Fort Hays State University FHSU Scholars Repository

Monographs

2020

Everyone Wore Masks: Winter Baseball During the Flu Pandemic of 1918-1919

Mark E. Eberle

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Part of the History Commons

Everyone Wore Masks: Winter Baseball During the Flu Pandemic of 1918–1919

Mark E. Eberle

Everyone Wore Masks: Winter Baseball During the Flu Pandemic of 1918–1919 © 2020 by Mark E. Eberle

Recommended citation: Eberle, Mark E. 2020. Everyone Wore Masks: Winter Baseball During the Flu Pandemic of 1918–1919. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 15 pages.

Everyone Wore Masks: Winter Baseball During the Flu Pandemic of 1918–1919 Mark E. Eberle

It is unclear just where the H1N1 virus originated that caused the influenza pandemic of 1918–1919. In the , its first known occurrences were in March 1918 in Haskell County in far southwestern Kansas and in Camp Funston at Fort Riley in northeastern Kansas. As troops were transported around the world during the final year of the First World War, the virus also spread across the United States and elsewhere. A second wave of infections occurred in the United States from September to December 1918, and it was responsible for most of the estimated 675,000 deaths in the country (estimates vary, but perhaps 50 million people died worldwide). A third wave occurred at the beginning of 1919, before the disease subsided in the summer. No vaccine was available. Antibiotics to treat secondary bacterial infections were still a decade away from discovery. Thus, health officials relied on nonpharmaceutical methods to control the disease. These included quarantine, limits on public gatherings, and the use of cloth face masks.1 Battling Influenza in Pasadena Local officials were primarily responsible for efforts to fight the influenza pandemic, which led to uneven application of the nonpharmaceutical measures.2 While it is challenging to generalize, the focus of this narrative is a baseball game in Pasadena, California, so an introduction to the measures implemented there will be helpful. In early October 1918, as the second wave took hold, the Pasadena City Commission banned all public gatherings and closed all churches and theaters. In a separate action, the city’s health officer, Dr. Stanley Black, met with the local school board and officials at Throop College of Technology, which led to the closing of the public schools and the college.* At the time, it was reported that Pasadena had only 53 cases of influenza, all mild, but deaths were soon being reported. Nevertheless, Throop College announced three weeks later that classes would resume, though the public schools remained closed. Outdoor church services were later added to the list of banned gatherings. Dr. Black had given the Christian Scientists permission to hold an outdoor meeting, but some members failed to comply with the requirement that people maintain a distance of at least two feet from each other. In contrast to these restrictions intended to control the spread of the virus, it was announced that plans were being made to organize a new Sunday baseball league, consisting of four semipro teams: the Goodman All-Stars, Southern Pacific, Standard-Murphy, and Pasadena Merchants.3 The armistice ending the First World War officially took effect on November 11. The following day, a decision was reached by the Pasadena City Commission and reported by

* In 1920, Throop College of Technology became the California Institute of Technology.

the Times under the headline, “‘Flu’ Germs Leave on Heels of Peace. Pasadena Lifts Ban Today.” Long Beach, Santa Ana, and other communities also lifted their restrictions, while Los Angeles moved more cautiously.4 Pasadena is very happy. On the heels of peace and the monster celebration here yesterday [November 11] comes the lifting of the influenza ban on church services, theaters and other public assemblages. The “flu” lid goes off tomorrow night [November 13] and practically every church in the city has announced a prayer meeting or other special service for the evening. And the movies! They will reopen with much flourish. The schools will reopen next Monday [November 18]. Influenza cases have shown a steady decline in numbers here and the authorities believe the epidemic ended.5 The euphoria stirred by the end of the war was understandable, but it contributed to the false assessment that the pandemic had passed. Infections increased, and the regulatory stance changed rapidly in an attempt to contain the spread. On November 15, Pasadena’s school board reversed its decision taken three days earlier and kept the public schools closed. Forty-five new influenza cases were reported to the city health office in the last twenty-four hours. Fifty new cases were reported for the previous twenty-four hour period. There has been no revocation yet of the reopening of churches, theaters and public gatherings, which began Wednesday night.6 On the afternoon of November 22, the situation was discussed at a meeting attended by “ministers and laymen of many churches, city health officers, undertakers and others. The church representatives, after hearing the facts related, voted unanimously to call off Sunday services in their churches.” Due to the “alarming spread of the malady in Pasadena,” the first reading of a measure to reenact the ordinance imposing restrictions on public gatherings was passed by the city commission that same evening. However, final approval of the ordinance failed on a 3–2 vote, even though the numbers of cases and deaths continued to rise. Instead of enacting the ordinance, the city passed resolutions on November 26 directing Dr. Black and local police “to enforce more drastic regulations to prevent further spread of the disease than existed under the old anti-influenza ordinance.” The new ban prohibited public gatherings, as well as social gatherings in private residences. Persons with flu symptoms were not allowed to leave their homes. The new guidelines also recommended store employees and others wear cloth masks.7 Almost immediately, the new ban faced a legal challenge, and the Superior Court ruled against Dr. Black’s orders. This was followed on December 14 by the State Board of Health “ordering” Dr. Black “to prohibit all unnecessary meetings in Pasadena.” The City Commission also passed an ordinance requiring that all homes under quarantine be identified by placards. Undeterred, the Christian Scientists planned to seek an injunction against the orders in the Superior Court. A week later, the State Board of Health lifted the ban in Pasadena on gatherings of more than 12 people in a room.8 In early 1919, a third wave of the pandemic . On January 20, Throop College announced it would once again close its doors for two weeks. The city’s public schools

2 were already closed, with no prediction on when they might reopen. “High school students are continuing their lessons by mail.”9 The Pasadena City Commission passed a new ordinance on the recommendation of the city’s new health officer, Dr. J.S. Hibben, that took effect January 18. This ordinance required the use of influenza masks by everyone in the city, as had been the practice in San Francisco and other localities. It was not popular. On January 23, petitions were put into circulation around the city asking that the ordinance be rescinded. The petition claimed that “the purpose of the ordinance has utterly failed” and that “it is only an experimental measure at the best.” It also claimed that it scared away tourists and others who would otherwise come to Pasadena—“business has been brought to a standstill, and … the city will suffer a reputation to tourists and others that will take many years to overcome.” That same morning, 10 people were fined for violations of the new ordinance—$5 for not wearing a mask and $1 for the first offense of wearing a mask that did not cover the nose (equivalent to about $85 and $17, respectively, in 2020). The masks caused problems for smokers, who were not allowed to remove the covering in public to satisfy their habit. Anger over the mandatory use of face masks grew until the City Commission repealed the ordinance on January 30. It had been in force only 13 days.10 The measures implemented to reduce the death toll of the influenza pandemic, along with the impacts of the ongoing war, affected all parts of society, including organized sports. Sports in a Time of War and Pandemic The influenza pandemic of 1918–1919 was most severe during the cooler seasons, so winter sports were most affected by control measures. The National Football League was yet to be formed, but college football was widespread and popular across the country. Games played on Thanksgiving Day were already major events. The combination of the war and the pandemic during the autumn of 1918 reduced the number of football games. In September 1918, most colleges across the country instituted Student Army Training Corps programs, which provided financial assistance to help male students attend college as a means of preparing them for additional military training.11 SATC rules strictly limited travel away from campus to a few hours on Saturday afternoons. There were no exceptions for football players, which meant schools often did not have sufficient time to travel to games on distant campuses. In addition, many players were serving in the military. Thus, college football was already facing challenges when the deadly second wave of the influenza pandemic struck in the autumn of 1918. Even where SATC rules did not interfere with games, health regulations in some localities made football competition challenging or impossible. In most cases, games were simply canceled or postponed in the hope that restrictions would be lifted before the season was over. In some instances when games were permitted, all spectators were required to wear cloth masks. Only the teams were exempt from this requirement. This was also true of some basketball games.12 However, even the players wore “influenza masks” at a football game on October 30 between St. John’s Military Academy in Salina, Kansas and Wentworth Military Academy in Lexington, Missouri, played on the latter’s field, east of Kansas City. Wentworth had recently been in quarantine but was free of the

3 flu by gameday. Nevertheless, Major Frazier of the US Army opted to be cautious and directed that only cadets could attend the game, and players had to wear cloth masks. The masks were clearly visible because faceguards were not in use at the time.13 Being a summer sport, baseball was less affected by regulations to combat the influenza pandemic. However, the War Department’s mandate in May 1918 for men to “work or fight” left leagues uncertain if players would be able to complete their seasons. The closed its season on July 14. The series for the league pennant ended on July 22, with the Los Angeles Angels defeating the Vernon Tigers, five games to three. The National and American Leagues debated when to end their seasons, with an eye toward completing the before losing players. On July 26, Secretary of War Newton Baker extended the deadline for baseball players to September 1. To accommodate the World Series, he granted players on the two league champions an exemption from the work-or-fight mandate through September 15. The series ended on September 11, with the Red Sox defeating the Chicago Cubs, four games to two, just as the second wave of the pandemic began to take hold in Boston and Chicago.14 Other teams continued to play, but the influenza pandemic led to bans on semipro baseball games in some cities. Such was the case in New Orleans in October 1918. However, even if there had been no ban, it was “doubtful if two teams could be gathered from all the local semi-pros, for most of the good players are either in bed with the disease or are just recovering.”15 In contrast, baseball was encouraged in San Francisco. The city health officer stated, “One of the best preventatives for the Spanish influenza is plenty of fresh air and sunshine. Get out in the open and play baseball.” This advice came with the knowledge that cloth masks were strongly recommended and widely used in San Francisco, and their use was mandatory from October 25 to November 21.16 The status of baseball in California was of particular interest because the state attracted major league players during the offseason with the opportunity to play winter ball while holding “essential” jobs during the week.17 Teams of local players or military units also participated in winter ball on Sunday afternoons. On October 27, the Modesto Home Guard baseball team prepared to host the Manteca Home Guard at Enslen Park. Because “there are lots of benches there[,] it will be a good place to spend a few hours this [Sunday] afternoon.”18 There was one caveat, however. Each person who attends the ball game at Enslen park today must wear an influenza mask. This is an order from the health officer and will be enforced. It applies to men, women and children. If you cannot or are not willing to comply with this order[,] then stay at home. The eighteen men actually engaged in playing will not be required to wear masks. They are the only exceptions.19 At the time this game was played, the seriousness of the pandemic’s second wave was becoming apparent, and the resurgence of the virus after mass celebrations of the armistice ending the First World War in November was still to come. When the third wave hit in January, health officials might be understandably concerned about a rise in cases and deaths, so new rules were implemented. Among them was Pasadena’s ordinance requiring everyone to wear influenza masks in public.

4 Everyone Wore Masks On 7 September 1918, the Pasadena Merchants hosted a baseball team of military aviators at a benefit game for the aviators’ athletic fund. The flyers were serving at the Naval Air Station in San Diego, about 110 miles south of Pasadena. Baseball teams of the era often traveled by train, but the aviators had other plans. “It will probably be the first time in the history of the national pastime that a baseball team has traveled by airplanes.” In addition, the flyers performed aerial stunts during the game, sometimes swooping “close enough to take chances on being hit with a ball.” Several “players of national reputation” took the field for both teams, and “many moving picture stars” attended the game. It was reported that former Chicago Cubs first baseman Frank Chance and actor Charlie Chaplin were to serve as umpires, but neither did. Pasadena won the game, 8–1.20 Semipro baseball teams in southern California, such as the Pasadena Merchants, sometimes organized leagues, but they often just met with their peers to arrange schedules, without any real league structure. In November 1918, the Goodman All-Stars, Southern Pacific, Standard-Murphy, and Pasadena Merchants planned to organize a “new Sunday baseball league … just as soon as the ‘flu’ epidemic passes.” No formal league was organized, but games were still scheduled among the teams that winter.21 The principal rival of the Pasadena Merchants was the Standard-Murphy team, representing the oil producing community around Whittier and La Habra. The two clubs played several best-of-five series for their self-proclaimed semipro championship of southern California. During these winter competitions, the teams bolstered their rosters through the addition of players from the major leagues (Table 1). However, rosters were somewhat fluid, as some of the players moved from club to club.22

Table 1.—Example of baseball players who had major league experience (•) or would later play their first game in the majors (*) on the rosters of two winter semipro teams in southern California—the Pasadena Merchants and Standard- Murphy team from the oil-field region at Whittier and La Habra (Los Angeles Evening Express, 17 November 1918, p 10). Spellings of names were corrected, and first names were added for several players.

Pasadena Merchants Position Standard-Murphy Levi Arkenburg James “Doc” Crandall • Frank Shellenback • pitcher Harry Hughes Forrest “Buster” Callan catcher James “Truck” Hannah • William “Bill” Fisher first base Arnold “Chick” Gandil • Wade “Red” Killefer • second base Arthur “Art” Griggs • Fred McMullin • third base John “Johnny” Butler * George Cutshaw • John “Johnny” Rawlings • George Haas left field Karl Crandall George “Rube” Ellis • center field William “Bill” Daniels Emil “Irish” Meusel • right field [Harry?] Killilay

5 At the beginning of 1918, Standard-Murphy claimed the semipro championship of southern California and then defended it in early March by winning a second series with the Pasadena Merchants. The two clubs were back at it in November, their rosters again featuring players from the major leagues and Pacific Coast League. At the end of December, Pasadena won the best-of-five series with Standard-Murphy and claimed the crown. With plenty of professional talent available, the clubs offered competitive matches.23 A week later, on January 5, Pasadena and Standard-Murphy began another series of five games on Sunday afternoons for the championship. Standard-Murphy won the first two games on January 5 in Pasadena and January 12 on their home grounds. However, George Cutshaw of the was expected to rejoin the Pasadena lineup for game three after finally recovering from the flu. The third game was scheduled to return to Carmelita Park in Pasadena on January 19, but on Saturday, Pasadena’s new ordinance requiring influenza masks in public went into effect. “The players of both teams rebelled against playing when they learned that they were supposed to wear flu masks while engaged in the national pastime.” The teams had not anticipated that the ordinance would apply to them, so the game was postponed until January 26. The Merchants’ , L.G. Ury, said the series might return to La Habra, where masks were not mandatory.24 It would not be the first time a sporting event in the region was moved to avoid health regulations during the pandemic. On 23 November 1918, Los Angeles had a ban in place on public gatherings, which included football games. That was the day the University of Southern California was scheduled to host Stanford University. To avoid local regulations, the game was moved about 12 miles northeast to Pasadena’s Tournament Park.25 In late January 1919, it was Pasadena that had stricter regulations, but they did not prohibit sporting events. They simply mandated extra precautions. So, it was announced on January 24 that the players would take the field in Pasadena while wearing cloth masks. The reason for their change of heart was not reported. Perhaps they looked forward to the publicity and a large (paying) crowd attracted by the novelty of the event. “It will be the first time on the Coast, if not in the United States, that baseball has been played by players wearing masks.” Manager Ury even suggested it might benefit the Pasadena Merchants, because Standard-Murphy’s pitcher, Doc Crandall, would be unable to throw his “famous … without violating the mask ordinance.”26 Whatever the reason, the game was played to its conclusion with no mention of any problems. The was John (Jack) “Beans” Reardon, who officiated in the winter leagues at the time but would later umpire in the for 24 years. Like everyone else, Reardon donned his cloth mask and called the game with no reported complaints. Despite the players’ concerns about wearing masks, it was an “exciting game” for the fans. Each team

Players on the Pasadena Merchants’ bench (Los Angeles Evening Herald, 27 January 1919, p 1.)

6 had 15 hits, six of which were homeruns. Standard-Murphy won the game, 10–9, in 11 . Pasadena tied the score with two runs in the bottom of the ninth. After a scoreless tenth, Standard-Murphy scored a in the top of the eleventh when John Sullivan, pitching in relief of Bill Piercy, walked Karl Crandall, who advanced to third base on two wild pitches and scored on a bloop single by Chick Gandil. With one out in the bottom of the inning, Pasadena’s George Cutshaw and hit back-to-back singles, but Cutshaw was caught off second base for out number two. Sullivan, who had already hit two homeruns on the afternoon, had a chance at redemption for giving up the go-ahead run. Instead, his “hard one” to shortstop Ole Olsen resulted in the final out. Standard-Murphy swept the best-of-five series in only three games and reclaimed the mythical semipro championship.27 The ordinance requiring flu masks in Pasadena ended four days later. With the latest series between Pasadena and Standard-Murphy completed, Bill Goodman’s All-Stars challenged the Standard-Murphy team to a series for the southern California championship. That series never happened because the Standard-Murphy team disbanded. Stepping into the void, the Pasadena Merchants agreed to play the All-Stars beginning in mid-February at Maier Park in Vernon. The Los Angeles Evening Express commented on the series as it got underway. “One more diamond series looms to determine the ‘winter championship of Southern California.’ These title combats are getting to be a habit, but a ball player must eat—even in winter.”28 The All-Stars (also referred to as the Hollywood Dyas) easily won the first game, 8–3. This was followed by a “grueling diamond contest.” Not a single run was scored in 18 innings, after which it became too dark to continue. A steady drizzle fell the entire game, and the crowd was small, so the teams considered postponing the contest. However, the fans were adamant that the game be played, “mud or no mud.” One fan chided the teams. “[T]he doughboys fought in the mud at Chateau Thierry and in the Argonne Forest. What’s the matter with you fellows?” At that point, the teams decided to play the game.29 Not only was each team unable to score, neither side recorded a hit off Doc Crandall (Pasadena) or Pete Schneider (Standard-Murphy). The closest anyone came to a hit was in the sixteenth inning, when John Sullivan of Pasadena hit a fly ball to right field. It was “lost in the semi-darkness” and landed “in the vegetable garden” near the fence. A young boy retrieved the ball for right fielder Art Krueger, who fired to first base. The throw beat Sullivan, who had slipped while running on the muddy infield.30 That play followed one of jokester Carl Sawyer’s antics in the thirteenth inning that went in Pasadena’s favor. According to the Los Angeles Times, Crandall had two strikes on Joe Mathes and then swung a wide one. Joe seeing that the catcher would be unable to get it, took an awful swipe at the air. As he did so, his bat slipped from his hand and skidded to Sawyer at short. When Catcher Gomes turned to jump for the ball he knocked Umpire Brashear off his pins. Sawyer, grasping the situation, rushed with the bat in his hands toward first, and by a mighty slide beat Mathes to the bag, and got away with the bluff. A wrangle ensued, but Brashear (although he did not see the play) stuck to his guns, and declared Mathes out.31

7 Pasadena came back to win the third game, 5–2, to even the series at one win, one loss, and one tie. What turned out to be the final game was a benefit for the widow of former minor league catcher Matt Stanley, whose career ran from 1888 to 1911. He passed away in Los Angeles in February 1919 after a long illness. Because of his medical expenses and inability to work, his widow did not have enough money for his funeral. The Dyas defeated the Merchants, 6–5, scoring the winning run in the ninth inning. It was now mid-March, and both teams began playing exhibition games against Pacific Coast League teams preparing for the upcoming season, as players returned to their league clubs.32 Winter baseball in southern California during the influenza pandemic was at an end. Media Coverage and Renewed Interest The story of the game with baseball players wearing flu masks was picked up by newspapers across the United States and Canada. In February and early March, photos accompanied many of the stories, but the photos were soon omitted.33 The names and positions of the players in their masks seated on the bench before the game were provided with the photos sent to newspapers (photo below and Table 2). However, at least some of this information is incorrect. For example, catcher “Trash” Hanna (actually “Truck” Hanna) was listed first but is sixth from the left. In addition to still photos, “Moving pictures were taken at the game,” but it is unknown if any copies have been saved.34

Richmond Palladium, 10 February 1919, p 12.

8 Photos of participants in a baseball game in Pasadena, California on 26 January 1919, in which “influenza masks” were required by city ordinance. Players are listed in Table 2. These photos were published in Popular Mechanics and appeared earlier in newspapers around the country.

Table 2.—List of baseball players seated on a bench identified on the photo above. They participated in a game in Pasadena, California between the Pasadena Merchants and Standard-Murphy team from Whittier and La Habra on 26 January 1919. A city ordinance required everyone to wear an “influenza mask.” The umpire (second from right) was not identified but was John (Jack) “Beans” Reardon (listed as Rearidan and “Tim” Reardon in newspaper accounts). In the upper photo, the Los Angeles Evening Herald identified Reardon, catcher Truck Hannah, and batter Bill Piercy. However, Piercy was righthanded. The batter might have been Rube Ellis (Pomrenke 2020). Other players mentioned in game summaries included Buster Callan, Karl Crandall, Bill Daniels, Emil “Irish” Meusel, Johnny Rawlings, John Sullivan, and Mike Wotell.

Players Identified in Photo Career James “Doc” Crandall 1908–1916, 1918 George Cutshaw 1912–1923 Arnold “Chick” Gandil* 1910, 1912–1919 Arthur “Art” Griggs 1909–1915, 1918 James “Truck” Hannah 1918–1920 Fred McMullin* 1914, 1916–1920 Arthur Ole Olsen 1922–1923 William “Bill” Piercy 1917, 1921–1924, 1926 Carl Sawyer 1915–1916 Buster Crandall (young boy)

* Implicated in the Chicago “Black Sox” scandal during the 1919 World Series with the and barred from organized baseball.

9

Photo of a baseball player wearing a cloth mask inspired by a game in Pasadena, California on 26 January 1919, in which a city ordinance required the use of “influenza masks.” The photos of 17 players were published in newspapers in March 1919 as a “puzzle” for baseball fans. This photo was published in the Richmond Palladium (31 March 1919, page 11). The player was Shoeless Joe Jackson, who did not play in Pasadena.

10 In March, newspapers across the country ran a contest inspired by the game in Pasadena (image on page 10). Photos of 17 unnamed players wearing cloth masks were published in as many days as “puzzles,” in which fans were asked to identify the major league player. The contest was introduced with a photo of Carl Sawyer taken at the game. However, none of the 17 unidentified players used in the contest participated in the game in Pasadena. The players in the shown in the contest included Shoeless Joe Jackson and George Sisler.35 A similar contest had been published in a few newspapers during the spring of 1915. In this instance, the “mask” was simply a white line across some portion of a player’s face in a photo. Nine players, one for each position, were included in the contest. Of the thousands of people who tried, only a few correctly identified all nine.36 It was a much more challenging task in 1915 than it would have been a century later.

Stockton Daily Evening Record, 6 April 1915, p 3.

11 A second round of newspaper stories about the game in Pasadena were published from mid-April 1919 through the end of the year. They were only about 10 lines long and were used mostly as filler. Their appearance followed publication of a story about the game in Popular Mechanics, which included photos (see page 9) that were not reproduced with the abbreviated newspaper versions.37 The war and the pandemic had ended, and the game played by men wearing cloth masks had quickly become little more than an amusing anecdote and historical footnote. The story of the baseball game lay mostly forgotten for decades. However, it resurfaced as one of many events pulled from archives about the influenza pandemic of 1918–1919 as people looked to history for perspective during the COVID-19 pandemic a century later. An original photo (3¾ inches by 9½ inches) provided to newspapers in February 1919 that showed the players in cloth masks while sitting on a bench before the game sold at auction in June 2020 for $3,580. This and other photos published in newspapers and Popular Mechanics in 1919 once again illustrated articles in newspapers and Sports Illustrated in 2020,38 as another respiratory pandemic intersected with the sport of baseball. Acknowledgements This monograph was written to add a little more context to the story of the baseball game played in flu masks, and it approaches the subject from a broader perspective than the excellent SABR Games Project account by Jacob Pomrenke, which contains additional details about the game, players, and ballpark. I accessed newspapers online at Newspapers.com, GeneaologyBank.com, and the California Digital Newspaper Collection (https://cdnc.ucr.edu/). Popular Mechanics was accessed through the Hathi Trust Digital Library (https://www.hathitrust.org/). Dollar equivalents were obtained from the Consumer Price Index Inflation Calculator (https://cpiinflationcalculator.com/). My baseball stories published in Kansas Baseball, 1858–1941 and other monographs in this series have been about Kansas and adjacent states. However, the only such connection here is that some of the ballplayers mentioned were born in Kansas—Johnny Butler (Fall River), Art Griggs (Topeka), Harry Killilay (Leavenworth), and Fred McMullin (Scammon). Frank Shellenback was born in nearby Joplin, Missouri. Sources Newspapers Arizona Republican (Phoenix, AZ) New Orleans (LA) Item Billings (MT) Gazette New Orleans (LA) Times-Picayune Border Cities Star (Windsor, ON) Norwich (CT) Bulletin Burlington (VT) Free Press and Times Pomona (CA) Bulletin Fresno (CA) Morning Republican Richmond (IN) Palladium Gardner(KS) Gazette St. Joseph (MO) Gazette Grand Forks (ND) Herald St. Louis (MO) Post-Dispatch Harrisburg (PA) Evening News St. Petersburg (FL) Times Indianapolis (IN) Star Salina (KS) Evening Journal

12 Janesville (WI) Gazette Salt Lake (UT) Herald Kansas City (MO) Times Salt Lake (UT) Tribune LaFayette (AL) Sun Sandusky (OH) Star-Journal Los Angeles (CA) Evening Express Santa Ana (CA) Register Los Angeles (CA) Evening Herald Scranton (PA) Republican Los Angeles (CA) Times Stockton (CA) Daily Evening Record Miami (FL) Herald Tacoma (WA) Times Modesto (CA) Morning Herald Whittier (CA) News Mooreland (OK) Leader Winona (MN) Republican-Herald

Baccellieri, Emma. 2020. Masks, Fundraisers and Smallpox-Only Teams: How Baseball Has Dealt with Infectious Diseases Before. Sports Illustrated, https://www.si.com/mlb/ 2020/03/09/coronavirus-baseball-history/ (accessed 9 June 2020). Killion, Ann. 2020. What Sports Can Learn from Spanish Flu about Playing during a Pandemic. San Francisco Chronicle, https://www.sfchronicle.com/sports/article/What- sports-can-learn-from-Spanish-flu-about-15270767.php (accessed 9 June 2020). LeMoine, Bob. 2017. Beans Reardon. Society for American Baseball Research (SABR) BioProject, https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/6d874f02 (accessed 12 June 2020). McNeil, William F. The California Winter League: America’s First Integrated Professional Baseball League. McFarland and Company, Jefferson, North Carolina. Pomrenke, Jacob. 2020. January 26, 1919: The Flu Mask Baseball Game. Society for American Baseball Research (SABR) Games Project, https://sabr.org/gamesproj/game/january- 26-1919-flu-mask-baseball-game (accessed 12 June 2020). Shearer, Benjamin F. 1979. An Experiment in Military and Civilian Education: The Students' Army Training Corps at the University of Illinois. Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 72:213–224. Zimmerman, Franklin H. 2020. The Healing Power of Baseball. New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/01/well/baseball-coronavirus-masks-quarantine- war-influenza.html/ (accessed 9 June 2020).

1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, History of 1918 Flu Pandemic, https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-commemoration/1918-pandemic-history.htm (accessed 7 June 2020). 2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, History of 1918 Flu Pandemic, https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-commemoration/1918-pandemic-history.htm (accessed 7 June 2020). 3 Los Angeles Evening Express, 4 November 1918, p 2.  Los Angeles Times, 12 October 1918, section 2, p 2; 3 November 1918, p 11; 6 November 1918, section 2, p 2. 4 Los Angeles Times, 10 November 1918, p 11; 13 November 1918, section 2, p 3, 5. 5 Los Angeles Times, 13 November 1918, section 2, p 5. 6 Los Angeles Times, 16 November 1918, p 8. 7 Los Angeles Evening Express, 25 November 1918, p 4.  Los Angeles Times, 23 November 1918, p 4; 27 November 1918, section 2, p 3. 8 Los Angeles Times, 15 December 1918, p 13; 22 December 1918, p 1. 9 Los Angeles Evening Express, 20 January 1919, p 11.

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10 Los Angeles Evening Express, 20 January 1919, p 11; 21 January 1919, p 5; 26 January 1919, p 5; 28 January 1919, p 15; 29 January 1919, p 13.  Los Angeles Times, 16 January 1919, p 10; 24 January 1919, section 2, p 7; 25 January 1919, p 6; 31 January 1919, section 2, p 6.  University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine, Influenza Encyclopedia: San Francisco, California, https://www.influenzaarchive.org/cities/city-sanfrancisco.html# (accessed 8 June 2020). 11 Shearer (1979). 12 Pomona Bulletin, 7 November 1918, p 6.  St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 12 October 1918, p 8; 9 January 1919, p 22.  Salt Lake Herald, 3 November 1918, p 20; 23 November 1918, p 9.  Salt Lake Tribune, 22 November 1918, p 8. 13 Kansas City Times, 31 October 1918, p 8.  Salina Evening Journal, 31 October 1918, p 1. 14 Los Angeles Times, 24 May 1918, p 5; 15 June 1918, p 6; 2 July 1918, p 1; 3 July 1918, p 5; 13 July 1918, p 4; 15 July 1915, p 4; 20 July 1918, p 4; 22 July 1919, p 4; 23 July 1918, p 5; 25 July 1918, p 5; 27 July 1918, p 4; 30 July 1918, p 8; 1 August 1918, p 8; 4 August 1918, section 6, p 8; 22 August 1918, p 5; 24 August 1918, p 4.  University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine, Influenza Encyclopedia: Boston, Massachusetts, https://www.influenzaarchive.org/cities/city-boston.html# (accessed 13 June 2020).  University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine, Influenza Encyclopedia: Chicago, Illinois, https://www.influenzaarchive.org/cities/city-chicago.html (accessed 13 June 2020). 15 New Orleans Item, 13 October 1918, section 2, p 7; 21 October 1918, p 5; 30 October 1918, p 7.  New Orleans Times-Picayune, 14 October 1918, p 10. 16 San Francisco Examiner, 19 October 1918, p 9.  University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine, Influenza Encyclopedia: San Francisco, California, https://www.influenzaarchive.org/cities/city-sanfrancisco.html# (accessed 8 June 2020). 17 McNeil (2002). 18 Modesto Morning Herald, 27 October 1918, p 5. 19 Modesto Morning Herald, 27 October 1918, p 5. 20 Los Angeles Evening Express, 4 September 1918, p 8; 7 September 1918, p 5; 8 September 1918, section 2, p 3.  Los Angeles Times, 8 September 1918, p 11. 21 Los Angeles Evening Express, 16 March 1917, p 2; 4 November 1918, p 2.  Whittier News, 14 November 1917, p 6. 22 Fresno Morning Republican, 27 December 1918, p 12.  Los Angeles Evening Express, 22 December 1918, section 2, p 6.  Whittier News, 14 November 1917, p 6; 14 January 1918, p 4; 18 February 1918, p 1; 2 March 1918, p 1; 5 October 1918, p 1. 23 Los Angeles Evening Express, 17 November 1918, p 10; 22 December 1918, section 2, p 6; 30 December 1918, p 7.  Santa Ana Register, 2 December 1918, p 2; 28 December 1918, p 7.  Whittier News, 7 February 1918, p 3; 11 February 1918, p 1; 16 February 1918, p 1; 18 February 1918, p 1; 25 February 1918, p 6; 4 March 1918, p 1; 15 March 1918, p 1; 26 November 1918, p 1, 5; 3 December 1918, p 1, 5. 24 Los Angeles Evening Express, 5 January 1919, section 2, p 6; 6 January 1919, p 2; 17 January 1919, p 2; 19 January 1919, section 2, p 6.  Santa Ana Register, 11 January 1919, p 9. 25 Los Angeles Times, 22 November 1918, section 2, p 7; 24 November 1918, p 5. 26 Los Angeles Evening Express, 24 January 1919, p 2; 25 January 1919, p 2.  Los Angeles Evening Herald, 20 January 1919, p 10. 27 Los Angeles Evening Express, 27 January 1919, p 2.  Los Angeles Evening Herald, 27 January 1919, p 1.  Los Angeles Times, 27 January 1919, p 4; 20 February 1920, section 3, p 1.  Whittier News, 28 January 1919, p 1, 6.  LeMoine (2017). 28 Los Angeles Evening Express, 30 January 1919, p 2; 15 February 1919, p 2; 16 February 1919, section 2, p 6. 29 Los Angeles Times, 17 February 1919, p 4; 24 February 1919, p 4.

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30 Los Angeles Times, 24 February 1919, p 4.  Baseball-Reference.com, John Sullivan, https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=sulliv017joh (accessed 12 June 2020). 31 Los Angeles Times, 24 February 1919, p 4. 32 Los Angeles Times, 1 March 1919, p 4; 3 March 1919, p 4; 7 March 1919, p 5; 10 March 1919, p 5; 17 March 1919, section 2, p 7.  Baseball-Reference.com, Matt Stanley, https://www.baseball- reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=stanle001mat (accessed 8 June 2020). 33 Arizona Republican, 23 February 1919, section 2, p 2.  Billings Gazette, 4 March 1919, p 8.  Grand Forks Herald, 12 February 1919, p 8.  Indianapolis Star, 16 February 1919, section 4, p 3.  Janesville Daily Gazette, 8 July 1919, p 10.  Salt Lake Herald, 17 February 1919, p 9.  Salt Lake Tribune, 1 February 1919, p 10.  Border Cities Star, 4 March 1919, p 11.  Winona Republican-Herald, 25 February 1919, p 7. 34 Whittier News, 28 January 1919, p 1. 35 Richmond Palladium, 11 March 1919, p 11; 12 March 1919, p 11; 13 March 1919, p 13; 14 March 1919, p 13; 15 March 1919, p 13; 17 March 1919, p 11; 18 March 1919, p 9; 19 March 1919, p 9; 20 March 1919, p 13; 21 March 1919, p 13; 22 March 1919, p 13; 24 March 1919, p 13; 25 March 1919, p 13; 26 March 1919, p 9; 27 March 1919, p 13; 28 March 1919, p 11; 29 March 1919, p 10; 31 March 1919, p 11; 1 April 1919, p 11.  St. Petersburg Times, 15 March 1919, p B1.  Sandusky Star-Journal, 13 March 1919, p 7. 36 Scranton Republican, 29 April 1915, p 11; 3 May 1915, p 9; 12 May 1915, p 12, 13.  Stockton Daily Evening Record, 6 April 1915, p 3; 7 April 1915, p 10.  Tacoma Times, 6 March 1915, p 2. 37 Burlington Free Press and Times, 28 May 1919, p 4.  Gardner Gazette, 13 November 1919, p 8.  Harrisburg Evening News, 16 April 1919, p 6.  LaFayette Sun, 1 October 1919, p 3.  Miami Herald, 21 May 1919, p 3.  Mooreland Leader, 19 December 1919, p 5.  Norwich Bulletin, 25 September 1919, p 6.  St. Joseph Gazette, 25 August 1919, p 2.  Popular Mechanics, May 1919, 31(5):730. 38 Baccellieri (2020).  Killion (2020).  Pomrenke (2020).  Zimmerman (2020).

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You can learn about the early history of baseball played by teams throughout Kansas in the book Kansas Baseball, 1858–1941, published in 2017 by the University Press of Kansas and available in paperback or e-book through bookstores and online retailers. The book explores the early game played by hundreds of town teams composed of white males, as well as teams of women, African Americans, American Indians, and Mexican Americans. Also described are the regional minor leagues and major league tours, along with the histories of towns still playing baseball in the state’s oldest ballparks constructed between 1924 and 1940. Additional monographs about early baseball in the central United States are available at no cost at https://works.bepress.com/mark-eberle/.