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Filozofická Fakulta Univerzity Palackého Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Palackého Analýza strojového překladu idiomatických sloves (Diplomová práce) 2017 Bc. Jana Baštincová Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Palackého Katedra anglistiky a amerikanistiky Analýza strojového překladu idiomatických sloves Anylisis of the Machine Translation of Verbal Idioms (Diplomová práce) Autor: Bc. Jana Baštincová Studijní obor: Angličtina se zaměřením na tlumočení a překlad Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Pavel Král Olomouc 2017 Prohlášení Prohlašuji, ţe jsem tuto diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně a uvedla úplný seznam citované a pouţité literatury. V Olomouci dne 2.5.2017 Podpis …………………………….. Poděkování Děkuji vedoucímu své diplomové práce, PhDr. Pavlu Královi, za všechen čas a cenné rady, které mi při tvorbě této práce věnoval. Dále děkuji všem agenturám a ţurnalistům, kteří se účastnili preliminárního výzkumu. V neposlední řadě také děkuji své rodině a příteli za jejich neúnavnou podporu, kterou mi poskytovali po celou dobu mého studia. Seznam zkratek MT – strojový překlad (machine translation) IS – idiomatické sloveso Obsah Úvod .................................................................................................................................... 6 Část I.: Rešerše dostupné literatury ................................................................................... 9 1. Idiomatická slovesa ................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Definice, stručná historie, základní pojmy a zařazení v rámci lingvistiky ........... 10 1.2 Problematika názvosloví a definic v odborné literatuře ..................................... 13 1.3 Problematika idiomatičnosti ............................................................................... 16 1.4 Vlastnosti idiomatických sloves .......................................................................... 19 1.5 Četnost v různých typech textů .......................................................................... 20 2. Novinové články ........................................................................................................ 22 2.1 Definice ............................................................................................................... 22 2.2 Příslušnost k funkčním stylům ............................................................................ 23 2.3 Typické rysy stylu novinářského ......................................................................... 25 2.4 Online novinové články ....................................................................................... 27 2.5 Novinové články a idiomatická slovesa ............................................................... 29 2.6 O překladu novinových článků ............................................................................ 30 3. Strojový překlad ........................................................................................................ 32 3.1 Definice, základní pojmy ..................................................................................... 32 3.2 O historii a základních konceptech strojového překladu .................................... 33 3.3 Současnost .......................................................................................................... 36 3.4 Druhy strojového překladu ................................................................................. 37 3.5 Mýty o strojovém překladu a negativní pohledy na něj ..................................... 39 3.6 Google Translate ................................................................................................. 41 Část II: Výzkum .................................................................................................................. 43 4. Preliminární výzkum .................................................................................................. 44 4.1 Výzkum v překladatelských agenturách .............................................................. 44 4.2 Výzkum ve sportovní redakci Lidových novin ..................................................... 45 5. Metodologie .............................................................................................................. 47 5.1 Výběr idiomatických sloves ................................................................................. 47 5.2 Výběr zdrojových textů ....................................................................................... 49 5.3 Způsob zpracování případových vět ................................................................... 51 5.4 Hodnocení výstupů ............................................................................................. 52 5.5 Zpracování výstupů ............................................................................................. 53 6. Výsledky výzkumu ..................................................................................................... 56 6.1 Přehled výsledků ................................................................................................. 56 6.2 Přehled vyhodnocení výsledků ........................................................................... 62 6.3 Závěry, vyplývající z výsledků výzkumu ............................................................... 69 7. Doplňující výzkum ..................................................................................................... 75 7.1 Přehled výsledků ................................................................................................. 75 7.2 Vyhodnocení výsledků ........................................................................................ 76 8. Závěr .......................................................................................................................... 81 Příloha 1 – Dotazník pro agentury .................................................................................... 84 Příloha 2 – Výzkum v redakci (online rozhovor) ............................................................... 85 Příloha 3 – Seznam případových vět ................................................................................. 87 Příloha 4 – Doplňující výzkum ......................................................................................... 220 Resumé ........................................................................................................................... 245 Bibliografie ...................................................................................................................... 249 Anotace ........................................................................................................................... 253 Úvod Tato práce si klade za cíl vypracovat analýzu, která dá překladatelům i ostatním uţivatelům strojového překladu představu o tom, jak si současný strojový překlad (konkrétně překladač Google Translate) dokáţe poradit s idiomatickými slovesy. Důvodů pro výběr výzkumu v této oblasti bylo hned několik. Tím prvním byla důleţitost samotného strojového překladu pro současnou translatologii i obecnou praxi. Jak uvádějí Hatim a Munday ve své knize Translation: An Advanced Resource Book (2004), strojový překlad je „nepochybně důleţitým tématem, a to sociálně, politicky, komerčně, vědecky a intelektuálně či filozoficky.―1 (překlad vlastní) V dnešní době, kdy je nezbytnou součástí výbavy téměř kaţdého překladatele internet, je strojový překlad rovněţ snadno dostupným nástrojem, a je tudíţ v zájmu překladatelů samotných, aby si byli vědomi nejen výhod, ale i rizik, které s sebou pouţívání strojového překladu nese. Touto problematikou se zabývá třetí kapitola rešerše dostupné literatury, která se opírá o tituly jako Statistical Machine Translation (2010) od Philippa Koehna či jiţ zmiňovanou knihu Translation: An Advanced Resource Book (2004) od Basila Hatima a Jereymho Mundaye. Druhým důvodem pro výběr této oblasti výzkumu byla četnost uţití idiomatických sloves v angličtině. Idiomatická slovesa jsou běţnou součástí různých druhů textů a nerodilí mluvčí s nimi často mívají problémy, coţ mimo jiné popisuje první kapitola této práce. Ta se také věnuje problematice jejich definice a jejich charakteristickým vlastnostem, přičemţ se opírá o tituly jako Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (2012) od Rodneyho D. Huddlestona a Geoffrey K. Pulluma, A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (1985) od Randolpha Quirka et al. či knize Look At, Look For, Look 1 BASIL, Hatim a Jeremy MUNDAY. Translation: An Advanced Resource Book. 1. vyd. New York: Routledge, 2004, s. 213. 6 Forward: Přehled idiomatických sloves (1992) od Jitky Šutové, která zároveň poslouţila jako zdroj idiomatických sloves pro druhou část této práce (výzkum). Druhá kapitola rešerše dostupné literatury pak zdůvodní, proč byly jako zdroj případových vět zvoleny právě novinové články a zároveň s pomocí titulů jako Překlad a překládání (2010) od Dagmar Knittlové či English Stylistics (2012) od Aleny Štulajterové a Petry Jesenské seznámí čtenáře s jejich typickými vlastnostmi. Druhou část této práce poté bude tvořit preliminární výzkum a hlavní výzkum, kterým je právě analýza kvality současného strojového překladu idiomatických sloves. Preliminární výzkum se bude jakousi sondou, zaměřenou na to, jak vlastně v současnosti v praxi probíhá překlad (či přejímání) novinových článků a jakou roli v něm hraje strojový překlad. Hlavní část práce, čili hlavní výzkum, si od počátku klade za cíl nabídnout spíše globální pohled na tuto problematiku, neţ konkrétnější závěry o jednotlivých slovesech. Pro vypracování takové analýzy by byl třeba
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