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Floristic Diversity of Threatened Woodlands of Kazakhstan Formed by Populus Pruinosa Schrenk

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Floristic Diversity of Threatened Woodlands of Kazakhstan Formed by Populus Pruinosa Schrenk Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Turk J Agric For (2021) 45: 165-178 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/agriculture/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/tar-2006-70 Floristic diversity of threatened woodlands of Kazakhstan formed by Populus pruinosa Schrenk 1, 1,2 1 1 Tamara STIKHAREVA *, Anna IVASHCHENKO , Vitaliy KIRILLOV , Alimzhan RAKHIMZHANOV 1 Department of Breeding, A.N. Bukeikhan Kazakh Research Institute of Forestry and Agroforestry, Shchuchinsk, Kazakhstan 2 Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity of Kazakhstan, Almaty, Kazakhstan Received: 13.06.2020 Accepted/Published Online: 28.10.2020 Final Version: 01.04.2021 Abstract: Climate aridization and increased anthropogenic pressure pose a severe threat to natural vegetation, including coastal plant communities. Those located in river basins of the desert zone of Central Asia are among the most vulnerable. Of the variety of ecosystems of the Ili-Balkhash region of Kazakhstan, forests dominated by a rare relict species Populus pruinosa Schrenk are of particular concern. This species occupies a very narrow ecological niche associated with river banks of the arid zone, which makes it very vulnerable to adverse natural and anthropogenic factors. The main objective of the research conducted was to fill the knowledge gap related to the species diversity of plant communities with the participation of Populus pruinosa. Another goal was to compare the results with the available data on the flora of similar communities from other Kazakh regions. The project has identified 98 plant species belonging to 34 families and 82 genera. Among them were four species of trees (4%), ten shrubs (10%), one species of lianas (1%), and the rest were herbs among which annuals dominated (44 species, or 45%). The flora contained endemic species from the Southern Balkhash region: Berberis iliensis, Rosa silverhielmii, Prangos arenaria, and Tulipa behmiana. Three species (Tulipa kolpakowskiana, Berberis iliensis, and Populus pruinosa) were listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan. A significant proportion of weeds (32%) indicated a high level of anthropogenic impact on coastal communities (primarily unsystematic cattle grazing). When compared with similar plant communities in Kazakhstan, the species composition was similar in terms of quality indicators, but different in its quantitative characteristics. The results may be used for subsequent monitoring of ecosystems with the participation of Populus pruinosa in the Ili-Balkhash region. Key words: Plant communities, Populus pruinosa Schrenk, projective cover, dominant species, local endemic, arid zone 1. Introduction Global warming and increasing anthropogenic pressure Kazakhstan occupies a vast territory containing a wide pose a severe threat to coastal vegetation, especially in arid variety of environmental conditions and covering over 2.7 climates. Such climates are typical of Central Asia, which million km2. Of all the environments and vegetation types, places the region among those most vulnerable to climate desert and steppe occupy the largest areas. Kazakhstan change. In Kazakhstan, one of the territories that are is a sparsely forested country with a forest cover of only subject to desertification is the Ile-Balkhash region. This is 4.7%. As of 01.01.2018, the state forest fund of the country due to the changing hydrological regime in the floodplain is 29.8 million hectares, including 12.9 million hectares of the Ili River and the growing anthropogenic pressure of forest-covered lands, of which about 50% are occupied including unsystematic cattle grazing and fires. There are by desert forests formed by Haloxylon aphyllum (Minkw.) fears that Lake Balkhash may substantially decrease in area Iljin and Haloxylon persicum Bunge ex Boiss. & Buhse1. In or even dry out. The Ili River Delta is severely degraded the southern regions of Kazakhstan, Tugai forests growing due to water uptake along the rivers of the Ile-Balkhash in the floodplains of desert rivers are of particular value. basin. Desertification has been the most pronounced in the For many years, the forested area has been shrinking southwestern part of the delta (the Ili-Topar interfluve), under anthropogenic pressures including fires, timber as well as along the Ili channel, in its estuary, and middle harvesting, and recreation; such pressures have also had parts (Starodubtsev and Truskavetskiy, 2011; Issanova et a negative effect on the state of the remaining vegetation. al., 2014; Imentai et al., 2015; Thevs et al., 2017). 1 The Sixth National Report on Biological Diversity in the Republic of Kazakhstan (2018). Website https://www.cbd.int/doc/nr/nr-06/kz-nr-06-en.pdf [accessed 12 September 2020]. * Correspondence: [email protected] 165 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. STIKHAREVA et al. / Turk J Agric For Forests of the Ili River floodplain perform important 2. Materials and methods ecological functions (water and soil protection, and The following sections provide data on the morphology, environment-forming). However, the environmental ecology, and distribution of Populus pruinosa, and also instability makes coastal plant communities less resistant describe the study area and outline the methods used by to natural and human impact. the authors. One of the indicators of the state of ecosystems is 2.1. Study species biological diversity, primarily the species diversity of The object of our research was the sparse turanga plant communities. It is known that a plant community forests of the Ili River valley. In this valley, the impact of is a combination of variously adapted species. The anthropogenic factors on coastal ecosystems has been characteristics of this combination reflect the plant most dramatic. Among these factors were changes in the community environment and the relative prevalence hydrological regime associated with the construction of of different adaptations in the community. These a dam in the late 1970s and the creation of an artificial characteristics vary along the gradient of the medium Kapchagai reservoir; cattle grazing; and recreational in directions that are usually explainable and, in some pressure due to the proximity to Almaty, the largest cases, more or less predictable. Undisturbed communities Kazakh metropolis. dominating the vegetation of a given territory most fully Populus pruinosa belongs to the Afro-Asian poplars reflect the climate features of this area (Whittaker, 1975). of the family Salicaceae. This is a small tree, 10–15 m tall, Qualitative and quantitative indicators of the species make with a curved trunk and a spreading crown. The bark is it possible to assess the degree of anthropogenic impact, yellowish grey and deeply fissured. The leaves of adult take measures to reduce existing pressures, and affect branches are kidney-shaped, dense, and bluish in color, ecosystem stability (Hautier et al., 2015). with a wavy solid edge; both leaves and petioles are velvety. The main vegetation type in floodplains of desert The tree blooms in April and bears fruit in May (Pavlov, rivers, including the Ili River, is Tugai forest. Among these 1960). are forests formed by Populus pruinosa Schrenk, an ancient A characteristic biological feature of Populus pruinosa relict species. Earlier, Populus pruinosa was attributed to is its high salt tolerance and a high capacity to produce root the subgenus of desert poplars Turanga (Bunge) Dode. offshoots. This species tolerates drought, low humidity, high temperatures, high soil salinity, and the proximity of (Kamelin, 1973), which is why the name “turanga” highly saline groundwater. The leaves ofPopulus pruinosa was given to plant communities with the participation are well adapted to the delay of transpiration (Dickmann of this species. According to the current taxonomic and Kuzovkina, 2014). Despite its wide geographical treatment, Populus pruinosa belongs to the genus Populus distribution, the species occupies a very narrow ecological (Cherepanov, 1995). The Red Book of Kazakhstan (2014) niche confined to riverbanks in arid regions (IUCN Red classified the species as endangered i.e. as a rare species the List of Threatened Species, 2007). It grows in the desert numbers of which are declining2. According to The IUCN zone along river valleys on sands, in salt marshes, alone Red List of Threatened Species (2007) and The Red List or in sparse, often isolated groves, and is one of the forest- of Trees of Central Asia (Eastwood et al., 2009), Populus forming species of Tugai (forests that grow along the pruinosa belongs to the near threatened category. banks of perennial rivers in Central Asia). It is common The main aims of the research were (i) to study the in Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, floristic composition of plant communities of southeastern Iran, Afghanistan, and Northwest China. The species can Kazakhstan associated with Populus pruinosa, and (ii) to be found in valleys of the largest rivers of Central Asia compare the results with the available data on the floristic and Kazakhstan including the Syr Darya, Amu Darya, composition of the similar plant communities from other Ili, Murghab, and Tedzhen. The northernmost habitat regions of Kazakhstan. of the species is located far from the main range, in the We tested the hypothesis that the main environmental Astrakhan region of Russia (Laktionov et al., 2014); the factors influencing floristic composition and diversity species has probably been inadvertently transported
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