DOCSLIB.ORG

Durham E-Theses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Durham E-Theses A monthly temperature series for Durham from 1784 Eglise, Matthew How to cite: Eglise, Matthew (2003) A monthly temperature series for Durham from 1784, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4044/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk A Monthly Temperature Series for Durham from 1784 A copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Matthew Eglise Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Piiilosophy Department of Geography University of Durham November 2003 1 8 JAH 2 Abstract The geographer and climatologist Gordon Manley produced a monthly temperature reduction for Durham University Observatory from 1801 to extend the series back from the start of meteorological observations at the Observatory in the 1840s. He produced his extended series shortly before he died in 1980, and left it in a provisional state, with limited notes regarding his construction of the monthly means based on temperature observations from sites around the North East of England. Papers that Manley left have been examined to ascertain how he arrived at his reduction, and his methods have been fully documented and analysed. Errors in the derivation of his monthly means have been corrected, and methods that he used refined to improve their accuracy. New techniques for the reduction of means from archived data have been studied. A selection of these were implemented to improve the accuracy of the new series, and further temperature observations that Manley did not use in his version have been evaluated and introduced. Observations from South Cave, near Hull, from 1794, and from Brandsby, near York, from 1784, provide the extension of the record back from 1801. Substantial sets of monthly means from Braithwaite, near Keighley, and Jesmond, near Newcastle upon Tyne, in addition to shorter sets from other sites around the North East of England and the Borders, have been incorporated into the reduction from 1801 to improve the representativeness of Manley's series. The completed series, from January 1784, has been analysed and compared with other temperature series for the British Isles, and the potential for a daily version of the monthly series has been investigated, based upon the data sources currently available. Page i Table of Contents Abstract i Table of Contents ii List of Figures ix List of Tables xv Declaration xxiii Acknowledgements xxiv Conventions xxv Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 An Overview of the Climate of North East England and Durham 4 1.3 Thesis Structure ' 1 Chapter 1 - Gordon Manley and the Durham University Meteorological Record 13 1.1 Introduction 13 1.2 Gordon Manley 14 1.3 The Meteorological Record 18 1.4 Manley's Aims and Unfinished Work 23 1.5 An Opportunity to Complete Manley's Work 27 1.6 Summary of Chapter One 30 Chapter 2 - Background to the Thesis 31 2.1 The Beginnings and Growth of Recording Climatic Factors 31 2.1.1 The Thermometer 31 2.1.2 Thermometer Scales 33 2.2 Thermometers and Exposure Practices -35 2.3 Issues and Problems when Constructing a Temperature Series from Archives 47 2.3.1 The Original Manuscript 47 2.3.2 Interpretation 48 Page ii 2.3.3 Techniques of Analysis and Reconstruction 50 2.4 Temperature Series: Maniey's Construction of Temperature Series from Archives 56 2.4.1 Three Series 56 2.4.2 Maniey's Choice of Stations 59 2.4.3 Ascertaining Exposure 62 2.4.4 Correcting the Readings 65 2.4.5 Checking the Corrected Series 68 2.4.6 Bridging Gaps 70 2.4.7 Non-Instrumental Diaries 71 2.4.8 Summary of Manley's Methods 72 2.5 Summary of Chapter Two 73 Chapter 3 - The Data 74 3.1 Data Sources Available for North East England, Yorkshire and the Scottish Borders 74 3.1.1 Introduction to the Series 74 3.1.2 Brandsby 82 3.1.3 Braithwaite 86 3.1.4 Allenheads 87 3.1.5 York 89 3.1.6 Ackworth 91 3.1.7 South Cave 93 3.1.8 Wykeham 101 3.1.9 Abbey St. Bathans 101 3.2 James Losh's Record at Jesmond 103 3.2.1 James Losh 103 3.2.2 The Manuscript 106 3.2.3 Who Took and Transcribed the Readings? 112 3.2.4 Summary of Data Series 118 3.3 Summary of Chapter Three 119 Chapter 4 - Maniey's Preliminary Work 120 Page Hi 4.1 Material Known to Manley 120 4.1.1 Letters 120 4.1.2 Manley's Progress - Evidence from his Letters 121 4.1.3 Papers 132 4.2 Manley's Methods and Results 136 4.2.1 Introduction 136 4.2.2 1802-1805 137 4.2.3 1806-1811 140 4.2.4 1812-1818 141 4.2.5 1819-1820 143 4.2.6 1821-1830 143 4.2.7 1831-1832 144 4.2.8 1833-1839 145 4.2.9 1840-1841 149 4.2.10 1842-1843 149 4.2.11 1844-1846 150 4.2.12 1847 151 4.2.13 1848 152 4.2.14 Summary of Methods 152 4.3 Errors Made by Manley 154 4.3.1 Introduction 154 4.3.2 Study of Errors Made 155 4.4 Summary of Chapter Four • 159 Chapter 5 - hnprovements 160 5.1 A Temperature Series for 'Durham' Using Modern Data 160 5.1.1 Improving Manley's Series for 'Durham' 160 5.1.2 Combining Series to hivestigate Characteristics of Temperature in the North East 160 5.1.3 Availability of Modern Data for the North East of England 164 5.1.4 Sites Chosen for this Study 166 Page iv 5.1.5 Preparation of the Modern Data 172 5.1.6 Combining the Historic Series 180 5.2 Refining Manley's Mean Calculations for the Losh record 188 5.2.1 Manley's Assumptions 188 5.2.2 Missing Values in the Losh Record 188 5.2.3 Methods for Filling Gaps : 190 5.2.4 Trial of Filling Gaps by Climatological Estimation - the Valero Method 191 5.2.5 Trial of Filling Gaps by First Difference Interpolation 195 5.2.6 Time of Reading 196 5.2.7 Hourly Corrections 200 5.3 Improving Manley's Choice of Series for the Extension from 1802 to 1843 209 5.3.1 Manley's Choice of Series 209 5.3.2 Disadvantages of Manley's Choice of Series 211 5.3.3 Improving the Series Used 212 5.3.4 York 218 5.3.5 Wykeham 219 5.3.6 Allenheads 221 5.3.7 Ackworth 222 5.3.8 New Malton 224 5.3.9 Brandsby 226 5.3.10 Creating the Composite Series 228 5.3.11 Adjustment of Variance 229 5.4 Introduction of Data Observed at Durham from 1843 236 5.4.1 Two New Journals 236 5.4.2 Monthly Means 239 5.4.3 Adopted Means • 242 5.5 Summary of Chapter Five 247 Chapter 6 - Extension Back To 1784 248 6.1 Scope for Extending the Series Backwards 248 Page V 6.2 Data from South Cave 251 6.3 Data from Braithwaite 264 6.3.1 Exposure 264 6.3.2 Indoor Observations 273 6.4 Data from Brandsby 279 6.5 Integration of the Series Available for the Extension 288 6.5.1 Data Availability 288 6.5.2 Combining the Series 290 6.6 Potential for a Daily Series 295 6.6.1 Other Daily Series 295 6.6.2 Can a Daily Series be Created for Durham from 1784? 296 6.6.3 Future Work on a Daily Reduction for Durham 303 6.7 Summary of Chapter Six 304 Chapter 7 - Analysis 305 7.1 A Review of the Work Achieved 305 7.1.1 Investigation 305 7.1.2 The Reduction - 1802 to 1849 308 7.1.3 Summary of the Correction Technique 312 7.1.4 The Extension - 1783 to 1801 314 7.1.5 Summary of Component Series 314 7.2 An Analysis of the Accuracy and Precision 317 7.2.1 Accuracy of Original Observations 317 7.2.2 Corrections 320 7.2.3 Conversion from Fahrenheit to Celsius 321 7.3 Analysis of the Final Series 322 7.3.1 Comparison of the Durham Reduction Against Other Series 322 7.4 Improvements 329 7.4.1 Improvements for 1802-1843 329 7.4.2 Improvements For 1843-1849 332 Page vi 7.4.3 Improvements Before 1802 333 7.4.4 Summary of Improvements 334 7.5 Summary of Chapter Seven 335 Chapter 8 - The Representativeness of Durham 336 8.1 How Well the Series Represents 'Durham' 336 8.1.1 'Durham' and Temperature across North East England 336 8.1.2 An Examination of Some Notable Warm and Cool Periods 343 8.1.3 Larger-Scale Conditions 347 8.2 The Usefulness of the Series Within Current Research 350 8.2.1 Of What Use is a Monthly Temperature Series? 350 8.2.2 The Use of Archived Data as a Tool in the Study of Climate Variability and Climate Change 352 8.3 The Place of'Durham' in Evaluation of Past Climate in the British Isles and Europe 355 8.3.1 Climate Study at the Regional Level 355 8.3.2 Historic Climate and the Context of'Durham' 356 8.4 Summary of Chapter Eight 357 Appendix A - Letters from Gordon Manley 358 A.l 30'" January 1978 358 A.2 9'" March 1978 359 A.3 r'July 1978 360 A.4 27"'September 1978 361 A.5 r'March 1979 366 A.6 5"'March 1979 368 A.7 3"" June 1979 369 A.8 8"'August 1979 372 A.9 9"'September 1979 374 A.
Recommended publications
  • KKL UK Financial Declaration 2018

    KKL UK Financial Declaration 2018

    UK Template COMPANY NAME: YEAR: COUNTRY: DATE OF SUBMISSION TO CENTRAL PLATFORM: [insert date] METHODOLOGICAL NOTE (H) (Clause 24.10): [insert link here] DISCLOSURE OF PAYMENTS TO HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS (HCPs), OTHER RELEVANT DECISION MAKERS (ORDMs) AND HEALTHCARE ORGANISATIONS (HCOs) Article 2 - Section 2.03 & Schedule 2 & Clause 24 Date of publication: 28 June 2018 HCPs/ORDMs: City of Country of Principal Unique country local Fee for service and consultancy (Art. 3.01.1.c & 3.01.2.c & Clause Full Name Principal Practice HCOs: Principal Practice Address Contribution to costs of Events (Art. 3.01.1.b & 3.01.2.a & Clause 24) Blank Column (Clause X) Practice identifyer OPTIONAL 24) city where registered Donations and Grants to HCOs (Art. 3.01.1.a & Joint Working (Clause 20) TOTAL Clause 24) and Benefits in Kind to HCOs (Clause 24) Sponsorship agreements with Related expenses agreed in HCOs / third parties Blank Column Blank Column (Clause (Art. 1.01 & Clause 24) (Art. 3 & Clause 24) (Schedule 1 & Clause 24) (Art. 3 & Clause 24) (Art. 3 & Clause 24) Registration Fees Travel & Accommodation Fees the fee for service or appointed by HCOs to (Clause X) X) manage an Event consultancy contract HCPs/ORDMs: City of Principal Local Register ID or Title First Name Initial Last Name Speciality Role Practice HCOs: city where Country of Principal Practice Institution Name Location Address Line 1 Address Line 2 Post Code Email Third Party Database registered ID INDIVIDUAL NAMED DISCLOSURE - one line per HCP/ORDM (i.e. all transfers of value during a
  • DRAGON Magazine

    DRAGON Magazine

    April 1981 Dragon 1 Dragon Vol. V, No. 10 Vol. V, No. 10 April 1981 Publisher . E. Gary Gygax Editor . Jake Jaquet Assistant editor . Kim Mohan Editorial staff . Bryce Knorr Coming Attractions Dept. the ballot elsewhere in this issue). The Marilyn Mays With no small amount of pride, Dragon final voting will be done by members of Sales & Circulation . Debbie Chiusano Publishing is pleased to announce some the newly formed Academy of Adventure Corey Koebernick upcoming features that will be appear- Gaming Arts and Design. Membership in Office staff . Dawn Pekul ing in DRAGON magazine. Next month’s the Academy is open to those individuals Cherie Knull magazine will feature a cover by Tim Hil- who have made a contribution to the Jean Lonze debrandt and contain an exclusive inter- products and/or general advancement Contributing editors . Roger Moore view with the artist. In July we’ll have a of the hobby in any, some, or all of the Ed Greenwood cover by Carl Lundgren, whose work major divisions: boardgames, miniature most of you will recognize from the games, role-playing games, and compu- This month’s contributing artists: ter game programs; for example, de- many fantasy novel covers he has illus- Phil Foglio Steve Swenston trated. And in August, the cover will be signers, developers, authors, artists, edi- Cheryl Duval Mike Carroll done by Boris Vallejo, and we’ll have tors, writers, reviewers, convention or- Roger Raupp Dave Trampier another exclusive interview with the ar- ganizers, or any professional or amateur Kenneth Rahman Darlene tist. In all cases, the artwork for these who can prove a contribution to the Robert Liebman J.D.
  • Durham Dales Map

    Durham Dales Map

    Durham Dales Map Boundary of North Pennines A68 Area of Outstanding Natural Barleyhill Derwent Reservoir Newcastle Airport Beauty Shotley northumberland To Hexham Pennine Way Pow Hill BridgeConsett Country Park Weardale Way Blanchland Edmundbyers A692 Teesdale Way Castleside A691 Templetown C2C (Sea to Sea) Cycle Route Lanchester Muggleswick W2W (Walney to Wear) Cycle Killhope, C2C Cycle Route B6278 Route The North of Vale of Weardale Railway England Lead Allenheads Rookhope Waskerley Reservoir A68 Mining Museum Roads A689 HedleyhopeDurham Fell weardale Rivers To M6 Penrith The Durham North Nature Reserve Dales Centre Pennines Durham City Places of Interest Cowshill Weardale Way Tunstall AONB To A690 Durham City Place Names Wearhead Ireshopeburn Stanhope Reservoir Burnhope Reservoir Tow Law A690 Visitor Information Points Westgate Wolsingham Durham Weardale Museum Eastgate A689 Train S St. John’s Frosterley & High House Chapel Chapel Crook B6277 north pennines area of outstanding natural beauty Durham Dales Willington Fir Tree Langdon Beck Ettersgill Redford Cow Green Reservoir teesdale Hamsterley Forest in Teesdale Forest High Force A68 B6278 Hamsterley Cauldron Snout Gibson’s Cave BishopAuckland Teesdale Way NewbigginBowlees Visitor Centre Witton-le-Wear AucklandCastle Low Force Pennine Moor House Woodland ButterknowleWest Auckland Way National Nature Lynesack B6282 Reserve Eggleston Hall Evenwood Middleton-in-Teesdale Gardens Cockfield Fell Mickleton A688 W2W Cycle Route Grassholme Reservoir Raby Castle A68 Romaldkirk B6279 Grassholme Selset Reservoir Staindrop Ingleton tees Hannah’s The B6276 Hury Hury Reservoir Bowes Meadow Streatlam Headlam valley Cotherstone Museum cumbria North Balderhead Stainton RiverGainford Tees Lartington Stainmore Reservoir Blackton A67 Reservoir Barnard Castle Darlington A67 Egglestone Abbey Thorpe Farm Centre Bowes Castle A66 Greta Bridge To A1 Scotch Corner A688 Rokeby To Brough Contains Ordnance Survey Data © Crown copyright and database right 2015.
  • The Field Courses of the Royal Meteorological Society

    The Field Courses of the Royal Meteorological Society

    OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON METEOROLOGICAL HISTORY No.17 THE FIELD COURSES OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY MALCOLM WALKER Published by The Royal Meteorological Society’s History of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography Special Interest Group OCTOBER 2015 ISBN: 978-0-948090-41-7 ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY 104 OXFORD ROAD – READING – RG1 7LL – UNITED KINGDOM Telephone: +44 (0)118 956 8500 Fax: +44 (0)118 956 8571 E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.rmets.org Registered charity number 208222 © Royal Meteorological Society 2015 i THE FIELD COURSES OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY Malcolm Walker Royal Meteorological Society October 2015 View across Malham Tarn at about 8pm on 28 July 1959, showing a large cumulus which shortly afterwards showed a marked anvil formation. Photograph by Nancy J Gordon published in Weather, February 1961, 16, 2, p.45. ii iii CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ...................................................................................................... v SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................... 1 PART 1 – The formative years POST-WAR ANTECEDENTS ............................................................................................................ 2 THE PIONEER FIELD COURSE ......................................................................................................... 3 TWO COURSES IN 1951 ................................................................................................................
  • Durham Dales, Easington and Sedgefield CCG

    Durham Dales, Easington and Sedgefield CCG

    NHS Durham Dales, Easington and Sedgefield CCG Commissioning for Value Mental health and dementia pack NHS Durham Dales, Easington and Sedgefield CCG January 2017 OFFICIAL Gateway ref: 06288 Contents • Foreword • Your mental health and dementia pack • The NHS RightCare programme • NHS RightCare and Commissioning for Value • Your most similar CCGs • Your data • Pathways on a page • Early intervention in psychosis • Improving data quality • Care programme approach • Priority groups • Crisis planning • Perinatal mental illness • Admissions and discharges • Children and young people • Bed days • Primary care • Secure mental health services • IAPT • Outcomes • Contact with secondary services • Dementia • Cluster assignments • Next steps and actions • Further support and information • Useful links • Annex 2 Foreword The Commissioning for Value packs and the RightCare programme place the NHS at “ the forefront of addressing unwarranted variation in care. I know that professionals - doctors, nurses, allied health professionals - and the managers who support their endeavours, all want to deliver the best possible care in the most effective way. We all assume we do so. What Commissioning for Value does is shine an honest light on what we are doing. The RightCare approach then gives us a methodology for quality improvement, led by clinicians. It not only improves quality but also makes best use of the taxpayers’ pound ensuring the NHS continues to be one of the best value health and care systems in the world.” Professor Sir Bruce Keogh National Medical Director, NHS England 3 Foreword For many years, people with mental health problems have been largely neglected, with care “ provided by Cinderella services unable to meet their needs for mental and physical healthcare.
  • Campus Map CAMPUS

    Campus Map CAMPUS

    Forrest Hills SOUTH EAST Lancaster University Campus Map CAMPUS NORTH CAMPUS FURNESS AVE B TOWER AVE E C PHYSICS AVE ISO JOHN CREED AVE COUNTY AVE Bailrigg Service Station LANCASTER SQUARE AVE CTP Maintenance GEORGE FOX AVE UNDERPASS Workshops COM PHS WWB County College FYLDE AVE SOUTH CHE CAMPUS D ISS COS The PSC Orchard FAR Bonington Square Step Lancaster TRH Square FAS SBH GFX INF Physics Garden Cycle Route to NORTH DRIVE Fylde College Ellel & Galgate Great Edward SOUTH DRIVE Hall BLN BLM Roberts Court GHC Court Bowland Bowland FUR Wetland North Quad Fylde Grizedale College Quad WEL Furness College Quad Furness Alexandra College Court FYL SAT LIC Square Pendle College Welcome LEC Great Hall Centre CHC Square Reception Engineering F Square Cycle Route to PENDLE AVE ASH Bowland College City Centre BLA Students’ Union ROSSENDALE AVE LIB ENG LSE BLH A Arrival UNH Point University GRIZEDALE AVE House MAN Reception BOWLAND AVE G Graduate College HRB UNDERPASS CPC BOWLAND AVE FARRER AVE GILLOW AVE F Graduate BRH LIBRARY AVE SEC Square A GRADUATE AVE LCC CARTMEL AVE Netball Courts South West I Campus ALEXANDRA PARK DRIVE Barker NORTH WEST RUS House BHF Entrance Lancaster Court House Hotel CAMPUS H Cartmel College Rugby League Pitch PARK BOULEVARD Lacrosse Pitch ECO BARKER HOUSE AVE MED J PRE Lonsdale SOUTH WEST CAMPUS Quad LONSDALE AVE HAZELRIGG LANE Lonsdale College BFB Lake Carter Grass Playing Pitch Astro Turf Pitch L Grass Playing Pitch L Grass Playing Pitch Grass Playing Pitch Grass Playing Pitch 3rd Generation Artificial Pitch Astro Turf
  • Dowfold House Brochure

    Dowfold House Brochure

    The Green Room is a What our Guests say sunny room, over- Dowfold House looking Crook and the “Outstanding. The best B&B we have stayed in Bed & Breakfast Weardale hills, as far as during our many travels over the years. The the North Pennines. It People just keep coming back! hosts have a special quality that makes the guests can be configured for feel at home, warmly welcome, yet VIPs. We up to three people, all in Jill & Rupert (not to mention our dog, cat – and bees) look will look back fondly at our stay & advertise you forward to welcoming you to our comfortable Victorian full-size single beds. widely. Many thanks.” home – and we do GREAT breakfasts! This room boasts a well-equipped en-suite shower “Delightful! Every comfort catered for – room. Oh, and we'll leave you to work out WHY it's attention to detail appreciated. We will return! Dowfold called the Green Room... Thank you.” Just Look Around You… Lovely fire – fantastic accommodation – so glad Dowfold House sits our son chose Durham University! at the centre of a region famed for its “Many thanks for help and advice. Lovely house history, its culture and breakfast.” and its breathtaking “The most comfortable place I’ve ever stayed in.” scenery. On the one hand, we have the “What a joy to stay here. The comfort & style of our accommodation is superb.” City of Durham with its glorious Exceptional! Absolutely faultless - the Walkers and Cyclists welcome – however muddy Cathedral and lovely hospitality, the breakfast. We'll be back!” Dogs positively encouraged river walks; on the Bring your children other we have the Durham Dales rising to the North Pennines AONB and the Roof of England.
  • England Screening Uptake Rates

    England Screening Uptake Rates

    England screening uptake rates The average screening uptake rate in England is 58% In some cases it is as low as 33% 44% of CCGs in England are below the national average Seven out of ten of the worst areas in England are in London Screening uptake rate by NHS region NHS Region Clinical Commissioning Group (CCG) Bowel Cancer Screening Programme uptake rate (%) Central Midlands NHS region NHS Bedfordshire CCG 59.1 NHS Corby CCG 54.0 NHS East And North Hertfordshire CCG 60.5 NHS East Leicestershire And Rutland CCG 64.0 NHS Herts Valleys CCG 59.0 NHS Leicester City CCG 44.9 NHS Lincolnshire East CCG 57.9 NHS Lincolnshire West CCG 60.8 NHS Luton CCG 48.4 NHS Milton Keynes CCG 54.8 NHS Nene CCG 59.7 NHS South Lincolnshire CCG 62.1 NHS South West Lincolnshire CCG 60.7 NHS West Leicestershire CCG 62.5 Cheshire and Merseyside NHS region NHS Eastern Cheshire CCG 61.6 NHS Halton CCG 50.1 NHS Knowsley CCG 47.6 NHS Liverpool CCG 48.8 NHS South Cheshire CCG 59.4 NHS South Sefton CCG 51.7 NHS Southport And Formby CCG 58.4 NHS St Helens CCG 55.2 NHS Vale Royal CCG 58.0 NHS Warrington CCG 56.2 NHS West Cheshire CCG 60.0 NHS Wirral CCG 54.5 Cumbria and North East NHS region NHS Cumbria CCG 64.4 NHS Darlington CCG 58.0 NHS Durham Dales, Easington And 59.9 Sedgefield CCG 1 NHS Hartlepool And Stockton-On-Tees 56.4 CCG NHS North Durham CCG 61.5 NHS North Tyneside CCG 58.1 NHS Northumberland CCG 63.5 NHS South Tees CCG 55.1 NHS South Tyneside CCG 55.9 NHS Sunderland CCG 55.9 East NHS region NHS Basildon And Brentwood CCG 58.5 NHS Cambridgeshire and Peterborough
  • Hamsterley Forest 1 Weardalefc Picture Visitor Library Network / John Mcfarlane Welcome to Weardale

    Hamsterley Forest 1 Weardalefc Picture Visitor Library Network / John Mcfarlane Welcome to Weardale

    Welcome to Weardale Things to do and places to go in Weardale and the surrounding area. Please leave this browser complete for other visitors. Image : Hamsterley Forest www.discoverweardale.com 1 WeardaleFC Picture Visitor Library Network / John McFarlane Welcome to Weardale This bedroom browser has been compiled by the Weardale Visitor Network. We hope that you will enjoy your stay in Weardale and return very soon. The information contained within this browser is intended as a guide only and while every care has been taken to ensure its accuracy readers will understand that details are subject to change. Telephone numbers, for checking details, are provided where appropriate. Acknowledgements: Design: David Heatherington Image: Stanhope Common courtesy of Visit England/Visit County Durham www.discoverweardale.com 2 Weardale Visitor Network To Hexham Derwent Reservoir To Newcastle and Allendale Carlisle A69 B6295 Abbey Consett River Blanchland West Muggleswick A 692 Allen Edmundbyers Hunstanworth A 691 River Castleside East Allen North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Lanchester A 68 B6278 C2C C2C Allenheads B6296 Heritage C2C Centre Hall Hill B6301 Nenthead Farm C2C Rookhope A 689 Lanehead To Alston Tunstall Penrith Cowshill Reservoir M6 Killhope Lead Mining The Durham Dales Centre Museum Wearhead Stanhope Eastgate 3 Ireshopeburn Westgate Tow Law Burnhope B6297 Reservoir Wolsingham B6299 Weardale C2C Frosterley N Museum & St John’s Chapel Farm High House Trail Chapel Weardale Railway Crook A 689 Weardale A 690 Ski Club Weardale
  • Magazine Spring 2011 Plan Your Walk

    Magazine Spring 2011 Plan Your Walk

    magazine spring 2011 magazine spring 2011 Northern England Northern England 11/02/2011 12:43 03 Hebden Bridge, West Yorkshire 04 Teesdale, County Durham l Distance 11km/7 miles l Time 4hrs l Type Hill, woodland valley, open farmland l Distance 18km/11¼ miles l Time 6hrs l Type Valley and moorland NAVIGATION FITNESS NAVIGATION FITNESS 2 LEVEL 2 3 LEVEL 3 2 LEVEL 2 2/3 LEVEL 2/3 plan your walk plan your walk Forest and l WEST l Firth l Ettersgill YORKSHIRE Denholme Clough l HEBDEN Holwick BRIDGE CO.DURHAM TEESDALE Luddenden P Foot l N l Halifax l Kirkby Stephen TRO L l Cragg Vale l ORGA Sowerby AR B Bridge A Birkdale N l Melbecks EVE M l O T Ripponden l HY: FI HY: HY: S HY: P P Where: Circular walk Where: Circular walk from from Hebden Bridge via Bowlees via Cronkley Fell Heptonstall and Hardcastle and High and Low Force PHOTOGRA Crags. PHOTOGRA waterfalls. Start/end: St George’s The rugged moorland and deep, taking the L-hand track, marked Start/end: Bowlees Visitor The North Pennines, Britain’s 1. START The Bowlees Visitor Square, Hebden Bridge wooded valleys of the South ‘Private road‘. Pass a house on Centre car park (NY907283). second largest AONB, is one of Centre, housed in an old (SD992272). Pennines have long inspired your R and, just before a grassy terrain: Moorland and the most remote and unspoilt Methodist chapel, is worth a visit terrain: Mainly footpaths writers and poets, including the parking area, turn R on to a riverside path.
  • Knowing Weather in Place: the Helm Wind of Cross Fell

    Knowing Weather in Place: the Helm Wind of Cross Fell

    Veale, L., Endfield, G., and Naylor, S. (2014) Knowing weather in place: the Helm Wind of Cross Fell. Journal of Historical Geography, 45 . pp. 25-37. ISSN 0305-7488 Copyright © 2014 The Authors http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/99540 Deposited on: 19 November 2014 Enlighten – Research publications by members of the University of Glasgow http://eprints.gla.ac.uk Journal of Historical Geography 45 (2014) 25e37 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Historical Geography journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhg Knowing weather in place: the Helm Wind of Cross Fell Lucy Veale a,*, Georgina Endfield a and Simon Naylor b a University of Nottingham, School of Geography, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK b University of Glasgow, School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, East Quadrangle, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK Abstract The Helm Wind of Cross Fell, North Pennines, is England’s only named wind. As a product of the particular landscape found at Cross Fell, the Helm is a true local wind, and a phenomenon that has come to assume great cultural as well as environmental significance in the region and beyond. In this paper we draw on material from county histories, newspaper archives, and documents relating to investigations of the Helm Wind that were conducted by the Royal Meteorological Society between 1884 and 1889, and by British climatologist Gordon Manley (1908e1980), between 1937 and 1939, to document attempts to observe, measure, understand and explain this local wind over a period of 200 years. We show how different ways of knowing the Helm relate to contemporary practices of meteorology, highlighting the shifts that took place in terms of what constituted credible meteorological observation.
  • Castles and Cave Dwellings of Europe

    Castles and Cave Dwellings of Europe

    Castles and Cave Dwellings of Europe Sabine Baring-Gould The Project Gutenberg EBook of Castles and Cave Dwellings of Europe by Sabine Baring-Gould #2 in our series by Sabine Baring-Gould Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the header without written permission. Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is important information about your specific rights and restrictions in how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. **Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** **eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** *****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** Title: Castles and Cave Dwellings of Europe Author: Sabine Baring-Gould Release Date: September, 2005 [EBook #8898] [Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] [This file was first posted on August 21, 2003] Edition: 10 Language: English Character set encoding: ASCII *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CASTLES AND CAVE DWELLINGS *** Produced by Distributed Proofreaders CLIFF CASTLES AND CAVE DWELLINGS OF EUROPE Livros Grátis http://www.livrosgratis.com.br Milhares de livros grátis para download. BY S. BARING-GOULD, M.A. [Illustration: CLIFF-CASTLE, BRENGUES.