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Livy's View of the Roman National Character
James Luce, December 5th, 1993 Livy's View of the Roman National Character As early as 1663, Francis Pope named his plantation, in what would later become Washington, DC, "Rome" and renamed Goose Creek "Tiber", a local hill "Capitolium", an example of the way in which the colonists would draw upon ancient Rome for names, architecture and ideas. The founding fathers often called America "the New Rome", a place where, as Charles Lee said to Patrick Henry, Roman republican ideals were being realized. The Roman historian Livy (Titus Livius, 59 BC-AD 17) lived at the juncture of the breakdown of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. His 142 book History of Rome from 753 to 9 BC (35 books now extant, the rest epitomes) was one of the most read Latin authors by early American colonists, partly because he wrote about the Roman national character and his unique view of how that character was formed. "National character" is no longer considered a valid term, nations may not really have specific national characters, but many think they do. The ancients believed states or peoples had a national character and that it arose one of 3 ways: 1) innate/racial: Aristotle believed that all non-Greeks were barbarous and suited to be slaves; Romans believed that Carthaginians were perfidious. 2) influence of geography/climate: e.g., that Northern tribes were vigorous but dumb 3) influence of institutions and national norms based on political and family life. The Greek historian Polybios believed that Roman institutions (e.g., division of government into senate, assemblies and magistrates, each with its own powers) made the Romans great, and the architects of the American constitution read this with especial care and interest. -
ROMAN REPUBLICAN CAVALRY TACTICS in the 3Rd-2Nd
ACTA MARISIENSIS. SERIA HISTORIA Vol. 2 (2020) ISSN (Print) 2668-9545 ISSN (Online) 2668-9715 DOI: 10.2478/amsh-2020-0008 “BELLATOR EQUUS”. ROMAN REPUBLICAN CAVALRY TACTICS IN THE 3rd-2nd CENTURIES BC Fábián István Abstact One of the most interesting periods in the history of the Roman cavalry were the Punic wars. Many historians believe that during these conflicts the ill fame of the Roman cavalry was founded but, as it can be observed it was not the determination that lacked. The main issue is the presence of the political factor who decided in the main battles of this conflict. The present paper has as aim to outline a few aspects of how the Roman mid-republican cavalry met these odds and how they tried to incline the balance in their favor. Keywords: Republic; cavalry; Hannibal; battle; tactics The main role of a well performing cavalry is to disrupt an infantry formation and harm the enemy’s cavalry units. From this perspective the Roman cavalry, especially the middle Republican one, performed well by employing tactics “if not uniquely Roman, were quite distinct from the normal tactics of many other ancient Mediterranean cavalry forces. The Roman predilection to shock actions against infantry may have been shared by some contemporary cavalry forces, but their preference for stationary hand-to-hand or dismounted combat against enemy cavalry was almost unique to them”.1 The main problem is that there are no major sources concerning this period except for Polibyus and Titus Livius. The first may come as more reliable for two reasons: he used first-hand information from the witnesses of the conflicts between 220-167 and ”furthermore Polybius’ account is particularly valuable because he had serves as hypparch in Achaea and clearly had interest and aptitude in analyzing military affairs”2. -
Read Book Cicero and the Roman Republic 1St Edition
CICERO AND THE ROMAN REPUBLIC 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK John Murrell | 9780521691161 | | | | | Cicero and the Roman Republic 1st edition PDF Book Just a moment while we sign you in to your Goodreads account. Add to Basket Used Softcover. Cicero, who himself was a prolific writer on philosophy and politics praises the idea of not just a philosopher king, but philosopher leadership in general, and advocates that intellectuals get involved in politics rather than shun it. Many believed he had participated in several murders. Yet, what we do have is simply stunning, a perfect Latinization, Romanization, and republicanization of Socratic ideals and ethics. In this "mixed state," he argued, royalty, the best men, and the common people all should have a role. Indeed, when he denounced the latter in a number of orations called the Philippics, Mark Antony had him murdered. Soon, his skills as an orator made Cicero the leading court advocate in Rome. These afford a revelation of the man all the more striking because most were not written for publication. Views Read Edit View history. For Further Reading Everitt, Anthony. Instead of a king, the republic installed two "consuls" to rule. This new selection of speeches illustrates Cicero's fierce loyalty to the Roman Republic, giving an overview of his oratory from early victories in the law courts to the height of his political career in the Senate. About this Item: Hackett Publishing, By refusing to join this alliance, Cicero left himself vulnerable to attacks from his political enemies. Each consul could veto an act of the other. -
ROMAN POLITICS DURING the JUGURTHINE WAR by PATRICIA EPPERSON WINGATE Bachelor of Arts in Education Northeastern Oklahoma State
ROMAN POLITICS DURING THE JUGURTHINE WAR By PATRICIA EPPERSON ,WINGATE Bachelor of Arts in Education Northeastern Oklahoma State University Tahlequah, Oklahoma 1971 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS May, 1975 SEP Ji ·J75 ROMAN POLITICS DURING THE JUGURTHINE WAR Thesis Approved: . Dean of the Graduate College 91648 ~31 ii PREFACE The Jugurthine War occurred within the transitional period of Roman politics between the Gracchi and the rise of military dictators~ The era of the Numidian conflict is significant, for during that inter val the equites gained political strength, and the Roman army was transformed into a personal, professional army which no longer served the state, but dedicated itself to its commander. The primary o~jec tive of this study is to illustrate the role that political events in Rome during the Jugurthine War played in transforming the Republic into the Principate. I would like to thank my adviser, Dr. Neil Hackett, for his patient guidance and scholarly assistance, and to also acknowledge the aid of the other members of my counnittee, Dr. George Jewsbury and Dr. Michael Smith, in preparing my final draft. Important financial aid to my degree came from the Dr. Courtney W. Shropshire Memorial Scholarship. The Muskogee Civitan Club offered my name to the Civitan International Scholarship Selection Committee, and I am grateful for their ass.istance. A note of thanks is given to the staff of the Oklahoma State Uni versity Library, especially Ms. Vicki Withers, for their overall assis tance, particularly in securing material from other libraries. -
Introduction: Missing Years
Cambridge University Press 0521855829 - Caesar’s Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire Josiah Osgood Excerpt More information Introduction: missing years As a youth, the future emperor Claudius set out to write the recent history of Rome and, with initial encouragement from Livy, then the greatest living historian, produced an account that began with the assassination of Julius Caesar. Some were less supportive. Claudius’ mother, Antonia, and grandmother, Livia, repeatedly criticized his efforts; he could not write as frankly as he wished. Thus warned, Claudius left in his final version the assassination and its immediate aftermath, but omitted everything that 1 happened in the civil wars that followed: an eloquent silence. This book is in one sense an effort to recover what Claudius left out and why. Its reader will have to face up to the killing squads, the land confiscations, the famine, the propaganda, the agonizing dilemmas of these years. But I have not set out to write the kind of political narrative Claudius would have produced. For if the emperor has been one inspiration, another has been Vergil, whose first and ninth Eclogues exemplify how civil war swept through the lives of ordinary Italians during Claudius’ missing years. My work too aims to retrieve the men and women who fought and endured the bloody struggles that beset the Roman world under the triumvirate of Mark Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus. It is all too easy in writing about these years to focus only on high politics and constitutional questions, and the results become depressingly top-heavy. -
11Ffi ELOGIA of the AUGUSTAN FORUM
THEELOGIA OF THE AUGUSTAN FORUM 11ffi ELOGIA OF THE AUGUSTAN FORUM By BRAD JOHNSON, BA A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts McMaster University © Copyright by Brad Johnson, August 2001 MASTER OF ARTS (2001) McMaster University (Classics) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: The Elogia of the Augustan Forum AUTHOR: Brad Johnson, B.A. (McMaster University), B.A. Honours (McMaster University) SUPERVISOR: Dr. Claude Eilers NUMBER OF PAGES: v, 122 II ABSTRACT The Augustan Forum contained the statues offamous leaders from Rome's past. Beneath each statue an inscription was appended. Many of these inscriptions, known also as elogia, have survived. They record the name, magistracies held, and a brief account of the achievements of the individual. The reasons why these inscriptions were included in the Forum is the focus of this thesis. This thesis argues, through a detailed analysis of the elogia, that Augustus employed the inscriptions to propagate an image of himself as the most distinguished, and successful, leader in the history of Rome. III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Claude Eilers, for not only suggesting this topic, but also for his patience, constructive criticism, sense of humour, and infinite knowledge of all things Roman. Many thanks to the members of my committee, Dr. Evan Haley and Dr. Peter Kingston, who made time in their busy schedules to be part of this process. To my parents, lowe a debt that is beyond payment. Their support, love, and encouragement throughout the years is beyond description. -
2012 Njcl Certamen Novice Division Round One
2012 NJCL CERTAMEN NOVICE DIVISION ROUND ONE 1. Give the case and use of the Latin word for “son” in the following English sentence: Māter ad templum cum fīliō currēbat. ABLATIVE OF ACCOMPANIMENT B1: What are the case and use of the word templum in the same sentence? ACCUSATIVE OF PLACE TO WHICH (prompt on “object of preposition”) B2: What three distinct Latin prepositions are commonly used to express the ablative of place from which? AB / Ā; EX / Ē; DĒ 2. Which of the Greeks at Troy convinced Agamemnon to abandon Philoctetes and also convinced Clytemnestra to send Iphigeneia to Aulis by telling her that she would be the bride of Achilles? ODYSSEUS B1: What enemy did Odysseus convince the Greeks to execute as vengeance for his role in revealing Odysseus’ scheme to stay out of the war? PALAMEDES B2: Odysseus was also adamant that no descendant of Priam should survive the war, and thus insisted that whose infant son Astyanax be thrown from the walls? HECTOR’S 3. What two-word Latin phrase might be found in a document denying a lawyer’s motion because the conclusion did not logically follow from the arguments? NŌN SEQUITUR B1: What three-word Latin phrase might be found on a power-of-attorney document enabling another person to make decisions for a child in place of a parent? IN LOCŌ PARENTIS B2: What two-word Latin phrase is found on legal documents in which the accused does not wish to contest the charges brought against him? NŌLŌ CONTENDERE 4. What famous Roman patrician first distinguished himself while serving as quaestor under Marius, when he succeeded in negotiating the surrender of Jugurtha? (LUCIUS CORNELIUS) SULLA (FELIX) B1: In what year did Sulla hold his first consulship? 88 BC B2: The tribune Sulpicius Rufus stripped Sulla of his command in the war against what Eastern king? MITHRIDATES (IV EUPATOR) 5. -
Roman History, I: the Republic
Walter Scheidel Office hours: Tue 1.30-2 & Thu 1.30-3 Office: 20-22L Office phone: (650) 723-0478 Mailbox: Classics Department e-mail: [email protected] (Main Quad, Building 20) www.stanford.edu/~scheidel Christelle Fischer ([email protected]) James Greenberg ([email protected]) CLASS HIS 102 = HISTORY 102X ROMAN HISTORY, I: THE REPUBLIC Winter Quarter 2004 TueThu 11-12.15 60-61G Required texts (available at the Stanford Bookstore) • M. Crawford, The Roman Republic (2nd ed., Harvard University Press, 1993) • A. Lintott, The Roman Republic (Sutton, 2000) • R. Mellor, The Historians of Ancient Rome: An Anthology of the Major Writings (Routledge, 1998) • Cicero, Selected Political Speeches (rev. ed. Penguin, 1989) • Plutarch, Fall of the Roman Republic (rev ed., Penguin, 1972) • K. Hopkins, Conquerors and Slaves: Sociological Studies in Roman History, 1 (Cambridge 1978), chapters 1-2 (out of print; available as a course package) Schedule and readings Tue, Jan 6 Introduction: Why Rome matters Thu, Jan 8 What can we know about early Rome? – Bottom-up perspectives Crawford ch. 2; Lintott 1-21 Tue, Jan 13 What are we told about early Rome? – The Fabrication of Historical Tradition Mellor 1-5, 147-210; Crawford ch. 1 Thu, Jan 15 Synopsis, c.400-133 BCE: How to build an empire Mellor 233-246; Crawford ch. 4-6; Lintott 12-66 Tue, Jan 20 The constitutional framework: institutions and process Crawford ch. 3, 7, app. 1 Thu, Jan 22 Governing Rome: oligarchy in action Mellor 211-233, then 47-59; handouts Tue, Jan 27 Roman militarism: continuous ‘just war’ Mellor 17-27, 32-47; Crawford app. -
François Prost Université Paris Sorbonne
FRANÇOIS PROST UNIVERSITÉ PARIS SORBONNE LETTRES À QUINTUS I, 1 ET 2 PRESENTATION – EDITION- TRADUCTION © SIAC FRANÇOIS PROST 2009 CITATION / QUOTE / CITAZIONE : PROST (FRANÇOIS), Lettres à Quintus I, 1 et 2, 2010, TULLIANA.EU *** LETTRES AU GOUVERNEUR D’ASIE 2 VERSION OFFICIELLE ET VERSION OFFICIE USE 3 LES CICÉRON GOUVERNEURS 3 CICÉRON ET LA QUESTION DE L’EMPIRE : CONTRASTES, LIMITES ET POSTÉRITÉ 5 ASPECTS DE LA DOCTRINE IMPÉRIALE DE CICÉRON 7 CONCLUSION 15 SUGGESTIONS DE LECTURE 17 CICÉRON, AD QUINTUM FRATREM I, 1 19 CICÉRON, AD QUINTUM FRATREM I, 2 50 *** Éditions utilisées pour l’établissement du texte : Le texte latin proposé s’appuie principalement sur : D. R. SHACKLETON BAILEY, Cicero. Letters to Quintus and Brutus – to Octavian – Invectives – Handbook of electioneering, Loeb Classical Library, 2002. Il tient également compte de : W.S. WATT, M. Tulli Ciceronis epistulae, volume III, Oxford Classical Texts, 1958 ; ère L.-A. CONSTANS, Cicéron. Correspondance, tome I, Les Belles Lettres, 1969 (1 édition 1934) ; Ce texte a été revu par les membres scientifiques de la SIAC conformément à nos statuts Page 1 sur 62 PRÉSENTATION Les deux premières lettres à Quintus, frère de Cicéron, datent respectivement du début et de la fin de l’année 59, selon toute vraisemblance. Elles constituent les n° 30 et 53 de l’édition chronologique de L.-A. Constans aux Belles Lettres (tome 1)1, et présentent un intérêt tout particulier. Lettres au gouverneur d’Asie L’une et l’autre ont été composées par Cicéron à l’occasion et au sujet du gouvernement provincial exercé par Quintus, au titre de promagistrature à la sortie de sa préture (en 62). -
The Lost Memoirs of Augustus and the Development of Roman Autobiography
THE LOST MEMOIRS OF AUGUSTUS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROMAN AUTOBIOGRAPHY Editors Christopher Smith and Anton Powell Contributors Tim Cornell, Christopher Pelling, Anton Powell, John Rich, Christopher Smith, Alexander Thein, Mark Toher, Kathryn Welch, Peter Wiseman The Classical Press of Wales First published in 2009 by The Classical Press of Wales 15 Rosehill Terrace, Swansea SA1 6JN Tel: +44 (0)1792 458397 Fax: +44 (0)1792 464067 www.classicalpressofwales.co.uk Distributor in the United States of America ISD, LLC 70 Enterprise Dr., Suite 2, Bristol, CT 06010 Tel: +1 (860) 584–6546 www.isdistribution.com © 2009 The authors All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN 978-1-910589-42-7 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Typeset, printed and bound in the UK by Gomer Press, Llandysul, Ceredigion, Wales ––––––––––––––––– The Classical Press of Wales, an independent venture, was founded in 1993, initially to support the work of classicists and ancient historians in Wales and their collaborators from further afield. More recently it has published work initiated by scholars internationally. While retaining a special loyalty to Wales and the Celtic countries, the Press welcomes scholarly contributions from all parts of the world. The symbol of the Press is the Red Kite. This bird, once widespread in Britain, was reduced by 1905 to some five individuals confined to a small area known as ‘The Desert of Wales’ – the upper Tywi valley. -
The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It?: Crash Course
Transcript The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It?: Crash Course World History #10 Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon, destroyed the Roman Republic, and turned it into an empire before getting stabbed a bunch of times. Or did he? Well, he definitely crossed the Rubicon and got stabbed, but did Caesar actually make Rome an empire? In this video, John Green discusses Caesar’s rise to power and argues that Rome already was an empire way before Julius Caesar crossed a river and stuck some leaves on his head. Transcript The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It?: Crash Course World History #10 Timing and description Text 00:01 Hi, I’m John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today we’re going to learn about the Roman Empire, which of course began when two totally Drawing of Romulus and nonfictional twins, Romulus and Remus, who’d been raised by wolves, founded a Remus breastfeeding on a city on seven hills. wolf John Green as his younger Mr. Green, Mr. Green, what, what does SPQR stand for? self It means, “Shut Piehole Quickly, Rapscallion.” No, it means, “Senatus Populusque Romanus,” one of the mottos of the Roman republic. So today we’re going to do Sculpture and painting of some old-school Great Man history and focus on Julius Caesar while trying to Julius Caesar answer a question, “When, if ever, is it okay to stab someone 23 times? CCWH theme song plays 00:40 Shakespeare answers that question by saying that Roman senators killed Caesar because he was going to destroy the Roman republic, but even if that’s true, we still have to answer whether A) the Roman republic was worth preserving, and B) whether Caesar actually destroyed it. -
The Roman Republic
1 The Roman Republic MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES POWER AND AUTHORITY The Some of the most fundamental • republic • senate early Romans established a values and institutions of • patrician •dictator republic, which grew powerful Western civilization began in the •plebeian •legion and spread its influence. Roman Republic. • tribune • Punic Wars •consul • Hannibal SETTING THE STAGE While the great civilization of Greece was in decline, a new city to the west was developing and increasing its power. Rome grew from a small settlement to a mighty civilization that eventually conquered the Mediterranean world. In time, the Romans would build one of the most famous and influential empires in history. The Origins of Rome TAKING NOTES Outlining Use an outline According to legend, the city of Rome was founded in 753 B.C.by Romulus and to organize the main Remus, twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin princess. The twins were aban- ideas and details. doned on the Tiber River as infants and raised by a she-wolf. The twins decided to build a city near the spot. In reality, it was men not immortals who built the I. The Origins of Rome A. city, and they chose the spot largely for its strategic location and fertile soil. B. Rome’s Geography Rome was built on seven rolling hills at a curve on the II. The Early Republic Tiber River, near the center of the Italian peninsula. It was midway between the A. B. Alps and Italy’s southern tip. Rome also was near the midpoint of the III.