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Seeds of Woody Plants

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Seeds of Woody Plants ARNOLDIA A continuation of the BULLETIN OF POPULAR INFORMATION of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University VOLUME 133 SEPTEMBER 11, 19533 NuMSERS 7-9 SEEDS OF WOODY PLANTS Collecting - Cleaning - Shipping - Longevity studies of seeds of plants, their collection, care and requirements for THEgermination, has been an intriguing one over the years. Much work has been done, mostly with the seeds of cereals, annuals and trees used for reforestation. Text books on forestry have much detailed information concerning forest tree seeds, but the seeds of many woody ornamental plants have not been studied as thoroughly as many a commercial grower would wish. This bulletin has to deal with such seeds, primarily with suggestions for their collection, care in storage, and shipping before they are sown. This information is taken from many sources. not the least of which are the first hand experiences here at the Arnold Arbore- tum where the propagators have been sowing such seeds for over 75 years. The best reference on the subject with an excellent bibliography, is "Woody Plant Seed Manual" written by the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (Misc. Pub. No. 654, issued June 1948). Collecting Seeds should not be collected until they are ripe, for in many cases, seed col- lected prematurely may not germinate. Any collector who has had experience in this field knows that there are various methods of determining the ripeness of the fruit - the shrivelling of the pod or the cord connecting the seed to the pod in the legumes, the color or softness of the pulp of the fruit of Malus, Viburnum and Cotoneaster, and close examination of the cones of coniferous trees sometimes even tested by determining the specific gravity of the unopened cones. Seeds should be collected wherever possible from pure stands. There are many groups of plants which cross pollinate easily, and when seed is collected from arboretums or other closely planted collections of many species, there is ample opportunity for hybridization. This is also true in nature, so that in order to in- sure good seed, collect it either in pure stands or from isolated specimens. 41 One very important fact to keep in mind is that the seed of many a variety, botanical as well as horticultural, may not come true to name." There are some cases admittedly, in which the variety will yield a surprising percentage of the seedlings true to name. Such is the case with Quercus robur fnstigiata. But the rule is, that in most cases, the seed of the variety yields seedlings similar to the species. The actual date seed ripens in one locality may vary from year to year in the same way and for the same reasons as do the blooming dates of plants and the autumn color. Often one makes a special effort to collect seed of a certain plant only to find on coming to the plant that all the seed has fallen on the ground or been eaten by the birds and rodents, or been partially destroyed by weevils. The seeds of witchhazels, in particular, must be collected before the capsules open, for at that time they are actually thrown considerable distances by the explosive opening of the capsule. Certain plants like Chionanthus virginicus, with fleshy fruits, may appear ripe one day and be gone the next, merely because a flock of birds have taken them all from the plant in a few hours time. This has happened with this plant on several occasions in the Arboretum. There are many plants which retain their fruits for a long time in the fall, and far into the winter, the fruits of which may be collected over a long period. Many of the seeds collected on the dates in the following list will have to be cleaned and dried, preferably in the greenhouse. Then there is an after-ripening period or a period of dormancy for many seeds so that it is frequently months from the time the seed is collected until it is ready for planting. However, when seed is to be obtained for special purposes, it is best to collect it as soon as it is ripe, instead of waiting too long and taking the chance of it disappearing. The follow- ing list of dates on which seed collections have been made in the Arboretum can be considerably more flexible than the single date entry would lead one to believe. All these dates should be coordinated with the fruit ripening dates in the locality where the list is to be used, and collecting dates for many more can be inserted as they become known. Seed Collection Dates-Chronologically May5 Ulmus americana L,’lmus pumila . Mav 1.~37 Populus tremuloides Salix sp. May 30 Acer rubrum Lonicera fragrantissima Acer saccharinum Lonicera standishi June5 Elaeagnus multiflora Prunus apetala June 15 , Daphne mezereum Populus alba Lonicera coerulea Prunus canescens 42 X U O bC ·. C vi aa d~.. ..c ",000 y . F.C U O L bo ,.o.° cx ~v C~ ~, r ..= v S... ro ? uS= -£~0 .c ~. L y.‘~ w o .a ... ~ .~S a~QJm c ..--~o ~ . ... =_a -..... ~ = c ~ a ~~ m .., .. E· . _....-c. ","’" ~ u o"C cC a~ U Y ,_.. V 1~ ac £... oFn UQ0 o a: .. .‘~ ;;’" I-~’~ a:=E C 0 ~/ ~ I~YH1 W ~’" .0( E! := ~ E L,l) June 20 Amelanchier oblongifolia Prunus subhirtella Cornus alba Prunus tomentosa 1’runus sargenti Viburnum fragrans June 30 Lonicera morrowi Prunus cerasus July 5 Amelanchier spicata Lonicera muendeniensis Cornus stolonifera Lonicera notha Lonicera altmanni Lonicera tatarica Lonicera bella Lonicera xy losteum Lonicera chrysantha Mahonia aquifolium Lonicera maximowiczi Nemopanthus mucronatus Julv 10 Jforus sp. Rosa spinosissima Rosa agrestis Vaccinium vitis-idaea Rosa hugonis Viburnum tomentosum Rosa roxburQhi July 30 Amelanchier amabilis Rosa ecae Amelanchier sanguinea Vaccinium corymbosum Populus maximowiczi August5 Ilex geniculata Rhamnus frangula Lonicera alpigena Rhus typhina Prinsepia sp. Ribes odoratum Prunus japonica Rosa amblyotis Prunus glandulosa Rosa harisoni Prunus maritima Rosa primula August 1557 Acer ginnala Cytisus purpureus Cedrus libani Gaylussacia sp. Ceanothus pallidus roseus Lonicera webbiana Cornus racemosa Ostryavirginiana Crataegus arnoldiada Shepherdia argentea ’ Cytisus nigricans Viburnum sieboldi August 20 Berberis laxiflora Kolkwitzia amabilis Betula papyrifera Prunus cerasifera Carpinus sp. Spiraea veitchi Cornus bailevi Viburnum alnifolium Ehretia thyrsiflora Viburnum lantana August 30 Berberis fendleri Cornus kousa Berberis heteropoda Cotinus coggygria Caragana maaimowicziana Cotoneaster racemiflora Cornus mas Laburnum sp. 44 Lonicera demissa Rosa macouni Lonicera orientalis Rosa pendulina Lonicera tangutica Sambucus canadensis Rosa carolina Syringa amurensis Rosa davurica Viburnum trilobum September:i Acer negundo Potentilla fruticosa Berberis vernae Rhus copallina Cladrastis sp. Rosa rugosa Cornus asperifolia Rosa reversa Cornus glabrata Zanthoxylum americanum Crataegus punctata September 15 Acer griseum Lindera benzoin Acer pensylvanicum Lonicera subsessilis Aesculus sp. Paeonia suffruticosa Akebia quinata Philadelphus virginalis Aronia melanocarpa Rosa acicularis Betula lutea Rosa alba Betula lenta Rosa blanda Betula populifolia Rosa coriifolia Betula pendula Rosa rubrifolia . Chionanthus sp. Rosa willmottiae Clethra alnifolia Rosa woodsi Cyrilla racemiflora Sassafras sp. Deutzia sp. Schisandra chinensis Evodia danielli Viburnum wrighti September 20 Acer platanoides Cotoneaster rosea Acer saccharum Cotoneaster tenuipes Aralia spinosa Fagus sp. Berberis henryana Halesia sp. Berberis poireti Ilex yunnanensis Corylopsis sp. Kalopanax pictus Cotoneaster adpressa Nyssa sylvatica Cotoneaster ambigua Pieris sp. Cotoneaster melanocarpa Quercus sp. Cotoneaster moupinensis Viburnum dilatatum Cotoneaster nitens September 30 Actinidia arguta Koelreuteria paniculata Ailanthus altissima Lonicera iberica Cercis canadensis Pinus sp. Clerodendron trichotomum Rosa gallica Cornus sanguinea Symplocos paniculata Exochorda sp. October 5 Ampelopsis sp. Berberis amurensis 45 Berberis bretschneideri Solanum dulcamara Cornus florida Sorbaronia jacki Cotoneaster foveolata Sorbus sp. Fothergilla sp. Vaccinium oldhami Hamamelis sp. Viburnum betulifolium Larix sp. Viburnum carlesi D7agnolia acuminata Viburnum cassinoides Magnolia soulangeana Viburnum dentatum Magnolia stellata Viburnum ovatifolium Robinia sp. Viburnum prunifolium October 10 Acanthopanax sp. Cotoneaster zabeli Aronia arbutifolia Enkianthus sp. Aronia prunifolia Euonymus bulgarica Celastrus sp. Hydrangea petiolaris Cotoneaster acutifolia Lonicera ferdinandi Cotoneaster bullata Pseudotsuga taxifolia Cotoneaster dielsiana Symphoricarpos sp. Cotoneaster divaricata Taxus sp. Cotoneaster lucida Tsuga sp. October 15 Abies sp. Hicoria sp. Berberis chinensis Ilex verticillata Berberis gilgiana _ Juglans sp. Caragana arborescens Juniperus sp. Castanea mollissima Leucothoe catesbaei Celtis occidentalis Liriodendron sp. Chaenomeles lagenaria Picea sp. Clematis paniculata Rhododendron sp. Corylus americana Rosa canina Corylus avellana Rosa corymbifera Corylus cornuta Rosa eglanteria Davidia involucrata Rosa helenae Euonymus alata Rosa hibernica Euonymus americana Rosa horrida Euonymus bungeana Stewartia sp. Euonymus fortunei vegeta Thuja occidentalis Euonymus nikoensis Tilia sp. Euonymus obovata Ulmus parvifolia Euonymus sanguinea Viburnum acerifolium Fraxinus sp. Viburnum setigerum Ginkgo biloba Vitis sp. October 20 Albizzia julibrissin rosea Lycium sp. Alnus glutinosa Malus baccata Berberis vulgaris . Malus toringoides Buddleia sp. Oxydendrum arboreum Cercidiphyllum japonicum Phellodendron sp. Crataegus oxyacantha Photinia villosa 46 . ’ Physocarpus sp. Viburnum lentago Viburnum hupehense October
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