DOCSLIB.ORG

Organization

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Organization PCG Project Coordination Group TSG RAN TSG CT TSG SA Radio Access Network Core Network & Terminals Service & Systems Aspects RAN WG1 CT WG1 SA WG1 Radio Layer 1 spec MM/CC/SM (lu) Services RAN WG2 (end-to-end aspects) Radio Layer 2 spec SA WG2 CT WG3 Radio Layer 3 RR spec Architecture Interworking with external RAN WG3 networks SA WG3 lub spec, lur spec, lu spec Security UTRAN O&M requirements CT WG4 (Radio CN Interfaces) MAP/GTP/BCH/SS (protocols within the CN) SA WG4 SA3-LI RAN WG4 Codec & Media Lawful Interception Radio Performance CT WG6 Smart Card Application SA WG5 Protocol aspects Aspects Telecom Management RAN WG5 Mobile Terminal SA WG6 Conformance Testing Mission-Critical Applications RAN WG6 GSM EDGE Radio Access Network Eco-system Market Representation Formal Liaisons Partners (MRPs) 450 MHz Alliance Standards bodies AISG Bluetooth Broadband Forum (BBF) CableLabs International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR) CTIA Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) Project Ecma International Expert Group for Emergency Access (EGEA) Eurescom COST 273 European Radiocommunications Committee (ERC) Fixed Mobile Convergence Alliance (FMCA) Global Certification Forum (GCF) Global TD-LTE Initiative (GTD) GPS Industry Council GSM Association HomeRF Forum Organizational IDB Forum IEEE Partners (OPs) Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) IrDA International Multimedia Telecomunications Consortium (IMTC) Internet Streaming Media Alliance ISO-ITU expert group ISO MPEG / JPEG ITU-T SG2 JAIN tm (Javatm APIs for Integrated Networks) The Java Community Process (JCP) Liberty Alliance Project LTE/SAE Trial Initiative (LSTI) Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) NENA NGMN (Next Generation Mobile Networks) oneM2M 5G Projects OMA (Open Mobile Alliance ) Open Networking Foundation (ONF) Open IPTV Forum Object Management Group (OMG) PCS Type Certification Review Board (PTCRB) Portable Computer and Communications Association (PCCA) Presence and Availability Management (PAM) Forum RSA Laboratories SDR Forum Sun Micro Systems Inc Steerco SyncML Initiative Certification Trusted Computing Group (TCG) TeleManagement Forum (TMF) TCCA TIA /TR45 TIA/TR47 TV-anytime Forum Voice eXtensible Mark-up Language (VXML) Forum Wi-Fi Alliance Wireless Broadband Alliance (WBA) WLAN Smart Card Consortium Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) NESAS Accreditation GSMA defines Audit Team 3GPP SA3 Body accredits accredits defines Process descriptions Audit Report provided to NESAS Network Equipment Security Assurance Scheme SCAS Security Assurance Specification Network Product Test Actor Vendor Laboratory Process or specification builds writes Activity Test specifications Network Product Evaluation Mobile Network Report Operator Security assurance work for 5G Access Core Network Internet SCASes for the Core Network Functions Network S TS 33.518 S TS 33.515 NRF SMF s TS 33.517 TS 33.513 g G SEPP UPF S TS 33.516 S TS 33.519 User Plane AUSF NEF Control Plane s TS 33.514 TS 33.512 d S UDM AMF SCASes for the Access Network Function B TS 33.511 B TS 33.216 gNB ng-eNB Timeline First deliverables s TR 33.916 SCAS methodology S B g TR 33.926 SCAS threats and assets MME eNB P-GW First LTE SCAS deliverables TS 33.116 SCAS MME product class TS 33.216 SCAS eNB product class 8 9 10 11 12 13 TS 33.250 SCAS PGW product class 2008 2009 2010 2012 2014 2015 14 B S G 2018 gNB SMF UPF 2017 # End of 3GPP Release # s s 15 SCAS Security Assurance Specification S g S d S S NRF SEPP AUSF UDM AMF NEF First 5G SCAS deliverables 16 TS 33.117 SCAS catalogue TS 33.518 SCAS NRF product class Now TS 33.517 SCAS SEPP product class TS 33.516 SCAS AUSF product class 2020 TS 33.514 SCAS UDM product class 17 TS 33.515 SCAS SMF product class TS 33.513 SCAS UPF product class Ongoing SCAS work TS 33.522 SCAS SCP product class TS 33.519 SCAS NEF product class TS 33.226 SCAS for IMS system TR 33.818 SCAS for virtualized network 2022 TS 33.512 SCAS AMF product class TS 33.326 SCAS NSSAAF product class products TS 33.511 SCAS gNB product class TS 33.521 SCAS NDWAF product class TR 33.848 impact of virtualization Takeaways 3GPP NESAS Commitment Challenges 3GPP is the organization 3GPP and GSMA developed 3GPP has been delivering 3GPP is studying how to responsible for the technical the Network Equipment the test specifications for evolve the NESAS scheme to specifications of mobile Security Assurance Scheme the evaluation of network cover new technologies such systems products as virtualization.
Recommended publications
  • Multimedia Messaging Service Architecture Overview Version 1.2 Candidate Version 20-September-2003

    Multimedia Messaging Service Architecture Overview Version 1.2 Candidate Version 20-September-2003

    Multimedia Messaging Service Architecture Overview Version 1.2 Candidate Version 20-September-2003 Open Mobile Alliance OMA-MMS-ARCH-v1_2-20030920-C 2003 Open Mobile Alliance Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Used with the permission of the Open Mobile Alliance Ltd. under the terms as stated in this document. [OMA-Template-Spec-20030824] OMA-MMS-ARCH-v1_2-20030920-C Page 2 (26) Use of this document is subject to all of the terms and conditions of the Use Agreement located at http://www.openmobilealliance.org/UseAgreement.html. Unless this document is clearly designated as an approved specification, this document is a work in process, is not an approved Open Mobile Alliance™ specification, and is subject to revision or removal without notice. You may use this document or any part of the document for internal or educational purposes only, provided you do not modify, edit or take out of context the information in this document in any manner. Information contained in this document may be used, at your sole risk, for any purposes. You may not use this document in any other manner without the prior written permission of the Open Mobile Alliance. The Open Mobile Alliance authorizes you to copy this document, provided that you retain all copyright and other proprietary notices contained in the original materials on any copies of the materials and that you comply strictly with these terms. This copyright permission does not constitute an endorsement of the products or services. The Open Mobile Alliance assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions in this document. Each Open Mobile Alliance member has agreed to use reasonable endeavors to inform the Open Mobile Alliance in a timely manner of Essential IPR as it becomes aware that the Essential IPR is related to the prepared or published specification.
  • Book IG 1800 British Telecom Rev A.Book

    Book IG 1800 British Telecom Rev A.Book

    Notice to Users ©2003 2Wire, Inc. All rights reserved. This manual in whole or in part, may not be reproduced, translated, or reduced to any machine-readable form without prior written approval. 2WIRE PROVIDES NO WARRANTY WITH REGARD TO THIS MANUAL, THE SOFTWARE, OR OTHER INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN AND HEREBY EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE WITH REGARD TO THIS MANUAL, THE SOFTWARE, OR SUCH OTHER INFORMATION, IN NO EVENT SHALL 2WIRE, INC. BE LIABLE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR SPECIAL DAMAGES, WHETHER BASED ON TORT, CONTRACT, OR OTHERWISE, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THIS MANUAL, THE SOFTWARE, OR OTHER INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN OR THE USE THEREOF. 2Wire, Inc. reserves the right to make any modification to this manual or the information contained herein at any time without notice. The software described herein is governed by the terms of a separate user license agreement. Updates and additions to software may require an additional charge. Subscriptions to online service providers may require a fee and credit card information. Financial services may require prior arrangements with participating financial institutions. © British Telecommunications Plc 2002. BTopenworld and the BTopenworld orb are registered trademarks of British Telecommunications plc. British Telecommunications Plc registered office is at 81 Newgate Street, London EC1A 7AJ, registered in England No. 180000. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Owner’s Record The serial number is located on the bottom of your Intelligent Gateway. Record the serial number in the space provided here and refer to it when you call Customer Care. Serial Number:__________________________ Safety Information • Use of an alternative power supply may damage the Intelligent Gateway, and will invalidate the approval that accompanies the Intelligent Gateway.
  • Smartcard Web Server Enabler Architecture Approved Version 1.0 – 21 Apr 2008

    Smartcard Web Server Enabler Architecture Approved Version 1.0 – 21 Apr 2008

    Smartcard Web Server Enabler Architecture Approved Version 1.0 – 21 Apr 2008 Open Mobile Alliance OMA-AD-Smartcard_Web_Server-V1_0-20080421-A 2008 Open Mobile Alliance Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Used with the permission of the Open Mobile Alliance Ltd. under the terms as stated in this document. [OMA-Template-ArchDoc-20080101-I] OMA-AD-Smartcard_Web_Server-V1_0-20080421-A Page 2 (17) Use of this document is subject to all of the terms and conditions of the Use Agreement located at http://www.openmobilealliance.org/UseAgreement.html. Unless this document is clearly designated as an approved specification, this document is a work in process, is not an approved Open Mobile Alliance™ specification, and is subject to revision or removal without notice. You may use this document or any part of the document for internal or educational purposes only, provided you do not modify, edit or take out of context the information in this document in any manner. Information contained in this document may be used, at your sole risk, for any purposes. You may not use this document in any other manner without the prior written permission of the Open Mobile Alliance. The Open Mobile Alliance authorizes you to copy this document, provided that you retain all copyright and other proprietary notices contained in the original materials on any copies of the materials and that you comply strictly with these terms. This copyright permission does not constitute an endorsement of the products or services. The Open Mobile Alliance assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions in this document. Each Open Mobile Alliance member has agreed to use reasonable endeavors to inform the Open Mobile Alliance in a timely manner of Essential IPR as it becomes aware that the Essential IPR is related to the prepared or published specification.
  • IEEE INGR SBB 2021Ed.Pdf

    IEEE INGR SBB 2021Ed.Pdf

    International Network Generations Roadmap -2021 Edition- Standardization Building Blocks An IEEE 5G and Beyond Technology Roadmap futurenetworks.ieee.org/roadmap Wi-Fi® and Wi-Fi Alliance® are registered trademarks of Wi-Fi Alliance. The IEEE emblem is a trademark owned by the IEEE. "IEEE", the IEEE logo, and other IEEE logos and titles (IEEE 802.11™, IEEE P1785™, IEEE P287™, IEEE P1770™, IEEE P149™, IEEE 1720™, etc.) are registered trademarks or service marks of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Incorporated. All other products, company names, or other marks appearing on these sites are the trademarks of their respective owners. Nothing contained in these sites should be construed as granting, by implication, estoppel, or otherwise, any license or right to use any trademark displayed on these sites without prior written permission of IEEE or other trademark owners. Copyright © 2021 This edition of the INGR is dedicated to the memory of Earl McCune Jr., who left us tragically and too soon on 27 May 2020. Earl was a microwave/RF guru, brilliant technologist, major industry/IEEE contributor, global visionary, keen skeptic, and all around fantastic human being. He was a major contributor to the INGR’s early work on energy efficiency, millimeter-wave, and hardware. He worked for a technologically advanced yet more energy efficient world, and the contents of the INGR are a tribute to that vision. Rest in peace, Earl! Table of Contents 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................
  • Mobile Linux Mojo the XYZ of Mobile Tlas PDQ!

    Mobile Linux Mojo the XYZ of Mobile Tlas PDQ!

    Mobile Linux Mojo The XYZ of Mobile TLAs PDQ! Bill Weinberg January 29, 2009 Copyright © 2009 Bill Weinberg, LinuxPundit,com Alphabet Soup . Too many TLAs – Non-profits – Commercial Entities – Tool Kits – Standards . ORG Typology – Standards Bodies – Implementation Consortia – Hybrids MIPS and Open Source Copyright © 2008 Bill Weinberg, LinuxPundit,com Page: 2 The Big Four . Ahem, Now Three . OHA - Open Handset Alliance – Founded by Google, together with Sprint, TIM, Motorola, et al. – Performs/support development of Android platform . LiMo Foundation – Orig. Motorola, NEC, NTT, Panasonic, Samsung, Vodaphone – Goal of created shared, open middleware mobile OS . LiPS - Linux Phone Standards Forum – Founded by France Telecom/Orange, ACCESS et al. – Worked to create standards for Linux-based telephony m/w – Merged with LiMo Foundation in June 2008 . Moblin - Mobile Linux – Founded by Intel, (initially) targeting Intel Atom CPUs – Platform / distribution to support MIDs, Nettops, UMPC MIPS and Open Source Copyright © 2008 Bill Weinberg, LinuxPundit,com Page: 3 LiMo and Android . Android is a complete mobile stack LiMo is a platform for enabling that includes applications applications and services Android, as Free Software, should LiMo membership represents appeal to Tier II/III OEMs and Tier I OEMs, ISVs and operators ODMs, who lack resources LiMo aims to leave Android strives to be “room for differentiation” a stylish phone stack LiMo presents Linux-native APIs Android is based on Dalvik, a Java work-alike The LiMo SDK has/will have compliance test suites OHA has a “non Fragmentation” pledge MIPS and Open Source Copyright © 2008 Bill Weinberg, LinuxPundit,com Page: 4 And a whole lot more .
  • Mobile Devices 1 Development of Mobile Devices Berker Sönmez

    Mobile Devices 1 Development of Mobile Devices Berker Sönmez

    Mobile Devices 1 Development of Mobile Devices Berker Sönmez Faculty of Computer and Informatics 040100101 Oğuz Onur Kul Faculty of Computer and Informatics 040100105 Erdem Emekligil Faculty of Computer and Informatics 150110702 English 201 Sueda Albayrak December 22, 2011 Mobile Devices 2 Thesis: The hardware, software and connection technologies of mobile devices have developed greatly in the recent years. I. Hardware A. Inside Components 1. Chips 2. Batteries B. Outside Components 1. Cameras 2. Touch sense technologies II. Software A. New operating systems 1. iOS 2. Android B. Functional applications 1. Medical applications 2. Game applications III. Connection technologies A. New generation wireless technologies 1. 802.11(Wifi) and 802.16(WiMax) 2. Bluetooth, IrDA and HomeRF B. Advanced communication protocols 1. 3G technology 2. 4G (LTE) technology Mobile Devices 3 Technology is one of the fastest growing entities in science. Day after day, many improvements are being made, many ideas and inventions are being added to this entity. In the recent years, mobile technology gained importance since people have started living in different places and it is important to provide communication among them. Mobile devices are small, portable equipments that are used to carry out various tasks without being obliged to stay in a certain place. In the recent years, the most popular mobile devices have been mobile phones since they have become everyday objects which people carry in their pockets to wherever they travel. Using mobile devices, it is possible to view e-mails, play games, read books and complete many other tasks on the go. Therefore, the importance of mobile phones can not be overlooked.
  • OMA Template

    OMA Template

    OneAPI Profile of ParlayREST Web Services Candidate Version 1.0 – 27 Apr 2010 Open Mobile Alliance OMA-TS-ParlayREST_OneAPIProfile-V1_0-20100427-C 2010 Open Mobile Alliance Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Used with the permission of the Open Mobile Alliance Ltd. under the terms as stated in this document. [OMA-Template-Spec-20090101-I] OMA-TS-ParlayREST_OneAPIProfile-V1_0-20100427-C Page 2 (13) Use of this document is subject to all of the terms and conditions of the Use Agreement located at http://www.openmobilealliance.org/UseAgreement.html. Unless this document is clearly designated as an approved specification, this document is a work in process, is not an approved Open Mobile Alliance™ specification, and is subject to revision or removal without notice. You may use this document or any part of the document for internal or educational purposes only, provided you do not modify, edit or take out of context the information in this document in any manner. Information contained in this document may be used, at your sole risk, for any purposes. You may not use this document in any other manner without the prior written permission of the Open Mobile Alliance. The Open Mobile Alliance authorizes you to copy this document, provided that you retain all copyright and other proprietary notices contained in the original materials on any copies of the materials and that you comply strictly with these terms. This copyright permission does not constitute an endorsement of the products or services. The Open Mobile Alliance assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions in this document. Each Open Mobile Alliance member has agreed to use reasonable endeavors to inform the Open Mobile Alliance in a timely manner of Essential IPR as it becomes aware that the Essential IPR is related to the prepared or published specification.
  • Generating Signals for Wireless Lans, Part I: IEEE 802.11B

    Generating Signals for Wireless Lans, Part I: IEEE 802.11B

    Products: SMIQ, AMIQ, WinIQSIM™, SMIQK16, AMIQK16 Generating Signals for Wireless LANs, Part I: IEEE 802.11b With Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) already entering the mass markets, generating signals to WLAN standards will become increasingly important. Signal sources are needed in R&D (or production) to test RF modules, to evaluate basic receiver functionality or when new designs are being evolved. This Application Note focuses on the most commonly used standard IEEE 802.11b. Topics covered include technical aspects of the physical layers as well as details on configuring available signal sources. Subject to change – Gernot Bauer 8/2002 – 1GP49_1E Generating Signals for WLANs, Part I: 802.11b Contents 1 Introduction to Wireless LAN Systems......................................................................................3 2 The IEEE 802.11 and 11b Standards ..........................................................................................5 2.1 The 802.11 and 11b PHY ....................................................................................................6 2.1.1 Defined Transmission Methods.................................................................................6 2.1.1.1 Low Rate Modulation with Barker Spreading................................................7 2.1.1.2 High Rate CCK Modulation...........................................................................8 2.1.1.3 High Rate PBCC Modulation ........................................................................9 2.1.2 The PLCP..................................................................................................................9
  • Push Message Approved Version 2.2 – 09 Aug 2011

    Push Message Approved Version 2.2 – 09 Aug 2011

    Push Message Approved Version 2.2 – 09 Aug 2011 Open Mobile Alliance OMA-TS-Push_Message-V2_2-20110809-A 2011 Open Mobile Alliance Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Used with the permission of the Open Mobile Alliance Ltd. under the terms as stated in this document. [OMA-Template-EnablerTestSpec-20110101-I] OMA-TS-Push_Message-V2_2-20110809-A Page 2 (15) Use of this document is subject to all of the terms and conditions of the Use Agreement located at http://www.openmobilealliance.org/UseAgreement.html. Unless this document is clearly designated as an approved specification, this document is a work in process, is not an approved Open Mobile Alliance™ specification, and is subject to revision or removal without notice. You may use this document or any part of the document for internal or educational purposes only, provided you do not modify, edit or take out of context the information in this document in any manner. Information contained in this document may be used, at your sole risk, for any purposes. You may not use this document in any other manner without the prior written permission of the Open Mobile Alliance. The Open Mobile Alliance authorizes you to copy this document, provided that you retain all copyright and other proprietary notices contained in the original materials on any copies of the materials and that you comply strictly with these terms. This copyright permission does not constitute an endorsement of the products or services. The Open Mobile Alliance assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions in this document. Each Open Mobile Alliance member has agreed to use reasonable endeavors to inform the Open Mobile Alliance in a timely manner of Essential IPR as it becomes aware that the Essential IPR is related to the prepared or published specification.
  • Wireless Application Protocol Public Key Infrastructure Definition Candidate Version 1.1 – 22 Mar 2005

    Wireless Application Protocol Public Key Infrastructure Definition Candidate Version 1.1 – 22 Mar 2005

    Wireless Application Protocol Public Key Infrastructure Definition Candidate Version 1.1 – 22 Mar 2005 Open Mobile Alliance OMA-WAP-WPKI-V1_1-20050322-C Continues the Technical Activities Originated in the WAP Forum 2005 Open Mobile Alliance Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Used with the permission of the Open Mobile Alliance Ltd. under the terms as stated in this document. [OMA-Template-SpecWAP-20040205] OMA-WAP-WPKI-V1_1-20050322-C Page 2 (54) Use of this document is subject to all of the terms and conditions of the Use Agreement located at http://www.openmobilealliance.org/UseAgreement.html. Unless this document is clearly designated as an approved specification, this document is a work in process, is not an approved Open Mobile Alliance™ specification, and is subject to revision or removal without notice. You may use this document or any part of the document for internal or educational purposes only, provided you do not modify, edit or take out of context the information in this document in any manner. Information contained in this document may be used, at your sole risk, for any purposes. You may not use this document in any other manner without the prior written permission of the Open Mobile Alliance. The Open Mobile Alliance authorizes you to copy this document, provided that you retain all copyright and other proprietary notices contained in the original materials on any copies of the materials and that you comply strictly with these terms. This copyright permission does not constitute an endorsement of the products or services. The Open Mobile Alliance assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions in this document.
  • Enabler Release Definition for Smartcard-Web-Server Approved Version 1.1.3 – 13 Sep 2013

    Enabler Release Definition for Smartcard-Web-Server Approved Version 1.1.3 – 13 Sep 2013

    Enabler Release Definition for Smartcard-Web-Server Approved Version 1.1.3 – 13 Sep 2013 Open Mobile Alliance OMA-ERELD-Smartcard_Web_Server-V1_1_3-20130913-A 2013 Open Mobile Alliance Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Used with the permission of the Open Mobile Alliance Ltd. under the terms as stated in this document. [OMA-Template-ERELD-20130101-I] OMA-ERELD-Smartcard_Web_Server-V1_1_3-20130913-A Page 2 (18) Use of this document is subject to all of the terms and conditions of the Use Agreement located at http://www.openmobilealliance.org/UseAgreement.html. Unless this document is clearly designated as an approved specification, this document is a work in process, is not an approved Open Mobile Alliance™ specification, and is subject to revision or removal without notice. You may use this document or any part of the document for internal or educational purposes only, provided you do not modify, edit or take out of context the information in this document in any manner. Information contained in this document may be used, at your sole risk, for any purposes. You may not use this document in any other manner without the prior written permission of the Open Mobile Alliance. The Open Mobile Alliance authorizes you to copy this document, provided that you retain all copyright and other proprietary notices contained in the original materials on any copies of the materials and that you comply strictly with these terms. This copyright permission does not constitute an endorsement of the products or services. The Open Mobile Alliance assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions in this document.
  • Enabler Release Definition for OMA Device Management Candidate Version 1.3 – 22 Apr 2013

    Enabler Release Definition for OMA Device Management Candidate Version 1.3 – 22 Apr 2013

    Enabler Release Definition for OMA Device Management Candidate Version 1.3 – 22 Apr 2013 Open Mobile Alliance OMA-ERELD-DM-V1_3-20130422-C © 2013 Open Mobile Alliance Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Used with the permission of the Open Mobile Alliance Ltd. under the terms as stated in this document. [OMA-Template-ERELD-20130408-D] OMA-ERELD-DM-V1_3-20130422-C Page 2 (17) Use of this document is subject to all of the terms and conditions of the Use Agreement located at http://www.openmobilealliance.org/UseAgreement.html. Unless this document is clearly designated as an approved specification, this document is a work in process, is not an approved Open Mobile Alliance™ specification, and is subject to revision or removal without notice. You may use this document or any part of the document for internal or educational purposes only, provided you do not modify, edit or take out of context the information in this document in any manner. Information contained in this document may be used, at your sole risk, for any purposes. You may not use this document in any other manner without the prior written permission of the Open Mobile Alliance. The Open Mobile Alliance authorizes you to copy this document, provided that you retain all copyright and other proprietary notices contained in the original materials on any copies of the materials and that you comply strictly with these terms. This copyright permission does not constitute an endorsement of the products or services. The Open Mobile Alliance assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions in this document. Each Open Mobile Alliance member has agreed to use reasonable endeavors to inform the Open Mobile Alliance in a timely manner of Essential IPR as it becomes aware that the Essential IPR is related to the prepared or published specification.