DOCSLIB.ORG

UC Santa Barbara Dissertation Template

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UC Santa Barbara Dissertation Template UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Integration of Italians in the Late Republic and Julio-Claudian Principate A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Delbert James Conrad Committee in charge: Professor Elizabeth DePalma Digeser, Chair Professor John W. I. Lee Professor Rose MacLean June 2017 The dissertation of Delbert James Conrad is approved. ______________________________________________ John W. I. Lee ______________________________________________ Rose MacLean ______________________________________________ Elizabeth DePalma Digeser, Committee Chair June 2017 Integration of Italians in the Late Republic and Julio-Claudian Principate Copyright © 2017 by Delbert James Conrad iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank first Professor Beth Digeser for reading countless drafts and providing unfailing encouragement, and the rest of my committee, Professors John Lee and Rose MacLean, for their contributions to this project and their interest in it. I could not have completed this dissertation without the support of others beyond my committee. I thank my undergraduate adviser at Pacific Lutheran University, Professor Eric Nelson, who introduced me to Latin and encouraged me to pursue graduate study. I thank Professor Frances Hahn of the Classics department at UCSB, in whose class I first noticed the importance of Rome’s allies in Livy’s first book. I also thank Professor Sara Lindheim, also of the Classics Department at UCSB, who read my first essay on the topic of this dissertation, that I wrote to fulfill a requirement for her seminar on Ovid. Finally, I thank Professor Cynthia Kaplan, who directed my reading on nationalism. iv VITA OF DELBERT JAMES CONRAD June 2017 EDUCATION Bachelor of Arts in Classics, Pacific Lutheran University, December 2003 (cum laude) Master of Arts in Classics and Ancient History, Durham University, January 2005 (with honors) Master of Arts in Classics, University of California, Santa Barbara, June 2011 Doctor of Philosophy in History, University of California, Santa Barbara, June 2017 (expected) PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT 2007-2011: Teaching Assistant, Department of Classics, University of California, Santa Barbara 2011-2016: Teaching Assistant, Department of History, University of California, Santa Barbara Summer 2014: Teaching Associate, Department of History, University of California, Santa Barbara Summer 2015: Teaching Associate, Department of History, University of California, Santa Barbara AWARDS History Associates Graduate Fellowship, UCSB History Associates, 2012 History Associates Graduate Fellowship, UCSB History Associates, 2013 History Associates Graduate Fellowship, UCSB History Associates, 2014 FIELDS OF STUDY First Field: Roman History with Professor Elizabeth Digeser Second Field: Greek History with Professor John Lee Teaching Field: Early Islamic History with Professor Stephen Humphreys Outside Field: Political Science with Professor Cynthia Kaplan v ABSTRACT Integration of Italians in the Late Republic and Julio-Claudian Principate by Delbert James Conrad The Social War (90-88 BCE) was perhaps the most destructive conflict to occur in Italy besides Hannibal’s invasion one hundred years earlier. H. Mouritsen has criticized scholarship about the Social War for reproducing an understanding of the reasons and results of that war constructed from a nineteenth-century nationalist perspective, and for accepting uncritically the narrative of the first-century CE historian Appian, the only intact narrative of the war to survive from antiquity. I attempt to address these critiques by employing twenty- first-century models of nations and nation-state formation as comparative material for the political and social changes that occurred in Italy during and after the Social War, and make an argument that the foundation narratives of the second half of the first century BCE can provide evidence for contemporary ideas about Rome’s Italian allies and their place in Rome’s government and empire. This dissertation is divided into two parts of two chapters each. The first part discusses the idea of “Italy” and its development over time, both geographically and politically, and introduces Kymlicka’s model of the nation-building state as a comparative model to judge Roman Italy against. I support this comparative model with Smith’s criticisms of “modernist” nationalist thought, i.e. the position that the nation is inherently modern. The second part consists of a reading of three foundation narratives, those of Cicero, Livy, and Ovid. I read these foundation narratives as justifications of their contemporary political circumstances. I also examine the poetry of Propertius, and argu vi ethat Propertius does not portray a regional, Umbrian identity as an alternative to a Roman or Italian identity. I conclude that the nation-building institutions of Roman Italy reached their developed forms during the rule of Augustus, that Italian identity formed in this same period, and that the three foundation narratives are evidence for that Italian identity in a developmental phase. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF MAPS.......................................................................................................................ix ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................................................x Introduction...............................................................................................................................1 I. The Idea of Italy..................................................................................................................24 II. Nations and Institutions of Nation-Building in Late Republican Italy..............................53 Introduction to The Second Part.............................................................................................81 III. Empire, Assimilation, or Slavery: Foundation Narratives and the Allies in Revolutionary Rome.......................................................................................................................................90 IV. Propertius and Umbria: An Alternative to Rome?..........................................................128 Conclusion............................................................................................................................152 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................................161 viii LIST OF MAPS Map 1. Northern Italy and Southern Gaul............................................................26 Map 2. Southern Italy...........................................................................................29 Map 3. Circulation of Social War Coinage...........................................................31 ix ABBREVIATIONS CAH2 Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edition CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum OCD3 Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd edition OLD Oxford Latin Dictionary App. Appian, BC Civil Wars Caes. Caesar B Civ. Civil War Cic. Cicero Att. Letters to Atticus Balb. For Balbus Div. On Divination Div. Caec. Divinatio against Q. Caecilius Fam. Letters to his Friends Leg. Laws Phil. Phillipics Q fr. Letters to Quintus Rep. Republic Verr. Against Verres Diod. Sic. Diodorus Siculus Dion. Hal. Dionysius of Halicarnasus Ant. Rom. Roman Antiquities Ovid Ovid Met. Metomorphoses Plin. Piny the Elder, HN Natural History Plut. Plutarch Caes. Caesar Cam. Camillus Quaes. Rom. Roman Questions Sull. Sulla Polyb. Polybius Prop. Propertius PS Pseudo-Skylax RG Res Gestae Rhet. Her. Rhetorica ad Herennium x Sall. Sallust, Cat. The Catilinarian Conspiracy Suet. Suetonius Aug. Augustus Tib. Tiberius Tac. Tacitus Hist. Histories Ann. Annals Verg. Virgil G. Georgics xi Introduction The document published as Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 13.1668 is in different ways the beginning and end of my project, and a touchstone to which I return often in the following pages. It seems to be a verbatim record, very nearly complete, of a speech that the Roman emperor Claudius delivered to the Senate at Rome in 48 CE. It is interesting in all kinds of ways; a version of this speech also exists in Tacitus, Annales, 11.24, providing a rare opportunity to examine how an ancient historian put actual speeches to use in their histories, it provides insight into the character of the emperor Claudius, it preserves some unfamiliar traditions of Rome’s legendary past. Especially, it presents a characterization of the Roman world in the middle of the first century CE. Claudius asks the Senate to consider Roman citizens of the provinces of Gaul and whether they may be helpful in the administration of the Roman empire so far administered by Italians. Whether that characterization is true is another question; what we are looking for at this moment is how Claudius represented the Senate to itself. Claudius characterizes the Senate as populated by Italians. The point of Claudius’ argument is that it is no longer appropriate for the Senate to be Italian; provincials, namely the Gauls, should be included in government as well. In the event, the Senate conceded to Claudius the point and admitted Gauls to its ranks, ending a period of about 150 years in which it was possible to describe the Senate as in some way “Italian.” That period began with the settlement of the Social War, the war between Rome and some of her Italian allies during the years 91-88 BCE. The conclusion of the Social War brought a sudden and drastic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Stories of Ancient Rome Unit 4 Reader Skills Strand Grade 3
    Grade 3 Core Knowledge Language Arts® • Skills Strand Ancient Rome Ancient Stories of of Stories Unit 4 Reader 4 Unit Stories of Ancient Rome Unit 4 Reader Skills Strand GraDE 3 Core Knowledge Language Arts® Creative Commons Licensing This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. You are free: to Share — to copy, distribute and transmit the work to Remix — to adapt the work Under the following conditions: Attribution — You must attribute the work in the following manner: This work is based on an original work of the Core Knowledge® Foundation made available through licensing under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. This does not in any way imply that the Core Knowledge Foundation endorses this work. Noncommercial — You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Share Alike — If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. With the understanding that: For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. The best way to do this is with a link to this web page: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Copyright © 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation www.coreknowledge.org All Rights Reserved. Core Knowledge Language Arts, Listening & Learning, and Tell It Again! are trademarks of the Core Knowledge Foundation. Trademarks and trade names are shown in this book strictly for illustrative and educational purposes and are the property of their respective owners.
    [Show full text]
  • Umbria from the Iron Age to the Augustan Era
    UMBRIA FROM THE IRON AGE TO THE AUGUSTAN ERA PhD Guy Jolyon Bradley University College London BieC ILONOIK.] ProQuest Number: 10055445 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10055445 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract This thesis compares Umbria before and after the Roman conquest in order to assess the impact of the imposition of Roman control over this area of central Italy. There are four sections specifically on Umbria and two more general chapters of introduction and conclusion. The introductory chapter examines the most important issues for the history of the Italian regions in this period and the extent to which they are relevant to Umbria, given the type of evidence that survives. The chapter focuses on the concept of state formation, and the information about it provided by evidence for urbanisation, coinage, and the creation of treaties. The second chapter looks at the archaeological and other available evidence for the history of Umbria before the Roman conquest, and maps the beginnings of the formation of the state through the growth in social complexity, urbanisation and the emergence of cult places.
    [Show full text]
  • Rome. the Etymological Origins
    ROME.THE ETYMOLOGICAL ORIGINS Enrique Cabrejas — Director Linguistic Studies, Regen Palmer (Barcelona, Spain) E-mail: [email protected] The name of Rome was always a great mystery. Through this taxonomic study of Greek and Latin language, Enrique Cabrejas gives us the keys and unpublished answers to understand the etymology of the name. For thousands of years never came to suspect, including about the founder Romulus the reasons for the name and of his brother Remus, plus the unknown place name of the Lazio of the Italian peninsula which housed the foundation of ancient Rome. Keywords: Rome, Romulus, Remus, Tiber, Lazio, Italy, Rhea Silvia, Numitor, Amulio, Titus Tatius, Aeneas, Apollo, Aphrodite, Venus, Quirites, Romans, Sabines, Latins, Ἕλενος, Greeks, Etruscans, Iberians, fortuitus casus, vis maior, force majeure, rape of the Sabine, Luperca, Capitoline wolf, Palladium, Pallas, Vesta, Troy, Plutarch, Virgil, Herodotus, Enrique Cabrejas, etymology, taxonomy, Latin, Greek, ancient history , philosophy of language, acronyms, phrases, grammar, spelling, epigraphy, epistemology. Introduction There are names that highlight by their size or their amazing story. And from Rome we know his name, also history but what is the meaning? The name of Rome was always a great mystery. There are numerous and various hypotheses on the origin, list them again would not add any value to this document. My purpose is to reveal the true and not add more conjectures. Then I’ll convey an epistemology that has been unprecedented for thousands of years. So this theory of knowledge is an argument that I could perfectly support empirically. Let me take that Rome was founded as a popular legend tells by the brothers Romulus and Remus, suckled by a she-wolf, and according to other traditions by Romulus on 21 April 753 B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • ROMAN POLITICS DURING the JUGURTHINE WAR by PATRICIA EPPERSON WINGATE Bachelor of Arts in Education Northeastern Oklahoma State
    ROMAN POLITICS DURING THE JUGURTHINE WAR By PATRICIA EPPERSON ,WINGATE Bachelor of Arts in Education Northeastern Oklahoma State University Tahlequah, Oklahoma 1971 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS May, 1975 SEP Ji ·J75 ROMAN POLITICS DURING THE JUGURTHINE WAR Thesis Approved: . Dean of the Graduate College 91648 ~31 ii PREFACE The Jugurthine War occurred within the transitional period of Roman politics between the Gracchi and the rise of military dictators~ The era of the Numidian conflict is significant, for during that inter­ val the equites gained political strength, and the Roman army was transformed into a personal, professional army which no longer served the state, but dedicated itself to its commander. The primary o~jec­ tive of this study is to illustrate the role that political events in Rome during the Jugurthine War played in transforming the Republic into the Principate. I would like to thank my adviser, Dr. Neil Hackett, for his patient guidance and scholarly assistance, and to also acknowledge the aid of the other members of my counnittee, Dr. George Jewsbury and Dr. Michael Smith, in preparing my final draft. Important financial aid to my degree came from the Dr. Courtney W. Shropshire Memorial Scholarship. The Muskogee Civitan Club offered my name to the Civitan International Scholarship Selection Committee, and I am grateful for their ass.istance. A note of thanks is given to the staff of the Oklahoma State Uni­ versity Library, especially Ms. Vicki Withers, for their overall assis­ tance, particularly in securing material from other libraries.
    [Show full text]
  • Servius, Cato the Elder and Virgil
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by St Andrews Research Repository MEFRA – 129/1 – 2017, p. 85-100. Servius, Cato the Elder and Virgil Christopher SMITH C. Smith, British School at Rome, University of St Andrews, [email protected] This paper considers one of the most significant of the authors cited in the Servian tradition, Cato the Elder. He is cited more than any other historian, and looked at the other way round, Servius is a very important source for our knowledge of Cato. This paper addresses the questions of what we learn from Servius’ use of Cato, and what we learn about Virgil ? Servius, Cato the Elder, Virgil, Aeneas Cet article envisage la figure du principal auteur cite dans la tradition servienne, Caton l’Ancien. C’est l’historien le plus cité par Servius et, à l’inverse, Servius est une source très importante pour notre connaissance de Caton. Cet article revient sur l’utilisation de Caton par Servius et sur ce que Servius nous apprend sur Virgile. Servius, Catone l’Ancien, Virgile, Énée The depth of knowledge and understanding icance of his account of the beginnings of Rome. underpinning Virgil’s approach to Italy in the Our assumption that the historians focused on the Aeneid demonstrates that he was a profoundly earlier history and then passed rapidly over the learned poet ; and it was a learning which was early Republic is partly shaped by this tendency in clearly drawn on deep knowledge and under- the citing authorities2.
    [Show full text]
  • Brutus, Cassius, Judas, and Cremutius Cordus: How
    BRUTUS, CASSIUS, JUDAS, AND CREMUTIUS CORDUS: HOW SHIFTING PRECEDENTS ALLOWED THE LEX MAIESTATIS TO GROUP WRITERS WITH TRAITORS by Hunter Myers A thesis submitted to the faculty of The University of Mississippi in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College. Oxford, Mississippi May 2018 Approved by ______________________________ Advisor: Professor Molly Pasco-Pranger ______________________________ Reader: Professor John Lobur ______________________________ Reader: Professor Steven Skultety © 2018 Hunter Ross Myers ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dr. Pasco-Pranger, For your wise advice and helpful guidance through the thesis process Dr. Lobur & Dr. Skultety, For your time reading my work My parents, Robin Myers and Tracy Myers For your calm nature and encouragement Sally-McDonnell Barksdale Honors College For an incredible undergraduate academic experience iii ABSTRACT In either 103 or 100 B.C., a concept known as Maiestas minuta populi Romani (diminution of the majesty of the Roman people) is invented by Saturninus to accompany charges of perduellio (treason). Just over a century later, this same law is used by Tiberius to criminalize behavior and speech that he found disrespectful. This thesis offers an answer to the question as to how the maiestas law evolved during the late republic and early empire to present the threat that it did to Tiberius’ political enemies. First, the application of Roman precedent in regards to judicial decisions will be examined, as it plays a guiding role in the transformation of the law. Next, I will discuss how the law was invented in the late republic, and increasingly used for autocratic purposes. The bulk of the thesis will focus on maiestas proceedings in Tacitus’ Annales, in which a total of ten men lose their lives.
    [Show full text]
  • Map 44 Latium-Campania Compiled by N
    Map 44 Latium-Campania Compiled by N. Purcell, 1997 Introduction The landscape of central Italy has not been intrinsically stable. The steep slopes of the mountains have been deforested–several times in many cases–with consequent erosion; frane or avalanches remove large tracts of regolith, and doubly obliterate the archaeological record. In the valley-bottoms active streams have deposited and eroded successive layers of fill, sealing and destroying the evidence of settlement in many relatively favored niches. The more extensive lowlands have also seen substantial depositions of alluvial and colluvial material; the coasts have been exposed to erosion, aggradation and occasional tectonic deformation, or–spectacularly in the Bay of Naples– alternating collapse and re-elevation (“bradyseism”) at a staggeringly rapid pace. Earthquakes everywhere have accelerated the rate of change; vulcanicity in Campania has several times transformed substantial tracts of landscape beyond recognition–and reconstruction (thus no attempt is made here to re-create the contours of any of the sometimes very different forerunners of today’s Mt. Vesuvius). To this instability must be added the effect of intensive and continuous intervention by humanity. Episodes of depopulation in the Italian peninsula have arguably been neither prolonged nor pronounced within the timespan of the map and beyond. Even so, over the centuries the settlement pattern has been more than usually mutable, which has tended to obscure or damage the archaeological record. More archaeological evidence has emerged as modern urbanization spreads; but even more has been destroyed. What is available to the historical cartographer varies in quality from area to area in surprising ways.
    [Show full text]
  • Pavia HO3 SP, PS and Dialects
    ITALIC / KWT DAY 3: Sabellian II Pavia International Summer School of Indo-European Linguistics September 2015 Karin W. Tikkanen South Picene, Pre-Samnite and the Dialects South Picene The ”dialects” Pre-Samnite The Foundations of Latin, Philip Baldi (1991) SOUTH PICENE The oldest Sabellian texts originate from the provinces along the mid-Adriatic coast. According to the ancient sources, this region was inhabited by a tribe called Picentini (Strabo 5,4,3; Fest. p.150 (Li); Dion. Hal. 1,16; Plin. nat. 3,18,110). Inscriptions from the area however fall into two distinct groups, who are labelled according to their geographical location: South Picene (Indo-European language, part of the Sabellian language group), !1 (!8) ITALIC / KWT DAY 3: Sabellian II attested in 23 inscriptions, and North Picene, or Novilara (non-Indo-European), attested in only one. 1. South Picene orthography South Picene is written in a South Picene national alphabet, derived from the southern Etruscan signary, with similar Greek influence as the Oscan and Umbrian alphabets. The alphabet is transcribed: a b g d e v h i j k l m n o p q r s t u f í ú There are no preserved South Picene abecedaria, and the order of the signs is therefore hypothetical. ”New” signs are traditionally placed at the end of the alphabetic row. Note the presence of signs for voiced stops /b/, /g/ and /d/; the to vowel signs <í> and <ú> for middle front and back vowels (see comments in Phonology handout). Inscriptions in South Picene have the simple sign <8> for /f/.
    [Show full text]
  • 2012 Njcl Certamen Novice Division Round One
    2012 NJCL CERTAMEN NOVICE DIVISION ROUND ONE 1. Give the case and use of the Latin word for “son” in the following English sentence: Māter ad templum cum fīliō currēbat. ABLATIVE OF ACCOMPANIMENT B1: What are the case and use of the word templum in the same sentence? ACCUSATIVE OF PLACE TO WHICH (prompt on “object of preposition”) B2: What three distinct Latin prepositions are commonly used to express the ablative of place from which? AB / Ā; EX / Ē; DĒ 2. Which of the Greeks at Troy convinced Agamemnon to abandon Philoctetes and also convinced Clytemnestra to send Iphigeneia to Aulis by telling her that she would be the bride of Achilles? ODYSSEUS B1: What enemy did Odysseus convince the Greeks to execute as vengeance for his role in revealing Odysseus’ scheme to stay out of the war? PALAMEDES B2: Odysseus was also adamant that no descendant of Priam should survive the war, and thus insisted that whose infant son Astyanax be thrown from the walls? HECTOR’S 3. What two-word Latin phrase might be found in a document denying a lawyer’s motion because the conclusion did not logically follow from the arguments? NŌN SEQUITUR B1: What three-word Latin phrase might be found on a power-of-attorney document enabling another person to make decisions for a child in place of a parent? IN LOCŌ PARENTIS B2: What two-word Latin phrase is found on legal documents in which the accused does not wish to contest the charges brought against him? NŌLŌ CONTENDERE 4. What famous Roman patrician first distinguished himself while serving as quaestor under Marius, when he succeeded in negotiating the surrender of Jugurtha? (LUCIUS CORNELIUS) SULLA (FELIX) B1: In what year did Sulla hold his first consulship? 88 BC B2: The tribune Sulpicius Rufus stripped Sulla of his command in the war against what Eastern king? MITHRIDATES (IV EUPATOR) 5.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 TITLE: World Map of De Noha DATE: 1414 AUTHOR: Pirrus De
    World Map of de Noha #239 TITLE: World Map of de Noha DATE: 1414 AUTHOR: Pirrus de Noha DESCRIPTION: Claudius Ptolemy worked in Alexandria in the early and mid-second century A.D. and we know of him only through his writings on a variety of scientific subjects. Among these is the work known from the Arabic version of its title as the Almagest, which catalogues over a thousand stars, defining the position of each and explaining how to construct a celestial globe. His Geographia can be seen as a logical sequel. It gives the latitude and longitude of places, ideally from astronomical observation, as a basis for drawing maps of individual regions and of the whole world, and discusses possible ways of projecting the curved surface of the world on to the flat surface of a map. Ptolemy saw the world as a complete sphere, but the inhabited area as only a part of it, stretching south some 16 degrees beyond the Equator, north to about the Arctic Circle, east a little beyond Malaya, and bounded on the west by the Atlantic. Although his lists locate places by their geographical coordinates it is clear that these did not all come from immediate observation but were worked out from whatever information was available, such as accounts of journeys giving distances from one place to another; this means that their appearance of great accuracy is often spurious. The oldest surviving manuscript of Ptolemy’s Greek text was copied more than a thousand years after he wrote; it dates from the late 12th or early 13th century.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ancient People of Italy Before the Rise of Rome, Italy Was a Patchwork
    The Ancient People of Italy Before the rise of Rome, Italy was a patchwork of different cultures. Eventually they were all subsumed into Roman culture, but the cultural uniformity of Roman Italy erased what had once been a vast array of different peoples, cultures, languages, and civilizations. All these cultures existed before the Roman conquest of the Italian Peninsula, and unfortunately we know little about any of them before they caught the attention of Greek and Roman historians. Aside from a few inscriptions, most of what we know about the native people of Italy comes from Greek and Roman sources. Still, this information, combined with archaeological and linguistic information, gives us some idea about the peoples that once populated the Italian Peninsula. Italy was not isolated from the outside world, and neighboring people had much impact on its population. There were several foreign invasions of Italy during the period leading up to the Roman conquest that had important effects on the people of Italy. First there was the invasion of Alexander I of Epirus in 334 BC, which was followed by that of Pyrrhus of Epirus in 280 BC. Hannibal of Carthage invaded Italy during the Second Punic War (218–203 BC) with the express purpose of convincing Rome’s allies to abandon her. After the war, Rome rearranged its relations with many of the native people of Italy, much influenced by which peoples had remained loyal and which had supported their Carthaginian enemies. The sides different peoples took in these wars had major impacts on their destinies. In 91 BC, many of the peoples of Italy rebelled against Rome in the Social War.
    [Show full text]
  • The Roman Army's Emergence from Its Italian Origins
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Carolina Digital Repository THE ROMAN ARMY’S EMERGENCE FROM ITS ITALIAN ORIGINS Patrick Alan Kent A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2012 Approved by: Richard Talbert Nathan Rosenstein Daniel Gargola Fred Naiden Wayne Lee ABSTRACT PATRICK ALAN KENT: The Roman Army’s Emergence from its Italian Origins (Under the direction of Prof. Richard Talbert) Roman armies in the 4 th century and earlier resembled other Italian armies of the day. By using what limited sources are available concerning early Italian warfare, it is possible to reinterpret the history of the Republic through the changing relationship of the Romans and their Italian allies. An important aspect of early Italian warfare was military cooperation, facilitated by overlapping bonds of formal and informal relationships between communities and individuals. However, there was little in the way of organized allied contingents. Over the 3 rd century and culminating in the Second Punic War, the Romans organized their Italian allies into large conglomerate units that were placed under Roman officers. At the same time, the Romans generally took more direct control of the military resources of their allies as idea of military obligation developed. The integration and subordination of the Italians under increasing Roman domination fundamentally altered their relationships. In the 2 nd century the result was a growing feeling of discontent among the Italians with their position.
    [Show full text]