Algorithms, Platforms, and Ethnic Bias: an Integrative Essay
BERKELEY ROUNDTABLE ON THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY BRIE Working Paper 2018-3 Algorithms, Platforms, and Ethnic Bias: An Integrative Essay Selena Silva and Martin Kenney Algorithms, Platforms, and Ethnic Bias: An Integrative Essay In Phylon: The Clark Atlanta University Review of Race and Culture (Summer/Winter 2018) Vol. 55, No. 1 & 2: 9-37 Selena Silva Research Assistant and Martin Kenney* Distinguished Professor Community and Regional Development Program University of California, Davis Davis & Co-Director Berkeley Roundtable on the International Economy & Affiliated Professor Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna * Corresponding Author The authors wish to thank Obie Clayton for his encouragement and John Zysman for incisive and valuable comments on an earlier draft. Keywords: Digital bias, digital discrimination, algorithms, platform economy, racism 1 Abstract Racially biased outcomes have increasingly been recognized as a problem that can infect software algorithms and datasets of all types. Digital platforms, in particular, are organizing ever greater portions of social, political, and economic life. This essay examines and organizes current academic and popular press discussions on how digital tools, despite appearing to be objective and unbiased, may, in fact, only reproduce or, perhaps, even reinforce current racial inequities. However, digital tools may also be powerful instruments of objectivity and standardization. Based on a review of the literature, we have modified and extended a “value chain–like” model introduced by Danks and London, depicting the potential location of ethnic bias in algorithmic decision-making.1 The model has five phases: input, algorithmic operations, output, users, and feedback. With this model, we identified nine unique types of bias that might occur within these five phases in an algorithmic model: (1) training data bias, (2) algorithmic focus bias, (3) algorithmic processing bias, (4) transfer context bias, (5) misinterpretation bias, (6) automation bias, (7) non-transparency bias, (8) consumer bias, and (9) feedback loop bias.
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