Index of Names

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Index of names

To help those unfamiliar with Greco-Roman culture to avoid confusions and find their way round Cicero’s wide range of references, I have added brief identifications for ancient figures referred to. See also the Note on Greek and Roman names (xxxiv–xxxv).

Academics, see Sceptical Academics Archimedes of Syracuse, mathematician, 

Accius (Lucius Accius), dramatist,  n.{,  and  n.{

and n.{,  and n.{ Archytas of Tarentum, Pythagorean, xxxi, , Aenesidemus, re-founder of Pyrrhonist 

scepticism, xii, xiii n.{, xxxi Arion, Pythagorean, xxxi, 

Aeschines of Athens, politician,  and n.{ Aristides of Athens, politician,  and n.{, 

Afranius (Lucius Afranius), dramatist,  and n.{ and n.{ Africanus, see Scipio Africanus Aristippus of Cyrene, hedonist philosopher,

Agesilaus, king of Sparta,  and n.{ xviii n.{, xxiv, xxv, xxxi,  and n.{, , ,

Albucius (Titus Albucius), satirized by Lucilius, ,  and n.{a, , , 

 and n.{, Aristippus the Younger, grandson, xviii n.{, Alcmaeon, mythical king, , xxxi Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia,  and Aristo of Ceos, Aristotelian, xxxi,  and

n.{,  n.{,  n.{,  n.{ n.{

Algra, K., xxvi n.{, xxxiii Aristo of Chios, Stoic, xxiv, xxvi and n. {, xxxi,

Amynomachus, Epicurean, ,  and n.{, ,  and n.{,  n.{,  and

Annas, J., xviii n.{, xx n.{, xxii n.{, xxxiii, n.{, ,  and n.{,  and n.{, ,

xxxviii,  n.{, , , , , ,  Antiochus of Ascalon, eclectic philosopher, vii, Aristophanes of Byzantium, scholar, , 

ix, xi, xiii, xiv, xv n.{, xx and n.{, xxi, xxii, n.{

xxvi n.{, xxvii, xxviii, xxxi,  n.{,  n.{,  Aristotelians (Peripatetics), xii, xiv, xx n.{,

n.{,  n.{,  n.{,  n.{,  nn.{ and , xxvii,  n.{,  n.{,  and nn.{ and ,

 n.{,  n.{,  n.{,  n.{,  ,  n.{,  and n.{, , ,  nn.{ and

n.{,  and nn.{ and ,  and n.{; ,  and n.{, ,  and n.{,  n.{, 

criticized –; ethical theory defended n.{,  n.{,  n.{, ,  n.{, 

– and –. and n.{, ,  and n.{,  and n.{,

Antipater of Tarsus, Stoic, xxxi,  and n.{,   and nn.{ and , , ,  n.{,

n.{,  n.{,  n.{, ,  and nn.{ and

Antisthenes of Athens, follower of Socrates,  ,  and nn.{ and , , 

n.{ Aristotle of Stagira, philosopher, ix, x, xi, xiii,

Antonius (Gaius Antonius), consul with Cicero, xiv, xvii, xviii, xix, xx, xxi, xxii and n.{, xxiii

xxviii and n.{, xxiv,xxv, xxxi,  and n.{, ,  n.{,

Antony/Antonius (Marcus Antonius), , , ,  and n.{,  and n.{,  n.{,

politician, xxx  n.{,  n.{,  n.{,  and nn.{ and ,

Apollo, god of prophecy,  and n.{  nn.{ and , , , , , ,  and

Arcesilaus of Pitane, Academic Sceptic, x, xi, n.{,  and n.{,  and n.{,  and

xxxi,  and n.{, ,  and n.{ nn.{ and ,  n.{,  n.{,  n.{,

Archilochus of Paros, poet,  and n.{, 



Index of names

Aristoxenus of Tarentum, Aristotelian, xxxi, and n.{, ,  n.{, , ,  and n.{, ,

,  n.{ ,  n.{,  n.{, , , ,  n.{, Aristus of Ascalon, brother of Antiochus, xxxi,   Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero), author of the

Arius Didymus, historian of philosophy, xx work, ix, x, xi, xii, xiii and n.{, xiv, xv and

n.{,  n.{,  n.{,  n.{,  n.{ nn.{ and , xvi and n.{, xviii, xx, xxi, xxii

Atherton, C.,  n.{ and n.{, xxiii and n.{, xxv, xxvi and n.{,

Atilius, dramatist,  and n.{ xxvii, xxviii, xxix, xxx, xxxiv, xxxv, xxxvii,

Atkins, E. M., xxxii xxxviii, xxxix,  and n.{,  and n.{,  and

Atticus (Titus Pomponius Atticus), friend of nn.{,  and ,  and n.{,  and n.{,  and

Cicero,  and n.{,  and n.{,  and nn.{,  and ,  n.{,  nn.{,  and

n.{,  and n.{, ,  n.{,  ,  n.{,  n.{,  n.{,  n.{, 

Auﬁdius (Gnaeus Auﬁdius), praetor ,  n.{,  n.{,  n.{,  and nn.{ and ,

and n.{  n.{,  n.{,  n.{,  n.{,  n.{,

 nn.{ and ,  n.{,  n.{,  nn.{

Barnes, J., xiv n.{, xxiii n.{, xxxii, xxxiii,  and ,  n.{,  n.{b,  n.{,  nn.{

n.{,  n.{ and ,  n.{,  nn.{ and ,  nn.{

Brutus (Marcus Junius Brutus), dedicatee of the and ,  n.{,  n.{,  n.{,  n.{, 

book, xvi n.{, xxix,  and n.{, , , ,  n.{,  n.{,  n.{,  n.{,  n.{, 

n.{, ,  nn.{ and ,  nn.{,  and ,  nn.{ and

Brutus (Marcus Junius Brutus), legal expert,  ,  nn.{,  and ,  n.{,  nn.{

and n.{ and ,  n.{,  n.{,  n.{, 

Brutus (Marcus Junius Brutus), ﬁrst consul of n.{,  n.{,  n.{,  nn.{,  and

the Republic,  ,  n.{,  nn.{ and ,  n.{, 

n.{,  n.{,  n.{,  n.{,  n.{a,

Caecilius (Caecilius Statius), dramatist,  and  n.{,  n.{,  n.{,  nn.{, 

n.{,  and n.{,  n.{ and ,  n.{,  nn.{ and , 

Caepio (Gnaeus Caepio), consul, ,  n.{,  n.{; character in the work, xvi, Caepio (Quintus Servilius Caepio), Cato’s step- xvii, –, –, –, , , , –,

brother,  and n.{ –, –,  Caesar (Gaius Julius Caesar), politician, ix, xvi, Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero), son of the

xxix, xxxvi,  n.{,  n.{,  n.{,  n.{ author, xxviii, xxix Calatinus (Aulus Atilius Calatinus), third- Cicero (Quintus Tullius Cicero), brother of the

century consul,  and n.{ author, xxviii, xxix,  and n.{,  and n.{,

Callipho, philosopher of unknown school and ,  and n.{

date, xxiv, xxv, xxxi,  and n.{, , , Cicero (Quintus Tullius Cicero), nephew of the ,  author, xxix Carneades of Cyrene, Academic Sceptic, xi, Cicero (Lucius Tullius Cicero), cousin of the

xxiii, xxiv, xxv, xxvi and n.{, xxvii, xxxi,  author,  and n.{,  n.{,n.{, ,

n.{,  and n.{,  and n.{, , ,  , , ,  and n.{, ,  and

n.{, ,  and n.{,  and n.{,  n.{

n.{, ,  and n.{,  n.{, , , Cincinnatus (Lucius Qunctius Cincinnatus),

 n.{,n.{,  n.{ early Roman general,  and n.{ Cassander, one of the successors to Alexander of Clarke, D., vii, xxxviii,

Macedonia,  n.{ Claudius (Appius Claudius), early Roman

Cato (Marcus Porcius Cato the Censor, great- consul,  and n.{

grandfather of Cato the Younger), xvi, xxx, Cleanthes of Assos, Stoic, xxxi,  and n.{, 

 and n.{ Cleitomachus of Carthage, Academic Sceptic, xi Cato (Marcus Porcius Cato the Younger), Clodius (Publius Clodius Pulcher), politician, speaker in the dialogue, xvi, xxix, xxxiv,  xxix

and n.{; defends Stoic ethical philosophy Codrus, mythical king of Athens,  and n.{

–, ,  and n.{, , , , , , Crantor of Soli, member of Plato’s school, 

 and n.{,  n.{, ,  and n.{, and n.{

 n.{,  nn.{ and ,  and n.{ Crassus (Marcus Licinius Crassus), politician,

Catulus (Quintus Lutatius Catulus), speaker in xxix,  and n.{,  and n.{

Cicero’s lost work,  n.{ Crassus (Marcus Licinius Crassus), possibly

Charmides, Epicurean, xxxi,  grandfather of the politician,  n.{, 

Chrysippus of Soli, Stoic, xiii, xxvi n.{, xxxi,  and n.{



Index of names

Critolaus of Phaselis, Aristotelian, xxxi,  and Erillus of Carthage, Stoic, xxiv, xxvi and n. {,

n.{ xxxi,  and n.{, ,  n.{, , , 

Croesus, king of Lydia, , ,  and n.{,  n.{,  n.{, , 

Curius (Manius Curius Dentatus), general,  Euripides of Athens, dramatist,  and n.{, 

and n.{ and n.{,  n.{

Cynics, radical philosophers,  and n.{

Cyrenaics,hedonist philosophers, xviii and n.{, Fabius Maximus (Quintus Fabius Maximus

 and n.{, , ,  Verrucosus Cunctator), general against

Cyrus, king of Persia,  and n.{ Hannibal,  and n.{

Fadia, daughter of Fadius,  n.{, 

Damon of Syracuse, Pythagorean,  n.{ Fadius (Quintus Fadius Gallus), wealthy

Darius, king of Persia,  testator,  and n.{,  Decius (Publius Decius Mus), early Roman Futrell, A., vii

general,  and n.{,  n.{

Decleva Caizzi, F.,xiii n.{ Gallonius (Publius Gallonius), gourmand, ,

DeGraff, T. B., xxii n.{, ,  Demetrius of Phalerum, Aristotelian, xxxi,  Gaskin, H., vii

and n.{,  n.{ Gerson, L., xxxii, xxxiii x

Democritus of Abdera, ‘Presocratic’, xvii, xviii, Glucker, J., xi n.{, xv n.{, xxxiii

xxxi,  and n.{, , , , ,  and n.{, Gorgias of Leontini, sophist, xxxi,  and n.{,

 and n.{,  and n.{ n.{

Demosthenes of Athens, politician,  and n.{ Görler, W., xv n.{ Dicaearchus of Messene, Aristotelian, xxxi,  Gracchus (Gaius Sempronius Gracchus),

and n.{,  n.{ politician, brother of the younger Tiberius,

Dillon, J., xxxiii  n.{,  and n.{ Dinomachus, philosoher of unknown school and Gracchus (Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus),

date, xxiv,xxv, xxxi,  politician,  and n.{ Diodorus, Aristotelian, xxiv,xxv, xxxi,  and Gracchus (Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus),

n.{, , ,  and n.{, ,  politician, son of the above,  n.{, 

Diodotus, Stoic, xi,  n.{ n.{

Diogenes Laertius, historian of philosophy,  Grifﬁn, M., xxxii,  n.{

n.{,  n.{,  n.{,  n.{

Diogenes of Babylon, Stoic, xxxi,  and n.{,  Hannibal, Carthaginian general,  and n.{, 

and n.{,  and n.{,  and n.{, ,  n.{,  and n.{,  n.{, 

n.{ Heraclitus of Ephesus, ‘Presocratic’, xxxi, 

Diogenes of Sinope, Cynic,  n.{ and n.{ Dionysius of Heraclea, renegade from Stoicism, Hercules (Greek Heracles), demi-god,  and

xxxi,  and n.{ n.{,  and n.{

Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse,  n.{,  Hermarchus of Mytilene, Epicurean, xxxi, 

Dixon, S.,  n.{ and n.{,  Douglas, A. E., xxxii Herodotus of Halicarnassus, historian,  and

Drusus (Marcus Livius Drusus), grandfather of n.{,  n.{,  n.{

Cato the Younger,  and n.{ Hieronymus of Rhodes, Aristotelian, xxiv, xxv,

xxxi, ,  n.{, , , , , , , ,

Echecrates, Pythagorean, xxxi,  ,  and n.{, , 

Endymion, mythical ﬁgure,  Homer, epic poet,  n.{, ,  and n.{, 

Englert, W.,  n.{ and n.{

Ennius (Quintus Ennius), poet,  and n.{, ,  Hortensius (Quintus Hortensius Hortalus),

and n.{,  n.{,  and n.{ politician, xxix,  and n.{

Epaminondas of Thebes, general,  and n.{,

 and n.{, , Inwood, B., xxxii, xxxiii

Epicurus of Athens, philosopher, ix, xii, xiv, xv, Ioppolo, A.-M., xxvi n.{ xvi, xxi, xxiv, xxv,xxvi, xxvii, xxxi, xxxvii, 

and n.{; criticized –, –, ,  n.{,  Jupiter, chief Roman god, , 

n.{, , , ,  and n.{,  n.{,

,  n.{; philosophy expounded – Laelius (Gaius Laelius), friend of Scipio

Erechtheus, mythical king of Athens,  and Aemilianus,  and n.{, , ,  and n.{

n.{  and n.{



Index of names

Leonidas, king of Sparta,  and n.{,  nn.{,  and ,  n.{,  nn.{ and , 

Leonteus, Epicurean,  n.{ n.{,  n.{,  n.{,  and n.{, 

Lepidus (Marcus Aemilius Lepidus), general, and n.{,  nn.{ and ,  n.{

 n.{ Orata, gourmand,  and n.{

Lévy, C., xxxii Orestes, mythical ﬁgure,  and n.{,  and

Liber, Roman god,  and n.{ n.{, ,  and n.{

Licinus (Porcius Licinus), critic,  and n.{ Oroetes, Persian governor, 

Long, A. A., xxii n.{, xxiii n.{, xxxiii

Lucilius (Gaius Lucilius), satirist,  and n.{,  Pacuvius (Marcus Pacuvius), dramatist,  and

and n.{,  and n.{, ,  n.{,  n.{,  and n.{,  n.{

Lucretia, legendary early Roman heroine,  Panaetius of Rhodes, Stoic, xxxi,  and n.{, 

and  n.{,  n.{ and n.{,  n.{,  and n.{,  and

Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus), Epicurean n.{

poet,  n.{ Papius (Quintus Aemilius Papius), consul ,

Lucullus (Lucius Licinius Lucullus), general,  n.{

 and n.{,  n.{,  Patzig, G., xxxii Lucullus (Lucius Licinius Lucullus), son of the Paullus (Lucius Aemilius Paullus), general, 

general,  and n.{,  and n.{,  n.{ and n.{ Luscinus (Gaius Fabricius Luscinus), consul Peducaeus (Sextus Peducaeus), scholar, 

,  n.{ Pericles of Athens, politician,  and n.{

Lyco of Troas, Aristotelian, xxxi,  and n.{ Peripatetics, see Aristotelians

Lycurgus of Sparta, semi-mythical statesman, Perses, last king of Macedonia,  and n.{

 and n.{ Persius, learned scholar,  and n.{

Lynch, J., xi n.{ Phaedrus of Athens, Epicurean, xi, xxviii, xxxi,

 and n.{,  and n.{ Madvig, N., vii, xxxii Phalaris of Acragas, legendary tyrant,  and

Manilius (Manius), legal expert,  and n.{ n.{, 

Mansfeld, J., xiii n.{ Phidias of Athens, sculptor,  and n.{, 

Marius (Gaius Marius), general and politician, Philip, king of Macedonia,  and n.{

xxxiv,  and n.{ Philo of Larisa, Academic Sceptic xi, xiv, xxxi Martha, J., xxxii Philoctetes, character in plays by Accius and

Maximus family, see Fabius Maximus Sophocles,  and n.{, 

Menander, dramatist,  and n.{,  and n.{,  Philodemus of Gadara, Epicurean, xxxi,  n.{,

n.{  and n.{

Metellus (Quintus Caecilius Metellus Phintias of Syracuse, Pythagorean,  n.{

Macedonicus), general and politician,  and Pindar of Thebes, poet,  and n.{

n.{,  Pirithous, legendary friend of Theseus,  n.{ Metrodorus of Lampsacus, Epicurean, xxxi,  Piso (Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus),

and n.{, , , ,  speaker in the dialogue, xvi, xxxiv,  n.{, 

Miltiades of Athens, general,  and n.{ and n.{, ,  and n.{,  and n.{, ;

Mitchell, J. F.,xvi n.{ defends Antiochus’ ethical theory –, Mithridates, King of Pontus, xi discussion with Cicero –, resumes Mitsis, P., xxxiii defence –

Mnesarchus of Athens, Stoic, xxxi,  and n.{ Piso (Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus),

Murena (Lucius Licinius Murena), politician, Caesar’s father-in-law,  n.{

 and n.{ Piso (Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi), consul

,  and n.{,  and n.{ Nicomachus, son of Aristotle, xxii,  and Plato of Athens, philosopher, x, xi, xii, xiii, xiv,

n.{ xv, xvii, xviii, xix, xx, xxi, xxii and nn.{, 

Nussbaum, M.,  n.{ and , xxiii, xxv, xxvii, xxxi,  n.{,  and

n.{, , , ,  and nn.{ and , ,  n.{,

Octavius (Gnaeus Octavius), second century  and n.{,  and n.{,  and n.{, 

consul,  n.{,  and nn.{ and ,  nn.{ and , ,

Octavius (Gnaeus Octavius son of Marcus), , , , ,  and n.{, , 

friend of Cicero,  n.{,  n.{, ,  and n.{,  and

Oedipus, character in Sophocles,  and n.{ n.{, ,  and n.{; Pseudo-Platonic

‘Old Academy’, tradition claimed by Antiochus, writings:  and n.{,  and n.{

xiii, xiv, xxiv, xxv, xxvii,  n.{,  and n.{,  Platonic–Aristotelian tradition, see ‘Old Academy’



Index of names

Plautus (Titus Maccius Plautus), comic Scaevola (Quintus Mucius Scaevola), consul

dramatist,  n.{ ,  and n.{ Plotius (Gaius Plotius), wealthy testator,  Sceptical Academics, a development of Plato’s

Polemo of Athens, third head of Plato’s school, school, x, xi, xii, xiii, xiv, xv and n.{, xvii,

x, xxxi,  and n.{,  and nn.{ and , , xxiii,  and nn.{,  and , , , , 

, , , , ,  n.{, ,  and n.{, , , ,  n.{

n.{,  and n.{ Schoﬁeld, M.,  n.{ Polyaenus of Lampsacus, Epicurean, xxxi,  Scipio Aemilianus (Publius Cornelius Scipio

and n.{ Aemilianus Africanus), politician and

Polyclitus of Argos, sculptor,  and n.{ intellectual,  n.{,  and n.{,  n.{, 

Polycrates, tyrant of Samos,  and n.{ and n.{,  and n.{ Pomeroy, A. J., xxxiii Scipio Africanus (Publius Cornelius Scipio Pompey/Pompeius, (Gaius Pompeius Magnus), Africanus), general and politician, xxxiv, 

general and politician, xvi, xxviii, xxix,  and and n.{,  and n.{,  and n.{,  and

n.{,  and n.{ n.{,  and n.{,  and n.{ Pompeius (Quintus Pompeius), consul ,  Scipio Nasica (Publius Cornelius Scipio

and n.{ Nasica), politician,  n.{

Pomponius, see Atticus Sedley, D., xxxiii,  n.{ Posidonius of Apamea, Stoic, xxviii, xxxi,  and Sextilius (Publius Sextilius Rufus), heir to

n.{ Fadius,  and n.{, 

Postumus of Chios, gourmand,  and n.{ Sextus Empiricus, Pyrrhonian sceptic, xii

Powell, J., xv n.{, xxxii,  n.{ Sharples, R., xxxiii Ptolemy, king of Egypt,  Silanus (Decius Silanus), adoptive father to a Publilia, second wife of Cicero, ix, xxix Torquatus, 

Pullus Numitorius (Quintus Numitorius Simonides of Ceos, poet,  and n.{

Pullus), traitor of Fregellae,  and n.{ Siro, Epicurean, xxxi,  and n.{ Pupius (Marcus Pupius), adoptive father of Piso Socrates of Athens, philosopher, x, xi, xvii, xxxi,

Calpurnianus, xvi  and n.{, ,  n.{,  n.{, , 

Pylades, mythical ﬁgure, friend of Orestes,  and n.{

n.{,  and n.{, ,  n.{ Solon of Athens, politician,  and n.{, , 

Pyrrho of Elis, radical sceptic, xii, xiii, xxiv, and n.{

xxvi, xxxi,  and n.{, ,  and n.{, , Sophocles of Athens, dramatist,  and n.{, 

 and n.{,  n.{, , ,  n.{,  and n.{

Pyrrhus, king of Epirus,  and n.{,  n.{ Speusippus of Athens, ﬁrst head of Plato’s

Pythagoras of Samos, philosopher, xxxi,  school, x, xxxi,  and n.{, ,  n.{, 

and n.{,  and n.{,  and n.{ Staseas of Naples, Aristotelian, xxxi,  and

Pythocles, Epicurean,  n.{ n.{, ,  and n.{ Stockton, D. L., xxxii Rackham, H., xxxii, xxxviii Stoics, philosophical school founded by Zeno Rawson, E., xxxii and ﬁrmly established by Chrysippus, ix, xi,

Regulus (Marcus Atilius Regulus), general,  xii, xiii, xiv, xvi, xix, xx, xxi, xxii and n.{,

and n.{,  and n.{,  xxiv, xxv,xxvi, xxvii, xxxvii,  n.{,  nn.{

Reynolds, L. D., xxxii, xxxviii and ,  and n.{,  and n.{,  n.{, 

Roscius, Sextus, defended by Cicero, xxviii n.{,  and nn.{ and a, , ,  and

Russell, D., vii n.{, ,  and n.{; criticized –; 

Rutilius (Publius Rutilius Rufus), politician,  n.{,  nn.{ and , ,  and nn.{

and n.{ and ,  n.{,  n.{,  n.{, 

n.{,  n.{,  n.{, ,  and n.{,

Sardanapallus, mythical king of Syria,  and  and nn.{ and ,  and nn.{ and ,

n.{  and n.{, , , ; Stoic philosophy Scaevola (Mucius Scaevola), praetor in second defended –

century,  and n.{ Strato of Lampsacus, Aristotelian, xxxi,  and

Scaevola (Publius Mucius Scaevola), tribune n.{

,  and n.{,  Sulla (Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix) dictator, xi,

Scaevola (Quintus Mucius Scaevola), augur, xxxvi,  n.{,  n.{,  and n.{, 

taught Cicero law, xxviii n.{,  n.{ Scaevola (Quintus Mucius Scaevola), pontifex, Sulla (Publius Cornelius Sulla), relative of the

taught Cicero law, xxviii dictator, xvi n.{,  and n.{



Index of names

Tantalus, mythical ﬁgure,  and n.{ Tubero (Quintus Tubero), friend of Panaetius, Tarquinius (Lucius Tarquinius Superbus), last 

king of Rome,  and n.{ Tubulus (Lucius Hostilius Tubulus), corrupt

Terence (Publius Terentius Afer), dramatist,  politician,  and n.{,,  and n.{

and n.{,n.{,  and n.{ Tullia, daughter of Cicero, ix, xxix

Terentia, ﬁrst wife of Cicero, ix, xxix Tullus Hostilius, sixth king of Rome,  n.{

Themista, Epicurean xxxi,  and n.{ Tyrannion, editor of Aristotle’s works, xxiii

Themistocles of Athens, politician,  and n.{, n.{

 and n.{,  and n.{ Theophrastus of Eresus, Aristotelian, xxii, Ulysses (Greek Odysseus), hero of Homer’s

xxxi,  and n.{, ,  and n.{,  and Odyssey,  and n.{

n.{  and nn.{ and ,  and

nn.{ and , , , ,  n.{, Varius (Aulus Varius), judge,  ,  Verginius (Lucius Verginius), ﬁgure from early

Theseus, mythical king of Athens,  and n.{ Roman history,  and n.{,  n.{ Thorius (Lucius Thorius Balbus), bon vivant, Verres (Gaius Verres), corrupt politician, xxviii,

,  and n.{  n.{ Timaeus, Pythagorean, xxxi,  Timocrates, Epicurean,  Woolf, R., vii Torquatus (Aulus Manlius Torquatus), father of Wright, M. R., xxxii Lucius Manlius Torquatus (probably), 

n.{,  Xenocrates of Chalcedon, second head of

Torquatus (Lucius Manlius Torquatus), speaker Plato’s school, x, xxxi,  and nn.{ and , ,

in the dialogue, xv, xvi and n.{, xxxiv, , ; ,  and n.{, ,  n.{,  expounds Epicurus’ philosophy - , , Xenophon of Athens, follower of Socrates, 

, , , , ,  and n.{, , , ,  and n.{

and n.{, , , , , , , , , ,  Xerxes, king of Persia,  and n.{

n.{ Torquatus (Titus Manlius Imperiosus Zeno of Citium, founder of Stoicism, xiii, xxxi,

Torquatus), ancestor of the speaker,  and , ,  n.{,  n.{, ,  and n.{, ,

n.{, , , , , ,  and n.{  and nn.{ and , , , ,  and n.{,

Torquatus (Titus Torquatus), another ancestor ,  and n.{, , , ,  and

of the speaker,  and n.{ n.{,n.{, , , , , , , ,

Trabea, comic dramatist,  and n.{  Triarius (Gaius Triarius), friend of Cicero, xvi Zeno of Sidon, Epicurean, xxviii, xxxi,  and

n.{,  and n.{, , , , , ,  n.{

Tubero (Lucius Aelius Tubero), friend of Zeuxis of Heraclea, painter,  and n.{

Cicero, xiii n.{ Zeyl, D., xxxiii



Index of subjects

Academy, history of, x, xi, and n.{, xii, xiii, xiv, good, in Stoic sense,  and n.{, , , –,

 and n.{,  n.{, , , ; sceptical, , ,  n.{, , – see Scepticism, Academic Antiochus’ ethical theory (sometimes described happiness, see ﬁnal end

as Peripatetic) xvi, xx, xxi, xxii, xxvii,  n.{, hedonism, Cyrenaic, xviii and n.{, –, , , ; criticized, –; defended, – , , –, 

Carneades’ division of ethical theories, xxiii justice, , , –, , , , , , , ,

and n.{, xxiv, xxv, xxvi and nn.{ and , , 

xxvii,  n.{,  and n.{,  and n.{,

, ,  and n.{, ,  and n.{,  ‘logic’ part of philosophy, , , , ,  and

and n.{, ,  and n.{,n.{ n.{, , ,  ,  and n.{, , , , Courage (one of four cardinal virtues) , ,  , , , , , , , , , ,  metaphysics, see ‘physics’ part of philosophy death, attitude to, , , , , , , , , moral development, individual, , –, , ,

,  and n.{,  , ,  and n.{, –; towards

deﬁnition,  and n.{,  and n.{, , , , others, ,  and n.{,  and n.{, , , ,  , –

desires, ,  and n.{, , , , , , ,  morality, see virtue dialogue form, ix, xii, xv, xvi, xvii natural goods, role in happiness, xxiii, xxv,

emotions,  and n.{ –,  and n.{, , –, , ,

Epicurus’ ethical theory, xvi, xxi, , , , , , –,  and n.{, , 

, ,  n.{; criticized, , , ,, nature, role in ethical theory, , , –, ,

–; defended, –, , , ,  , , , , , , , –,  and n.{,

epistemology, Antiochus’, xiv, xv and n.{, , –, , , , , , –, , –, ,

, , –, , ,  and n.{; , , , –, ; human nature

Epicurean, ,  and n.{; Stoic, xiv, xv and distinguished from nature as whole system,

n.{, , , , , , ,  and n.{ ,  eudaimonism, see ﬁnal end ‘Old Academy’, x, xiii, xiv, xxvii, –, ,

ﬁnal end or goal, ix, xvii–xxi, , , , –, –, , , ,  n.{, , , ,

–, –, , , ,  and n.{, , ,  n.{ , , –, , , , , , , – ‘physics’ part of philosophy, , , , , , ,

friendship,  and n.{, , , , –,  and , ,  and n.{, , 

n.{, , , ,  Pleasure, xxiii, xxv, –, , , , , –, , , –, –, , , , , , , God, becoming like, as ethical goal, xxii and , , , , , , , , ,

n.{, xxv ; kinetic/static distinction  n.{, 



Index of subjects

Pleasure (cont.)  and nn.{ and ,  and n.{, –;

n.{,  and n.{, , , , , , ; criticized, , , , –; defended, nature of, –, , , – –, 

practical guidance by ethical theory, xxiii, xxvi, swerve, atomic, ,  and n.{, 

 and n.{, , , , , , ,  and

n.{, , ,  Temperance (one of four cardinal virtues) ,

progress, moral,  and n.{, ,  and , , , , , , ,, , , , 

n.{,  Pyrrhonian scepticism, see scepticism, verbal nature (alleged) of Stoic innovations, ,

Pyrrhonian , , , , , ,  and n.{, , , –, , , , , , 

Reason, in moral development, , , , , virtue, xix and n.{, xx, xxv, , , , –,

, ,  and n.{, , , , , , , –, , , , –, , , , , –; in moral theory, xxiii, xxiii, xxv, , –, , , , –, , –,  and

, , , ,  n.{, –, , , , , –, –; sufﬁciency for happiness, xiii,

scepticism, Academic, x, xi and n.{, xii, xiv, xv xx–xxii, , , , , –, , , ,

and n.{, xvi, xvii, xxiii, xxvii, , , , , –,  and n.{,  and n.{, , ,

, ; Pyrrhonian, xii, xiii and n.{ , –; unity of, xix,  and n.{ Skill model for virtue, xix, xx, xxiii, ,  and

n.{, , , , , ,  wise person, wisdom in Stoic ethics, see virtue Stoic ethical theory, xiii, xvi, xx, xxi, , , , Wisdom (one of four cardinal virtues) , , ,

 n.{, , , , ,  and n.{, , , , , 

