A Comprehensive Survey on 4G Broadband Networks

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International Journal of Research in Engineering, Technology and Science, Volume VI, Issue VII, July 2016 www.ijrets.com, [email protected], ISSN 2454-1915

A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY ON 4G BROADBAND NETWORKS

Rajeev kumar Singh1 and Prashant Kumar2 B. Tech Students, Department of Computer Science & Engineering RVS Collegeof Engineering &Technology, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand

Abstract User requirements are growing faster than ever andthe limitations of the current mobile communication systems have forced the researchers to come up with more advancedand efficient technologies. So with the growing market demand and for the ease of access, the next generation of mobile communication has been developed. Four Generation (4G) mobile technology is the nextstep in this direction. 4G is the next generation of wirelessnetworks that will totally replace 3G networks. It is supposed to provide its customers with better speed and all Internet Protocol (IP) based multimedia services. The 4G network technology ensure high speed accessibility through any wireless device by integrating non IP based and IP based device. The aim of this paper is to highlight the benefits, challenges in deployment and scope of 4G technologies. This paper explores what 4G network technology actually is, along with some of the propositions in order to fully figure out the advantages and challenges of effectively implementing 4G.

Keywords: -1G,2G,3G,4G, wireless technology, Long Term Evolution (LTE), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX).

1. Introduction Telecom companies have been successful in past years through continuous improvements in their offerings and modulating the terms to gain advantage over competitors. The mobile communication systems and the wireless communication technologies have been improving very fast day by day. Devices continue to shrink in size while growing in processing power. Consumers are demanding more advanced and useful applications. Hence, there is need of capacity improvements in wireless communications. Several major cellular wireless communication techniques have been proposed in order to meet these user expectations.With the deployment of 3G (3rd generation mobile communication systems) in process, the interest of many research bodies shifts towards future systems beyond 3G. Depending on the time such new systems are planned to be introduced and on the characteristic of improving or replacing existing systems they are called B3G (beyond 3G) or 4G (4th generation mobile communication system).There is no formal definition for what 4G is; however, there are certain

International Journal of Research in Engineering, Technology and Science, Volume VI, Issue VII, July 2016 www.ijrets.com, [email protected], ISSN 2454-1915

objectives that are projected for 4G. These objectives include: that 4G will be a fully IP-based integrated system. 4G will be capable of providing between 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s speeds both indoors and outdoors, with premium quality and high security.

2. Background The history and evolution of mobile service from the first generation to fourth generation is discussed in this section.Evolution of mobile generation is shown in figure 1,as well as figure 2 shows Cellular generations[3]. (a) 1G (first generation)In 1970s, first design came into existence known as first generation or 1G. In first generation, all systems were analog systems where main traffic were the voice. This generation used the basic cellular structure and architecture for the purpose of mobile communication. (b) 2G (second generation)After the first step of 1G in the path of progress, the second step was the 2G or second generation network which marked a transformation from the analog technology of 1G to the digital technology using digital signals. 2G networks made digital communication possible at low speed.The second generation of wireless mobile communication systems was a huge success story because of its revolutionary technology and the services that it. (c) 2.5G2.5G is the intermediate generation between 2G and 3G cellular wireless technologies. 2.5G provides some of the benefits of 3G (e.g. it is packet-switched) and can use some of the existing 2G infrastructure in GSM and CDMA networks (d) 3G (third generation)Then came 3G in the 1990s with higher qualities of services and better communication speeds.2.5G acted as an interim between the 2G and the 3G services. To meet the growing demands in network capacity, rates required for high speed data transfer and multimedia applications, 3G standards started evolving. The systems in this standard are essentially a linear enhancement of 2G systems. The third generation (3G) has been launched in several parts of the world, but the success story of 2G is hard to repeat. (e) 4G (fourth generation)After the facility of 3G of providing higher data rates for fulfilling the data demanding needs of users, the new leap in the telecommunication industry is that of 4G. The first operating 4G Network was established by Clear wire and Intel in Portland, Oregon in January 2009, marking the beginning ofa new era.

International Journal of Research in Engineering, Technology and Science, Volume VI, Issue VII, July 2016 www.ijrets.com, [email protected], ISSN 2454-1915

Fig1: Mobile Generation

Fig2: Cellular generation at a glance 3. Four Generation (4G)Technologies and its Features The basic idea of 4G networks is to provide services to users based on an architecture which is packet based i.e. IP based. This means that each and every user connected to the internet anytime and anywhere must have a unique IP address[2]. The 4G Mobile communications is based on the Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) to ensure the single terminal can seamlessly and automatically connect to the local highspeed wireless access systems when the users are in the offices, homes, airports or shopping centres where the wireless access networks (i.e. Wireless LAN, Broadband Wireless Access, Wireless Local Loop, HomeRF, Wireless ATM, etc.) are available. When the users move to the mobile zone (i.e. Highway, Beach, Remote area, etc.), the same terminal can automatically switch to the wireless mobile networks (i.e. GPRS, W-CDMA, cdma2000,TD-SCDMA,etc.).

3.1 Features

International Journal of Research in Engineering, Technology and Science, Volume VI, Issue VII, July 2016 www.ijrets.com, [email protected], ISSN 2454-1915

There are several reasons which are sufficient to answer a simple question- why do we need to adopt 4G technology. Below are some of the features of 4G which make it an “above all” technology, as shown in figure 3. (a)High performance-Industry experts say that users will not be able to take advantages of rich multimedia content across wireless networks with 3G. In contrast to this 4G will feature extremely high quality video of quality comparable to HD (high definition) TV. Wireless downloads at speeds reaching 100 Mbps, i.e. 50 times of 3G, are possible with 4G. (b)Interoperability and easy roaming-Multiple standards of 3G make it difficult to roam and interoperate across various networks, whereas 4G provides a global standard that provides global mobility. Various heterogeneous wireless access networks typically differ in terms of coverage, data rate, latency, and loss rate. Therefore, each of them is practically designed to support a different set of specific services and devices, 4G will encompass various types of terminals, which may have to provide common services independently of their capabilities. This concept is referred to as service personalization. (c)Fully converged services-If a user wants to be able to access the network from lots of different platforms: cell phones, laptops, personal device. As he is free to do so in 4G which delivers connectivity intelligent and flexible enough to support streaming video, VoIP telephony, still or moving images, e-mail, Web browsing, e-commerce, and location-based services through a wide variety of devices. That means Freedom for consumers.

Fig3:Features of 4G (d)Devices-More user friendly interface4G devices are more visual and intuitive rather than text and menu based systems. They are able to interact with the environment around it and act accordingly. (e)Scalability-It is most challenging aspect of the mobile networks. It refers to ability to handle ever increasing number of users and services. Since an all IP core layer of 4G is easily scalable, it is ideally suited to meet this challenge. 3.2Technical Aspects of 4 G 4G fourth-generation wireless defines the stage of broadband mobile communications that supersede the third generation 3G, 4G used orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing – (OFDM) instead of time division multiple access –(TDMA) or code division multiple access – (CDMA) are increasingly marketing their services as being 4G, even when their data speeds

International Journal of Research in Engineering, Technology and Science, Volume VI, Issue VII, July 2016 www.ijrets.com, [email protected], ISSN 2454-1915 are not as fast as the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) specifies.According to the ITU, a 4G network requires a mobile device to be able to exchange data at 100 Mbit/sec. A 3G network, on the other hand, can offer data speeds as slow as 3.84 Mbit/sec.Figure 4: showstechnical aspects of 4G. 3.3 Architecture of WiMAX network The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.16e-2005 standard provides the air interface for WiMAX but does not define the full end-to-end WiMAX network. The WiMAX Forum's Network Working Group (NWG), is responsible for developing the end-to- end network requirements, architecture, and protocols for WiMAX, using IEEE 802.16e-2005 as their interface. The WiMAX NWG has developed a network reference model to serve as an architecture framework for WiMAX deployments and to ensure interoperability among various WiMAX equipment and operators. The network reference model envisions a unified network architecture for supporting fixed, nomadic, and mobile deployments and is based on an IP service model. Below is simplified illustration of an IP-based WiMAX network architecture. The overall network may be logically divided into three parts: 1. Mobile Stations (MS) used by the end user to access the network. 2. The access service network (ASN), which comprises one or more base stations and one or more ASN gateways that form the radio access network at the edge. 3. Connectivity service network (CSN), which provides IP connectivity and all the IP core network functions 3.4 Architecture of LTE network

LTE also has IP based architecture .It is quite different from WiMAX in security mechanism. Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) is LTE authentication method .It cannot meet the enterprise security requirement and authenticate only identity (IMSI) and key in Subscriber Interface Module (SIM) card. An enhanced security method has been proposed which not only authenticate identity and key but also the enterprise certificates. Figure 5: shows architecture of LTE networks. By using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA),for the highest category terminals LTE will be able to provide download rates of 150 Mbps for multi-antenna (2x2) Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) . The non-compatibility of the 3G standards and demand for higher data rates has shifted industry focus to fourth generation (4G) wireless networks and it finally support data rates above 100 Mbps. It integrate all wireless network. The high bandwidth provides an ideal mode for data transport. The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) effectively allocate network resources to multiple users and provide high quality video and audios. Moreover, 4G have better security and low latency data transmission. The 4G is an entirely packet-switched network with digital network elements. The 4G support global mobility and service portability.

International Journal of Research in Engineering, Technology and Science, Volume VI, Issue VII, July 2016 www.ijrets.com, [email protected], ISSN 2454-1915

Fig 4: Technical Aspects of 4 G 4. War Between Wimax and Long Term Evolution (LTE) WiMAX and LTE are the two technologies which are considered as the part of pre-4G. Operators are trying to decide on the best standard to invest in the long run and there is a continuous debate between WiMAX and LTE. But due to some advantages of LTE over WiMAX, LTE is declared as a winner in this war. Long Term Evolution (LTE) describes standardisation work by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to define a new high-speed radio access method for mobile communications systems.LTE has the following advantages: - (i) It is quite fast with data rates of 100Mbps (download) and 50Mbps (upload). (ii) It can heal the Global Service Manipulation (GSM)/ Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) rift that has divided the industry. (iii) LTE will have lower latency, which makes real-time interaction on high bandwidth applications using mobiles possible. LTE is the next step on a clearly-charted roadmap to so-called ‘4G’ mobile systems that starts with today’s 2G and 3G networks. Building on the technical foundations of the 3GPP family of cellular systems that embraces GSM, GPRS and EDGE as well as WCDMA and now HSPA (High Speed Packet Access), LTE offers a smooth evolutionary path to higher speeds and lower latency.

4.1 A choice of upgrade paths In parallel with its advanced new radio interface, realising the full potential of LTErequires an evolution from today’s hybrid packet/circuit switched networks to asimplified, all-IP (Internet Protocol) environment. From an operator’s point ofview, the pay-off is reduced delivery costs for rich, blended applicationscombining voice, video and data services plus simplified interworking with other fixed and wireless networks.

International Journal of Research in Engineering, Technology and Science, Volume VI, Issue VII, July 2016 www.ijrets.com, [email protected], ISSN 2454-1915

Fig5 :-LTE provides a smooth evolutionary path for operators deploying all 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) andNon-3GPP technologies 4.2 IP Based Technology An all IP-based 4G wireless technology has fundamental benefits over its forerunners like 2G and 3G. For beginners, IP is compatible with, and independent of, the actual radio access technology.Moreover,4G IP wireless network has a financial advantage over 3G as well, being cost effective. The fourth-generation wireless network will have WLAN architecture and IP standards to convey wireless multimedia. Figure:6 shows Seamless Connection of Networks.

Fig 6: Seamless Connection of Networks 5. Challenges and Barriers In the 4G - Networks, different types of wireless networks are interconnected to support handoff from one technology to another. These wireless systems were designed independently and targeting different service types, data rates, and users, and thus require an intelligent interworking approach. Effective, secure and efficient operations and management are the major challenge for the development of 4G. In such environment, both the mobile user and the interconnected wireless networks together play an important role in determining how service

International Journal of Research in Engineering, Technology and Science, Volume VI, Issue VII, July 2016 www.ijrets.com, [email protected], ISSN 2454-1915 continuity and service quality can be served in a handover and helps in providing best service to the user. Some of the issues which can occur are as follows: - (a) Network Discovery:4GNetwork devices will be multi-mode, multi-access and reconfigurable. Which means each terminal can be using more than one type of network and possibly can access multiple networks simultaneously for different applications. In such an environment, a terminal must be able to discover what networks are available for use. As a solution to this issue currently a technique namely Software defined radio is proposed. (b)Access technologies:4Gnetwork is a heterogeneous wireless environment consist of number of radio technologies and may have overlapped radio coverage. A mobile user needs to switch between access networks to maintain service continuity and optimise service quality. Dealing with heterogeneous access technologies is a challenge to the design of 4G – Network. (c)Network architectures:4G is an integration of heterogeneous wireless networks. Moreover, these networks rely on different network architectures and protocols for transport, routing, mobility management and so forth. The interconnection of these networks in an integral manner to facilitate the cooperation between them is another research challenge. (d)Network conditions:Network conditions such as bandwidth, delay, jitter and so forth may vary across wireless networks, and result in different service quality to be provided. How does a mobile user deal with the variation in network conditions, and maintain service quality when crossing heterogeneous wireless networks is needs to be addressed. (e)Charging and Billing:In the 4G network environment multiple service providers will be involved during a session, if the users roam from one service provider network to one or more other service provider networks. Thus, a single session may consist of number of charges. Moreover, different charging schemes maybe used for different types of services. One challenge is to keep track of charges per use per segment of a session that used their network, service or content. There will need to be more charging agreements between the service providers in order to allow roaming during a session in order to get a continued service as far as a customer is concerned. (f)Security:The level of security provided in different networks is different. More interconnectivity and interworking will make the vulnerability even greater. Monitoring, detecting, analysing and preventing worms and viruses on wired networks is very difficult but the same tasks on wired, wireless, and mobile networks combined would be even more difficult and challenging. Table 1 shows security threats in LTE. Table 1. Security threats in LTE Parameters Untrusted Network Network Network Network Service Threats Physical Attack Roaming Unauthorized Risks User Plane packet Partners access, injection Threats, Phishing, Packet modification Tampering, Injection Eaves Dropping Hijacking

International Journal of Research in Engineering, Technology and Science, Volume VI, Issue VII, July 2016 www.ijrets.com, [email protected], ISSN 2454-1915

DDOS attacks from network or UE, Unauthorized access Solutions Strong NAT / State full Authentication MultiHoming Firewall, Strong Authorization ACL NAT / Multi Homing, DoS Mitigation

Conclusion 4G wireless networks not only enable more efficient, scalable, and reliable wireless services but also provide wider variety of services. These opportunities come with a need for rethinking about the security, privacy, architect and billing. 4G Technology offers high data rates that will generate new trends for the market and prospects for established as well as for new telecommunication businesses.4G networks, when tied together with mobile phones with in- built higher resolution digital cameras and also High Definition capabilities will facilitate video blogs. As the wireless communications technologies evolve dramatically, the recent research focus has shifted to the development of fourth-generation (4G) mobile systems. Instead of developing a new uniform standard for all wireless communications systems, 4G communication networks strive to seamlessly integrate various existingwireless communication technologies The trend in telecommunication market is to provide Mobile Nodeswith multiple network interfaces, such as Ethernet, IEEE 802.11a/b/g Wi-Fi, WiMAX and UMTS. Along with theincreasing population of advance Mobile Node.

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