Analysis of Bursa Labour Market from a Gender Equality Perspective

“MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY” PROJECT

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOUR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE

First published 2016

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Toksöz, Gülay

Analysis of Bursa labour market from a gender equality perspective : more and better jobs for women: women’s empowerment through decent work in Turkey / Gülay Toksöz ; International Labour Organization, ILO Office for Turkey. - Ankara: ILO, 2016

ISBN: 978-92-2-030803-5 (print) ISBN: 978-92-2-030804-2 (web pdf)

International Labour Organization; ILO Office for Turkey labour market analysis / demographic aspect / economic implication / gender equality / employment opportunity / regional level / Turkey

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Printed in Turkey CONTENTS

Introduction...... 6

I.. Basic Socio-demographic and Economic Characteristics of Bursa Province ...... 7

II..Basic Labour Market Characteristics of Bursa Province ...... 9

1.. Labour Force ...... 9 2.. Status of Employment in the Region ...... 12 3..Unemployment ...... 15 III. Activities of BURSA İŞKUR (2010-2013) ...... 17

IV. Bursa Province in the light of İŞKUR Labour Market Research (2013- 1st Period/2014-1st Period) ...... 27

1.. Workplaces and the Structure of Employment...... 27 2.. Vacant Positions ...... 31 3.. Qualifications Required for the Vacant Positions ...... 38 4.. Occupations in Short Supply ...... 44 5.. Future Trends in Employment/Predictions of Future Levels of Employment in Various Occupations ...... 48 6.. Findings of Small-Scale Workplaces Survey ...... 51 Conclusions and Proposals ...... 52 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 4 all stakeholders. We wish that thisstudywould beusefulforpolicymakers, researchersand decent jobs. tives toensureplacementofmorewomen invacantpositionsthat alsooffer placement servicesthroughevidence-basedandgender-sensitive perspec- to helpİŞKURincreasetheeffectiveness ofitsvocational trainingandjob sis oftheresponsesthat were given byemployers tothose questionsintends es with respect to their vacant positions or not. Thecomprehensive analy- mand aswell asexploringwhetheremployers have gender-basedpreferenc- view tounderstandingthegenderstructureofemploymentandlabourde- to the İŞKUR’s 2014 1 İstanbul andKonya.For thispurpose, additional questionswere integrated dence-based policyoptionsintheprojectpilotprovinces ofAnkara,Bursa, equality perspective and to help İŞKUR and other stakeholders develop evı- data tocarryoutrobust provincial labourmarket analysesfromagender Agency (SiDA). Oneoftheobjectives oftheprojectistocollectandanalyze financial supportbySwedish International Development Cooperation implemented bytheILOandTurkish EmploymentAgency(İŞKUR)with women: Women’s empowerment throughDecentWork inTurkey”, whichis This studyhasbeenconductedasapartofthe“Moreandbetterjobsfor FOREWORD st Period Labour Market Survey questionnaire with a ILO OfficeforTurkey

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE 5 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 6 section, policyproposalsarepresentedonthebasisofthesefindings. to seehow fartheycanbemetfromagenderperspective. Intheconcluding been drawn ontolookintothejobrequirementsofvacantpositionsand When deemednecessary, themostrecent raw data fromthe2014survey has Demand Analysisforthefirstperiodof2013and2014. fourth sectionmakes acomparisonoftheresultsBursaLabourMarket study alsolooksat İŞKURactivitiesintheregionfor2010and2013.The for thefirstperiodof2013and2014.Thispart İŞKUR Statistical AnnalsandtheBursaLabourMarket DemandAnalysis section analyses the information about the labour market contained in the Household LabourForce Survey data fortheyears 2010and2013.Thethird of menandwomen intheTR41region,whichincludesBursa,basedon tion consistsofacomparative evaluation ofthelabourforcecharacteristics mographic andeconomiccharacteristicsoftheprovince. Thesecondsec- a gender equality perspective. The first section presents the basic socio-de- The studyaimstoanalyzethelabourmarket intheprovince ofBursafrom INTRODUCTION ing rate at high school level was 78.2% - the 29 education was98.6%,ranking48 for men.Inthe2012-2013schoolyear, thenetschooling rate inprimary In 2012,theilliteracyrate intheprovince was5.7%forwomen, and1.1% highest inthecountry, andwell above thenational average ofUSD9,384. the exports. Grossvalue added percapita was USD12,983in2008, the third for 4.36%ofnational imports. Manufactured productsmadeup98.3%of respectively. Exportsaccountedfor7.30%ofnational exportsand imports 10,316 million. These figureswere the thirdandfifth highest inTurkey, total exports amounted to USD 11,123 million and total imports to USD The regionhasanimportantpotentialintermsof foreign trade. In2012, or 4years) tothepopulation oftherespective agegroupis10%. above the national average of 70.1%. The ratio of college graduates (2 years of investment received. vestment incentives, Bursaranksfifthamongtheprovinces fortheamount Turkey’s provinces intermsofthevaluecropsproduced.In- seem tobebelow thenational average of9.5%,Bursarankseighthamong above the national average of 26.4%. While the share of agriculture may share ofagriculturewas5.7%.Thetheindustrialsectorwell gross valueadded was54.4%,theshareofindustry39.8%,and also well developed in the province. In 2010, the share of services in the Alongside theindustrialsector, trade, tourism,servicesandagricultureare the automotive, machinery, textilesandfoodprocessingindustries. One ofTurkey’s mostindustrializedcities, Bursahasaprominentplacein 5 Turkstat(2013), Ibid, ,pp.5, 17-18. 4 İŞKUR(2013),Ibid, pp.14-15 3 İŞKUR(2013),Ibid,pp.22-23. 2 Turkstat(2013)Bursawithselected indicators, TÜİKPress, Ankara,pp.21-22. 1 İŞKUR(2013)BursaLabourMarket AnalysisReport,(T. Bingöl,İ.Özfuçucu),pp. 17-20. were İstanbul, Balıkesir, andErzurum. 2012, thethreeprovinces fromwhichBursareceived themostmigration migration intoBursadecreasing,whilemigration outofBursaincreased.In tion rate had been on a downward trend between 2008 and 2012, with tion in2012,withanetmigration rate of2.32‰.However, thenetmigra- tional rate of12.01‰.Bursawasamongtheprovinces that received migra- population growth inBursawas13.5‰2012,whichabove thena- over 65is7.7%,andtheshareofthoseworking ageis69.9%.Therate of people aged between 0 and 14 in the population is 22.4%, the share of those The population isdistributed equallybetween thegenders. Theshareof with 2,688,171peoplein2012,ofwhom89.4%were livinginurbanareas. (NUTS). It is the fourth largest province of Turkey in terms of population, region TR41accordingtotheNomenclature ofTerritorial Units forStatistics classified, alongwiththeprovinces ofEskişehirandBilecik,instatistical The province ofBursaislocated intheEasternMarmaraRegion,andis CHARACTERISTICS OFBURSAPROVINCE I.BASIC SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHICANDECONOMIC high schools. regular highschools, and56.3%were registeredinvocational andtechnical 52.5% were menand47.5%women. 43.6% of thesestudents were attending ber ofstudentsregisteredinhighschool2012was173,540,whom 3

th amongthe81provinces. Thenetschool- 1

th highest in Turkey and well 2 Thenum- 5

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE 7 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 8 tics. en’s employment,given itssocio-economicanddemographiccharacteris- Overall, itcanbesaidthat Bursahasagreat potentialforadvancingwom- women inpoliticaldecision-makingprocesses. in theprovince, andpointstotheimportanceofincreasedparticipation of in localgovernment. Thissituation creates ahandicapforgenderequality ranks eighthintermsofwomen’s formalemployment,and18 8 TEPAV (2014)Gender Equality ReportCardfor81Provinces, Ankara(H.Demirdirek, Ü. Şener),p.93. 7 Turkstat(2013), Ibid,p.19. 2011), Ankara,p.50 6 MinistryofDevelopment(2013)Socio-economic DevelopmentRankingofProvincesandRegions(SEGE- nomic development. Bursa rankssixthinthe2012rankingofprovinces intermsofsocio-eco- fourth withrespecttothetotalnumber ofmedicaldoctorsandnurses. education. However, itisonly63 ity lagsbehindtheoverall level ofsocio-economic development. provinces. ThusBursa’slevel ofdevelopment withrespecttogenderequal- tality and the rate of formal employment, Bursa ranks ninth among the high schoolandhigherlevels ofeducation, adolescentbirths, maternal mor- basis ofmunicipal assembly representation, thenumber ofwomen with According totheGenderEqualityIndexforLocalscalculated onthe of 252, putting the province in 44 100,000 headofpopulation in2011,whichwasbelow thenational average socio-economic development, shows that Bursahad233hospitalbedsper 6 Data onhealthcare, oneoftheleadingindicators of rd whenitcomestowomen’s participation th place. However, the province ranked th intermsof 8 Bursa 7

TABLE 1:LABOURFORCESTATUS INTR41(THOUSANDS)* Source: Turkstat,LabourForce Statistics, www.tuik.gov.tr Source: Turkstat,LabourForce Statistics, www.tuik.gov.tr, (accessed11.29.2014) *Numbers maynotadd uptototalduerounding TABLE 2:DISTRIBUTIONOFLABOUR FORCESTATUS BY GENDER Unemployment rate (%) Population outsidethelabourforce Employment rate (%) Unemployment rate (%) Employment rate (%) Labour forceparticipation rate (%) Unemployed Employed (%) Labour forceparticipation rate Labour force Population agedover 15 TOTAL rates fortotheprovince ofBursaalone. years in question, these regional rates were lower than the corresponding The correspondingrates in2013were 50.4%,46.9%and7%.For boththe the employmentrate was42.3%andtheunemploymentrate was10.1%. In 2010,thelabourforceparticipation rate intheTR41regionwas47.1%, 1. LabourForce region includessurvey data fromBilecikandEskişehiraswell asBursa. doing so, itisnecessary to keep inmind that theregional data fortheTR41 ders; forthispurpose, onehastoexaminethedata forstatistical regions. In give information about the distribution of employment between the gen- with asharpdecreaseinunemployment.Thedata forprovinces doesnot cating anincreaseinboththeparticipation andemploymentrates, along was 10.5%.The2013rates were 51.4%,48%,and6.6%respectively, indi- was 48.4%, the employment rate was 43.3%, and the unemployment rate force indicators, the labour force participation rate in the province in 2010 the Turkstat HouseholdLabourForce Survey. Accordingtothebasiclabour This labourmarket analysisoftheprovince ofBursaisbasedondata from PROVINCE II. BASICLABOURMARKETCHARACTERISTICSOFBURSA 9.6 62.3 68.9 Men TR 41 2010 1,426 42.3 10.1 47.1 128 1,140 1,268 2,694 Total 2010 11.4 22.5 25.5 Women 416 62.3 9.6 68.9 89 834 923 1,339 Men 11.4 62.6 70.8 Men Turkey 13.0 24.0 27.6 Women 1,010 22.5 11.4 25.5 39 305 345 1,354 Women 5.7 66.3 70.3 Men TR 41 2013 1,466 46.9 7.0 50.4 105 1,385 1,490 2,956 Total 2013 10.1 27.6 30.7 Women 438 66.3 5.7 70.3 59 975 1,034 1,472 Men 8.7 65.2 71.5 Men Turkey 1,028 27.6 10.1 30.7 46 410 456 1,484 Women 11.9 27.1 30.8 Women

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE 9 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 10 en. for women. Atages55andover, the rate is6.8%formen,and 5.2%forwom closer toeachotherinthe 35-54agegroup, with45.4%formenand43.5% than amongmen,at 30.7%comparedto33.5%.Theparticipation rates are Labour forceparticipation amongwomen agedbetween 25and34islower tion inthelabourforceis higherat anearlyagebeforetheyaremarried. with thetraditionalsocial attitude accordingtowhichwomen’s participa whereas the corresponding ratio is 20.9% for women. This is in accordance veals that theshare ofyoung malesaged15to24inthelabourforceis14.3%, tional status. Aglanceat theagedistribution ofthelabourforcein2010re Table 3presentsinformation onthelabourforcebyagegroupandeduca Source: Turkstat,LabourForce Statisticsdatabase, www.tuik.gov.tr Numbers maynotadd uptothetotalduerounding. TABLE 3:LABOURFORCESTATUS BY EDUCATION ANDAGEGROUP(THOUSANDS,AGEDOVER15) increased by141,000. fact that whilefemaleemploymentincreasedby105,000,male of unemployed women increasedfrom39,000to46,000.Thisisduethe ber ofunemployed malesdroppedfrom89,000to59,000,whilethenumber the national rate, by1.8points, at 10.1%.Between 2010and2013,thenum- pared to8.7%.Amongwomen, theunemploymentrate wasalsolower than region in2013wasthreepointslower than thenational rate, at 5.7%com- It iswell worth notingthat theunemploymentrate amongmenintheTR41 and 8.7%,respectively, formen,and30.8%,27.1%,11.9%women. higher than for men. Nationally in 2013, the above rates were 71.5%, 65.2%, in thecountryasawhole. However, theunemploymentrate forwomen is ipation rate ismuch lower forwomen thanformen,bothintheregionand for theTR41region.Itcanbeseenimmediately that thelabourforcepartic- 13% forwomen. In every case, the national rates are higherthan the rates in generalwere 70.8%,62.6%,and11.4%formen,27.6%,24% were 25.5%,22.5%,and11.4%respectively. Thematching ratios forTurkey and theunemploymentrate was9.6%.Thecorrespondingrates forwomen force participation rate in2010was68.9%,theemploymentrate was62.3%, The disaggregation ofthesefiguresbygendershows that formenthelabour Age 2010 15-19 20-24 25-34 35-54 55+ Total 15-19 2013 20-24 25-34 35-54 55+ Total lower Primary educationor Men 40 33 153 279 54 558 38 30 132 279 72 551 Women 13 13 45 106 17 194 16 16 50 127 28 237 or vocational) High school(regular Men 6 41 107 87 5 246 8 44 123 116 9 301 Women 8 21 29 21 0 80 8 26 31 33 1 98 years) College (2yearsor4 Men 0 12 49 53 4 119 0 15 79 76 12 182 Women 1 15 32 22 0 70 0 21 57 38 3 120 - - - - according toage Total labourforce Men 46 86 309 419 63 923 46 90 334 471 93 1.034 Women 23 49 106 150 18 345 24 63 138 197 33 456 Source: Turkstat,LabourForce Statistics, www.tuik.gov.tr (THOUSANDS, AGEDOVER15) TABLE 4:NON-INSTITUTIONALFEMALEPOPULATION BY LEVELOFEDUCATION Total College High schoolorequivalent Primary education Illiterate Educational degree levels, to11pointsat thecollegelevel. level increases, fromaround40pointsat theprimaryschoolandhigh But at the same time the gapbetween the genders closes as the education ticipation is positively correlated to the level of education for both genders. ratios in 2013 were 64.2%, 79% and 84.6%. It is clear that labour force par- 24.1%, 39.5%,and73.2%respectively in2013.For men,thecorresponding graduates, and 69.6% for those with a college degree. The ratios increased to with primaryschoolingoralower level ofeducation, 37.4%forhighschool In 2010,labourmarket participation among women was20.6%forthose ipation becameincreasinglydifficultforthesewomen. women withlower levels ofeducation, indicating that labourmarket partic- situation canbeinterpretedascausedbyadeclineintheparticipation of share ofcollegegraduate women inthelabourforceincreasedby6%, point, theshareofcollegegraduates increasedby3.5points. Given that the share of those with high school or equivalent degrees increased by one Among thenon-institutionalfemalepopulation aged15andover; whilethe years. in thelevel ofeducation ofwomen ofworking ageinthethreeintervening 2013. Thisraises the question of whether this increasewascausedbyarise gap between thegenders, whichwas7.4pointsin2010and8.7 also increased,to17.6%.However, thisincreasefallsshortofclosingthe degrees increasedbysixpointsto26.3%.Thecorrespondingshareformen men. With respecttolevel ofeducation, theshareofwomen withcollege 24 age groupinthe workforce in 2013 are 19.1% for women and 13.2% for distribution of the labour force among the age groups. The shares of the 15- Not much seemstohave changedbetween 2010and2013intermsofthe this educational category: 56.2%forwomen, and60.5%formen. ing orlower levels ofeducation. Morethanhalfofthelabourforcefallsinto Finally, thelargestsharesaretobefoundamongthosewithprimaryschool- school degreesinthelabourmarket is23.2%,comparedto26.6%formen. 20.3%, thesameratio isonly12.9%formen.Theshareofwomen withhigh While the share of college graduates among women in the labour force is lege degreemake upamuch largershareofthelabourforcethanmen: With respecttolevel ofeducation, itisremarkable that women withacol - 1,354 101 214 891 149 2010 100 7.5 15.8 65.8 11.0 Ratio 1,484 164 250 925 145 2013 100 11.0 16.8 62.3 9.8 Ratio

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE 11 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 12 only 10,000and29,000respectively. sector adding 67,000jobs, whileindustryandagriculturesaw increasesof The distribution ofthis34.4%increasewasquiteuneven, withtheservices 105,000 duringtheperiodinquestion,from305thousandto410thousand. national rate, whichis14.5%.Thenumber offemaleemployees roseby en employed intheindustrialsector intheregionstillremainsdouble the much asseven pointsover thethree-year period.Even so, theshareofwom- 49.5%. Bycontrast,theshareofindustrydeclinedto29.3%,fallingbyas the shareofagricultureincreasedto21.2%,andservicesrose was 19.1%,morethandouble thefigureformeninsameyear. In2013, 2010, andtheshareofindustry36.1%.Theagricultureforwomen tributed among the sectors. For women, the shares of services was 44.9% in 141,000 between thetwo years, withtheincreasemoreorlessequallydis- of theothersdeclinedalittle. Thenumber ofmaleemployees roseby ture. In2013,theshareofagricultureincreased to 11.8%,whiletheshares were intheindustrialsector, 45.1%inservices, andonly8.1%inagricul- sectors, withquiteasmallshareforagriculture. In2010,46.9%ofmales Employment intheregionisconcentrated intheindustrialandservices Source: Turkstat,LabourForce Statisticswww.tuik.gov.tr, (accessed11.30.2014) ** Constructionisincludedintheindustrialsector * Numbersmaynotadd uptototalduerounding TABLE 5:DISTRIBUTIONOFEMPLOYMENT BY ECONOMICACTIVITY(THOUSANDS,AGED15ANDOVER)* 2. StatusofEmploymentintheRegion % Services % Industry** % Agriculture Total 45.0 513 44.0 501 11.0 126 1,140 Total 2010 45.1 376 46.9 391 8.1 67 834 Men

44.9 137 36.1 110 19.1 58 305 Women 45.0 623 40.5 561 14.6 202 1,385 Total 2013 43.0 420 45.2 440 11.8 115 975 Men 49.5 203 29.3 120 21.2 87 410 Women TABLE 6:DISTRIBUTIONOFEMPLOYMENT BY STATUS AT WORK (THOUSANDS,AGED15ANDOVER)* Source: Turkstat,LabourForce Statisticswww.tuik.gov.tr (accessed11.30.2014) * Numbersmaynotadd uptototalduerounding. Source: Turkstat,Labourforcestatisticswww.tüik.gov.tr, (accessed11.30.2014) * Numbersmaynotadd uptototalduerounding. OVER)* TABLE 7:EMPLOYMENT BY EDUCATION ANDECONOMIC ACTIVITY, 2013(THOUSANDS,AGED15AND Total Unpaid familyworker Employer/Self employed Daily/Weekly/Monthly wageearner Nonagricultural Total Unpaid familyworker Employer/Self employed Daily/Weekly/Monthly wageearner Agricultural Total Unpaid familyworker Employer/Self employed Daily/Weekly/Monthly wageearner Agriculture Industry Services Total lower Primary schoolor T 181 299 261 741 M 98 230 192 518 87.9% ofwomen employed innon-agricultural sectors were wageworkers. 77% ofwomen intheagriculturalsectorwere unpaidfamilyworkers, while the shareofunpaidfamilyworkers increasedbythesameamount.In2013, served intheshareofwomen whowere self-employed oremployers, while were 72.2%,8.5%,and19%in2013.Adecreaseofalmost onepointisob- ployed, and17.7%were unpaidfamilyworkers. Thecorrespondingratios 2010, 70.4%ofwomen were wage workers, 9.8%were employers orself-em- while 84.6%ofmeninthenon-agricultural sectors were wageworkers. In 70.4% of men in the agricultural sector were self-employed or employers, change much in2013, with 76%,20.5%, and 3.4%respectively. In2013, self-employed, and2.9%were unpaidfamilyworkers. Theratios didnot In 2010,75.6%ofmenwere wageworkers, 21.5%were employers or W 83 70 69 222 Total 2010 1.014 25 153 836 126 53 56 17 1.140 78 209 853 equivalent High schoolor T 15 186 167 368 M 12 153 Men 767 14 128 624 67 10 50 7 834 24 179 631 118 283 W 3 33 49 85 Women 247 11 25 211 58 43 6 10 305 54 30 221 College T 7 75 195 277 M 6 58 110 174 Total 2013 1.183 24 147 1.012 202 88 89 26 1.385 112 236 1.038 W 1 17 85 103 Men 860 13 120 728 115 21 81 14 975 34 200 741 Total T 202 561 623 1,385 M 115 440 420 975 Women 323 11 27 284 87 67 8 12 410 78 35 296 W 87 120 203 410

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE 13 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 14 Source: Turkstat,LabourForce Statisticswww.tuik.gov.tr (accessed11.30.2014) * Numbersmaynotadd uptototalduerounding. ratios, thegapbetween thegenderspersists. decline inbothcasescomparedto2010.Despitethe fallintheinformality males in 2013 were 11.4% in industry and 16.7% in services; displaying a sector drove theinformality ratio down to19.7%.Theinformalityratios of to 40,000,but thelargeincreaseinnumber offemalesworking inthe In services, the number of women working informally increased from 37,000 dropped from36,000to29,000,reducingtheratio ofinformalityto24.2%. during the period in question, the number of those working informally industry: whilethenumber ofwomen inthesectorincreasedby10,000 sector did not change. On the other hand, a positive change took place in 26,000 were working informally. Therate ofinformalityforwomen inthe 29,000 increasebetween 2010and2013inwomen working inagriculture, 19.6% formen,whiledecliningbyfive pointsto36.2%forwomen. Ofthe the overall informalityratio fell to24.5%.Theratio remainedunchanged at ly wageworkers, thisratio beingalmostdouble theratio formen.In2013, dustry, one-third of women worked informally, even though they were most- sector is duetotheir status as unpaid family workers. However, even in- and 23.7%.Thehighrate ofinformalityamongwomen intheagricultural ployed informally. Thecorrespondingratios formenwere 59.7%,17.4% ployees inagriculture, 32.7%inindustryand27%serviceswere em- for men,and41.5%women. Amongthesectors, 91.4% ofwomen em- not covered bythesocialsecuritysystem.Therate ofinformalitywas19.4% In 2010,28.4%ofthoseinemploymentwere working informallyandwere (THOUSANDS, AGED15ANDOVER)* TABLE 8:EMPLOYMENT BY SOCIALSECURITYCOVERAGEANDECONOMICACTIVITY tions depending ontheexactnature ofthework performed. education areusuallyemployed intheservicessectors, withsomevaria - doubt, this difference points to the fact that women with higher levels of grees, comparedto41.9%and26.2%respectively inservices. Without a employees inindustry, 13.2%ofmenand14.2%women hadcollegede- or less. Thecorrespondingsharesformenare52.3%and45.7%.Among 45.7% ofthoseemployed inserviceshadonlyaprimaryschooleducation 41.9% inservices. Amongwomen, 58.3%ofthoseemployed inindustryand primary schooling or lower were 89% in agriculture, 53.3% in industry, and school graduates, and20%hadcollegedegrees. Thesharesofthosewith ry schooling or a lower level of education in 2013, while 26.6% were high With respect to level of education, 53.5% of the employees had only prima- Agriculture Industry Services Total No coverage 2010 T 94 104 126 324 M 40 68 89 197 W 53 36 37 127 Covered T 32 397 387 816 M 27 323 287 637 W 5 74 100 179 2013 No coverage T 152 79 109 340 M 73 50 70 192 W 79 29 40 148 Covered T 50 482 513 1,045 M 42 391 350 783 W 8 91 163 261 Source Turkstat,,LabourForce Statisticswww.tuik.gov.tr (accessed11.30.2014) TABLE 9:NUMBEROFUNEMPLOYED PEOPLEBY AGEGROUP(THOUSANDS) Source: Turkstat,LabourForce Statisticswww.tuik.gov.tr (accessed11.30.2014) TABLE 10:UNEMPLOYMENT RATE BY AGEGROUP(%) Total 55+ 55+ 35-54 35-54 25-34 25-34 20-24 20-24 15-19 15-19 Age group 128 3.5 3 7.1 41 11.3 47 19.7 26 16.8 12 2010 Total 2010 Total 2013 formen,but fellbyonlyonepointinthecaseofwomen, to10.1%. for men and 11.4% for women in 2010, decreased by four points to 5.7% in 2010, and30.6%in2013.Indeed,theunemploymentrate, whichwas9.6% cially astheshareofwomen inthetotallabourforcewasonly27.2% indicates that unemploymenteffectswomen moreseverely thanmen,espe- women amongtheunemployed torisefrom30.5%43.8%.Thesituation unemployed women increasedfrom39,000to46,000,causingtheshareof employed menfrom89,000to59,000.Ontheotherhand,number of number declinedto105,000in2013,reflectingafallthenumber ofun- sisting oftheprovinces ofBursa,BilecikandEskişehir, was128,000.This In 2010,the total number of unemployed people intheTR 41 region,con- 3. Unemployment problem whichyoung women face. women. Thissituation clearly displaystheseverity oftheunemployment group haddeclinedsharplyto11.1%formen,but increased to23.4%for and 21.3%forwomen. By2013,theunemployment rate inthesameage unemployment rate washighest inthe20-24agegroupat 18.8%formen, Unemployment ishighamongthe15-19and20-24age groups. In2010,the 89 4.3 3 7.8 32 9.9 30 18.8 16 15.4 7 Men Men 39 0.8 0 5.4 8 15.5 16 21.3 10 19.7 4 Women Women 105 2.0 2 4.7 32 7.9 37 16.2 25 12.3 9 Total 2013 Total 2013 59 2.4 2 4.2 20 6.5 22 11.1 10 11.2 5 Men Men 46 0.8 0 6.1 12 11.1 15 23.4 15 14.3 3 Women Women

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE 15 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 16 Source: Turkstat,LabourForce Statisticswww.tuik.gov.tr LabourForce Statistics(accessed11.30.2014) ing that long-termunemploymentisaseriousproblem forwomen. tively. However, thefallwasonlyfive pointsinthecaseofwomen, indicat- women. Bothoftheseratios hadfallenby2013,to13.8%and31%respec- more thanoneyear was22.5%,whilethesameratio was35.9%among proportion ofunemployed menwhohadbeenlookingforemployment Women tend to spend longer seeking employment than men. In 2010, the TABLE 12:UNEMPLOYED PEOPLEBY DURATION OFJOBSEARCH(THOUSANDS) anti-unemployment policies. tion orhigher, requiringthat thesewomen beselectedasatargetgroupin a seriousproblem that primarilyaffects women withahighschooleduca- in 2010,and13.9%2013.Thesenumbers tellsusthat unemploymentis to their male counterparts. Unemployment among these women was 12.7% higher rate ofunemploymentamongwomen withcollegedegreescompared equivalent, at 19% in 2010, and 14.1% in 2013. There is also a significantly unemployment is highest among those with a high school education or men acrossdifferentlevels ofeducation. Inthecaseofwomen, however, No significant difference can bedetected in the unemployment rates for Source: Turkstat,Labourforcestatisticswww.tuik.gov.tr, (accessed 11.30.2014) TABLE 11:UNEMPLOYMENT RATES BY LEVELOFEDUCATION (%) Total More thanayear Less thanayear College High schoolorequivalent Primary education Illiterate 128 34 93 Total 2010 9.4 12.2 9.4 7.7 Total 2010 89 20 69 Men 7.5 10.0 9.9 9.8 Men 39 14 25 Women 12.7 19.0 8.0 6.2 Women 103 22 81 Total 2013 8.4 7.8 6.1 3.3 Total 2013 58 8 50 Men 4.9 5.8 5.9 8.7 Men 45 14 31 Women 13.9 14.1 6.8 1.1 Women Annals2010pp.107-108, 2013pp.178, 179 UNEMPLOYED PEOPLE,ANDJOBPLACEMENT FOR2010-2013 TABLE 13:INFORMATION ONİŞKURAPPLICATIONS, VACANT POSITIONS,NUMBEROFREGISTERED Presented to Vacant Applications employers positions 2013 2013 2013 2012 2012 2012 2011 2011 2011 2010 2010 2010 488,022 49,222 96,112 374,417 39,816 87,259 250,710 36,962 47,580 99,645 11,732 41,685 Bursa lagging behindBursa. pace ofincreaseinjobplacementsisaroundthreefold forTurkey asawhole, ber of people presented to employers at the national level. However, the surge inthecapacityofagencyisalsoevidentfrom theincreasednum- placements grew fourfold between 2010 and 2013, from 8,251 to 31,212. A the vacantpositionsrosemarkedly from2011onwards. Asaresult,job their currentwork. Thenumber ofcandidates presentedtoemployers for even though they were employed at the time, due to dissatisfaction with indicating that alargenumber ofpeoplewere still lookingforanewjob bour force was almost twice the number of registered unemployed persons, ed inmorepeopleapplyingforthosepositions. that theincreasednumber ofvacantpositionsreceived bytheagencyresult- rose sharplyin2012,to87,259from47,580thepreviousyear. Itispossible tions in 2011, to 36,962 from 11,372 in 2010. The number of applicants As canbeseeninTable 13,therewasanimportant increaseinvacantposi- first periodof2013andthe2014. Statistical AnnalsandtheBursaLabourForce Analysis(İPA) reports forthe 2010 and2013isprovided subsequently. Usehasbeen madeoftheİŞKUR from 2010to2013.Amorecomprehensive comparisonbasedontheyears considered usefultobeginbypresentingacombinedtable fortheyears compared to nationwide data where it is meaningful to do so. It has been cants inBursaProvince fortheyears 2010and2013.Thefindingshave been The comparisonsinthissectionaremadeusingthedata onİŞKURappli- III. ACTIVITIESOFBURSAİŞKUR(2010-2013) people who areableto work living in householdsthatreceive social aid are registered intheİŞKURdatabase. Establish anEfficient LinkbetweentheSocialAidSystem andEmployment”.Theprotocolaims toensurethat between İŞKURand SHÇEK(SocialServicesandChild Protection Agency),asapartofthe“Action Planto 9 Anotherreasonbehind therisemaybeSocialAid-Employment LinkProtocolsignedonApril 28th2010 5,082,131 1,481,196 2,359,304 3,262,375 991,804 2,296,325 2,036,637 660,623 1,398,355 1,092,120 368,636 1,217,936 Total

Registered Registered Successful job unemployed labour force placements 2013 2013 2013 2012 2012 2012 2011 2011 2011 2010 2010 2010 162,459 31,212 87,793 115,152 25,310 76,644 70,181 18,463 55,739 77,641 8,251 66,670 Bursa 9 In2013,theregisteredla- 4,540,488 671,578 2,610,969 3,481,725 556,587 2,372,262 2,192,145 363,672 1,844,965 1,604,355 205,231 1,414,541 Total

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE 17 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 18 placements inBursaneedtogowomen. is almostthesameasnational rate of30.5%.Ahigherproportionjob vices provided by İŞKUR. However, the share of women in job placements 40.2%. Women inBursaarerelatively very willingtomake useoftheser- were women. Thisshare is higherthantheTurkish national average of total unemployed; in other words, almost half of the unemployed people unemployed almostdoubled, andwomen cametoaccountfor45.9%ofthe unemployed. Between 2010 and 2013, the number of women registered as nationally, but thissharewasstilllower thantheshareofwomen amongthe ments wasalsohigherthanthenational shareat 27.7%,compared to24.2% share thanthenational average of29.3%.Thesharewomen injobplace- 32.1% ofthetotalnumber ofunemployed peoplewere women -alarger In 2010,therewere 21,433registeredunemployed women inBursa,and Annals 2010pp.5, 6,2013pp. 22,24 TABLE 14:İŞKURACTIVITIESINBURSAPROVINCEANDTURKEYGENERAL(20102013) Applications received Positions Vacant to employers Presentations Job Placements labour force Registered unemployed Registered Women Men Total Women Men Total Total Women Men Total Women Men Total Women Men Total Bursa 2010 17,529 24,156 41,685 20,205 79,440 11,732 99,645 2,285 5,966 8,251 24,503 53,138 77,641 21,433 45,237 66,670 % 42.0 20.3 27.7 31.6 32.1 Total 458,620 759,316 1,217,936 225,553 866,567 368,636 1,092,120 49,697 155,534 205,231 454,730 1,149,625 1,604,355 414,972 999,569 1,414,541 % 37.7 20,7 24,2 39,6 29,3 Bursa 2013 37,762 58,350 96,112 156,234 331,788 49,222 488,022 9,532 21,680 31,212 71,617 90,842 162,459 40,309 47,484 87,793 % 39.3 32.0 30.5 44.1 45.9 Total 1 496599 862.605 2.359.304 3.433.023 1.481.196 1.649.108 5.082.131 466.155 205.423 671.578 2.816.471 1.724.017 4.540.488 1.561.203 1.049.766 2.610.969 % 36.6 32.5 30.6 38.0 40.2 TABLE 15:NUMBEROFAPPLICANTSTO İŞKURBY LEVELOFEDUCATION (2013) Annals 2013,pp.41, 43 Illiterate Literacy only Education Primary High School (2 years) College (4 years) College Master Degree Degree Doctorate Total Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women tion ismoreorlesssimilartothenational distribution. ing 15.7%.Thusthedistribution ofapplicantsinBursabylevel ofeduca- 23.9%. For men,thesameproportionsare7.8%and7.9%respectively, total- degrees and11.9%forwomen withfour-year degrees, givingatotalof total 16.1%.Nationally, theseproportionsare12%forwomen withtwo-year any kind.Thecorrespondingsharesare7.4%and8.7%formen,makingthe degrees, givingatotalshareof23.4%forwomen withacollegedegreeof applicants have two-year collegedegrees, and12%have four-year-college for men,bothintheprovince ofBursaandnationwide. 11.4%offemale The overall level of education of females applying to İŞKUR is higher than Bursa 285 248 284 278 29,614 17,189 18,626 11,078 4,336 4,300 5,096 4,543 105 123 4 3 58,350 37,762 % 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 50.8 45.5 31.9 29.3 7.4 11.4 8.7 12.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 Turkey 17,287 14,532 34,791 22,332 756,286 361,791 449,398 253,674 116,941 103,227 118,023 102,846 3,813 4,085 160 118 1,496,699 862,605 % 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 50.5 41.9 30.0 29.4 7.8 12.0 7.9 11.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE 19 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 20 efforts made by theagencyforwomen. presentations ofmen.Thismaybeviewed astheresultofincreasein ber ofpresentations of female jobcandidates reachedhalfofthenumber of and number ofwomen presented increasedeightfold;asaresult,thenum- During thesameperiod, number ofmen presentedincreasedfourfold, considered thereasonfor the highshareofprovince injobplacements. fivefold between 2010and2013. Thehighnumber ofpresentations canbe 9.5% in2010and9.7%2013.Thenumber ofpresentations increased In theprivate sector, theshareofBursainpresentations toemployers was Annals 2010pp.37-38, 2013pp.68, 69 TABLE 17:PRESENTATIONS TO EMPLOYERS (2010AND2013) threefold. Thiscanberegardedasasuccess. placed inajobincreasedfourfold,whilethenumber ofmenplacedgrew job between 2010and2013,from8,251to31,221.Thenumber ofwomen ince. Thisistheresultofa380%riseinnumber ofpeople placedina positions were inBursa,and4.6%ofjobplacementstook placeintheprov- were almostequal,with3.2%and3.3%respectively. In2013,4%ofvacant ber ofvacantpositionsreceived andinthetotalnumber ofjobplacements over between 2010and2013. In2010,thesharesofBursaintotalnum- number of vacant positions received from the private sector grew 4.5 times very limitedinBursa,anddiminishedfurtherby2013.Nevertheless, the As canbeseeninTable 16,labourdemandfromthepublic sectorhasbeen Annals 2010pp.24, 25,2013pp.52, 53 TABLE 16:VACANT POSITIONSRECEIVED, FILLED,ANDCANCELLED(20102013) Turkey Bursa Turkey Bursa cancelled Vacant positions received Vacant positions placements) Positions filled(Job 35,960 649 46,539 1,151 Men Public 6,432 66 10,136 381 Women Total Total Private Public Private Public Men Women Total Women Men Women Men 42,392 715 56,675 1,532 Total 5,966 2,285 8,251 860 Bursa 2010 1,906 4,861 11,732 10,707 1,025 379 1,105 100.0 1.69 100.0 2.70 total % national Ratio tothe 2013 2010 3.8 4.6 4.0 % 3.2 3,397,063 331,139 820,028 78,389 Men Private 155,534 49,697 205,231 15,202 Turkey 40,473 118,577 308,597 60,039 368,636 9,224 36,957 1,642,676 156,168 215,417 19,824 Women 21,680 9,532 876 31,212 2013 Bursa 9,456 21,475 48,909 313 49,222 76 205 5,039,739 487,307 1,035,445 98,113 Total 4.6 4.6 4.65 % 3.3 100.0 9.7 100.0 9.5 total % national Ratio tothe 466,155 205,423 58,364 671,578 Turkey 190,406 419,230 1,414,929 66,267 1,481,196 15,017 46,925 TABLE 18:JOBPLACEMENTBY LEVELOFEDUCATION (2010AND2013) Annals 2010pp.57,58, 2013pp.94,96 Total College (4years) College (2years) High School Education Primary Literacy only Illiterate Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men 2,285 5,966 63 101 124 188 618 1,765 1,301 3,820 162 63 16 26 Bursa 2010 the gapiswiderincaseofwomen. level of applications and the job placement ratios of college graduates, and ments were 16.3%and10.1%.Overall, thereseemstobeagapbetween the women and15.7%formen,whereasthecorrespondingsharesinjobplace- whole, the proportions of college-graduated applicants were 23.9% for there isaproblem injobplacementforcollegegraduates. For Turkey asa employees was16.1%,but theirshareinjobplacementwasonly10%.Thus can actuallybesaidformen:theshareofcollegegraduates amongmale in thiscategory quitelow given itsjobplacementshareof14.7%.Thesame who hadcollegedegreeswas23.4%,makingthejobplacementsuccessrate However, duringthesameyear, theshareoffemaleapplicantstoİŞKUR men and16.3%forwomen. tion of10%formen.TheTurkish average shareofthiscategory is10.1%for placed inwork was14.7%in2013,higherthanthecorrespondingpropor- tiles, forexample. Theshareofwomen withcollegedegreesamongthose most sought-afteroccupation beingthat ofsewingmachineoperator intex- This mayberelated totheindustrialcharacteristicsofregion,with responding sharein2013was56.5%,comparedtoanational shareof51.9%. ates was56.9%in2010,higherthanthenational average of53%.Thecor- Among women placed in jobs in Bursa, the share of primary school gradu- 100.0 100.0 2.8 1.7 5.4 3.2 27.0 29.6 56.9 64.0 7.1 1.1 0.7 0.4 % 49,697 155,534 1,898 3,576 3,315 5,775 14,772 45,195 26,347 92,558 2,540 6,601 768 1,746 Turkey 100.0 100.0 3.8 2.3 6.7 3.7 29.7 29.1 53.0 59.5 5.1 4.2 1.5 1.1 % 9,532 21,680 592 904 813 1,253 2,635 6,892 5,383 12,420 94 104 6 8 Bursa 2013 100.0 100.0 6.2 4.2 8.5 5.8 27.6 31.8 56.5 57.3 % 205,423 466,155 14,272 18,060 19,376 28,864 58,801 136,121 106,523 268,803 5,067 11,873 1,031 2,074 Turkey 100.0 100.0 6.9 3.9 9.4 6.2 28.6 29.2 51.9 57.7 2.5 2.5 %

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE 21 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 22 Annals 2013,pp.135, 137 TABLE 20:NUMBEROFPEOPLEREGISTEREDASUNEMPLOYED BY LEVELOFEDUCATION (2013) higher thanformen,at 22%comparedto19.8%. ratio of women aged 20-24 among the registered unemployed is two points in registeredemploymentaresimilartooneanother. Asanexception, the by 2-3points. At thenational level, theagedistributions of men andwomen women inboththe20-24and25-29agegroupsarehigherthanthoseofmen highest concentration isinthe20-34agerange, with60.9%.Theratios of count for 68.5% of all men actively seeking employment. For women, the distributed evenly amongtheagebrackets between 20and39,whichac- The number ofmenregisteredwiththeagencyasunemployed inBursais Annals 2013,pp.132, 134 TABLE 19:NUMBEROFPEOPLEREGISTEREDASUNEMPLOYED BY AGEGROUP(2013) Illiterate Total Doctorate Degree Master Degree College (4years) College (2years) High School Primary Education Literacy only Total 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 Women Women Women Women Women Women Women Women Women Men Men Men Men Men Men Men Men Men 40,309 47,484 1,276 1,830 2,633 4,610 4,409 5,580 5,717 6,482 7,254 8,201 8,585 9,113 8,698 8,744 1,071 1,506 Bursa Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Bursa 2010 40,309 47,484 2 7 145 121 5,290 4,925 5,078 3,490 11,903 14,169 17,084 24,046 373 294 434 432 100.0 100.0 3.2 3.8 6.5 9.7 10.9 11.7 14.2 13.6 18.0 17.3 21.3 19.2 21.6 18.4 2.7 3.2 % 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 13.1 10.4 12.6 7.3 29.5 29.8 42.4 50.6 0.9 0.6 1.1 0.9 1,049,766 1,561,203 28,308 51,148 60,789 122,099 107,427 161,364 145,620 207,464 186,284 275,825 225,391 328,826 231,402 309,873 49,513 67,152 Turkey Total 1,049,766 1,561,203 159 228 5,590 4,446 126,646 128,868 129,880 118,630 313,137 443,794 418,951 800,715 30,659 40,436 24,744 24,087 100.0 100.0 2.7 3.3 5.8 7.8 10.2 10.3 13.9 13.3 17.7 17.7 21.5 21.1 22.0 19.8 4.7 4.3 % 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.3 12.0 8.2 12.4 7.6 29.8 28.4 39.9 51.3 2.9 2.6 2.4 1.5 Annals 2013,pp.187, 189 TABLE 22:ACTIVELABOURMARKETADULT EDUCATION PROGRAMS(2013) Annals 2010,p.113 TABLE 21:VOCATIONAL ADULT EDUCATION PROGRAMS2010 Turkey % Bursa Turkey Bursa % 31,385 1,048 programs number of Total 11,821 376 grams of pro Number - 48.6 59.3 Men 107.001 4,270 Total attendance 114,321 3,449 Men Attendance women attended UMEM/MEKandUMEM/İEPprograms(İPA 2014,p.15). vocational adult education courses(MEK-General),whilemorementhan and 1,741(49.1%)women attending. Morewomen thanmenattended general first eightmonthsof2014, 385 programswere opened,with1,804men(50.9%) women and4,270men,withsharesof40.7%59.3%respectively. Inthe and theOn-the-jobTrainingProgram(İEP).Ofparticipants, 2,933were of them under the Specialized Vocational Education Centers (UMEM) Project Demand Survey, atotalof1,048courseprogramswere openedin 2013,most According totheinformation presentedinthe2014BursaLabourMarket very closetothenational average of46%. pants aregiven bygender. InBursa,46.8%ofparticipantswere women, vocational adult education programs, andonlythetotalnumbers ofpartici- The 2010Statistical Annalsdonotincludegenderinformation forspecific of findingemploymentintheregion’srelatively developed industrial sector. Bursa, comparedtothenational average. Thiscanbelinked toexpectations with onlyaprimaryschooleducation areregisteredasunemployed in higher, andforfour-year collegegraduates 3.8pointshigher. Morewomen is 1.4 points lower. The ratio for two-year college graduates is 4.8 points for men,andtheratio ofhighschoolgraduates tototalunemployed women ry schoolgraduates tototalunemployed women is11.4pointshigherthan the correspondingfigureformales. For Turkey ingeneral, the ratio ofprima- ates make up13.1%ofunemployed women, whichis2.7pointshigherthan 5.6 pointshigherthanamongunemployed men.Four-year-college gradu- share oftwo-year collegegraduates amongunemployed women is12.6%, graduates, thesharesaresameforbothmenandwomen, at 29%.The women inBursais8.2pointslower thanformen,at 42.4%.For highschool The share of women with only a primary education among unemployed served tohave increasedat thenational level. InBursa, however, therewas pants. Between 2010and2013, thenumber of femaleparticipantsisob - between 2010and2013are onlypossible forthetotal number ofpartici - Since thedata for2013ispresentedunderdifferentcategories, comparisons 51.4 40.7 Women 113,074 2,933 97,306 3,040 Women grams 6,096 313 of pro Number education programs Vocational adult 46.0 46.8 attending women Ratio of - 46.1 59.8 Attendance Men 60,561 2,767 4,332 247 programs *total Vocational adulteducation programs Number of Women 53.9 40.2 70,688 1,861 grams of pro Number 910 46 education programs Entrepreneurship 89,708 4,833 Attendance - 51.7 50.1 Attendance Men 13,023 575 48.3 49.9 Women 12,143 572 1,916 50 programs Number of guaranteed programs *employment Vocational adulteducation of pro Number grams 24,379 689 programs On-the-job training - 42,447 974 Attendance 52.5 65.0 Men Attendance 33,417 928 47.5 35.0 Women 30,243 500

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE 23 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 24 the national level. applicants whoreceived paymentsroseinBursaspiteofthedecreaseat both theprovincial andnational levels. However, theproportionofwoman (57.7%). Theproportionofapplicantswhoreceived paymentsdeclinedat plied, ofwhom139,922(19.1%)were women. 422,334received payments people (60.1%oftheapplicants).Atnational level, 732,409peopleap- Bursa, 13,676 (32.0%) ofthembywomen. Payments were madeto25,736 In 2013,42,787applications were madeforunemploymentinsurancein Bursa IPA 2014,p.11 12 İŞKURİPA 2014,p.15 distribution tables(Annals2013,pp.214-215). regarding unemploymentinsurance. The informationgivenabovewascalculatedusingthegenderdatainage 11 Genderinformationonthosewho applied forandsuccessfullyreceivedpaymentsisnotgiveninthetables 10 İŞKURAnnals2010,p. 119 (2013/2014 JANUARY-AUGUST) TABLE 23:10OCCUPATIONS WITHTHEHIGHESTNUMBERSOFREGISTEREDUNEMPLOYED PEOPLE Unemployment andjobplacementdatafor 2013and2014 al level, very closetotheratio inBursa. women. Theratio ofthosewhoreceived paymentswas76.4%at thenation- nationwide inthesameyear was426,995,ofwhom112,678(26.4%)were 76.6% ofallapplicantsreceived payments. Thetotalnumber ofapplicants cants in Bursa in 2010 was 24,566, of whom 7,273 (29.6%) were women. Turning tothedata onunemploymentinsurance, thetotalnumber ofappli- tio achieved inthefirsteightmonthsof2014isagoodsign. needed for women toattend these programs in Bursa.In fact, the50.9% ra- 53.9% nationwide, but only 40.2% in Bursa. More encouragement might be education programs, theproportionofwomen amongtheparticipantswas lower thanthenational average of51.4%.Inthecasevocational adult a slightdecline. Theproportionofwomen takingpartwas40.7%inBursa, whom were women. ple whoreceived unemploymentinsurancepaymentswas11,711,36%of Occupation 2013 Manual worker (general) Manual worker (cleaning) Office clerk(general) Pre-accounting workers (manual) Other manufacturing andrelated Secretary Sales consultant Beverage server Accountant Driver-carrier Other Total 11 Between January andAugust 2014,thenumber ofpeo- 12

unemployed Number ofregistered 10,406 3,861 3,086 2,397 2,233 2,129 1,874 1,709 1,609 1,462 52,027 87,793 10

Occupation 2014 Manual worker (general) Manual worker (cleaning) Office clerk(general) Pre-accounting Secretary Sales consultant Beverage server Accountant Driver-carrier Sewing machineoperator Other Total unemployed Number ofregistered 10,018 3,192 2,795 2,351 2,018 1,951 1,693 1,482 1,456 1,323 60,490 88,769 Bursa İPA 2013,p.65 TABLE 24:TOP 10OCCUPATIONS BY JOBPLACEMENTSBY GENDER-2013(BURSA) Total Beverage server Spinning operator Office clerk(general) Secretary Manual worker (general) Sewing machineoperator worker Garment manufacturing Accountant Cleaning staff Sewing machineoperator Occupation Women tions related tomanufacturing industry arewell represented. ment manufacturing worker, spinning operator, etc. For mentoo, occupa- to theindustrialcharacteristicsofregion:sewing machineoperator, gar - are usuallyrelated tothetextilesandgarmentmanufacturing industriesdue tend tobeconcentrated inrelatively fewer occupations. Theseoccupations 37.2% forwomen, comparedto20.9%formen - anindication that women In 2013,theshareoftoptenoccupations in allwork placementswas pp.11,13). “travel servicepersonnel(steward/stewardess/buses andtrains)”(İPA 2014, highest number ofjobplacementsby“data inputandcontroloperator” and worker” were replaced in2014thelistoftenoccupations withthe years. Theoccupations “waiter(servicepersonnel)”and“wiringharnessing the highestnumber ofplacementswas“manual worker (general)”inboth in 2013,and12,840thefirsteightmonthsof2014.Theoccupation with numbers for2014are86,612and32,361.31,212peoplewere placedinjobs tered unemployed people and 49,222 vacant positions. The corresponding the “sewingmachineoperator” category. In2013,therewere 87,793regis- replacement ofthe“othermanufacturing andrelated workers” category by The onlychangethat occurredinthelistbetween 2013and2014was the ber ofregisteredunemployed peopledidnotchangemuch duringtheperiod. was 45.9%at theendof2013.Thetoptenoccupations withthehighestnum August 2014were menand45.3%were women. Theproportionofwomen at theendof2013to88,769byAugust 2014.54.7%oftheunemployed asof The number ofunemployed peopleregisteredwithİŞKURrosefrom87,793 37.2 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.9 3.2 4.0 5.1 5.4 7.8 Ratio 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Rank Marketing staff Total Gas metalarcwelder Plastic injectionmanufacturing staff Metal productsassembly worker Shipment attendant Driver-carrier Manual worker (construction) Press machineoperator Waving machineoperator Manual worker (general) Occupation Men 1.2 20.9 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.9 2.6 3.1 3.3 3.3 Ratio -

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE 25 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 26 Bursa İPA 2013,p.65 sists mostlyofservicesectoroccupations. ators andaccountants, similartothe case ofBursa.Therestthelistcon- The highestrankgoesto“cleaningstaff”,followed bysewingmachineoper- At thenational level, alower rate ofconcentration isevidentforwomen. TABLE 25:TOP 10OCCUPATIONS BY JOBPLACEMENTBY GENDER-2013(TURKEY) Total Pre-accountant Cook Manual worker (cleaning) Manual worker (general) Sales advisor Office clerk(general) Secretary Accountant Sewing machineoperator Cleaning staff Occupation Women 30.8 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.7 3.5 3.9 4.7 7.4 Ratio 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Rank Total Marketing staff Accountant Sales advisor Waiter Sewing machineoperator Driver-carrier Security staff Cleaning staff (construction) Manual worker Manual worker (general) Occupation Men 21.8 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.4 3.7 Ratio than 50. people working forthem,67.5%had10-49,and11.9%staffsofmore and catering services, logistics and storage. 20.6% of the enterprises had 1-9 under manufacturing, wholesaleandretailtrade, construction,hospitality and “education” with23%. followed by“culture, arts, entertainment, recreation, andsports” with 27%, employment isinthe“humanhealthandsocialservices”sector, with31%, of the enterprises employ part-time workers. Thehighestratio of part-time ties. 4,279oftheworkplaces provide transportation fortheiremployees. 8% are inthemanufacturing sector. 129oftheenterpriseshave daycarefacili- their products. 76.8%ofthefirmsthat produceexportgoodsandservices the enterprisesproduceexports;inmanufacturing, 51%ofthefirmsexport operating inmanufacturing and44inwholesaleretailtrade. 2,270of 248 of the firms interviewed had foreign partners. Of these firms, 149 were (56% ofenterprises),followed bymanufacturing (48%). these services most intensively was “administrative and support services” services andgovernment incentives at thesametime. Thesectorutilizing fiting fromgovernment incentives, and1,153were receivingbothİŞKUR 2,560 hadrequestedemployees fromİŞKUR.1,789enterpriseswere bene - were conducted, 2,901 enterprises were receiving İŞKUR services, and 30 ers ortheirrepresentatives in1,802enterprises between May15 lected from7,690enterprisesandinterviewswere conductedwithemploy- mestic labourandinternational institutions/establishments. Data wascol- more workers in17sub-sectorsexcludingagriculture, thepublic sector, do- The LabourMarket DemandSurvey (İPTA) covers enterpriseswithtenor 1. Workplaces andtheStructureofEmployment MARKET RESEARCH(2013-1 IV. BURSAPROVINCEINTHELIGHT OFİŞKURLABOUR 17 BursaİPA 2014,p.27. 16 BursaİPA 2014,p.26. trade andmanufacturing. than 10workers. Mostoftheseenterpriseswere in theconstructionsector, followed bywholesaleandretail 15 In 2014, 2,219 of enterprises were falsely recorded as having 10 or more employees despite having less followed bytheconstructionsector(BursaİPA 2013,p.59). turned outtohave1-9inthefield.Such workplacesweremostcommonlyfoundinwholesaleandretailtrade, 14 1,585oftheworkplaceswererecordedashaving10ormoreworkersin theWorkplace RecordsList,but Market Analysis(İPA), 2013-1stPeriod,p.51) (SGK) in Bursa, of which 54,320 (84.7%) have less than ten people working for them (İŞKUR, Turkish Labour 13 AccordingtotheTurkeyİPA report,64,159enterpriseswereregisteredwiththeSocialSecurityAgency 2013-1 İŞKUR for2014isutilizedalongwiththepublished reports ofBursaİPA survey wherever possible. In thesecomparisons, raw data provided by The findingsofthe2014survey have beencomparedwiththoseofthe 2013 11.7% hadstaffsofmorethan50. the enterpriseshad1-9peopleworking forthem,60.1%had10-49,and working intheenterprisescovered byİPTA was248,533,66,078(26.6%)of those enterprisesbetween May12 views were conductedwithemployers ortheirrepresentatives in4,973of For the2014survey, data wascollectedfrom8,441enterprisesandinter- “hospitality andfoodservices”(13%). workers are“culture, arts, entertainment,recreation, andsports”(19%) th 2013. st Period and2014-1 14

13 Theactivitiesofthemostenterprisesinregionfall st 16 Period. In 2013, the total number of employees Thesectorswiththehighestratios ofseasonal 15 th Outoftheworkplaces whereinterviews andJune 27 ST 17 PERIOD/2014-1 th 2014.Thistime, 26.3%of ST PERIOD) th andJune

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE 27 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 28 transportation andstoragethefifth. administrative and support services is the fourth most important sector and are human health and social services, and education. In the case of men, port service activities for women. For women, thefourthandfifth sectors The thirdplacegoestoconstructionformen,andadministrative andsup- Wholesale andretailtradecomesinsecondplacefor bothmenandwomen. covered bythesurvey –menandwomen alike -were working inthissector. in theprovince ofBursa.Inbothyears, morethanhalfoftheemployees Manufacturing industry has a very important place in terms of employment Bursa İPA 2013,p.60, 2014p.31 TABLE 26:EMPLOYEES BY SECTOR The distribution ofthe employees bysectorisshown inTable 26below. 1.5 points. 243,971 (71.9%)men.Theratio ofwomen intotalemployees increasedby ees roseto339,120in2014,ofwhom95,149(28.1%)were women and whom were women and182,455(73.4%)men.Thetotalnumber ofemploy- Total Other services Culture, arts, entertainmentetc. Human healthandsocialservices Education Administrative andsupportservices activities Professional, scientificandtechnical Real estate Finance andinsurance Information, communication Hospitality etc. Transportation and storage Wholesale andretailtrade Construction Water, sewageetc. Electricity, gas, steametc. Manufacturing Mining andquarrying Sector 182,455 1,457 809 1,251 1,493 7,670 2,545 961 2,798 957 4,845 8,585 24,007 21,578 222 1,745 100,272 1,260 Number Men 2013 100 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.8 4.2 1.4 0.5 1.5 0.5 2.7 4.7 13.2 11.8 0.1 0.9 55.0 0.7 % Women 66,078 756 302 2,757 2,304 3,815 1,402 215 558 416 1,992 960 10,101 1,964 113 1,643 36,703 80 Number 100 1.1 0.5 4.2 3.5 5.8 2.1 0.3 0.8 0.6 3.0 1.5 15.3 3.0 0.2 2.5 55.5 0.1 % Men 243,971 2,819 802 2,127 2,658 16,378 2,711 1,255 595 982 5,806 8,601 33,365 22,668 750 737 139,258 2.448 Number 2014 100 1.1 0.3 0.8 1.0 6.4 1.1 0.5 0.2 0.4 2.3 3.4 13.1 8.9 0.3 0.3 54.6 1.0 % Women 95,149 1,571 226 4,001 3,698 4,398 1,488 302 421 369 2,994 1,389 16,898 2,528 177 149 54,282 251 Number 100 1.6 0.2 4.2 3.9 4.6 1.6 0.3 0.4 0.4 3.1 1.5 17.8 2.7 0.1 0.1 57.0 0.2 % TABLE 27:EMPLOYEES INTHESECTORS BY GENDER(%) Bursa İPA 2013,p.63, 2014p.32 TABLE 28:NUMBEROFPERSONSWORKING BY MAINOCCUPATIONAL GROUPSANDGENDER Bursa İPA 2013,p.62, İPTA2014rawdata Other services Culture, arts, entertainmentetc. Human healthandsocialservices Education Administrative andsupportservices Professional, scientificandtechnicalactivities Real estate Finance andinsurance Information, communication Hospitality etc. Transportation andstorage Wholesale andretailtrade Construction Water, sewageetc. Electricity, gas, steametc. Manufacturing Mining andquarrying Sector Occupational group Administrators Professionals Professionals Technicians andAssistant Office servicesstaff Services andsalesstaff aquacultural staff Qualified agricultural,forestry, and Artisans andrelated occupations assemblers Plant andmachineryoperators and Occupations requiringnoqualifications Total ple, andthesharesofthesesectorsintotalemploymentwere limited. In alltheothersectors, women accountedforlessthan 50%ofworking peo number offemaleemployees isquitelow at 7.7%in2013 and8.1%in2014. (65.3%) andeducation (58.2%),but thesharesofthesesectorsintotal sectors withthehighestratios offemalesinemploymentarehumanhealth male employees: women make up 28% of those employed in the sector. The is manufacturing industry. Thisisthesectorwithhighestnumber offe higher thanthenational average whichis26%.Thedeterminingfactorhere higher thantheTurkish average of23%.in2014,thisratio was28.1%-still In 2013, women made up 26.6% of all the working people in Bursa, which is 2013 Men 7,330 9,362 17,785 8,801 12,042 268 54,304 48,216 24,347 182,455 65.8 72.8 31.2 39.3 66.8 64.5 81.7 83.4 69.7 70.9 89.9 70.4 91.7 66.0 51.5 73.2 94.0 Men 2013 % 4.0 5.1 9.7 4.8 6.6 0.1 29.8 26.4 13.3 100 Women 1,516 8,779 5,392 7,377 2,741 16 8,925 20,269 11,064 66,078 34.2 27.2 68.8 60.7 33.2 35.3 18.3 16.6 30.3 29.1 10.1 29.6 8.3 34.0 48.5 26.8 6.0 Women % 2.3 13.3 8.2 11.2 4.1 0.0 13.5 30.7 16.7 100 2014 Men 6,754 14,477 20,884 16,040 20,608 324 62,947 67,509 34,428 243,971 64.2 78.0 34.7 41.8 78.8 64.6 80.6 58.6 72.7 66.0 86.1 66.4 90.0 80.9 83.2 72.0 90.7 Men 2014 % 2.8 5.9 8.6 6.6 8.4 0.1 25.8 27.7 14.1 100 Women 1,560 11,590 5,330 10,031 7,579 353 15,053 25,299 18,355 95,149 35.8 22.0 65.3 58.2 21.2 35.4 19.4 41.3 27.3 34.0 13.9 33.6 10.0 19.1 16.8 28.0 9.3 Women % 1.6 12.2 5.6 10.5 8.0 0.4 15.8 26.6 19.3 100 - -

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE 29 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 30 Bursa İPA 2014,p.35,İPTA 2014rawdata. BY GENDER,2014 TABLE 29:TOP OCCUPATIONS INTERMSOFNUMBERPERSONSWORKING semblers” with27.7%. second placewith25.8%,behind“plantandmachineryoperators andas- related occupations” with 29.8%, but in 2014 this occupational group took top occupation changedbetween thetwo years. In2013,itwas“artisansand related occupations”. Professionaloccupations comefourth.For men,the “occupations requiringnoqualifications”, andinthirdplace“artisans high share of manufacturing industry in employment. In second place came assemblers” with30.7%in2013and26.6%2014.Thisfitsthe occupational groupamongwomen was“plantandmachineryoperators and A totalof1,896differentoccupations were declaredinBursa.Thelargest Banking staff Accountant Security staff Waiter Sales consultant (construction) Manual worker Driver, transporter operator Sewing machine Manual worker (general) Cleaning staff Total Turkey (construction) Manual worker Accountant (cleaning) Manual worker Dairy worker Driver, transporter Cleaning staff Security staff operator/weaver Weaving machine operator Sewing machine Manual worker (general) Total Bursa 1.6 1.7 1.8 1,8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 3.5 3.7 0.6 0.7 3.3 1.8 1.5 1.7 4.6 1.6 2.3 4.0 % Office clerk Accountant operator Sewing machine Sales consultant Waiter Security staff (construction) Manual worker Cleaning staff Driver, carrier Manual worker (general) Men (cleaning) Manual worker and related workers Other Manufacturing Cleaning staff Dairy worker Shipment staff (construction) Manual worker Driver, carrier Security staff operator/weaver Weaving machine Manual worker (general) Men 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.7 4.0 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.7 2.2 2.7 3.4 3.7 4.9 % Cook Manual worker (general) Office clerk Sales consultant Secretary Steward Banking staff Accountant Sewing machineoperator Cleaning staff Women Secretary Packaging (manual) weaver Weaving machine operator/ Dairy worker Office staff(general) Manual worker (cleaning) Manual worker (general) Accountant Cleaning staff Sewing machineoperator Women 1.4 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.6 3.0 3.3 4.4 6.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.9 3.7 3.8 4.2 11.5 % jobs forwhichwomen were preferred. jobs forwhichmenwere favored wasmorethanfourtimes the number of tions (40.8%)nopreferencewasdeclared.Inother words, thenumber of for 1,264(11.3%),andmen5,350(47.9%).For theremaining4,557posi- showed that outofthetotal11,171vacantpositions, women were preferred ers’ genderpreferences for thevacant positions, ifany. Theresponses In 2014,aquestionwasadded tothe questionnaire concerning theemploy- were neededtofillthesepositions. 1.3% forwomen and2.1%formen,suggestingthat morementhanwomen positions are usually filled. The vacant position ratio was calculated as 2014. Thedeclineintheratio canbeinterpretedasanindicator that vacant current number ofemployees) inBursawas4.1%2013,and3.2% these threesectorsto86.8%.Thevacantpositionratio (vacantpositions/ sale andretailtrade, and4.4%inconstruction,bringingthetotalshareof 66.6% oftheavailable jobsin2014were inmanufacturing, 15.8%inwhole- were inworkplaces withastaffof25ormore. able jobs, 73.9% were in small or very small-scale enterprises, while 26.1% available positions were smallorvery small-scaleenterprises. Oftheavail- had 20-24and13.5%morethan25.Thus86.5%ofthebusinesses with working forthem,21.1%had5-9,17.4%10-14,15.3%15-19,10% 11,171. Oftheworkplaces withavailable positions, 22.5%had1-4people The number ofavailable positionswas3.9%higherthanayear earlier, at In 2014,2,431outof8,441workplaces that were visitedhadjobsavailable. sectors. struction sectorfor8.8%,and70%ofallavailable jobsareinthesethree total vacantpositions, wholesaleandretailtradefor17.4%,thecon- are different.Atthenational level, manufacturing accounts for43.8%ofthe region. For Turkey ingeneral,therankingissame, but thepercentages positions inthesethreesectorsmadeup85%ofallvacantthe by wholesaleandretailtrade(18.9%),construction(5%).Theavailable The shareofmanufacturing intotalvacantpositionswas61.1%,followed jobs: 55.6%ofallworkplaces withvacantpositionsbelongedtothissector. cant positionswas10,736.Manufacturing industry had themostavailable which ishigherthanthenational average (28.7%).Thetotalnumber ofva- 2013, 2,400outof7,690enterpriseshadvacantpositions-aratio of31.2%, Employers surveyed were alsoasked questionsaboutthejobsavailable. In 2. Vacant Positions and dairyworkers. (manual) - bothofwhichare related to the textile and garment industries - in theregionareweaving machineoperators/weavers, packagingworkers accountants, officeclerksandsecretaries. Theotherprominentoccupations are: manual workers (general),cleaningstaff,sewingmachineoperators, ten occupations forwomen nationally, althoughtheorderisdifferent.These Six ofthetoptenoccupations forwomen inBursaarealsoamongthetop 19 BursaİPA 2014,pp.38-39. 18 BursaİPA 2013,p.68. 18 19

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE 31 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 32 ence. that women are selected more frequently in thesectors of no gender prefer- sectors segregated bygender, andwillbemore meaningful totryensure dicates that itisvery difficulttochangethepreferencesofemployers in posts. Thispercentage wasashigh86.6%ineducation. Thisfindingin- social services, nopreference wasstated formorethan60%oftheavailable cal activities, administrative andsupportservices, andhumanhealth and tion, information andcommunications, professional, scientificandtechni- preference were occupations that requirecertainqualifications. Ineduca- able positions. Thejobsforwhichemployers were mostlikely tostate no social servicescomesclosewithwomen preferred forone-thirdoftheavail- sector inwhichwomen were mostlypreferred,althoughhumanhealthand in manufacturing men were preferredfornearlyhalfofthem.Therewas no and retailtrade, menwere preferredformorethanhalfofthepositions, and and quarrying,construction,transportation andstorage. Inwholesale The sectorsinwhichmenwere mostlypreferredwere sectorslike mining Bursa İPA 2013,p.68, 2014p.44 TABLE 30:VACANT POSITIONSBY SECTORS ANDGENDER Total Other services ment etc. Culture, arts, entertain- services Human health and social Education port services. Administrative andsup- and technicalactivities Professional, scientific Real estate Finance andinsurance cation Information, communi- Hospitality etc. storage Transportation and trade Wholesale andretail Construction Water, sewageetc. etc. Electricity, gas, steam Manufacturing Mining andquarrying Sector 10,736 168 29 141 138 410 137 15 29 53 216 155 2,025 533 31 55 6,555 44 Total 2013 100 1.6 0.3 1.3 1.3 3.8 1.3 0.1 0.3 0.5 2.0 1.4 18.9 5.0 0.3 0.5 61.1 0.4 % 11,170 94 19 152 112 345 103 25 7 79 346 90 1,770 490 21 7 7,442 58 Total 2014 100 0.8 0.2 1.4 1.0 3.1 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.7 3.1 0.8 15.8 4.4 0.2 0.0 66.6 0.5 % 5,350 38 1 12 - 108 33 25 14 164 61 982 449 15 2 3,397 49 Men 47.9 40.4 - 7.2 - 31.0 32.0 16.5 47.4 66.7 55.4 91.6 45.6 84.5 % 1,264 27 - 49 15 6 - - 4 56 13 201 8 878 7 en Wom - 11.3 28.7 31.6 13.4 1.5 - - 3.8 16.2 13.3 11.3 1.6 11.8 10.3 % 4,557 29 92 97 233 70 19 1 7 62 127 17 588 33 5 5 3.,68 2 ence No prefer- 40.8 30.8 60.5 86.6 67.2 68.0 78.5 36.4 18.9 33.2 6.7 42.6 3.4 % TABLE 31:VACANT POSITIONSBY MAINOCCUPATIONAL GROUPS,GENDERANDPREFERENCE Bursa İPA 2013,p.70, 2014p.46 Occupational group Office servicesstaff Service andsalesstaff qualifications required Occupations withno and aquacultureworkers Qualified agriculture, forestry, Professionals occupations Artisans andrelated professionals Technicians andassistant operators andassemblers Plant andmachinery Administrators Total sectors ofnogenderpreference. ingful to try to ensure that women are selected more frequently inthe gated bygenderarealsovery resistanttochange, anditwillbemoremean- nomic sectors, genderpreferences inoccupations whicharehighlysegre- operators andassemblers, andservicesalesstaff. Asinthecaseofeco- than 50% of the vacant positions for professionals, plant and machinery the employers concernedstated that theyhadnogenderpreferenceformore pational groupswere women morelikely tobepreferredthan men.However, occupations, therewasalsoatendencytoprefermen.Innoneoftheoccu- workers, techniciansandassistantprofessionals, andartisansrelated positions inthecategories ofqualifiedagriculture, forestryandaquaculture preference wasstated fortheremaining53.6%ofvacantpositions. For most group. Women were preferredfor13.3%ofthesepositions, whilenogender vacant positions in the plant and machinery operators and assemblers the total.Employers alsodeclaredapreferenceformen33.1%ofthe most importantsourceofvacantpositionsinspitethefallitsshare cant positionsin2013,and25.5%2014.Thisgroupremainedthesecond said ofartisansandrelated occupations, whichaccountedfor33.3%ofva- group hasthehighestnumber ofworkers in the region.Thesamecanbe manufacturing industryinemploymentandthefactthat thisoccupational 2013, and34.3%in2014.Thisisaccordance with thedominantrole of belongs toplantandmachineryoperators andassemblers with38.4%in In thedistribution ofvacantpositionsbymainoccupations, thefirstrank Total 2013 289 527 972 13 517 3,574 713 4,119 12 10,736 % 2.7 4.9 9.0 0.1 4.8 33.3 6.6 38.4 0.1 100 Total 2014 427 875 1,576 390 590 2,848 548 3,837 76 11,171 % 3.8 7.8 14.1 3.5 5.3 25.5 4.9 34.3 0.7 100 Men 197 335 544 379 125 2,158 301 1,270 39 5,350 % 46.1 38.3 34.5 96.9 21.2 75.8 54.9 33.1 51.3 47.9 en Wom 88 151 213 - 81 212 6 512 1 1.264 - % 20.6 17.1 13.5 - 13.6 7.4 0.9 13.3 1.3 11.3 ence No prefer- 142 389 819 11 384 478 241 2,056 36 4,557 % 33.3 44.6 52.0 2.8 65.1 16.7 44.0 53.6 46.1 40.8

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE 33 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 34 Bursa İPA 2013,p.71, 2014p.48, İPTA2014rawdata. PREFERENCE 2014 TABLE 34:20OCCUPATIONS WITHTHEHIGHESTNUMBEROFVACANT POSITIONSBY GENDER in moredetailat specificoccupations rather thanoccupational groups. In ordertogenerate policysuggestions, Itmaybemoremeaningfultolook FIGURE 1.VACANT POSITIONSBY MAIN OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS,GENDERANDPREFERENCE Total Marketing staff Coil transferworker CNC millingmachineoperator Plastic injectionandproduction worker Sweeper Accountant Winder spinninganddoubling machineop. Quality controller Pre-accountant Other manufacturing andrelated Manual worker (cleaning) Furniture varnisher(spray) Cleaning staff Gas metalarcwelder Furniture upholsteryworker Sales consultant Furniture assembly worker Waiter Weaving machine operator/weaver Sewing machineoperator Textile finishingworker Manual worker (general) Occupations Plant andmachineryoperators Qualified agriculture, forestry Occupations/No qualification Technicians, assistant Service andsalestaff Artisans andrelated Office servicestaff and aquaculture and assemblers Administrators Professionals professionals needed Total

0% 10% 5,208 82 85 86 96 100 103 116 119 119 125 128 129 132 164 170 186 203 243 422 736 739 925 positions Vacant 20% 30% 782 1 80 8 - - 30 74 9 35 - 6 14 29 5 - 44 14 40 15 330 - 48 Women Women 40% 15.0 1.2 94.1 9.3 - - 29.1 63.8 7.6 29.4 - 4.7 10.8 22.0 3.0 - 23.7 6.9 16.5 3.6 44.8 - 5.2 % 50% 1,686 32 - 72 94 49 10 42 17 34 47 7 87 31 152 170 42 144 126 62 - 123 345 Men 60% Men 32.4 39.0 - 83.7 97.9 49.0 9.7 36.2 14.3 28.6 37.6 5.5 67.4 23.5 92.7 100 22.6 70.9 51.8 14.7 - 16.6 37.3 % 70% No preference 2,740 49 5 6 2 51 62 - 93 50 77 116 28 72 6 - 100 46 77 346 406 616 532 80% No preference 90% % 52.6 59.8 5.9 7.0 2.1 51.0 60.2 - 78.2 42.0 62.4 90.6 21.7 54.5 3.7 - 53.8 22.7 31.7 82.0 55.2 83.4 57.5 100% employed inthecorrespondingoccupation. redistributing thesepostsinlinewiththeratio ofwomen whoarecurrently lations for vacant positions for whichno gender preferenceswas stated, are mostlikely tobepreferred.Thetable alsoincludeshypotheticalcalcu- Table 35below liststhetop20occupations intheorderwhichwomen those occupations. more frequently, inlinewiththeratios ofwomen currentlyemployed in in thenumber ofwomen placedinvacantpositionsifwomen areselected gender preferenceisgenerallystated, asignificantincreasecanbeachieved of opportunity for women’s employment. In other occupations in which no erence isgenerallystated forthisoccupation, thiscanbeseenasawindow accounted for15.7%oftotalvacantpositionsin2014.Sincenogenderpref- cupations, textilefinishingworker didnotmadethelistin2013,whereasit weaving machineoperator andmanual worker (cleaning).Amongtheseoc- state nogenderpreferenceforvacantpositionsastextilefinishingworker, percentage forwhichwomen were preferred.Employers were mostlikely to occupation forwhichnopreferencewasstated wasstillhigherthanthe is “sewingmachineoperator”. However, thepercentageofpositionsinthis women. Theoccupation forwhichwomen were mostfrequentlypreferred This isanindication ofhigheroccupational diversity formencomparedto which nogenderpreferencewasstated accountedfor60.1%ofthetotal. 46.6%, with31.5%formen,and61.9%women. Vacant positionsfor In 2014,thetotalshareoftop20occupations invacantpositionswas

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE 35 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 36 in theemployment ofwomen. this minimum assumption, this would contribute toahigher rate ofincrease female employees. Of course, if women are selected more frequently than employed intheprofession.Thiswould morethandouble thedemandfor portion ofthosepoststhat isconsistentwiththeratio ofwomen currently with nopreferenceforthe poststheyhave available select women forapro- 1,913. Intheredistribution, theminimum assumption is that employers mand forwomen willincreaseto1,902,andthe demand formenwillriseto gender preferenceisredistributed amongmaleandfemaleworkers, thede- for menis727.Ifthenumber ofworkers requiredbyemployers withno is 833,andthenumber ofworkers requiredbyemployers withapreference the number ofworkers requiredbyemployers withapreferenceforwomen In thetop20occupations that have themostvacantpositionsforwomen, TO THEGENDERDISTRIBUTIONOFCURRENTEMPLOYEES EMPLOYEES WHENPOSITIONSFORWHICH NO GENDERPREFERENCEISSTATED AREFILLEDACCORDING MOST VACANT POSITIONSFORWHICHWOMEN AREPREFERREDANDPOTENTIAL DEMANDFOR TABLE 35:GENDERPREFERENCESFORVACANT POSITIONSINTHETOP 20OCCUPATIONS WITHTHE Top 20Total Quality controller Quality controller(textile) Garment manufacturing worker Wooden surfacelayer processor Retail salesstaff(food) Led illumination equipment assembler Cover stitcher Waiter overlock stitcher Overlock stitchmachineoperator/ Manual worker (cleaning) Cleaning staff Embroidery machineoperator/embroider Accountant Pre-accountant op. Winder spinningand doubling machine Weaving machineoperator/weaver Sales consultant Coil transferworker Manual worker Sewing machineoperator Occupations 833 9 5 38 10 40 10 6 29 31 30 35 74 15 44 80 48 330 Women 727 17 14 126 6 31 10 34 42 62 42 345 Men 2,254 93 57 46 74 74 48 77 50 116 72 43 62 50 346 100 5 532 406 ence prefer- No 1,902 36 37 38 43 46 50 57 59 60 61 66 67 71 72 74 76 82 84 168 654 female workers demand for Potential employees current genderdistributionof gender preferenceisstatedby vacant positionsforwhichno Based onredistributionof 1,913 83 39 0 3 28 24 0 185 0 67 66 7 31 47 42 346 104 1 756 83 male workers demand for Potential 3,814 119 76 38 46 74 74 57 243 60 128 132 74 103 119 116 422 186 85 925 736 Total 1000 1500 2000 2500 POSITIONS FIGURE 2:POTENTIAL DEMANDFOREMPLOYEES AFTERTHEREDISTRIBUTIONOF“NOPREFERENCE” ACCORDING TO THEGENDERDISTRIBUTIONOFCURRENTEMPLOYEES FOR EMPLOYEES WHENPOSITIONSFORWHICHNOGENDERPREFERENCE ISSTATED AREFILLED MOST VACANT POSITIONSFORWHICHNOGENDERPREFERENCEISSTATED ANDPOTENTIAL DEMAND TABLE 36:GENDERPREFERENCESFORVACANT POSITIONSINTHETOP 20OCCUPATIONS WITHTHE Top 20 Total Cover stitcher/Cover stitchmachineoperator Marketing Staff Spinner operator (Ring/Vater/Sharper) stitcher Overlock stitchmachineoperators/overlock Pre-accountant Sweeper Quality control(textiles) Accountant Cleaning staff Led illumination equipmentassembler Retail salesstaff(food) Waiter (mechanized) Other manufacturing andrelated Quality control Sales representative Manual worker (cleaning) Weaving machine operator/weaver Sewing machineoperator Manual worker (general) Textile finishingworker Occupations 500 0 No Preference 2254 gender preference. highest number ofvacantpositionsforwhichemployers have expressedno The samekindofcalculations canbeappliedtothe20occupations withthe 833 Women 1902 611 10 1 10 35 5 30 29 40 9 44 6 15 330 48 Women 937 32 34 49 14 10 31 126 47 17 42 6 62 345 123 Men 727 3,003 48 49 50 50 50 51 57 62 72 74 74 77 77 93 100 116 346 406 532 616 ence prefer- No Men 1913 1,688 58 11 32 60 71 12 37 71 67 50 46 58 14 36 82 61 77 654 168 24 employees for female demand Potential distribution ofemployees stated bycurrentgender no genderpreferenceis vacant positionsfor which Based onredistributionof 2,863 0 71 18 0 48 88 39 31 65 24 28 185 110 83 104 67 346 82 757 715 employees for male demand Potential Hypothetical Current 4,551 58 82 50 60 119 100 76 102 132 74 74 243 124 119 186 128 423 736 925 739 Total

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE 37 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 38 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 “NO PREFERENCE”POSITIONS FIGURE 3:POTENTIAL DEMANDFOREMPLOYEES BY GENDERAFTERTHEREDISTRIBUTIONOF Bursa İPA 2013,p.72, İPTA2014rawdata. TABLE 37:LEVELOFEDUCATION REQUIREDFORVACANT POSITIONS 3. QualificationsRequiredfor theVacant Positions ployment would behigher. frequently thanthisminimum assumption,theincreaseinwomen’s em- 250% inlabourdemandforwomen. Naturally, ifwomen areselectedmore ployed intheprofession.Thiswould resultinanincreaseofmorethan tion ofthosepoststhat isconsistentwiththeratio ofwomen currentlyem- no preferenceforthepoststheyhave available selectwomen forapropor- redistribution, theminimum assumptionisonceagainthat employers with employees reaches1,688andthedemandformaleemployees 2,863.Inthe was stated areredistributed amongmenandwomen, thedemandforfemale tions andmenfor937.Whenthepositionswhichnogenderpreference preference isstated, employers preferwomen for611ofthevacantposi- In the20occupations withthemostvacantpositionsforwhichnogender Level ofeducation No preference Apprenticeship education Lower thanhighschool Vocational highschool Regular highschool Vocational college(2years) 4-year college Postgraduate Total 500 0 3003 No Preference % 2013 34.6 - 25.4 16.8 11.9 3.5 7.7 0.1 100 Total 2014 4,177 168 3,633 1,093 1,071 375 564 18 11,170 611 Women 1688 % 37.4 1.5 32.5 9.8 9.6 3.4 5.0 0.2 100 Men 2,533 99 1,152 785 500 147 121 - 5,349 937 % 47.3 1.8 21.5 14.7 9.3 2.7 2.2 - 100 Men 2863 en Wom 570 18 322 101 111 31 60 - 1,263 - % 45.1 1.4 25.5 8.0 8.8 2.4 4.7 - 100 ence No prefer- 1,073 50 2,158 206 458 196 383 18 4,556 Hypothetical Current % 23.6 1.1 47.4 4.5 10.0 4.3 8.4 0.4 100 FIGURE 4:LEVELOFEDUCATION REQUIREDFORVACANT POSITIONS 9.8 9.6 3.4 32.5 5 neers, teachersandarchitects(BursaİPA 2013,p.72). occupations that requireat leastafour-year collegedegreesuchasengi- nance staffandlabtechnician.Naturally, collegegraduates arepreferredfor machine operator, qualitycontrol,welder, accountant, machinemainte- common for vacant positions in the occupations of technician, CNC milling Preferences forvocational highschoolortwo-year collegedegreesaremost vocational highschooldegreethanatwo-year vocational collegedegree. prefer technical/vocational highschoolgraduates. Morepositionsrequirea as CNCmillingmachineoperators andgasmetalarcwelders, employers occupational know-how thanaboutgeneraleducation. For vacantpositions This isduetothefactthat employers aregenerallymoreconcernedabout ucation required is either “primary school or lower” or “no preference”. main sourcesofvacantpositions, andfortheseoccupations thelevel ofed- sembly worker, manual worker (general)andcleaningstaffwere amongthe tions. In2013,theoccupations ofsewingmachine operator, furnitureas- This situation is closely related to the characteristics of the vacant posi- ifications. ent at 71%.MostvacantpositionsinBursadonotrequireeducational qual- positions forwhichnogenderpreferencewasstated, theratio islittlediffer- 68.8% forpostswhichmenarepreferred,and70.6%women. For education. The combined share of the two educational categories adds up to vacant positionsdeclaredtoİŞKURdidnotrequireanyspecificlevel of ing orlower isquitesignificant.Intotal, 69.9% -orseven outoften–the respectively. Thisincreaseindemandforemployees withprimaryschool- Both ofthesepercentagesincreasedin2014,reaching37.4%and32.5% these positionsthecandidates’ level ofeducation wasofnoimportance. education lower thanhighschoolwasenough.Inotherwords, for60%of candidates for 34.6% of the total vacant positions, and for 25.4% a level of In 2013, no preference was declared regarding the level of education of the 0.2 37.4 1.5 Graduate school 4-year college Vocational community college Regular highschool Vocational highschool Lower thanhighschool Apprenticeship education No preference

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE 39 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 40 men werecommunicationskillsandsalesmarketing skills. The requirementsthataremorecommonlyexpected ofwomenthan for whichmenwere preferred,with7%comparedtojust1%forwomen. requirement, but was significantly more likely to be required for positions ed, at 57.8%.Abilitytotravel, anotherrecent addition, wasnotacommon ratio ismuch higherforpositionswhichnogenderpreferencewasstat - preferred, andfor19.9%ofthosewhichwomen were preferred.This time in2014,andwasrequiredfor43%ofthepositionswhichmenwere work. Working overtime wasalsoadded tothequestionnairefor thefirst the mostcommonrequirement,followed byphysicalaptitudeandteam For positionsforwhichnogenderpreferencewasstated, work ethicswas place went to occupational know-how. The order is not effected by gender. category that wasincludedinthequestionnaireforfirst time. Third tude wasstillthemostcommonrequirement,followed bywork ethics, a tional know-how for74%,andteamwork for63%.In2014,physicalapti- able; physicalaptitudewasdemandedfor89%ofthejobsavailable, occupa- machine operators, theoccupation withthemostnumber ofpositionsavail- occupations that aretypicallylearnedon-the-job. For example, forsewing understandable that noformalschoolingrequirementswere declaredfor vacant positions were physical aptitude and occupational know-how. It is In 2013,thetwo qualifications mostcommonlyrequiredbyemployers for Bursa İPA 2013,p. 73,İPTA2014rawdata TABLE 38:SKILLSREQUIREDFORVACANT POSITIONS Physical aptitude Occupational know-how Team work Communication skills Calculation skills Problem solving Computer literacy Project basedworking skills Sales andmarketing skills Foreign language Working overtime Work ethics Ability totravel % 2013 75 72 68 45 32 31 21 15 7 4 - - - Total 2014 8,160 6,831 6,155 5,287 2,427 2,821 1,425 1,437 817 384 4,805 7,981 787 % 73.1 61.1 55.1 47.3 - 25.2 12.8 12.9 7.3 3.4 43.0 71.4 7.0 Men 4,105 3,183 2,519 1,884 1,148 1,652 556 893 282 84 1,919 3,398 501 % 76.7 59.5 47.1 35.2 21.5 30.9 10.4 16.7 5.3 1.6 35.9 63.5 9.4 en Wom 834 617 567 532 197 273 150 54 112 8 251 750 12 - % 66.0 48.8 44.9 42.1 15.6 21.6 11.9 4.3 8.9 0.6 19.9 59.4 1.0 ence No prefer- 3,220 3,029 3,067 2,870 1,082 896 717 489 422 291 2,633 3,831 274 % 70.1 66.5 67.3 63.0 23.7 19.7 15.7 10.7 9.3 6.4 57.8 84.1 6.0 Communications andexpression WERE MOSTCOMMONLY PREFERRED(%) FIGURE 5:SKILLSREQUIREDFORVACANT POSITIONSINTHE20OCCUPATIONS FORWHICHWOMEN WERE MOSTCOMMONLY PREFERRED(%) TABLE 39:SKILLSREQUIREDFORVACANT POSITIONSINTHE20OCCUPATIONS FORWHICHWOMEN IPTA, 2014rawdata Ability totravel Foreign language Project-based-work skills Sales andmarketing skills Computer literacy Calculation (analyticalskills) Problem solvingandindependent decisionmaking Ability towork overtime Communication skills Occupational know-how andexperience Team work Work ethics Physical aptitude independent decisionmaking Calculation (analyticalskills) Occuptaional know-how and Sales andmarketing skills Ability towork overtime Project-based work skills Problem solvingand Computer literacy Physical aptitude Foreign language Ability totravel Work ethics Team work experience skills

0% 1.2 3.0 10% 6.2 9.6 11.3 20% 19.1 20.2 30% 38 90 186 290 340 575 611 1,012 1,508 1,530 1,567 2,157 2,299 Number ofpreferences 33.5 40% 50% 50.0 50.7 51.9 60% 70% 1.2 3.0 6.2 9.6 11.3 19.1 20.2 33.5 50.0 50.7 51.9 71.4 76.2 % 71.4 80% 76.2

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE 41 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 42 aptitude (80.4%). of education were required,thequalification mostindemandwasphysical and computerliteracy(60.5%).For positionsforwhichnoparticularlevel after were occupational know-how (76.6%),communication skills(74.8%), graduates it is only 53.2%. For college graduates, the qualities most sought falls astheanticipated level ofeducation increases;forfour-year college (65.8%). Theproportionofpositionsforwhichphysical aptitudeisrequired (66.6%) wastheleadingrequirementaheadofoccupational know-how tion skills(69.8%).For graduates ofvocational highschools, work ethics (79.8%) andphysicalaptitude(73.9%)camefirst,followed bycommunica- (52.5%). Similarly, inthecaseofregularhighschoolgraduates, work ethics work (70.2%),abilitytowork overtime (59%),andcommunication skills (87.2%), physical aptitude (75.2%), occupational know-how (73.0%), team education, thequalitiesmostfrequentlydemandedwere work ethics el ofeducation. For jobsthat requireprimaryschoolingoralower level of Employers seemtoplacegreat importance onwork ethics, regardlessoflev- İPA 2014,p.58 TABLE 40:SKILLSREQUIREDFORVACANT POSITIONSBY LEVELOFEDUCATION 2014(%) express oneself. more componentsthat helpdevelop communication skillsandtheabilityto would therefore seem meaningful to include in vocational training courses work, and occupational know-how. Communication skills came fifth. It same asinalloccupations -namely, physicalaptitude, work ethics, team most commonlystated, thefourskillsmostcommonlyrequiredwere the In the20occupations forwhichapreferencefemaleemployees was Computer literacy Ability towork overtime Physical aptitude Calculation (analyticalskills) Communication skills Work ethics Project basedwork Sales andmarketing skills Ability totravel dent decisionmaking Problem solvingandindepen- Team work Foreign language experience Occupational know-how and 8.9 52.3 70.3 34.8 61.1 74.7 19.4 3.2 1.3 17.7 65.4 0.6 50.8

Apprentice 2.7 59.3 75.2 9.8 52.5 87.2 4.5 1.7 2.3 8.7 70.2 0.6 73.0 Below high school 34.0 34.5 73.9 44.4 69.8 79.8 22.0 29.6 10.8 24.7 64.6 3.9 52.0 Regular high school 16.7 43.1 57.1 28.5 43.8 66.6 20,0 6.7 13.8 25.3 47.6 2.8 65.8 Vocational high school 76.3 31.2 42.7 55.4 65.7 73.8 37.5 13.3 14.2 34.3 59.7 17.9 66.0 2-year vocational college 60.5 37.4 53.2 47.0 74.8 70.2 34.7 17.6 32.3 56.7 52.5 34.7 76.6 4-year college 81.5 27.7 81.5 81.5 100.0 100.0 81.5 81.5 81.5 81.5 72.3 44.5 90.8

Postgraduate 2.9 33.2 80.4 17.6 32.4 56.1 10.4 4.7 4.4 35.2 41.6 0.3 50.7 No preference 12.8 43.0 73.0 21.7 47.3 71.4 12.9 7.3 7.1 25.3 55.1 3.4 61.2

Total Bursa İPA 2014p.60 TABLE 41:METHODSOFFILLINGVACANT POSITIONS(%) Private employmentagencies Websites İŞKUR Newspaper advertisements Relatives andfriends vate employmentagenciesareless likely at 5.5%. 59.5%. Websites arealsoslightlymorelikely tobeused(27.6%),whilepri- also usedmorethantheaverage fortheseoccupations: 61.2%comparedto with 74%,comparedto65.7%forallvacantpositions. However, İŞKURis tions for which women are in the highest demand is relatives and friends, The mostcommonchannelforfillingvacantpositionsinthe20occupa- high as80.5%. Among enterprisesbenefitingfromİŞKURservices, thisproportionwasas who usedİŞKURasawayoffindingsuitable employees was66.9%in2014. face-to-face interviews. Theproportionofenterprisesreceivingincentives tives packagesprovided underLaw No. 6111,andtoworkplace visitsand developed with employers in recent years, to the employment and incen- positions. Thischangeisattributable tothedialogwhichagencyhas 59.5%, makingİŞKURthesecondmostpopularchannelforfillingvacant employees withthehelpofİŞKUR.Thisproportionrosefrom35.4%to occurred between 2013and2014intheproportionofemployers finding 2014, alsomadeuseofnewspaperadvertisements. Asignificantincrease tions thoughrelatives orfriends. Halfofthemin2013,andnearlyhalf More thanhalfoftheemployers surveyed saidthat theyfilledvacantposi- 21 BursaİPA 2014,p.75. 20 BursaİPA 2014,pp.60,62. in importance, withasmallershareforİŞKUR. a collegedegreeorhigherprivate employmentagenciesandwebsites gained were themostcommonwaysofrecruiting,whereasfor positionsrequiring cation jobs, relatives and family, İŞKUR, and newspaperadvertisements private employmentagenciesin10%,andwebsites in6%.For low-qualifi- used in54%ofthecases, newspapersin49%,relatives andfriendsin33%, 47%, andwebsites with20%.Inthecaseofmanual workers İŞKURwas and friendswith62%,İŞKUR58%,newspaperadvertisements with occupation withthehighestnumber ofavailable positions, were relatives The mostcommonchannelsusedforfindingsewingmachineoperators, the 20

7.7 19.8 35.4 52.3 55.8 2013 6.3 24.9 59.5 46.0 65.7 2014 21

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE 43 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 44 82 (60.5%)declaredfacingproblems inthisregard. sector is“humanhealthandsocialservices”.Outof136firmsinthissector, in recruitmentishighestrelative tothetotalnumber ofenterprisesinthe 23 BursaİPA 2014,p.68. 22 BursaİPA 2014,p.66. for alloccupations regardless ofqualifications. difficulty ofrecruitmentmaybeanindication of poorworking conditions are requiredcomesthirdamongthemainoccupational groupsintermsof ers. Ontheother hand,thefactthat occupations forwhichnoqualifications eral), weaving machineoperators/weavers, and furnitureupholsterywork- sewing machine operators, textile finishing workers, manual workers (gen- education orqualifications, andforwhichtrainingisinexpensive, suchas likely tobehardfillareoccupations whichdonotrequireahighlevel of Among the20individualoccupations forwhichvacantpositionsaremost ployment. occupational groups are also the ones with the highest shares in total em- plant andmachineryoperators andassemblers insecondplace. Thesetwo the category inwhichemployees aremostlikely tobeinshortsupply, with Among themainoccupational groups, artisansandrelated occupations is Bursa İPA 2014,p.67 TABLE 42:MAINOCCUPATION GROUPSINSHORTSUPPLY 2014 to 2014. and retailtrade, andthenconstruction.Theorderdidnotchangefrom2013 with their shares in employment – manufacturing, followed by wholesale The sectorsfacingthehighestlevel ofdifficultyinrecruitmentare–line ber ofhard-to-fillpositionswasputat 15,324. even thoughsomeofthepositionshave sincebeenfilled.In2013,thenum- indication ofthehighlevel ofdifficultyinfindingemployees inthepast, number ofvacantpositionsreported inthesameyear was11,171,thisisan Bursa in2014,14,429positionswere reported tobehardfill.Sincethe While 339,119peoplewere working inthe8,441workplaces surveyed in 4. OccupationsinShortSupply Office servicesstaff Service andsalesstaff Occupations with noqualifications required Qualified agriculture, forestry, and aquacultureworkers Professionals Artisans andrelated occupations Technicians andassistantprofessionals Plant andmachineryoperators andassemblers Administrators Total 22 The sector in which the number of enterprises having difficulties 23 Employees Number of 372 1,141 1,184 25 869 5,144 977 4,692 25 14,429 % 2.6 7.9 8.2 0.2 6.0 35.6 6.8 32.5 0.2 100.0 positions of vacant Number 428 876 1,576 390 590 2,848 548 3,838 76 11,171 % 3.8 7.8 14.1 3.5 5.3 25.5 4.9 34.4 0.7 100.0 FIGURE 6:REASONSFORDIFFICULTIES INFILLINGPOSITIONS No applicantswiththerequired No applicantswiththerequired Bursa IPA 2013,s.80, İPTA2014rawdata TABLE 43:REASONSFORDIFFICULTIES INFILLINGPOSITIONS Total Length ofworking hours Difficulties incommuting Working inshifts Low wages Dislike forworking conditionsandenvironment No applicantswiththerequiredexperience No applicantswiththerequiredknow-how orskills No applications Reasons Dislike forworking conditions Difficulties incommuting Length ofworking hours know-how andskills and environment Working inshifts No applications Low wages experience 2014. “working inshifts”,thelastofwhichwasadded tothequestionnairein were “low wages”, “dislike for working conditions and environment” and the requiredexperience”and“noapplications”. Othersignificantfactors of applicantswiththerequiredknow-how orskills”,“noapplicantswith The threemainreasonsgiven fordifficultiesinrecruitmentwere “shortage 0% 5.3 10% 6.2 13.9 14.8 20% 19.5 30% 40% - - - - 19.4 18.5 62.0 69.5 55.0 2013 (%) 50% 49.5 14,428 771 888 2,132 2,814 2,010 9,413 10,689 7,147 2014 60% 70% 65.2 - 5.3 6.2 14.8 19.5 13.9 65.2 74.1 49.5 % 74.1 80%

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE 45 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 46 Bursa IPTA2014rawdata WOMEN AREEMPLOYED TABLE 44:REASONSOFHAVING DIFFICULTIES INFILLINGPOSITIONS20OCCUPATIONS WHERE Sewing machineoperator Occupations Manual worker (general) Coil transferworker Sales representative Weaving machineoperator/weaver Winder spinninganddoubling machineop. Pre-accountant Accountant Embroidery machineworker Cleaning staff Manual worker (cleaning) Overlock stitchmachineoperator Waiter Cover stitchmachineoperator Led illumination systems assembler Retail salesstaff(food) Wooden surfaceprocessor Garment manufacturing worker Quality controller(textiles) Quality controller Top 20occupations -Total 79.6 79.6 0.0 23.0 69.7 0.0 36.1 17.9 44.4 86.8 4.8 100.0 35.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 79.4 100.0 64.5 66.3 No applications 67.1 73.7 40.0 94.6 89.0 100.0 83.4 74.5 100.0 37.5 21.7 100.0 88.4 100.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.5 76.2 No applicants with the required know- how or skills 58.6 68.6 40.0 72.3 90.8 0.0 61.9 71.8 100.0 88.3 95.2 100.0 73.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 79.4 100.0 11.3 69.8 No applicants with the required experience 29.1 17.5 0.0 19.7 7.9 0.0 6.9 15.5 0.0 27.0 0.0 100.0 26.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.1 Dislike for working conditions and environment 14.0 19.7 60.0 27.2 15.7 0.0 13.4 9.0 0.0 89.5 87.6 0.0 13.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 79.4 56.2 0.0 19.4 Low wages 3.0 59.1 40.0 0.0 61.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 44.4 29.3 0.0 0.0 16.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.6 Working in shifts 0.5 9.6 0.0 0.0 5.6 0.0 0.0 4.8 0.0 4.7 0.0 0.0 6.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 43.8 0.0 3.7 Difficulty in commut- ing 9.4 4.6 0.0 25.6 0.0 0.0 11.9 7.8 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 21.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.3 Length of working hours FEMALE EMPLOYEES (%) FIGURE 7:REASONSFORDIFFICULTIES INFILLINGPOSITIONSOCCUPATIONS WITHHIGHRATIOS OF No applicantswiththerequired No applicantswiththerequired Dislike forworking conditions Difficulties incommuting Length ofworking hours know-how orskills Working inshifts No applications Low wages experience whole”. need forvocational education, bothinBursaProvince andinTurkey asa and proportionalweight pointsonceagaintotheimportance ofandthe and ‘noapplicantswiththerequiredexperience’have thehighestnumerical that ‘noapplications’, ‘noapplicantswiththerequiredknow-how andskills’ According totheLabourMarket DemandSurvey (İPTA) 2014,“(t)hefact tatives “lengthofworking hours”isaproblem. shifts” causesdifficultiesforweavers whileforwaitersandsalesrepresen- tions andenvironment” and“low wages”areimportantfactors. “Working in rity andmarketing staffpositions, forexample,“dislike forworking condi- rates, thereasonsareusuallylinked toworking conditions. For bothsecu- or experience. However, inthecaseofoccupations withhighapplication sons are, onceagain,“noapplications” andthelackofknow-how, skillsand/ machine operators, weavers andmanual workers themostprominentrea- in occupations witharelatively highfemalepresenceshows that forsewing An examination ofthereasonsfordifficultiesinfindingsuitable employees 24 BursaİPA 2014,p.76 0% 24 3.7

10% 7.3 20% 18.1 19.4 24.6 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 66.3 69.8 80% 76.2

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE 47 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 48 TABLE 45:PREDICTIONSOFCHANGEINEMPLOYMENT BY MAINOCCUPATIONAL GROUPS is 339,119.Accordingly, thenetchangeinemploymentworks outat 4.7%. net numerical decrease of 1,951 people. The total number of people working expected tobe16,043withanetnumerical increaseof17,993peopleanda which isinaccordancewiththeirsharestotalemployment. cupations withnoqualifications required,andservicessalesstaff, machinery operators andassemblers, artisans and related occupations, oc- groups. Theanticipated increaseishighestin thecategories ofplantand An increaseinemploymentisexpectedforallthemainoccupational Bursa İPA 2014,p.79, andİPTA2014rawdata As ofJune 30 Employment inVarious Occupations 5. FutureTrends inEmployment/PredictionsofFutureLevels Bursa, asofJune 30 growth prevailinworkplaces bothinBursaandTurkey asawhole. In Bursa, thecorrespondingrates were 26.3%and3.9%.Expectations of in employmentwhile4.2%reported anetdecrease. For theprovince of BURSA Administrators blers Plant andmachineryoperators andassem- Technicians andassistantprofessionals Artisans andrelated occupations Professionals ture workers Qualified agriculture, forestry, and aquacul- Occupations with noqualifications required Services andsalesstaff Office servicesstaff Occupational group th 2015,21.4%ofenterprisesinTurkey reported anetincrease th 2015,thenetnumerical increaseinemploymentwas 17,993 44 4,885 911 4,389 941 13 4,439 2,014 355 increase numerical Net 1,951 11 253 86 294 187 883 178 55 decrease numerical Net 16,043 33 4,632 824 4,095 754 14 3,556 1.836 299 employment Net changein 4.7 0.4 5.0 3.1 5.2 2.9 2.0 6.7 6.5 1.1 % employment Net changein 2014/2015 TABLE 46:20OCCUPATIONS WITHTHEHIGHESTEXPECTEDINCREASE/DECREASEINEMPLOYMENT, Bursa İPA 2014,p.82 June 30 Expected netincrease Marketing staff (textiles) Digital printoperator operator-fabric Sewing machine Electrician (general) Furniture upholsterer operator Hydrolic press Furniture assembler operator CNC millingmachine (machine) Electric arcwelder operator compression machine Eccentric (unarmed) Security staff Driver, transporter (construction) Manual worker finisher Wood joinerand Gas metalarcwelder worker Metal assembly Storage porter (general) Manual worker operator Sewing machine Cleaning staff th , 2014 June 30 Ferroconcrete ironsmith Driver-carrier operator doubling machine Winder spinningand Marketing staff Gas metalarcwelder Waiter Furniture upholster Coil transferworker (building construction) Manual worker Furniture assembler Sales consultant Retail salesstaff(food) (cleaning) Manual worker operator/weaver Weaving machine Textile finishingworker Security staff Cleaning staff operator Sewing machine (construction) Manual worker (general) Manual worker 25 BursaİPA 2014,p.81 tion andadministrative/support servicessectors. magnitude andhighnumber ofemployees inthemanufacturing, construc- er, cleaning staff, weaver etc. In the report, this situation is explained by the simultaneously infuture employmentinoccupations suchasmanual work- According tothetable above, bothanincreaseandadecreaseareexpected th , 2015 June 30 Expected netdecrease teacher High schoolphilosophygroup Masseur Other constructionpainter Yarn technician Milling machineoperator Paramedic (manufacturing) Production manager Door assembler Driving instructor Mason Fruit andvegetable cleaner molder (machine) Construction equipment sharper) Spinner operator (ring/vater/ Iron joiner Embroider (machine) Montager (editting) Shoemaker (upper) molder (manual) Construction equipment Steel fixer stewardess/bus andtrain) Travel servicestaff(steward/ th , 2014 25 June 30 molder (machine) Construction equipment Patient carestaff technician Construction technology winders Other yarnworkers and Auto mechanic technician Security systems Falseworker (wood) Butcher Office clerk(general) Warping operator operator/weaver Weaving machine Manual worker (general) Furniture upholsterer Waiter teacher Other specialeducation painter Other construction Teaching assistant Sales consultant (construction) Manual worker Manual worker (cleaning) th , 2015

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE 49 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 50 Bursa IPTA2014rawdata TABLE 47:NETCHANGEINEMPLOYMENT INTHETOP 20OCCUPATIONS BY GENDERPREFERENCE Women operator Sewing machine Coil transferworker operator doubling machine Winder spinningand (general) Manual worker Sales consultant Waiter manufacturing worker Garment Pre-accountant operator Embroidery machine Accountant Cleaning staff Secretary Welder processor Furniture surface Packager (manual) Quality control(fabric) Ornate twister Pre-school teacher Beverage server Cashier total Top 20occupations ment employ- change in Net 841 262 190 1,015 286 206 38 34 123 80 818 28 39 14 82 - 12 20 13 22 4,124 Men (general) Manual worker Furniture upholsterer Gas metalarcwelder Furniture assembler Waiter Textile finishingworker Plastic injectionworker (spray) Furniture varnisher operator CNCmillingmachine manufacture worker Plastic products (manual) equipment molder Construction operator Weaving machine Galvanizor (dipping) workers (manual) Other manufacturing Shipping staff Forklift driver electric) Welder (oxygenand operator (textiles) Stenter machine Falsework builder Driver-transporter ment employ- change in Net 1,015 217 199 363 206 677 85 124 100 36 108 542 - 20 113 21 39 111 51 146 4,172 No preference worker Textile finishing (general) Manual worker operator Sewing machine operator Weaving machine (cleaning) Manual worker Sales consultant Quality controller Other Waiter equipment assembler Led illumination Retail salesstaff(food) Cleaning staff Accountant (textile) Quality controller Sweeper Pre-accountant machine operator Overlock stitch (ring/vater/sharper) Spinneroperator Marketing staff operator Cover stitchmachine ment employ- change in Net 677 1,015 841 542 -32 286 128 114 206 120 372 818 80 5 20 34 18 142 197 10 5,593 more. pared to theexpected increase of 4.7% inenterprises with staffs of ten or occur. Inallsectors, anincreaseof15% wasexpectedinemployment,com- line withtheoccupations inwhich thehighestnumber ofvacantpositions ture manufacturer; weaver, andgasmetalarcwelder, inthat order. Thisisin sterer; electrician;furniturevarnishingworker; furnitureassembler; furni- prises were :sewing machine operator; sales staff; waiter; furnitureuphol- The occupations forwhichitwashardesttofillvacanciesinsmallenter- ly foroccupations requiringahigherlevel ofskillsandqualifications. welder andwaiter. However, vacantpositions insmallenterprisesaremost- sewing machineoperator, salesstaff,furnitureupholsterer, gas metalarc are alsointhetoptenlistforlargerenterprises–namelymanual worker, tant, andgasmetalarcwelder, inthat order. Sixoutofthesetenoccupations er; manual worker; furnituremanufacturer; “furnitureupholsterer; accoun- machine operator; waiter; salesstaff;electrician;furniturevarnishingwork- The tenoccupations inwhichthemostjobswere available were: sewing which is higher than the 3.2% ratio for firms with ten or more employees. vacant positions in 2014.Thevacantposition ratio worked outat 7.4%, Of thesmall-scaleenterpriseswith2-9workers, 4,967 hadatotalof11,568 found tobemorequalified. workers washigher, at 15.9%.Thoseworking insmall-scaleenterprisesare qualifications, thecorrespondingratio forenterpriseswithtenormore workers insmallenterpriseswith2-9employees heldjobsrequiringno Another interestingfindingwasthat whileonly10%ofthetotalnumber of were working injobsrequiringnoqualifications bycomparisonwithmen. vices and salesstaff. According to the survey, a higher proportion of women related occupations, plantandmachineoperators andassemblers, andser- these enterprisesbelongedtotheoccupational categories ofartisansand vices staff,andservicessalesstaff. Thehighestnumbers ofmenin Most ofthewomen were working as professionals, followed byofficeser- ten ormorepeople. men, whichissimilartothegenderdistribution inenterprisesemploying the othermajorsectors. 27%oftheemployees were women, and73%were age, professional,scientificandtechnicalactivitiesconstructionwere and retailtrade22%were inmanufacturing. Transportation andstor- In termsofsectorialdistribution, 35%oftheenterpriseswere inwholesale data for37,629enterpriseswasacquiredbygeneralizingthedata collected. women’s employmentinparticular. 5,210workplaces were visited,and light onthepotential of suchworkplaces for employmentingeneral, and Demand Survey (İPTA) conductedinBursa2014.Theaimwastoshed Enterprises with 2-9 workers were also included in the Labour market 6. Findings ofSmall-ScaleWorkplaces Survey 26 BursaİPTA2014, p.111-112 26

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE 51 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 52 for employees withhigher education. lower increasedto70%.Special effortsneedtobemade toincreasedemand educated stafforwere seekingpersonswithonlyaprimary schoolingor tion ofemployers withvacantpositionswhoeitherstated nopreferencefor year hadalevel ofeducation lower thanhighschool.In2014,thepropor - Consequently, 65%ofthewomen placedinvacantpositions inthesame er, orhadnopreferenceregardingthelevel ofeducation ofjobapplicants. tions were either looking for persons with only a primary education or low- quired forvacant positions. In 2013, 60% ofemployers withvacant posi- in jobs. The source of the problem here is the low level of education re- However, women withcollegedegreesmake uponly14.7%ofthoseplaced - seven pointshigherthanthecorresponding ratio of16.1%formen. The ratio of college graduates among female applicants to İŞKUR is 23.4% ments. to bereflectedinacorrespondingincreasewomen’s shareinjobplace- The increasedinteractionbetween İŞKURandwomen inBursastillneeds are successfullyplacedinajob, whichisvery closetothenational average. in theprovince. However, women stillonlyaccountfor30.5%ofthosewho age. The services provided by the agency are in high demand among women reaching 45.9%in2013,whichisquitehighcomparedtothenational aver- women inthetotalnumber ofapplicantstotheagencyhassoaredrapidly, has beenwell above thenational average inmanyrespects. Theshareof employers andsuccessfuljobplacements. TheperformanceofBursaİŞKUR applications made, vacant positions received, presentations of candidates to the province andat thenational level. Thisisevidentfromthefiguresfor Between 2010and2013,theactivitiesofİŞKURincreased notably, bothin verely. Long-termunemploymentis alsoamorecriticalproblem forwomen. affects younger women andthosewithhigherlevels ofeducation mostse- clined whereasthenumber ofunemployed women increased.Unemployment Between 2010and2013,thenumber ofunemployed menintheregionde- still significantlyhigherthanmen’s, asitisinthecountryawhole. lower thanthenational average, women’s unemploymentintheregionis Although theunemploymentrate intheTR41regionthat includesBursais corresponding ratios formenarelower. en working inservices are notregistered in thesocialsecuritysystem. The problem. Onequarterofwomen working inindustry, andonefifthofwom- the socialsecuritysystem.Nevertheless, informallabourremainsaserious years intermsofpreventing informallabourandbroadeningthecoverage of employed inthesamesector. Great progresshasbeenmadeinthelastthree the servicessectorhave significantlyhigherlevels ofeducation thanmen ployees have onlyaprimaryschooleducation orlower, women employed in and thesecondhighestshareforwomen. Whilemorethanhalfofallem- in theeconomyandaccountsforhighestshareofemploymentmen, the greatest shareintotalemployment,but industryhassignificantweight a dynamiceconomyinwhichallsectorsareactive. Theservicessectorhas The province ofBursahasahighlevel ofsocio-economicdevelopment and way astoincreaseemploymentamongwomen. vacant positionsmentionedintheLabourMarket DemandSurvey insucha bour soastoprovide women withdecentemployment,andforfillingthe proposals have been developed for increasing the demand for women’s la- situations ofmenandwomen. Inthelightofthisassessment,anumber of activities of İŞKURintheprovince, andmadedetailed comparisons ofthe This studyhasexaminedthelabourmarket characteristicsofBursaandthe CONCLUSIONS ANDPROPOSALS the recentincentive programsencouragingtheemployment ofwomen. same time, furtherinformation shouldbeprovided toemployers regarding for vacantpositionstoemployers whohave nogenderpreference. Atthe it would bebeneficialtogofurtherbypresentingmore woman candidates workers willincreasebyafactorofmorethantwo-and-a-half. Undoubtedly en currentlyworking in that particularoccupation, thedemandforfemale suaded toemploywomen inaproportionthat isequaltothe share ofwom- of vacantpositions, ifthe employers who declarednopreferenceareper- Calculations reveal that, forthetop20occupations withthehighestnumber or menarevalidcandidates foranimprovement infemaleemployment. tions in which most employers do not state a preference for either women tors whicharesegregated onthe basisofgender, thesectorsandoccupa - while itisvery difficulttoalterpreferences inthoseoccupations andsec- have nospecificgenderpreference(40.3%).Thissituation indicates that occupational groupsandsectors. However, alargeproportionofemployers women aremuch lesscommon(11.3%)thanformen(47.9%)inthemain preferences ofemployers forvacantpositionsreveal that preferencesfor The questionsrecentlyadded tothequestionnaire concerning thegender secretaries andofficeclerksmaybebeneficial. fulfil employers’ specificrequirementsforaccountants, salesconsultants, with atwo-year orfour-year collegeeducation, educational programsthat in demandtheservicessector. Consideringthehighproportionofwomen At thesametime, trainingprogramsarealsoneededforoccupations that are audience herewould bewomen withonlyaprimaryschooleducation. could beorganized,possibly withguaranteesofemployment.Thetarget and experiencerather thanformaleducation, soskillsacquisitioncourses tions, employers tend to attach more importance to occupational know-how chine operator, coiltransferworker orqualitycontroller).Intheseoccupa- pations related totextilesandgarmentmanufacturing (suchassewingma- positions, itwould seemappropriate toconducttrainingactivitiesforoccu- ufacturing, as well asthelargeshare ofmanufacturing industry invacant particular -fromthepointofviewwomen -oftextilesandgarmentman In viewoftheimportancemanufacturing industryintheprovince, andin erator, packager(manual), andsecretary, inthat order. worker (cleaning),officeclerk(general),dairyworker, weaving machineop- chine operator, cleaning staff,accountant, manual worker (general), manual related occupations. The toptenoccupations forwomen aresewingma- occupations forwhichnoqualifications arerequiredandthenartisans are headedbyoccupations related tomanufacturing industry, followed by According to theoutcomes of the İPTA surveys for 2013-1 cation coursesandon-the-jobtrainingprogramsintheprovince. to befoundofensuringtheparticipation ofmorewomen invocational edu- courses nationally, but thispercentagewasonly40.2%inBursa.Ways need Similarly, women made up 53.9% of those attending vocational education market programsinBursa,whereasnationally women accountedfor51.4%. done. In2013,women madeup40.7%ofallapplicantsforactive labour a successstoryfromwomen’s pointofview. However, morestillneedstobe creased effortsoftheagencyonbehalfwomen andmaybeinterpretedas as thenumber ofmenincreasedby400%.Thisisanexpressionthein- dates presentedtoemployers increasedby800%inthesameperiod,where- gender differential is due to the fact that the number of female job candi- times between 2010and2013-fourfoldforwomen, threefoldformen.The Meanwhile, thenumber ofpeoplesuccessfullyplacedinajobincreased 3.8 2014-1 st Period, theoccupations inwhichwomen’s employmentishighest st Period and

ANALYSIS OF BURSA LABOR MARKET FROM A GENDER EQUALITY PERSPECTIVE 53 MORE AND BETTER JOBS FOR WOMEN: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH DECENT WORK IN TURKEY 54 much morefromthe servicesprovided byİŞKUR. scious effort is madetoconductactivities to ensurethat women benefit women face. Under current conditions, it is of great importance that a con- upward trend of recent years, and the high rate of unemployment which ity, given thevery low rate ofparticipation amongwomen, inspiteofthe The labour market in Turkey has a long way to go in terms of gender equal- ment. İŞKURservicesshouldbemademoreaccessible tosuchenterprises. potential ofsmallenterprises, relative tolargerfirms, forincreasing employ- to employmorewomen. Itisalsoworth keeping inmindthesignificant with noparticular gender preference for thevacantpositionsintheir firms increase, aspecialeffortshouldbemadeinordertoencourageemployers one year. Inordertoensurethat unemployed women benefit morefromthis true, thenumber ofvacantpositionsinBursawould increaseby43.6%in creases in employment for the upcoming year. If these expectations held Employers interviewed in2014declaredthat theyexpectedsignificant in- characterize suchpositions. more likely tobeduethepoorworking conditionsandlow wagesthat tions areneeded,suchascleaningstafformanual workers incleaning,are comings. However, difficultiesinfillingpositionsforwhichnoqualifica- presented to employers and the training required to overcome these short- in selectedenterprisestodeterminethespecificshortcomingofcandidates easy tosolve throughvocational training. Pilotresearchcouldbeconducted the requiredknow-how orexperiencesuggeststhat theproblem maybe operators andweavers, canbedifficulttofillduealackofapplicantswith acterized byahighlevel offemaleemployment,suchassewingmachine fore critical in closing this gap. The fact that positions in occupations char- skills requiredfortheseoccupations. İŞKUR’strainingprogramsarethere- in findingsuitable employees isalackofapplicantswiththeknow-how and weavers andfurnitureupholsterers. Themainreasongiven fordifficulties ing machineoperators, textilefinishingworkers, manual workers (general), qualifications, andwhereoccupational trainingcosts arelow, suchassew- these occupations, therearesomewhichrequirelittleformaleducation and with thestructureofemploymentinprovince. Amongthetop20of are mostly to befoundinmanufacturing industry, whichisinaccordance able employee. Occupations forwhichsuitable employees arehardtofind a positioniscurrentlyfilled,therehave beendifficultiesinfindingasuit- passes thenumber ofvacantpositions. Thismayindicate that even though The study shows that the number of positions that aredifficult to fillsur- lished bytheOfficeofPrimeMinisteronMay25 Employment ofWomen andforEqualOpportunityinEmploymentpub- ucation programs, asrequiredbytheMemorandum forIncreasing components related to women’s basic human rights in vocational adult ed- derlined hereistheneedtoinformwomen abouttheirrightsandtoinclude communications skillsandabilitytoexpressthemselves. Apointtobeun- clude in vocational training courses components that increase participants’ communication skillscomenext.Itwould thereforebemeaningfultoin- aptitude, work ethics, teamwork, andoccupational know-how. For women, sitions forwhichwomen arespecificallypreferredthesame:physical Most oftherequirementsforvacantpositionsingeneralandpo- th , 2010. NOTES