Preussen Frankreich Spanien Portugal Belgien Liechtenstein Luxemburg Monaco Niederlande Italien Großbritannien Dänemark Norwegen Schweden Österreich Polen Tschechien Ungarn Bulgarien Rumänien Serbien Kroatien Griechenland Russland Türkei Vorderer Orient Mittel-und Ostasien DYNASTIEN und ihre Begründer RÖMISCHES REICH 489- 1 v.Chr Julier Altrömisches Patriziergeschlecht aus Alba Longa, Stammvater Iulus, Gaius Iulius Caesar Julisch-claudische Dynastie: Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero 69- 96 n.Ch Flavier Röm. Herrschergeschlecht aus Latium drei römische Kaiser: Vespasian, Titus, Domitian 96- 180 Adoptivkaiser u. Antonionische Dynastie Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Mark Aurel, Commodus 193- 235 Severer Aus Nordafrika stammend Septimius Severus, Caracalla, Macrinus, Elagabal, Severus Alexander 293- 364 Constantiner (2.flavische Dynastie) Begründer: Constantius Chlorus Constantinus I., Konstantin I. der Große u.a. 364- 392 Valentinianische Dynastie Valentinian I., Valens, Gratian, Valentinian II. 379- 457 Theodosianische Dynastie Theodosius I.der Große, Honorius, Valentinian III.... 457- 515 Thrakische Dynastie Leo I., Majorian, Anthemius, Leo II., Julius Nepos, Zeno, Anastasius I. 518- 610 Justinianische Dynastie Justin I.,Justinian I.,Justin II.,Tiberios -
Absurdistan Refacut Cu Headere Ultimul.P65
Dorin Tudoran (n. 30 iunie 1945, Timi[oara). Absolvent al Facult\]ii de Limb\ [i Literatur\ Român\ a Universit\]ii din Bucure[ti, pro- mo]ia 1968. Este Senior Director, pentru Comunicare [i Cercetare, membru al conducerii executive a Funda]iei Interna]ionale IFES, Washington D.C., Statele Unite, [i redactor-[ef al revistei democracy at large. C\r]i de poezie: Mic tratat de glorie (1973), C`ntec de trecut Akheronul (1975), O zi `n natur\ (1977), Uneori, plutirea (1977), Respira]ie artificial\ (1978), Pasaj de pietoni (1978), Semne particulare (antologie, 1979), De bun\ voie, autobiografia mea (1986), Ultimul turnir (antologie, 1992), Optional Future (1988), Viitorul Facultativ/Optional Future (1999), T`n\rul Ulise (antologie, 2000). C\r]i de publicistic\: Martori oculari (`n colaborare cu Eugen Seceleanu, 1976), Biografia debuturilor (1978), Nostalgii intacte (1982), Adaptarea la realitate (1982), Frost or Fear? On the Condition of the Romanian Intelectual (traducere [i prefa]\ de Vladimir Tism\neanu, 1988), Onoarea de a `n]elege (antologie, 1998), Kakistokra]ia (1998). Pentru unele dintre c\r]ile sale, autorul a primit Premiul Uniunii Scriitorilor (1973, 1977, 1998), Marele Premiu al Asocia]iilor Scriitorilor Profesioni[ti ASPRO (1998), Premiul Uniunii Scriitorilor din Republica Moldova (1998), Premiul revistei Cuv`ntul Superlativele anului (1998). I s-a decernat un Premiu Special al Uniunii Scriitorilor (1992) [i este laureatul Premiului ALA pe anul 2001. www.polirom.ro © 2006 by Editura POLIROM Editura POLIROM Ia[i, B-dul Carol I nr. 4, P.O. BOX 266, 700506 Bucure[ti, B-dul I.C. Br\tianu nr. 6, et. -
The Black Book
MATATIAS CARP THE BLACK BOOK THE SUFFERINGS OF THE JEWS IN ROMANIA DURING THE FASCIST DICTATORSHIP 1940–1944 Vol. II-A THE POGROM IN IASI THE NATIONAL PUBLISHING AND GRAPHIC ARTS SOCIETY BUCHAREST – CONST.MILLE STR. 5-7-9 1948 1 I dedicated these pages of Jewish suffering to the pious memory of my father, Horia Carp. He was an example of Jewish virtue and pride and during his entire life his thoughts and feelings were aimed at achieving justice and liberty for his people. 2 EXPLANATIONS The following pages contain the first part, i.e. the first chapter of the second volume of the "BLACK BOOK", a documentary synthesis of the sufferings of the Jews in Romania, during the years 1940–1944. Generally speaking, this second volume comprises all the persecutions endured by the Jews during the war (June 22, 1941 – August 23, 1944) in the territory situated in the west of the Prut river while the third volume "TRANSNISTRIA" published at the end of the year 1947, comprises the same period of time but in the invaded territories in the east of the Prut river. These two volumes were to appear simultaneously. However, things did not happen as planned due to technical reasons, so that I had to invert the order of the volumes. For the time being, I have published this first chapter because of financial difficulties. Should it be possible, the other six chapters will be also published, either in succession or simultaneously, namely: Chapter II – General measures of oppression Chapter III – Evacuation, hostages, camps, the yellow star Chapter IV - Forced labor Chapter V – Romanianization (Labor, goods, economic enterprises) Chapter VI – Exceptional contributions Chapter VII – The Central of Romanian Jews Being consistent with the unbiased conduct I proposed myself to keep within the entire book, I also refrained in this volume from any literary preoccupation and I avoided as much as possible to have personal opinions. -
Protocol No. 5 of the Meeting of the Executive Committee of the CC of the RCP, on the Situation in Czechoslovakia
Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact (PHP) April 2004 Romania and the Warsaw Pact, 1955–1989 www.isn.ethz.ch/php Edited by Dennis Deletant, Mihail E. Ionescu and Anna Locher ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Protocol No. 5 of the Meeting of the Executive Committee of the CC of the RCP, on the Situation in Czechoslovakia Bucharest, 21 August 1968 Participants in the meeting, comrades: Nicolae Ceasescu, Ion Gheorghe Maurer, Gheorghe Apostol, Alexandru Bârladeanu, Emil Bodnaras, Chivu Stoica, Paul Niculescu-Mizil, Virgil Trofin, Ilie Verdet, Maxim Berghianu, Florian Danalache, Constantin Dragan, Ianos Fazekas, Leonte Rautu, Vasile Vâlcu, Stefan Voitec, Iosif Banc, Petre Blajovici, Dumitru Coliu, Mihai Gere, Petre Lupu, Manea Manescu, Dumitru Popa, Dumitru Popescu, Gheorghe Stoica. Invited to participate in the meeting, comrades: Mihai Dalea, Vasile Patilinet. The meeting opens at 6:30 a.m. AGENDA: The situation created after the penetration of the armed forces of certain socialist countries into the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. Upon listening to Comrade Nicolae Ceausescu's briefing on the very serious situation created after the penetration in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic - without the knowledge and approval of that country's Party and State bodies, of the armed forces of the URSS, the Polish People's Republic, the Hungarian People's Republic, the People's Republic of Bulgaria and the German Democratic Republic - the Executive Committee of the CC of the RCP, decides as follows: • The Government of the Socialist Republic of Romania shall address a note to the five socialist countries whose troops occupied Czechoslovakia and express its concern about and disapproval of this act, the fact that it does not share at all the views stated in the TASS Communiqué, alleging that a counter-revolutionary situation was obtaining in Czechoslovakia which might have justified a military intervention. -
Endc Proceedings 12/2009
ENDC PROCEEDINGS 12/2009 ■ ENGLISH SUMMARIES 3 ESTONIAN NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE CULTURAL, PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDIES SERIES ■ SERIES EDITORS: ANDRES SAUMETS AND ALAR KILP VOLUME 1: RELIGION AND POLITICS IN MULTICULTURAL EUROPE: PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES Alar Kilp and Andres Saumets Proceedings 12/2009 EXECUTIVE EDITOR: Andres Saumets (Estonia) EDITORIAL BOARD: Ken Kalling (Estonia) Alar Kilp (Estonia) Peeter Kukk (Estonia) Rain Liivoja (Finland) Enno Mõts (Estonia) Erik Männik (Estonia) Andreas Pawlas (Germany) Claus Freiherr von Rosen (Germany) Volker Stümke (Germany) LANGUAGE EDITORS: Reet Hendrikson (Estonia) Karen Kuldnokk (Estonia) Epp Leete (Estonia) Roy Lowthian (United Kingdom) EDITORIAL COUNCIL: Aarne Ermus (Estonia) Wilfried Gerhard (Germany) Rudolf Hamann (Germany) Jakob Kübarsepp (Estonia) Ants Laaneots (Estonia) Raul Mälk (Estonia) Ago Pajur (Estonia) Eric Allan Sibul (USA) Villu Tamul (Estonia) Peeter Tulviste (Estonia) Matti Turtola (Finland) ISSN 1736–0242 ISBN 978–9985–9513–7–8 Copyright: Estonian National Defence College, 2009 Tartu University Press www.tyk.ee CONTENTS ■ FOREWORD ............................................................................................ 9 RELIGION AND POLITICS IN MULTICULTURAL EUROPE Alar Kilp and Andres Saumets ................................................................ 13 1. Theoretical Considerations .................................................................. 18 1.1. Culture ......................................................................................... -
MONITORUL FICIA E.- PARTEA Twa Kele,AA.04.34.44
r".7 FW 4kte.a,W414.4iAt4 .4.-104191re Anra CXVI Nr. 175 25 LEI EXEMPLARUL SimbAti 31 Tulle 1948. Ae442i-f, REPUBLICA POPULARAnomANA MONITORUL FICIA e.- PARTEA twa kele,AA.04.34.44. LEGI, DECRETE DECIZIUNI ALE CONSILIULUI DE MINISTRI, DECIZIUNI MINISTERIALE,COMUNICATE, ANUNTURI JUDICIARE (DE INTERES GENERAL) etc iewc 4031171:MOCIIIIIMP Desbaterile .Partea 1-a saua II-a ABONAMENTE iN LEI parlamentnre PUBLIdA IIIIN 1.E I inaerpa M.O. I on6Iani31uni1 lunasesiune I1 tuna LINIA iN TARA : DECRETE $1 JURNALE ALE CONSILIULU1 DE MINISTRI: 4Particulari 3.600 1.800 900 500 Peptru acordares avantajelor legii pentru incurajarea indus- Autoritati de Stat, judetsi comu-. triei la industrissi .71 fabricanti 6.000 Idem pentru meseriasi si mori taranesti tulle 1.500 ' 3.000 1.500 750 incetitenire si depuneri de juramant 2.003 Autoritati comunale rurale 2.500 1.250 625 autorizAri pentra rnfiintiri de birourt varnale 2000 DECIZII OlOrice abonali 2.500 500 Schimbari de ounre 2.000 INSTRA1NATATE 8.000 5.000 1.000CITATIILE: Curtilor de Casatie,Conturi,Apel,Tribunate t notari publici tinexemplar din anul curent lei.... 25 part. 1-aI 25 part. II-a 25 pa t. III-a 500 Judecatoriilor 250 anii expirati 50 50 " AMENAJAMENTE DE PADURI ,Abonarnentul lapartea Ill-a (Desbaterile parlamentare) pentrri sesiunile ordinare Priduri dintre 0 10 ha 150 10,01 20 .. 300 ........ , 500 prelungite sau extraordinare se socoteste 1.000 leI lunar (minimum 1 tuna). .1 20,01 100 100.01 209 2.000 Abonamentele si publicatiile pentru autorit8tiiparticulari se platesc anticipat. 1 200,01 500 3.000 ele vor fi insotite de o adresa din partea autoritatilor si de e cerere timbrata din 500,01-1000 4.000 trartea particularilor.