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Contemporary Subsistence Uses and Population Distribution of Non-Salmon Fish in Grayling, Anvik, Shageluk, and Holy Cross

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Contemporary Subsistence Uses and Population Distribution of Non-Salmon Fish in Grayling, Anvik, Shageluk, and Holy Cross Contemporary Subsistence Uses and Population Distribution of Non-Salmon Fish in Grayling, Anvik, Shageluk, and Holy Cross. By Caroline Brown¹, John Burr², Kim Elkin³, and Robert J. Walker¹ Technical Paper No. 289 ¹Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence 1300 College Road Fairbanks, AK 99701 ²Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Sport Fish 1300 College Road Fairbanks, AK 99701 ³Tanana Chiefs Conference Community and Natural Resources 122 First Avenue, Ste 600 Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 January 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................v INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 Historical Context...........................................................................................................3 Traditional Ecological Knowledge in the lower-middle Yukon and Innoko Rivers .......6 Northern Pike studies in the lower-middle Yukon Area .................................................9 OBJECTIVES....................................................................................................................11 A. Collection of TEK:.................................................................................................11 B. Harvest Assessment objectives include the following:..........................................11 METHODS........................................................................................................................12 Collection of Traditional Ecological Knowledge.........................................................12 Harvest Assessment ......................................................................................................16 Harvest Surveys.......................................................................................................16 Sampling of the subsistence harvest of northern pike and tag recovery..................19 Capacity Building .........................................................................................................22 RESULTS OF THE TEK COMPONENT ........................................................................22 Deg Xinag and Holikachuk Linguistic Inventories of Non-salmon Fish......................23 Regional overview of GASH villages, river systems, and fishing sites.........................29 Fishing Technologies and the Seasonal Round............................................................32 Species Summaries........................................................................................................45 Northern Pike (giliqoy / k’oolqoy )..........................................................................45 Whitefish (łegg / łoogg)...........................................................................................59 Alaska Blackfish (xozrigh / oonyeyh)......................................................................79 Arctic Lamprey (łeggided / łoogg dood) .................................................................88 Grayling (srixno’ legg / sixno’ loogg) ...................................................................102 Burbot (gidhiyh / gidhiyh) .....................................................................................106 Sheefish (sresr / ses)..............................................................................................114 Longnose Sucker (tonhts’ix / toonts’ix).................................................................121 RESULTS OF THE HARVEST ASSESSMENT COMPONENT .................................124 Harvest Surveys ..........................................................................................................124 Sampling of the Subsistence Harvest of Northern Pike and Tag Recovery................143 DISCUSSION..................................................................................................................150 Implications for Fisheries Management.....................................................................159 CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................161 RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................................164 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................167 LITERATURE CITED....................................................................................................169 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Site Map............................................................................................................... 2 Figure 2. Locations of initial capture and release during June 2002 of sixty northern pike fitted with radio transmitters........................................................................... 145 Figure 3. Locations of northern pike fitted with radio transmitters during May 2003 and 2004 (spawning season). ................................................................................. 146 Figure 4. Locations of northern pike fitted with radio transmitters during open water season (May excluded). Summer time subsistence fishing locations are shaded. Areas used by the guided sport fishery between early June and September are shown in crosshatch. ............................................................................................... 147 Figure 5. Locations of northern pike fitted with radio transmitters during winter (October - mid April). Winter time subsistence fishing locations are shaded....... 148 Figure 6. Northern Pike sampled from the subsistence fishery at Holy Cross during March 2003 and 2004. Top panel - lengths of 45 females and 28 males. Bottom panel - lengths and ages of 45 female and 28 male northern pike. ............ 149 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Name and Year of Birth of Respondents by Community................................... 14 Table 2. Community Sampling and Participation Rates.................................................. 18 Table 3. Deg Xinag and Holikachuk terms for non-salmon fish species.......................... 25 Table 4. Other Fish terms in Deg Xinag and Holikachuk................................................. 28 Table 5. Estimated Pounds of Non-salmon Fish Harvested in GASH communities, 2002........................................................................................................................ 134 Table 6. Estimated Harvest and Use of Non-salmon Fish, Grayling 2002..................... 135 Table 7. Estimated Harvest of Non-salmon Fish by Month, Grayling 2002. ................. 136 Table 8. Estimated Harvest and Use of Non-salmon Fish, Anvik 2002......................... 137 Table 9. Estimated Harvest of Non-salmon Fish by Month, Anvik 2002. ..................... 138 Table 10. Estimated Harvest and Use of Non-salmon Fish by Shageluk 2002. ............. 139 Table 11. Estimated Harvest of Non-salmon Fish by Month, Shageluk 2002. .............. 140 Table 12. Estimated Harvest and Use of Non-salmon Fish, Holy Cross 2002............... 141 Table 13. Estimated Harvest of Non-salmon Fish by Month, Holy Cross 2002. ........... 142 Table 14. Edible Pounds of Whitefish, Pike, and Sheefish, 1990-1991 and 2002 in Grayling, Anvik, Shageluk, and Holy Cross........................................................... 153 ii LIST OF PLATES Plate 1. Henry Deacon (Grayling) talks with Melissa Robinson about whitefish .................. 13 Plate 2. Raymond Dutchman of Shageluk maps important habitat and harvest sites............. 15 Plate 3. Brendan Scanlon measures a pike caught near Holy Cross, 2004............................. 20 Plate 4. John Burr helps students at the Holy Cross school dissect a pike, March 2004........ 20 Plate 5. John Burr helps a Holy Cross student to determine the sex and length of a pike,, March 2004 ..................................................................................................................... 21 Plate 6. Wilson Deacon of Grayling works with linguist Giulia Oliverio.............................. 25 Plate 7. Set net by Shageluk, 2004.......................................................................................... 32 Plate 8. A net set under the ice near Grayling. The net was threaded through the six holes. 34 Plate 9. Two fishermen from Grayling pull the net out from under the ice............................ 34 Plate 10. Hand-made dipnet from Grayling............................................................................ 36 Plate 11. Old hand-made dipnet, Anvik Historical Society.................................................... 36 Plate 12. Anvik fisherman checks his net, June 2004............................................................. 37 Plate 13. Net float (above) and net weight (below) off of an old net in Grayling .................. 38 Plate 14. Trap-making tool rests on a map of the Holy Cross area ........................................ 42 Plate 15. A lure made out of a tablespoon, Holy Cross, March 2004..................................... 44 Plate 16. A young girl from Holy Cross jigs for pike on the Yukon, just outside the village, March 2004 ..................................................................................................................... 51 Plate 17. Hamilton Hamilton, Sr. carries two pike home caught
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