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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting ISLAND CONNECTIONS: MOBILE PHONES AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN RURAL FIJI By RYAN PESECKAS A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2014 1 © 2014 Ryan Peseckas 2 To my parents, who have given me love and unconditional support in all of my pursuits 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to acknowledge the assistance of a number of individuals, communities and organizations, without whose generous help and cooperation I could not have successfully completed this research. At the University of Florida I thank first and foremost my committee chair, Gerald Murray. Jerry took me on as a graduate student in 2006 despite my lack of undergraduate training in anthropology, and has offered helpful advice and encouragement at each step of the way. Peter Collings served as a committee member for both my master’s and PhD research, and likewise has provided much advice, as well as assistance with reading drafts and writing letters of recomendation. I also wish to thank the members of my committee, C.K. Shih, Abdoulaye Kane, and Michael Bannister, for agreeing to oversee my project and for providing valuable input throughout. Also at the University of Florida I am grateful to Christopher McCarty, who went out of his way to assist me with my data analysis, and Paul Richards, who supervised me as a teaching assistant and has been very supportive in my search for post-graduate employment. Finally, I thank my fellow graduate students at the University of Florida, who have been my friends and colleagues during the 7 memorable years I have spent in Gainesville. I was assisted in my research by a great many people in Fiji. At the University of the South Pacific I am thankful to Dr. Morgan Tuimaleali’ifano, who supported my attachment to the Social Sciences Faculty at USP, and took care of various tasks related to my visa. I could not have undertaken my research without the kindness and patience of my Fijian hosts in Cagi Village, Toba Village, and Veidogo Village. In particular I am extremely thankful to the families that took care of me: Manu Vueti and his wife Makata, Tevita Suraki and his wife Elenoa, Seveci Ravetau and his wife Sala, 4 and Reverend Mosese Vakatale and his wife Raijeli. These families opened their homes to me, cooked delicious Fijian food, and always made me feel welcome to stay as long as I liked. The rest of the inhabitants of Cagi, Toba and Veidogo were equally welcoming and hospitable, and I count many of them as friends. Finally, I am very grateful for the organizations and individuals that generously funded my research. A preliminary field season in 2009 was made possible thanks to funds from the University of Florida’s Tropical Conservation and Development Program (TCD), as well a field research scholarship established by UF Professor Emeritus Paul Doughty. My fieldwork from July 2011 to 2012 was funded by a Fulbright Scholarship. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... 12 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 14 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 18 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 21 Inspiration ............................................................................................................... 21 New Perspective on a Changed Fiji ........................................................................ 22 Mobile Revolution ................................................................................................... 24 The Information Age Goes Global .......................................................................... 25 A Network Approach to Community ........................................................................ 27 Culture and Identity ................................................................................................. 29 Technology and Socio-cultural Change .................................................................. 31 ICTs, Access, and the Communicative Ecology ..................................................... 33 Summary ................................................................................................................ 37 2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS, METHODS, AND SITE SELECTION .......................... 41 Overview ................................................................................................................. 41 Research Questions ............................................................................................... 41 Site Selection .......................................................................................................... 42 Study Population ..................................................................................................... 43 Data Collection ....................................................................................................... 44 Participant observation ..................................................................................... 44 Interviews ......................................................................................................... 45 Copying local records ....................................................................................... 47 Surveys ............................................................................................................ 47 Household surveys .................................................................................... 47 Phone surveys ........................................................................................... 48 Survey logistics and compensation ............................................................ 48 Equipment ........................................................................................................ 49 Hardware ................................................................................................... 49 Software ..................................................................................................... 49 Data Analysis .......................................................................................................... 49 Reporting of Results ............................................................................................... 50 6 Reporting of Statistics ...................................................................................... 50 Use of the ‘Ethnographic Present’ .................................................................... 50 Anonymity of Participants ................................................................................. 50 3 RESEARCH SETTING ........................................................................................... 52 Overview ................................................................................................................. 52 Fiji ........................................................................................................................... 52 Geography and Environment ............................................................................ 53 Economy .......................................................................................................... 54 Demography ..................................................................................................... 55 History .............................................................................................................. 56 Western contact ......................................................................................... 56 Colonialism 1874-1970 .............................................................................. 57 Independence, political strife, and the uncertain future .............................. 58 Fijian Culture / Itovo Vakaviti ............................................................................ 60 Telecommunications in Fiji ............................................................................... 64 Colonial telecommunication developments ................................................ 64 Radio and television ................................................................................... 67 Mobile phones ............................................................................................ 68 Internet ....................................................................................................... 71 The Communicative Ecology of a Rural Fijian Community ..................................... 72 The Village and the Community ....................................................................... 73 Characteristics of the Study Communities ........................................................ 78 Aspects of Fijian Kinship .................................................................................. 85 Kinship, Communication and Etiquette ............................................................. 87 Social Structure ...............................................................................................
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